THE PUTNAM FUNDS

Code of Ethics

Each of The Putnam Funds (the “Funds”) has determined to adopt this Code of Ethics
with respect to certain types of personal securities transactions by officers and Trustees of the
Funds which might be deemed to create possible conflicts of interest and to establish reporting
requirements and enforcement procedures with respect to such transactions.

I. Rules Applicable to Officers and Trustees Affiliated with Putnam Investments Trust or
Its Subsidiaries

A. Incorporation of Adviser’s Code of Ethics. The provisions of the Code of Ethics
for employees of Putnam Investments Trust and its subsidiaries (the “Putnam
Investments Code of Ethics”), which is attached as Appendix A hereto, are hereby
incorporated herein as the Funds’ Code of Ethics applicable to officers and
Trustees of the Funds who are employees of the Funds or officers, directors or
employees of Putnam Investments Trust or its subsidiaries. A violation of the
Putnam Investments’ Code of Ethics shall constitute a violation of the Funds’
Code.

B. Reports. Officers and Trustees of each of the Funds who are made subject to the
Putnam Investments’ Code of Ethics pursuant to the preceding paragraph shall
file the reports required by the Putnam Investments’ Code of Ethics with the Code
of Ethics Officer designated therein. A report filed with the Code of Ethics
Officer shall be deemed to be filed with each of the Funds of which the reporting
individual is an officer or Trustee.

C. Review and Reporting.

(1) The Code of Ethics Officer shall cause the reported personal securities
transactions to be compared with completed and contemplated portfolio
transactions of each of the Funds to determine whether a violation of this
Code may have occurred. Before making any determination that a
violation has been committed by any person, the Code of Ethics Officer
shall give such person an opportunity to supply additional explanatory
material.

(2) If the Code of Ethics Officer determines that a violation of any provision
of this Code has or may have occurred, he shall submit his written
determination, together with any additional explanatory material, to the
Audit and Compliance Committee of the Funds at its next meeting when
Code of Ethics matters are discussed.

D. Sanctions. In addition to reporting violations of this Code to the Audit and
Compliance Committee of the Funds as provided in Section I-C(2), the Code of
Ethics Officer shall also report to such Committee any sanctions imposed with

respect to such violations. The Committee reserves the right to impose such
additional sanctions as it deems appropriate.

II. Rules Applicable to Unaffiliated Trustees

A. Definitions.

(1) “Beneficial ownership” shall be interpreted in the same manner as it
would be in determining whether a person is subject to the provisions of
Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the rules and
regulations thereunder.

(2) “Control” means the power to exercise a controlling influence over the
management or policies of a company, unless such power is solely the
result of an official position with such company.

(3) “Interested Trustee” means a Trustee of a Fund who is an “interested
person” of the Fund within the meaning of the Investment Company Act.

(4) “Purchase or sale of a security” includes, among other things, the writing
of an option to purchase or sell a security.

(5) “Security” shall have the same meaning as that set forth in Section
2(a)(36) of the Investment Company Act (in effect, all securities) except
that it shall not include securities issued by the Government of the United
States or an agency thereof, bankers’ acceptances, bank certificates of
deposit, commercial paper and high-quality short-term debt investments,
including repurchase agreements, and shares of registered open-end
investment companies, but shall include any security convertible into or
exchangeable for a security.

(6) “Unaffiliated Trustee” means a Trustee who is not made subject to the
Putnam Investments Code of Ethics pursuant to Part I hereof.

B. Prohibited Purchases and Sales. No Unaffiliated Trustee of any of the Funds shall
purchase or sell, directly or indirectly, any security in which he has, or by reason
of such transaction acquires, any direct or indirect beneficial ownership and which
to his actual knowledge at the time of such purchase or sale:

(1) is being considered for purchase or sale by the Fund;

(2) is being purchased or sold by the Fund; or

(3) was purchased or sold by the Fund within the most recent five days if such
person participated in the recommendation to, or the decision by, Putnam
Investment Management to purchase or sell such security for the Fund.

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C. Exempted Transactions. The prohibitions of Section II-B of this Code shall not
apply to:

(1) purchases or sales of securities effected in any account over which the
Unaffiliated Trustee has no direct or indirect influence or control;

(2) purchases or sales of securities which are non-volitional on the part of
either the Unaffiliated Trustee or the Fund;

(3) purchases of securities which are part of an automatic dividend
reinvestment plan;

(4) purchases of securities effected upon the exercise of rights issued by an
issuer pro rata to all holders of a class of its securities, to the extent such
rights were acquired from such issuer, and sales of such rights so acquired;

(5) purchases or sales of securities other than those exempted in (1) through
(4) above which do not cause the Unaffiliated Trustee to gain improperly a
personal benefit through his relationship with the Fund and are only
remotely potentially harmful to a Fund because they would be very
unlikely to affect a highly institutional market, and are previously
approved by the Compliance Liaison Officer of the Funds, in consultation
with the Code of Ethics Officer, which approval shall be confirmed in
writing.

D. Reporting.

(1) Whether or not one of the exemptions listed in Section II-C applies and
except as provided in Section II-C(5), every Unaffiliated Trustee of a Fund
shall file with the Funds’ Compliance Liaison Officer a report containing
the information described in Section II-D(2) of this Code with respect to
purchases or sales of any security in which such Unaffiliated Trustee has,
or by reason of such transaction acquires, any direct or indirect beneficial
ownership, if such Trustee, at the time of that transaction, knew or, in the
ordinary course of fulfilling his official duties as a Trustee of the Fund,
should have known that, during the 15-day period immediately preceding
or after the date of the transaction by the Trustee:

(a) such security was or is to be purchased or sold by the Fund or

(b) such security was or is being considered for purchase or sale by the
Fund;

provided, however, that an Unaffiliated Trustee shall not be required to
make a report with respect to transactions effected for any account over
which such person does not have any direct or indirect influence or
control.

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(2) Every report shall be made not later than 10 days after the end of the
calendar quarter in which the transaction to which the report relates was
effected, and shall contain the following information:

(a) The date of the transaction, the title, the number of shares, the
interest rate and maturity date (if applicable) and the principal
amount of each security involved;

(b) The nature of the transaction (i.e., purchase, sale or any other type
of acquisition or disposition);

(c) The price at which the transaction was effected;

(d) The name of the broker, dealer or bank with or through whom the
transaction was effected; and

(e) the date that the report is submitted by each Unaffiliated Trustee.

(3) Every report concerning a purchase or sale prohibited under Section II-B
hereof with respect to which the reporting person relies upon one of the
exemptions provided in Section II-C shall contain a brief statement of the
exemption relied upon and the circumstances of the transaction.

(4) Any such report may contain a statement that the report shall not be
construed as an admission by the person making such report that he has
any direct or indirect beneficial ownership in the security to which the
report relates.

(5) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, an Unaffiliated
Trustee who is an “interested person” of the Funds shall file the reports
required by Rule 17j-1(d)(1) under the Investment Company Act of 1940
with the Code of Ethics Officer of Putnam Investments. Such reports shall
be reviewed by such Officer as provided in Section I-C(1) and any related
violations shall be reported by him to the Audit and Compliance
Committee as provided in Section I-C(2). The Committee may impose
such additional sanctions as it deems appropriate.

E. Review and Reporting.

(1) The Compliance Liaison Officer of the Funds, in consultation with the
Code of Ethics Officer of Putnam Investments, shall cause the reported
personal securities transactions that he receives pursuant to Section II-
D(1) to be compared with completed and contemplated portfolio
transactions of the Funds to determine whether any transaction
(“Reviewable Transactions”) listed in Section II-B (disregarding
exemptions provided by Section II-C(1) through (5)) may have occurred.

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(2) If the Compliance Liaison Officer determines that a Reviewable
Transaction may have occurred, he shall then determine whether a
violation of this Code may have occurred, taking into account all the
exemptions provided under Section II-C. Before making any
determination that a violation has occurred, the Compliance Liaison
Officer shall give the person involved an opportunity to supply additional
information regarding the transaction in question.

F. Sanctions. If the Compliance Liaison determines that a violation of this Code has
occurred, he shall so advise the Funds’ Audit and Compliance Committee, and
provide the Committee with a report of the matter, including any additional
information supplied by such person. The Committee may impose such sanctions
as it deems appropriate.

III. Miscellaneous

A. Amendments to the Putnam Investments’ Code of Ethics. Any amendment to the
Putnam Investments’ Code of Ethics shall be deemed an amendment to Section I-
A of this Code effective 30 days after written notice of such amendment shall
have been received by the Chairman of the Funds, unless the Trustees of the
Funds expressly determine that such amendment shall become effective at an
earlier or later date or shall not be adopted.

B. Records. The Funds shall maintain records in the manner and to the extent set
forth below, which records may be maintained on microfilm under the conditions
described in Rule 31a-2(f)(1) under the Investment Company Act and shall be
available for examination by representatives of the Securities and Exchange
Commission.

(1) A copy of this Code and any other code which is, or at any time within the
past five years has been, in effect shall be preserved in an easily accessible
place;

(2) A record of any violation of this Code and of any action taken as a result
of such violation shall be preserved in an easily accessible place for a
period of not less than five years following the end of the fiscal year in
which the violation occurs;

(3) A copy of each report made by an officer or Trustee pursuant to this Code
shall be preserved for a period of not less than five years from the end of
the fiscal year in which it is made, the first two years in an easily
accessible place; and

(4) A list of all persons who are, or within the past five years have been,
required to make reports pursuant to this Code shall be maintained in an
easily accessible place.

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To the extent any record required to be kept by this section is also required to be
kept by Putnam Investments pursuant to the Putnam Investments’ Code of Ethics,
Putnam Investments shall maintain such record on behalf of the Funds as well.

C. Confidentiality. All reports of securities transactions and any other information
filed with any Fund pursuant to this Code shall be treated as confidential, but are
subject to review as provided herein and by personnel of the Securities and
Exchange Commission.

D. Interpretation of Provisions. The Trustees may from time to time adopt such
interpretations of this Code as they deem appropriate.

E. Delegation by Chairman. The Chairman of the Funds may from time to time
delegate any or all of his responsibilities under this Code, either generally or as to
specific instances, to such officer or Trustee of the Funds as he may designate.

As revised
July 14, 2006

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