N-CSR

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM N-CSR

CERTIFIED SHAREHOLDER REPORT OF REGISTERED
MANAGEMENT INVESTMENT COMPANIES

Investment Company Act file number: (811- 02608 )

Exact name of registrant as specified in charter: Putnam Money Market Fund

Address of principal executive offices: One Post Office Square, Boston, Massachusetts 02109

Name and address of agent for service:	Beth S. Mazor, Vice President
	One Post Office Square
	Boston, Massachusetts 02109
Copy to:	John W. Gerstmayr, Esq.
	Ropes & Gray LLP
	One International Place
	Boston, Massachusetts 02110
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:		(617) 292-1000

Date of fiscal year end: September 30, 2006

Date of reporting period: October 1, 2005—September 30, 2006

Item 1. Report to Stockholders:

The following is a copy of the report transmitted to stockholders pursuant to Rule 30e-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940:

What makes
Putnam different?

A time-honored tradition in
money management

Since 1937, our values have been rooted in a profound sense of responsibility for the money entrusted to us.

A prudent approach to investing

We use a research-driven team approach to seek consistent, dependable, superior investment results over time, although there is no guarantee a fund will meet its objectives.

Funds for every investment goal

We offer a broad range of mutual funds and other financial products so investors and their financial representatives can build diversified portfolios.

A commitment to doing what’s right
for investors

We have below-average expenses and stringent investor protections, and provide a wealth of information about the Putnam funds.

Industry-leading service

We help investors, along with their financial representatives, make informed investment decisions with confidence.

In 1830, Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Justice Samuel Putnam established The Prudent Man Rule, a legal foundation for responsible money management.

THE PRUDENT MAN RULE

All that can be required of a trustee to invest is that he shall conduct himself faithfully and exercise a sound discretion. He is to observe how men of prudence, discretion, and intelligence manage their own affairs, not in regard to speculation, but in regard to the permanent disposition of their funds, considering the probable income, as well as the probable safety of the capital to be invested.

Putnam
Money Market
Fund

9| 30| 06

Annual Report

Message from the Trustees	1
About the fund	2
Report from the fund managers	5
Performance	9
Expenses	11
Your fund’s management	13
Terms and definitions	14
Trustee approval of management contract	15
Other information for shareholders	18
Financial statements	19
Federal tax information	35
About the Trustees	36
Officers	40

Cover photograph: © Richard H. Johnson

Message from the Trustees

Dear Fellow Shareholder:

Beginning in May of this year, pessimism pervaded the markets as leading economic indicators began to point toward slower growth. The resulting correction undercut much of the progress that markets had achieved in the previous three months. However, in August and September, the Federal Reserve (the Fed) left the federal funds rate unchanged at 5.25%, without ruling out the possibility of future rate increases to combat inflation growth. The Fed’s pause in its rate-raising program, as well as continued strong corporate profitability and a fall in energy and commodity prices, contributed to a more favorable market environment. Accordingly, equity and bond markets rebounded strongly as your fund’s reporting period drew to a close.

We would like to take this opportunity to announce that a new Trustee, Kenneth R. Leibler, has joined your fund’s Board of Trustees. Mr. Leibler has had an outstanding career as a leader in the investment management industry. He is the founding Chairman of the Boston Options Exchange, the nation’s newest electronic marketplace for the trading of derivative securities. He currently serves as a Trustee of Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital in Boston; a lead director of Ruder Finn Group, a global communications and advertising firm; and a director of the Optimum Funds group.

We would also like to announce the retirement of one of your fund’s Trustees, John Mullin, an independent Trustee of the Putnam funds since 1997. We thank him for his service.

In the following pages, members of your fund’s management team discuss the fund’s performance and strategies for the fiscal period ended September 30, 2006, and provide their outlook for the months ahead. As always, we thank you for your support of the Putnam funds.

Respectfully yours,

Putnam Money Market Fund: seeking to offer

accessibility and current income with relatively low risk

For most people, keeping part of their savings in a low-risk, easily accessible place is an essential part of their overall investment strategy. Putnam Money Market Fund can play a valuable role in many investors’ portfolios because it seeks to provide stability of principal and liquidity to meet short-term needs. In addition, the fund aims to provide investors with current income at short-term rates.

By investing in high-quality short-term money market instruments for which there are deep and liquid markets, the fund’s risk of losing principal is very low. Putnam Money Market Fund generally invests in securities that are rated by at least one nationally recognized rating service in its highest or second-highest categories.

The fund seeks as high a rate of current income as Putnam believes is consistent with liquidity and preservation of principal. As illustrated below, money market fund yields typically rise and fall along with short-term interest rates. Money market funds may not track rates exactly, however, as securities in these funds mature and are replaced with newer instruments earning the most current interest rates.

Whether you want to earmark money for planned near-term expenses or future investment opportunities, or just stow away cash for an unforeseen “rainy day,” Putnam Money Market Fund can be an attractive choice.

An investment in this fund is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency. Although the fund seeks to preserve your investment at $1.00 per share, it is possible to lose money by investing in the fund.

Types of money
market securities

Money market securities are issued by governments, government agencies, financial institutions, and established non-financial companies. Typically, such instruments have a remaining maturity of 13 months or less. Securities your fund invests in include:

Commercial paper Unsecured loans issued by large corporations, typically for financing accounts receivable and inventories

Bank certificates of deposit Direct obligations of the issuing bank

Repurchase agreements (repos) Contracts in which one party sells a security to another party and agrees to buy it back later at a specified price; acts in economic terms as a secured loan

Government securities Direct short-term obligations of governments or government agencies; for example, U.S. Treasury bills

The average yield on money market funds tends to rise and fall with the federal funds rate.

The Fed controls U.S. monetary policy by influencing the demand for and supply of balances that depository institutions hold on reserve. The Fed exercises this influence by changing the federal funds rate. This rate is the interest banks charge each other for overnight loans needed to maintain reserve levels. Changes in the federal funds rate trigger events that affect other short-term interest rates, such as money market rates, foreign exchange rates, long-term interest rates, as well as many other economic variables.

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Putnam Money Market Fund emphasizes high-quality, short-term, fixed-income securities. The fund seeks as high a level of current income as Putnam believes is consistent with preservation of capital and maintenance of liquidity. The fund may be appropriate for investors who seek stability of principal and easy access to their money.

Highlights

• For the 12 months ended September 30, 2006, Putnam Money Market Fund’s class A shares returned 4.34% .

• The fund’s benchmark, the Merrill Lynch 91-Day Treasury Bill Index, returned 4.50% .

• The average return for the fund’s Lipper category, Money Market Funds, was 3.83% .

• Additional fund performance, comparative performance, and Lipper data can be found in the performance section beginning on page 9.

Performance

Total return for class A shares for periods ended 9/30/06

Since the fund’s inception (10/1/76), average annual return is 6.26% . Current 7-day yield (at 9/30/06) is 4.93% .

	Average annual return	Cumulative return
	NAV	NAV
10 years	3.59%	42.24%
5 years	1.96	10.19
3 years	2.43	7.46
1 year	4.34	4.34

Data is historical. Past performance does not guarantee future results. More recent returns may be less or more than those shown. Investment return will fluctuate. Performance assumes reinvestment of distributions and does not account for taxes. For a portion of the period, this fund limited expenses, without which returns and yields would have been lower. Class A shares do not bear an initial sales charge. For the most recent month-end performance, visit www.putnam.com. The 7-day yield is one of the most common gauges for measuring money market mutual fund performance. Yield reflects current performance more closely than total return.

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Report from the fund managers

The year in review

After two years of raising interest rates, the Fed paused in the final months of Putnam Money Market Fund’s fiscal year and held rates steady. Moderating economic growth and falling energy prices have eased inflationary pressures and increased the likelihood that the Fed may be nearing the end of the current tightening cycle. Earlier this year, we began to position the portfolio for such an eventuality, increasing its exposure to longer-term fixed-rate money market securities. We are pleased to report that our strategy of seeking to lock in attractive rates for longer periods of time has proved effective. For the year ended September 30, 2006, the fund’s class A share total return at net asset value (NAV) surpassed the average return of funds in its Lipper peer group. The fund’s performance lagged that of its benchmark index, but by a considerably smaller margin than many of its competitors. Of course, the benchmark is composed exclusively of shorter-maturity U.S. Treasury bills, whereas your fund invests in a wide range of money-market-eligible securities.

Market overview

Following a string of 17 increases in the federal funds rate —including six that occurred during the fund’s fiscal year — the Fed suspended its credit-tightening program in August, opting to maintain the benchmark rate for overnight loans between banks at 5.25% . Statements from the Federal Open Market Committee, the Fed’s policy-setting panel, indicate that future rate increases remain possible but will depend on whether the Fed concludes that its two-year campaign to keep inflation in check has been successful.

Reflecting the Fed’s activity, yields on shorter-term bonds rose dramatically during the period, while yields on intermediate- and long-term bonds declined, leading to a convergence of shorter- and longer-term rates. As rates converged, the yield curve — a graphical representation of yields for bonds of comparable quality plotted from the shortest to the longest maturity — flattened, meaning there was less difference in yield between short- and long-term securities than would be expected under normal conditions.

Market sector performance

These indexes provide an overview of performance in different market sectors for the 12 months ended 9/30/06.

Bonds
Merrill Lynch 91-Day Treasury Bill Index
(short-maturity U.S. Treasury bills)	4.50%
Lipper Money Market Funds category average	3.83%
Lehman Aggregate Bond Index
(broad bond market)	3.67%
Citigroup World Government Bond Index
(global government bonds)	2.23%
Equities
S&P 500 Index
(broad stock market)	10.79%
Russell 1000 Index
(large-company stocks)	10.25%
Russell 2000 Index
(small-company stocks)	9.92%

According to money market research firm iMoneyNet, assets of money market funds have continued to grow —reaching levels not seen since 2003. Much of this growth is attributed to net yields for these funds attaining the 5% mark, which is an important psychological level for

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investors. Given this positive environment, we expect money market fund assets to rise further, especially since cash has become increasingly competitive with other investments that carry greater risk.

Strategy overview

Given our expectation for rising interest rates at the outset of the fiscal year, we maintained the fund’s exposure to floating-rate money market securities and commercial paper. These investments helped the portfolio capture the higher interest rates then coming to market, since yields on these securities are reset in accordance with changes in short-term interest rates.

By February, with the money market yield curve still relatively steep and investors pondering the possibility that the Fed might be nearing the end of this tightening cycle, we reallocated proceeds from maturing floating-rate securities to investments in money-market-eligible fixed-rate securities from the longer end of the fund’s allowable maturity range. Most of these new holdings had maturities of 90 days or less, but we also selectively added certificates of deposit with maturities of 6, 9, and 12 months to lock in attractive rates for longer periods.

With data suggesting that economic growth and inflation were moderating during the summer months, the yield curve flattened. In response, the Fed took a decidedly neutral position and held short-term interest rates steady at its August and September meetings while it assessed the impact of past rate increases on the U.S. economy. During this time, we invested in money market securities with three-month maturities, because during this transitional period, we didn’t think it would be prudent to extend maturities past the calendar year-end. We also maintained the portfolio’s exposure to floating-rate securities with interest rates that reset quarterly and we added fixed-rate securities in an effort to lock in yields in what we see as a stable to potentially declining interest-rate environment.

The fund’s average days to maturity, which indicates its relative sensitivity to changes in interest rates, was kept longer than that of many others in its peer group, contributing favorably to the fund’s relative performance. The portfolio’s average days to maturity was 44 days at the end of the fund’s prior fiscal year, on September 30, 2005, and 43 days as of September 30, 2006, the end of the fiscal year covered by this report. The fund’s 7-day yield rose from 3.26% at the end of the 2005 fiscal year to 4.93% at the end of the 2006 fiscal year.

Your fund’s holdings

With approximately one-third of the fund’s total net assets invested in international financial institutions, we think U.S.-dollar-denominated foreign holdings add valuable

Portfolio composition comparison

This chart shows how the fund’s weightings have changed over the last six months. Weightings are shown as a percentage of portfolio value. Holdings will vary over time.

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diversity to the portfolio. During the fiscal year, we began investing in securities issued by large Japanese banks. In our opinion, the Japanese economy continues to recover, and there are strong indications that deflation in Japan has come to an end. We were encouraged by the fact that the Bank of Japan ended its five-year policy of “quantitative easing” during the reporting period, and believe this should add further momentum to Japan’s resurgence. In addition, we are seeing tangible improvement in the credit fundamentals of Japanese banks after several years of disappointing performance. Asset-quality issues have been meaningfully addressed, leading to improved profitability and better capital profiles for the banks. Given these positive trends, we are now comfortable investing in Japanese bank debt with moderate maturity limits, including securities issued by Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ and Mizuho Financial Group.

Money market securities issued by other large banks, such as Wachovia in the United States and Barclays Bank in the United Kingdom, continued to be important core holdings for the fund. These banks benefit from broadly diversified franchises in their healthy and supportive home markets.

The fund’s holdings in Aquifer Funding exemplify its investments in asset-backed commercial paper. Aquifer is backed by its extremely diverse and highly rated financial assets. Similarly, Park Granada uses high-quality mortgage loans to back its commercial paper issuance. The highly liquid nature of these companies’ underlying assets, coupled with backup lending and credit support facilities earmarked for these programs, makes these holdings very attractive in our view.

Please note that the holdings discussed in this report may not have been held by the fund for the entire period. Portfolio composition is subject to review in accordance with the fund’s investment strategy and may vary in the future.

Of special interest

Among the funds in its Money Market Funds category, Lipper ranked Putnam Money Market Fund’s class A shares 41st out of 355, 43rd out of 334, 44th out of 294, and 29th out of 186 funds for the 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year periods ended September 30, 2006. These rankings put the fund in the 12th, 13th, 15th, and 16th percentile for the same respective periods. The lower the percentile ranking, according to Lipper, the better the fund’s performance relative to its Lipper peers.

Lipper rankings do not reflect sales charges and are based on total return of funds with similar investment styles or objectives as determined by Lipper. Past performance does not guarantee future results.

Performance comparisons
As of 9/30/06
	Current yield*
Regular savings account	0.50%
Average taxable money market fund compound 7-day yield	4.83
3-month certificate of deposit	5.34
Putnam Money Market Fund (7-day yield)
Class A	4.93
Class B	4.45
Class C	4.45
Class M	4.78
Class R	4.45
Class T	4.71

The net asset value of money market mutual funds is uninsured and designed to be fixed, while distributions vary daily. Investment returns will fluctuate. For a portion of the period, this fund limited expenses, without which yields would have been lower. The principal value on regular savings accounts and on bank certificates of deposit (CDs) is generally insured up to certain limits by state and federal agencies. Unlike stocks, which incur more risk, CDs offer a fixed rate of return. Unlike money market funds, bank CDs may be subject to substantial penalties for early withdrawals.

* Sources: Bank of America (regular savings account), iMoneyNet’s Money Fund Report (average taxable money market fund compound 7-day yield), and the Federal Reserve Board of Governors (3-month CD).

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The outlook for your fund

The following commentary reflects anticipated developments that could affect your fund over the next six months, as well as your management team’s plans for responding to them.

As of this writing, we believe the Fed is likely to remain in a holding pattern with regard to near-term interest-rate changes. Time is needed to evaluate the effects of 17 consecutive hikes in the federal funds rate. In our opinion, the minutes of the August 8, 2006, Federal Open Market Committee meeting indicate an increased chance that June’s increase in the federal funds rate to 5.25% will be the last tightening in the current interest-rate cycle, especially since concerns were expressed about a slowdown in the housing market and the lagging impact of interest-rate increases on the economy.

We anticipate that Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke will continue to steer the Fed in a similar direction as his predecessor by remaining vigilant with respect to inflation. The Fed’s interest-rate policy is expected to become more dependent on upcoming financial data as it attempts to engineer a soft landing for the U.S. economy.

Against this backdrop, we will be looking for opportunities to extend the fund’s average days to maturity to lock in yields — shifting the focus from floating-rate to fixed-rate money market securities — as we begin to position the portfolio for an eventual decline in interest rates.

The views expressed in this report are exclusively those of Putnam Management. They are not meant as investment advice.

Money market funds are not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) or any other governmental agency. Although the fund seeks to maintain a constant share price of $1.00, it is possible to lose money by investing in this fund.

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Your fund’s performance

This section shows your fund’s performance for periods ended September 30, 2006, the end of its fiscal year. Performance should always be considered in light of a fund’s investment strategy. Data represents past performance. Past performance does not guarantee future results. More recent returns may be less or more than those shown. Investment return will fluctuate, and you may have a gain or a loss when you sell your shares. For the most recent month-end performance, please visit www.putnam.com or call Putnam at 1-800-225-1581.

Fund performance Total return for periods ended 9/30/06
	Class A	Class B		Class C			Class M	Class R	Class T
(inception dates)	(10/1/76)	(4/27/92)		(2/1/99)			(12/8/94)	(1/21/03)	(12/31/01)
	NAV	NAV	CDSC	NAV		CDSC	NAV	NAV	NAV
Annual average
(life of fund)	6.26%	5.73%	5.73%	5.73%		5.73%	6.10%	5.72%	6.00%
10 years	42.24	35.33	35.33	35.45		35.45	40.16	35.57	38.82
Annual average	3.59	3.07	3.07	3.08		3.08	3.43	3.09	3.33
5 years	10.19	7.49	5.49	7.49		7.49	9.38	7.73	8.87
Annual average	1.96	1.46	1.07	1.46		1.46	1.81	1.50	1.71
3 years	7.46	5.86	2.86	5.86		5.86	6.98	5.95	6.65
Annual average	2.43	1.92	0.94	1.92		1.92	2.27	1.95	2.17
1 year	4.34	3.82	–1.18	3.82		2.82	4.19	3.82	4.08
Current yield
(end of period)*
Current 7-day yield	4.93	4.45			4.45		4.78	4.45	4.71
Current 30-day yield	4.92	4.43			4.43		4.77	4.43	4.68

Performance assumes reinvestment of distributions and does not account for taxes. None of the share classes carry an initial sales charge. Class B shares reflect the applicable contingent deferred sales charge (CDSC), which is 5% in the first year, declines to 1% in the sixth year, and is eliminated thereafter. Class C shares reflect a 1% CDSC for the first year that is eliminated thereafter. Class A, M, R, and T shares generally have no CDSC. Performance for B, C, M, R, and T shares before their inception is derived from the historical performance of class A shares, adjusted for the applicable CDSC and higher operating expenses for such shares.

For a portion of the period, this fund limited expenses, without which returns and yields would have been lower.

* The 7-day and 30-day yields are the two most common gauges for measuring money market mutual fund performance. Yield reflects current performance more closely than total return.

Comparative index returns For periods ended 9/30/06
	Merrill Lynch 91-Day	Lipper Money Market
	Treasury Bill Index	Funds category average*
Annual average
(life of fund)	—†	6.24%
10 years	45.32%	37.82
Annual average	3.81	3.25
5 years	12.04	8.23
Annual average	2.30	1.59
3 years	8.42	6.22
Annual average	2.73	2.03
1 year	4.50	3.83

Index and Lipper results should be compared to fund performance at net asset value.

* Over the 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year periods ended 9/30/06, there were 355, 334, 294, and 186 funds, respectively, in this Lipper category.

† Inception date of index was 12/31/77, after the fund’s inception.

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Fund distribution information For the 12-month period ended 9/30/06
Distributions	Class A	Class B	Class C	Class M	Class R	Class T
Number	12	12	12	12	12	12
Income	$0.042498	$0.037510	$0.037509	$0.041005	$0.037500	$0.039999
Total	$0.042498	$0.037510	$0.037509	$0.041005	$0.037500	$0.039999

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Your fund’s expenses

As a mutual fund investor, you pay ongoing expenses, such as management fees, distribution fees (12b-1 fees), and other expenses. In the most recent six-month period, your fund limited these expenses; had it not done so, expenses would have been higher. Using the information below, you can estimate how these expenses affect your investment and compare them with the expenses of other funds. You may also pay one-time transaction expenses, including sales charges (loads) and redemption fees, which are not shown in this section and would have resulted in higher total expenses. For more information, see your fund’s prospectus or talk to your financial advisor.

Review your fund’s expenses

The table below shows the expenses you would have paid on a $1,000 investment in Putnam Money Market Fund from April 1, 2006, to September 30, 2006. It also shows how much a $1,000 investment would be worth at the close of the period, assuming actual returns and expenses.

	Class A	Class B	Class C	Class M	Class R	Class T
Expenses paid per $1,000*	$ 2.74	$ 5.27	$ 5.27	$ 3.50	$ 5.27	$ 4.01
Ending value (after expenses)	$1,023.90	$1,021.30	$1,021.30	$1,023.10	$1,021.30	$1,022.60

* Expenses for each share class are calculated using the fund’s annualized expense ratio for each class, which represents the ongoing expenses as a percentage of net assets for the six months ended 9/30/06. The expense ratio may differ for each share class (see the last table in this section). Expenses are calculated by multiplying the expense ratio by the average account value for the period; then multiplying the result by the number of days in the period; and then dividing that result by the number of days in the year. Does not reflect the effect of a non-recurring reimbursement by Putnam. If this amount had been reflected in the table above, expenses for each share class would have been lower.

Estimate the expenses you paid

To estimate the ongoing expenses you paid for the six months ended September 30, 2006, use the calculation method below. To find the value of your investment on April 1, 2006, go to www.putnam.com and log on to your account. Click on the “Transaction History” tab in your Daily Statement and enter 04/01/2006 in both the “from” and “to” fields. Alternatively, call Putnam at 1-800-225-1581.

Compare expenses using the SEC’s method

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has established guidelines to help investors assess fund expenses. Per these guidelines, the table below shows your fund’s expenses based on a $1,000 investment, assuming a hypothetical 5% annualized return. You can use this information to compare the ongoing expenses (but not transaction expenses or total costs) of investing in the fund with those of other funds. All mutual fund shareholder reports will provide this information to help you make this comparison. Please note that you cannot use this information to estimate your actual ending account balance and expenses paid during the period.

	Class A	Class B	Class C	Class M	Class R	Class T
Expenses paid per $1,000*	$ 2.74	$ 5.27	$ 5.27	$ 3.50	$ 5.27	$ 4.00
Ending value (after expenses)	$1,022.36	$1,019.85	$1,019.85	$1,021.61	$1,019.85	$1,021.11

* Expenses for each share class are calculated using the fund’s annualized expense ratio for each class, which represents the ongoing expenses as a percentage of net assets for the six months ended 9/30/06. The expense ratio may differ for each share class (see the last table in this section). Expenses are calculated by multiplying the expense ratio by the average account value for the period; then multiplying the result by the number of days in the period; and then dividing that result by the number of days in the year. Does not reflect the effect of a non-recurring reimbursement by Putnam. If this amount had been reflected in the table above, expenses for each share class would have been lower.

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Compare expenses using industry averages

You can also compare your fund’s expenses with the average of its peer group, as defined by Lipper, an independent fund-rating agency that ranks funds relative to others that Lipper considers to have similar investment styles or objectives. The expense ratio for each share class shown below indicates how much of your fund’s net assets have been used to pay ongoing expenses during the period.

	Class A	Class B	Class C	Class M	Class R	Class T
Your fund’s annualized expense ratio*	0.54%	1.04%	1.04%	0.69%	1.04%	0.79%
Average annualized expense ratio for Lipper peer group†	0.62%	1.12%	1.12%	0.77%	1.12%	0.87%

* For the fund’s most recent fiscal half year; may differ from expense ratios based on one-year data in the financial highlights. Does not reflect the effect of a non-recurring reimbursement by Putnam. If this amount had been reflected in the table above, the expense ratio for each share class would have been lower.

† Simple average of the expenses of all funds in the fund’s Lipper peer group, calculated in accordance with Lipper’s standard method for comparing fund expenses (excluding 12b-1 fees and without giving effect to any expense offset and brokerage service arrangements that may reduce fund expenses). This average reflects each fund’s expenses for its most recent fiscal year available to Lipper as of 9/30/06. To facilitate comparison, Putnam has adjusted this average to reflect the 12b-1 fees carried by each class of shares other than class A shares, which do not incur 12b-1 fees. The peer group may include funds that are significantly smaller or larger than the fund, which may limit the comparability of the fund’s expenses to the simple average, which typically is higher than the asset-weighted average.

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Your fund’s management

Your fund is managed by the members of the Putnam Fixed-Income Money Market Team. Joanne Driscoll is the Portfolio Leader and Jonathan Topper is a Portfolio Member of the fund. The Portfolio Leader and Portfolio Member coordinate the team’s management of the fund.

For a complete listing of the members of the Putnam Fixed-Income Money Market Team, including those who are not Portfolio Leaders or Portfolio Members of your fund, visit Putnam’s Individual Investor Web site at www.putnam.com.

Fund manger compensation

The total 2005 fund manager compensation that is attributable to your fund is approximately $630,000. This amount includes a portion of 2005 compensation paid by Putnam Management to the fund managers listed in this section for their portfolio management responsibilities, calculated based on the fund assets they manage taken as a percentage of the total assets they manage. The compensation amount also includes a portion of the 2005 compensation paid to the Chief Investment Officer of the team and the Group Chief Investment Officer of the fund’s broader investment category for their oversight responsibilities, calculated based on the fund assets they oversee taken as a percentage of the total assets they oversee. This amount does not include compensation of other personnel involved in research, trading, administration, systems, compliance, or fund operations; nor does it include non-compensation costs. These percentages are de termined as of the fund’s fiscal period-end. For personnel who joined Putnam Management during or after 2005, the calculation reflects annualized 2005 compensation or an estimate of 2006 compensation, as applicable.

Other Putnam funds managed by the Portfolio Leader and Portfolio Member

Joanne Driscoll is also a Portfolio Leader of Putnam Prime Money Market Fund and Putnam Tax Exempt Money Market Fund.

Jonathan Topper is also a Portfolio Member of Putnam Prime Money Market Fund and Putnam Tax Exempt Money Market Fund.

Joanne Driscoll and Jonathan Topper may also manage other accounts and variable trust funds advised by Putnam Management or an affiliate.

Changes in your fund’s Portfolio Leader and Portfolio Member

Your fund’s Portfolio Leader and Portfolio Member did not change during the year ended September 30, 2006.

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Terms and definitions

Important terms

Total return shows how the value of the fund’s shares changed over time, assuming you held the shares through the entire period and reinvested all distributions in the fund.

Net asset value (NAV) is the price, or value, of one share of a mutual fund, without a sales charge. NAVs fluctuate with market conditions. NAV is calculated by dividing the net assets of each class of shares by the number of outstanding shares in the class.

Contingent deferred sales charge (CDSC) is generally a charge applied at the time of the redemption of class B or C shares and assumes redemption at the end of the period. Your fund’s class B CDSC declines from a 5% maximum during the first year to 1% during the sixth year. After the sixth year, the CDSC no longer applies. The CDSC for class C shares is 1% for one year after purchase.

Share classes

Class A shares generally are fund shares purchased with an initial sales charge. In the case of your fund, which has no sales charge, the reference is to shares purchased or acquired through the exchange of class A shares from another Putnam fund. Exchange of your fund’s class A shares into another fund may involve a sales charge, however.

Class B shares are not subject to an initial sales charge. They may be subject to a CDSC.

Class C shares are not subject to an initial sales charge and are subject to a CDSC only if the shares are redeemed during the first year.

Class M shares have a lower initial sales charge and a higher 12b-1 fee than class A shares and no CDSC. In the case of your fund, which has no sales charge, the reference is to shares purchased or acquired through the exchange of class M shares from another Putnam fund. Exchange of your fund’s class M shares into another fund may involve a sales charge, however.

Class R shares are not subject to an initial sales charge or CDSC and are available only to certain defined contribution plans.

Class T shares are not subject to an initial sales charge or CDSC (except on certain redemptions of shares bought without an initial sales charge); however, they are subject to a 12b-1 fee.

Comparative indexes

Citigroup World Government Bond Index is an unmanaged index of global investment-grade fixed-income securities.

Lehman Aggregate Bond Index is an unmanaged index of U.S. investment-grade fixed-income securities.

Lipper Money Market Funds category average is an arithmetic average of the total return of all money market mutual funds tracked by Lipper.

Merrill Lynch 91-Day Treasury Bill Index is an unmanaged index that seeks to measure the performance of U.S. Treasury bills available in the marketplace.

Russell 1000 Index is an unmanaged index of the 1,000 largest companies in the Russell 3000 Index.

Russell 2000 Index is an unmanaged index of the 2,000 smallest companies in the Russell 3000 Index.

S&P 500 Index is an unmanaged index of common stock performance.

Indexes assume reinvestment of all distributions and do not account for fees. Securities and performance of a fund and an index will differ. You cannot invest directly in an index.

Lipper is a third-party industry-ranking entity that ranks mutual funds. Its rankings do not reflect sales charges. Lipper rankings are based on total return at net asset value relative to other funds that have similar current investment styles or objectives as determined by Lipper. Lipper may change a fund’s category assignment at its discretion. Lipper category averages reflect performance trends for funds within a category.

14

Trustee approval
of management contract

General conclusions

The Board of Trustees of the Putnam funds oversees the management of each fund and, as required by law, determines annually whether to approve the continuance of your fund’s management contract with Putnam Management. In this regard, the Board of Trustees, with the assistance of its Contract Committee consisting solely of Trustees who are not “interested persons” (as such term is defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended) of the Putnam funds (the “Independent Trustees”), requests and evaluates all information it deems reasonably necessary under the circumstances. Over the course of several months ending in June 2006, the Contract Committee met four times to consider the information provided by Putnam Management and other information developed with the assistance of the Board’s independent counsel and independent staff. The Contract Committee reviewed and discussed key aspects of this information with all of the Independe nt Trustees. Upon completion of this review, the Contract Committee recommended, and the Independent Trustees approved, the continuance of your fund’s management contract, effective July 1, 2006.

This approval was based on the following conclusions:

• That the fee schedule in effect for your fund represents reasonable compensation in light of the nature and quality of the services being provided to the fund, the fees paid by competitive funds and the costs incurred by Putnam Management in providing such services, and

• That such fee schedule represents an appropriate sharing between fund shareholders and Putnam Management of such economies of scale as may exist in the management of the fund at current asset levels.

These conclusions were based on a comprehensive consideration of all information provided to the Trustees and were not the result of any single factor. Some of the factors that figured particularly in the Trustees’ deliberations and how the Trustees considered these factors are described below, although individual Trustees may have evaluated the information presented differently, giving different weights to various factors. It is also important to recognize that the fee arrangements for your fund and the other Putnam funds are the result of many years of review and discussion between the Independent Trustees and Putnam Management, that certain aspects of such arrangements may receive greater scrutiny in some years than others, and that the Trustees’ conclusions may be based, in part, on their consideration of these same arrangements in prior years.

Management fee schedules and categories; total expenses

The Trustees reviewed the management fee schedules in effect for all Putnam funds, including fee levels and breakpoints, and the assignment of funds to particular fee categories. In reviewing fees and expenses, the Trustees generally focused their attention on material changes in circumstances — for example, changes in a fund’s size or investment style, changes in Putnam Management’s operating costs, or changes in competitive practices in the mutual fund industry — that suggest that consideration of fee changes might be warranted. The Trustees concluded that the circumstances did not warrant changes to the management fee structure of your fund, which had been carefully developed over the years, re-examined on many occasions and adjusted where appropriate. The Trustees focused on two areas of particular interest, as discussed further below:

• Competitiveness. The Trustees reviewed comparative fee and expense information for competitive funds, which indicated that, in a custom peer group of competitive funds selected by Lipper Inc., your fund ranked in the 24th percentile in management fees and in the 21st percentile in total expenses (less any applicable 12b-1 fees) as of December 31, 2005 (the first percentile being the least expensive funds and the 100th percentile being the most expensive funds). (Because the fund’s custom peer group is smaller than the fund’s broad Lipper Inc. peer group, this expense information may differ from the Lipper peer expense information found elsewhere in this report.) The Trustees noted that expense ratios for a number of Putnam funds, which show the percentage of fund assets used to pay for management and administrative services, distribution (12b- 1) fees and other expenses, had been increasing recently as a result of declining net assets and the natural operation of fee breakpoints.

The Trustees noted that the expense ratio increases described above were currently being controlled by expense limitations implemented in January 2004 and which Putnam Management, in consultation with the Contract Committee, has committed to maintain at least through 2007. These expense limitations give effect to a commitment by Putnam Management that the expense ratio of each open-end fund would be no higher than the average expense ratio of the competitive funds included in the fund’s relevant Lipper universe (exclusive of any applicable 12b-1 charges in each case). The Trustees observed that this commitment to limit fund expenses has served shareholders well since its inception. In order to ensure that the expenses of

15

the Putnam funds continue to meet evolving competitive standards, the Trustees requested, and Putnam Management agreed, to implement an additional expense limitation for certain funds for the twelve months beginning January 1, 2007 equal to the average expense ratio (exclusive of 12b-1 charges) of a custom peer group of competitive funds selected by Lipper based on the size of the fund. This additional expense limitation will be applied to those open-end funds that had above-average expense ratios (exclusive of 12b-1 charges) based on the Lipper custom peer group data for the period ended December 31, 2005. This additional expense limitation will not be applied to your fund.

• Economies of scale. Your fund currently has the benefit of breakpoints in its management fee that provide shareholders with significant economies of scale, which means that the effective management fee rate of a fund (as a percentage of fund assets) declines as a fund grows in size and crosses specified asset thresholds. Conversely, as a fund shrinks in size — as has been the case for many Putnam funds in recent years — these breakpoints result in increasing fee levels. In recent years, the Trustees have examined the operation of the existing breakpoint structure during periods of both growth and decline in asset levels. The Trustees concluded that the fee schedules in effect for the funds represented an appropriate sharing of economies of scale at current asset levels.

In reaching this conclusion, the Trustees considered the Contract Committee’s stated intent to continue to work with Putnam Management to plan for an eventual resumption in the growth of assets, including a study of potential economies that might be produced under various growth assumptions.

In connection with their review of the management fees and total expenses of the Putnam funds, the Trustees also reviewed the costs of the services to be provided and profits to be realized by Putnam Management and its affiliates from the relationship with the funds. This information included trends in revenues, expenses and profitability of Putnam Management and its affiliates relating to the investment management and distribution services provided to the funds. In this regard, the Trustees also reviewed an analysis of Putnam Management’s revenues, expenses and profitability with respect to the funds’ management contracts, allocated on a fund-by-fund basis. Because many of the costs incurred by Putnam Management in managing the funds are not readily identifiable to particular funds, the Trustees observed that the methodology for allocating costs is an important factor in evaluating Putnam Management’s costs and profitability, both as to the Putnam funds in the aggregate and as to individual funds. The Trustees reviewed Putnam Management’s cost allocation methodology with the assistance of independent consultants and concluded that this methodology was reasonable and well-considered.

Investment performance

The quality of the investment process provided by Putnam Management represented a major factor in the Trustees’ evaluation of the quality of services provided by Putnam Management under your fund’s management contract. The Trustees were assisted in their review of the Putnam funds’ investment process and performance by the work of the Investment Process Committee of the Trustees and the Investment Oversight Committee of the Trustees, which meet on a regular monthly basis with the funds’ portfolio teams throughout the year. The Trustees concluded that Putnam Management generally provides a high-quality investment process — as measured by the experience and skills of the individuals assigned to the management of fund portfolios, the resources made available to such personnel, and in general the ability of Putnam Management to attract and retain high-quality personnel — but also recognize that this does not guarantee favorable investment results for every fund in every time period. The Trustees considered the investment performance of each fund over multiple time periods and considered information comparing each fund’s performance with various benchmarks and with the performance of competitive funds.

The Trustees noted the satisfactory investment performance of many Putnam funds. They also noted the disappointing investment performance of certain funds in recent years and discussed with senior management of Putnam Management the factors contributing to such underperformance and actions being taken to improve performance. The Trustees recognized that, in recent years, Putnam Management has made significant changes in its investment personnel and processes and in the fund product line to address areas of underperformance. In particular, they noted the important contributions of Putnam Management’s leadership in attracting, retaining and supporting high-quality investment professionals and in systematically implementing an investment process that seeks to merge the best features of fundamental and quantitative analysis. The Trustees indicated their intention to continue to monitor performance trends to assess the effectiveness of these changes and to evaluate whether additional changes to address areas of underperformance are warranted.

In the case of your fund, the Trustees considered that your fund’s class A share cumulative total return performance at net asset value was in the following percentiles of its Lipper Inc. peer group (Lipper Money Market Funds) for the one-, three- and five-year

16

periods ended March 31, 2006 (the first percentile being the best performing funds and the 100th percentile being the worst performing funds):

One-year period	Three-year period	Five-year period
13th	14th	16th

(Because of the passage of time, these performance results may differ from the performance results for more recent periods shown elsewhere in this report. Over the one-, three- and five-year periods ended March 31, 2006, there were 355, 336, and 299 funds, respectively, in your fund’s Lipper peer group.* Past performance is no guarantee of future performance.)

As a general matter, the Trustees concluded that cooperative efforts between the Trustees and Putnam Management represent the most effective way to address investment performance problems. The Trustees noted that investors in the Putnam funds have, in effect, placed their trust in the Putnam organization, under the oversight of the funds’ Trustees, to make appropriate decisions regarding the management of the funds. Based on the responsiveness of Putnam Management in the recent past to Trustee concerns about investment performance, the Trustees concluded that it is preferable to seek change within Putnam Management to address performance shortcomings. In the Trustees’ view, the alternative of terminating a management contract and engaging a new investment adviser for an underperforming fund would entail significant disruptions and would not provide any greater assurance of improved investment performance.

Brokerage and soft-dollar allocations; other benefits

The Trustees considered various potential benefits that Putnam Management may receive in connection with the services it provides under the management contract with your fund. These include benefits related to brokerage and soft-dollar allocations, whereby a portion of the commissions paid by a fund for brokerage may be used to acquire research services that may be useful to Putnam Management in managing the assets of the fund and of other clients. The Trustees indicated their continued intent to monitor the potential benefits associated with the allocation of fund brokerage to ensure that the principle of seeking “best price and execution” remains paramount in the portfolio trading process.

The Trustees’ annual review of your fund’s management contract also included the review of its distributor’s contract and distribution plan with Putnam Retail Management Limited Partnership and the custodian agreement and investor servicing agreement with Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company, all of which provide benefits to affiliates of Putnam Management.

Comparison of retail and institutional fee schedules

The information examined by the Trustees as part of their annual contract review has included for many years information regarding fees charged by Putnam Management and its affiliates to institutional clients such as defined benefit pension plans, college endowments, etc. This information included comparison of such fees with fees charged to the funds, as well as a detailed assessment of the differences in the services provided to these two types of clients. The Trustees observed, in this regard, that the differences in fee rates between institutional clients and the mutual funds are by no means uniform when examined by individual asset sectors, suggesting that differences in the pricing of investment management services to these types of clients reflect to a substantial degree historical competitive forces operating in separate market places. The Trustees considered the fact that fee rates across all asset sectors are higher on a verage for mutual funds than for institutional clients, as well as the differences between the services that Putnam Management provides to the Putnam funds and those that it provides to institutional clients of the firm, but did not rely on such comparisons to any significant extent in concluding that the management fees paid by your fund are reasonable.

* The percentile rankings for your fund’s class A share annualized total return performance in the Lipper Money Market Funds category for the one-, five- and ten-year periods ended September 30, 2006, were 12%, 15%, and 16%, respectively. Over the one-, five- and ten-year periods ended September 30, 2006, the fund ranked 41st out of 355, 44th out of 294, and 29th out of 186 funds, respectively. Note that this more recent information was not available when the Trustees approved the continuance of your fund’s management contract.

17

Other information for shareholders

Putnam’s policy on confidentiality

In order to conduct business with our shareholders, we must obtain certain personal information such as account holders’ addresses, telephone numbers, Social Security numbers, and the names of their financial advisors. We use this information to assign an account number and to help us maintain accurate records of transactions and account balances. It is our policy to protect the confidentiality of your information, whether or not you currently own shares of our funds, and in particular, not to sell information about you or your accounts to outside marketing firms. We have safeguards in place designed to prevent unauthorized access to our computer systems and procedures to protect personal information from unauthorized use. Under certain circumstances, we share this information with outside vendors who provide services to us, such as mailing and proxy solicitation. In those cases, the service providers enter into confidentiali ty agreements with us, and we provide only the information necessary to process transactions and perform other services related to your account. We may also share this information with our Putnam affiliates to service your account or provide you with information about other Putnam products or services. It is also our policy to share account information with your financial advisor, if you’ve listed one on your Putnam account. If you would like clarification about our confidentiality policies or have any questions or concerns, please don’t hesitate to contact us at 1-800-225-1581, Monday through Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 7:00 p.m., or Saturdays from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time.

Proxy voting

Putnam is committed to managing our mutual funds in the best interests of our shareholders. The Putnam funds’ proxy voting guidelines and procedures, as well as information regarding how your fund voted proxies relating to portfolio securities during the 12-month period ended June 30, 2006, are available on the Putnam Individual Investor Web site, www.putnam.com/individual, and on the SEC’s Web site, www.sec.gov. If you have questions about finding forms on the SEC’s Web site, you may call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. You may also obtain the Putnam funds’ proxy voting guidelines and procedures at no charge by calling Putnam’s Shareholder Services at 1-800-225-1581.

Fund portfolio holdings

The fund will file a complete schedule of its portfolio holdings with the SEC for the first and third quarters of each fiscal year on Form N-Q. Shareholders may obtain the fund’s Forms N-Q on the SEC’s Web site at www.sec.gov. In addition, the fund’s Forms N-Q may be reviewed and copied at the SEC’s Public Reference Room in Washington, D.C. You may call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for information about the SEC’s Web site or the operation of the Public Reference Room.

18

Financial statements

These sections of the report, as well as the accompanying Notes, preceded by the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, constitute the fund’s financial statements.

The fund’s portfolio lists all the fund’s investments and their values as of the last day of the reporting period. Holdings are organized by asset type and industry sector, country, or state to show areas of concentration and diversification.

Statement of assets and liabilities shows how the fund’s net assets and share price are determined. All investment and nonin-vestment assets are added together. Any unpaid expenses and other liabilities are subtracted from this total. The result is divided by the number of shares to determine the net asset value per share, which is calculated separately for each class of shares. (For funds with preferred shares, the amount subtracted from total assets includes the liquidation preference of preferred shares.)

Statement of operations shows the fund’s net investment gain or loss. This is done by first adding up all the fund’s earnings — from dividends and interest income — and subtracting its operating expenses to determine net investment income (or loss). Then, any net gain or loss the fund realized on the sales of its holdings — as well as any unrealized gains or losses over the period — is added to or subtracted from the net investment result to determine the fund’s net gain or loss for the fiscal year.

Statement of changes in net assets shows how the fund’s net assets were affected by the fund’s net investment gain or loss, by distributions to shareholders, and by changes in the number of the fund’s shares. It lists distributions and their sources (net investment income or realized capital gains) over the current reporting period and the most recent fiscal year-end. The distributions listed here may not match the sources listed in the Statement of operations because the distributions are determined on a tax basis and may be paid in a different period from the one in which they were earned.

Financial highlights provide an overview of the fund’s investment results, per-share distributions, expense ratios, net investment income ratios, and portfolio turnover in one summary table, reflecting the five most recent reporting periods. In a semiannual report, the highlight table also includes the current reporting period.

19

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Trustees and Shareholders of
Putnam Money Market Fund:

In our opinion, the accompanying statement of assets and liabilities, including the fund’s portfolio, and the related statements of operations and of changes in net assets and the financial highlights present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Putnam Money Market Fund (the “fund”) at September 30, 2006, and the results of its operations, the changes in its net assets and the financial highlights for each of the periods indicated, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. These financial statements and financial highlights (hereafter referred to as “financial statements”) are the responsibility of the fund’s management; our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits of these financial statements in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits, which included confirmation of investments owned at September 30, 2006 by correspondence with the custodian, provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Boston, Massachusetts
November 8, 2006

20

The fund’s portfolio 9/30/06
COMMERCIAL PAPER (66.8%)*
	Yield (%)	Maturity date	Principal amount	Value
Domestic (52.9%)
Amstel Funding Corp.	5.590	12/22/06	$ 25,000,000	$ 24,690,220
Amstel Funding Corp.	5.293	11/22/06	33,000,000	32,754,040
Aquifer Funding, LLC	5.313	10/6/06	23,000,000	22,983,101
Aquifer Funding, LLC	5.313	10/5/06	36,000,000	35,978,840
Aquifer Funding, LLC	5.313	10/4/06	35,000,000	34,984,571
Atlantic Asset Securitization, LLC	5.327	10/16/06	35,102,000	35,024,776
Atlantic Asset Securitization, LLC	5.317	11/15/06	36,445,000	36,204,919
Atlantic Asset Securitization, LLC	5.317	10/31/06	25,000,000	24,890,208
Bank of America Corp.	5.458	10/4/06	23,000,000	22,989,679
Bank of America Corp.	5.324	11/20/06	15,900,000	15,783,842
Bank of America Corp. Credit Card Trust
Emerald Notes	5.505	10/17/06	24,900,000	24,839,908
Bank of America Corp. Credit Card Trust
Emerald Notes	5.349	10/11/06	35,000,000	34,948,470
Bank of America Corp. Credit Card Trust
Emerald Notes	5.347	12/7/06	33,000,000	32,675,720
Bank of America Corp. Credit Card Trust
Emerald Notes	5.322	12/4/06	35,000,000	34,672,089
Bear Stearns Cos.	5.413	11/6/06	32,000,000	31,829,120
Bear Stearns Cos.	5.339	10/10/06	18,000,000	17,976,195
Bryant Park Funding, LLC	5.383	11/15/06	10,000,000	9,933,625
Bryant Park Funding, LLC	5.341	12/7/06	36,021,000	35,667,704
Bryant Park Funding, LLC	5.341	11/30/06	27,400,000	27,159,337
Bryant Park Funding, LLC	5.317	10/18/06	26,000,000	25,935,296
CAFCO, LLC	5.343	11/20/06	30,000,000	29,780,208
CAFCO, LLC	5.319	10/31/06	25,000,000	24,890,208
CHARTA, LLC	5.341	12/12/06	17,000,000	16,820,820
CHARTA, LLC	5.331	10/20/06	11,600,000	11,567,675
CHARTA, LLC	5.316	10/27/06	25,000,000	24,904,847
Citibank Credit Card Issuance Trust Dakota Notes	5.337	10/6/06	1,400,000	1,398,964
Citibank Credit Card Issuance Trust Dakota Notes	5.321	10/2/06	22,000,000	21,996,773
Citibank Credit Card Issuance Trust Dakota Notes	5.318	11/7/06	26,000,000	25,859,174
Citibank Credit Card Issuance Trust Dakota Notes	5.308	11/2/06	40,500,000	40,310,280
Citigroup Funding, Inc.	5.308	11/16/06	37,000,000	36,750,846
Countrywide Financial Corp.	5.450	10/2/06	20,000,000	19,996,972
Countrywide Financial Corp.	5.315	10/10/06	17,000,000	16,977,518
CRC Funding, LLC	5.327	12/15/06	22,950,000	22,698,506
CRC Funding, LLC	5.313	11/13/06	15,000,000	14,905,579
CRC Funding, LLC	5.313	10/25/06	33,380,000	33,262,725
CRC Funding, LLC	5.313	10/10/06	30,000,000	29,960,475
Curzon Funding, LLC	5.408	11/3/06	31,000,000	30,848,397
Curzon Funding, LLC	5.392	3/12/07	19,000,000	18,551,125
Curzon Funding, LLC	5.362	11/9/06	21,000,000	20,879,653
Curzon Funding, LLC	5.341	12/1/06	25,000,000	24,779,722
Falcon Asset Securitization Corp.	5.282	10/12/06	4,268,000	4,261,140
Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (The)	4.837	10/24/06	25,000,000	24,925,410
Gotham Funding Corp.	5.485	10/6/06	21,000,000	20,984,221
Gotham Funding Corp.	5.367	11/8/06	13,500,000	13,424,475
Gotham Funding Corp.	5.313	10/25/06	20,000,000	19,929,467
Gotham Funding Corp.	5.302	10/10/06	20,000,000	19,973,600
Govco, Inc.	5.373	11/15/06	25,000,000	24,834,375
Govco, Inc.	5.341	12/13/06	32,000,000	31,658,036
Grampian Funding, LLC	5.392	12/11/06	23,000,000	22,761,854
Grampian Funding, LLC	5.356	11/28/06	25,000,000	24,787,333
Jupiter Securitization Corp.	5.299	11/10/06	30,000,000	29,824,667
Jupiter Securitization Corp.	5.292	10/12/06	20,252,000	20,219,389
Klio II Funding Corp.	5.324	10/19/06	33,607,000	33,518,278
Klio II Funding Corp.	5.313	10/18/06	24,000,000	23,940,047
Klio II Funding Corp.	5.297	10/10/06	49,000,000	48,935,259

21

COMMERCIAL PAPER (66.8%)* continued
	Yield (%)	Maturity date	Principal amount		Value
Domestic continued
Klio II Funding Corp.	5.296	10/12/06	$ 23,000,000	$	22,962,893
Master Funding, LLC Ser. B	5.339	11/30/06	52,000,000		51,541,533
Master Funding, LLC Ser. B	5.317	10/31/06	25,000,000		24,889,792
Old Line Funding Corp.	5.307	10/10/06	26,098,000		26,063,616
Park Granada, LLC	5.382	10/2/06	29,980,000		29,966,559
Park Granada, LLC	5.328	11/1/06	20,000,000		19,909,067
Park Granada, LLC	5.296	10/6/06	18,000,000		17,986,775
Preferred Receivables Funding Corp.	5.299	11/17/06	13,706,000		13,611,878
Ranger Funding Co., LLC	5.314	11/1/06	20,500,000		20,406,970
Sheffield Receivables Corp.	5.341	12/11/06	25,000,000		24,740,160
Thunder Bay Funding, Inc.	5.317	11/15/06	34,300,000		34,074,049
Thunder Bay Funding, Inc.	5.307	10/10/06	20,000,000		19,973,650
Working Capital Management Co., L.P.	5.280	10/3/06	20,000,000		19,994,144
Yorktown Capital, LLC	5.282	10/19/06	7,000,000		6,981,590
					1,726,142,354
Foreign (13.9%)
ANZ (Delaware), Inc. (Australia)	5.349	12/5/06	20,000,000		19,811,861
Atlantis One Funding Corp. (Netherlands)	5.510	12/20/06	25,000,000		24,702,222
Atlantis One Funding Corp. (Netherlands)	5.321	12/28/06	28,000,000		27,640,667
Atlantis One Funding Corp. (Netherlands)	5.316	10/26/06	25,000,000		24,908,507
Atlantis One Funding Corp. (Netherlands)	5.305	11/22/06	37,000,000		36,718,882
Bank of Ireland (Ireland)	5.402	2/20/07	29,000,000		28,398,886
Bank of Nova Scotia (Canada)	5.283	10/13/06	20,000,000		19,964,933
Barclays U.S. Funding Corp. (United Kingdom)	5.352	11/22/06	24,800,000		24,610,859
Barclays U.S. Funding Corp. (United Kingdom)	5.330	11/15/06	9,200,000		9,139,395
Danske Corp. (Denmark)	5.301	1/22/07	21,000,000		20,656,574
Danske Corp. (Denmark)	4.796	10/30/06	24,000,000		23,910,583
HBOS Treasury Services PLC (United Kingdom)	5.341	12/14/06	26,000,000		25,718,348
HBOS Treasury Services PLC (United Kingdom)	5.338	11/29/06	18,000,000		17,844,683
HSBC Finance Corp. (United Kingdom)	5.326	11/30/06	21,000,000		20,815,550
ING America Insurance Holdings (Netherlands)	5.250	10/10/06	21,900,000		21,871,831
Swedbank (Sweden)	5.341	11/27/06	25,000,000		24,791,396
Swedbank Mortgage AB (Sweden)	5.475	10/6/06	22,000,000		21,983,500
Tulip Funding Corp. (Netherlands)	5.475	10/23/06	34,000,000		33,887,800
Tulip Funding Corp. (Netherlands)	5.313	11/1/06	28,000,000		27,876,567
					455,253,044
Total commercial paper (cost $2,181,395,398)				$	2,181,395,398
CERTIFICATES OF DEPOSIT (14.8%)*
	Yield (%)	Maturity date	Principal amount		Value
Domestic (3.3%)
Citizens Bank of Massachusetts Ser. CD	5.337	12/29/06	$ 23,000,000	$	23,000,000
Citizens Bank of Pennsylvania Ser. CD	5.360	12/18/06	35,000,000		35,000,000
Citizens Bank of Pennsylvania Ser. CD	5.360	12/8/06	32,000,000		32,000,000
SunTrust Bank FRN, Ser. CD	5.280	2/9/07	18,000,000		17,999,365
					107,999,365
Foreign (11.5%)
Barclays Bank PLC FRN, Ser. YCD (United Kingdom)	5.275	4/4/07	23,000,000		22,997,699
Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce FRN,
Ser. YCD1 (Canada) (M)	5.310	12/23/10	31,000,000		31,000,000
Deutsche Bank AG Ser. ECD (Germany)	4.900	2/5/07	29,000,000		28,985,928
Deutsche Bank AG Ser. ECD (Germany)	4.900	2/5/07	16,500,000		16,494,231
Deutsche Bank AG Ser. ECD (Germany)	4.860	1/31/07	28,000,000		27,997,288
Deutsche Bank AG Ser. ECD (Germany)	4.760	11/8/06	25,000,000		24,999,218

22

CERTIFICATES OF DEPOSIT (14.8%)* continued
	Yield (%)	Maturity date	Principal amount		Value
Foreign continued
Dexia Credit Local FRN, Ser. YCD (Belgium)	5.270	10/3/06	$ 32,000,000	$	31,999,965
Mitsubishi UFJ Trust and Banking Corp. Ser. YCD (Japan)	5.290	11/27/06	23,000,000		23,000,000
Mizuho Corporate Bank, Ltd. Ser. YCD (Japan)	5.360	10/24/06	16,000,000		16,000,101
Mizuho Corporate Bank, Ltd. Ser. YCD (Japan)	5.335	10/23/06	46,000,000		46,000,139
Societe Generale Ser. ECD (France)	5.510	10/23/06	23,000,000		23,000,000
Societe Generale Ser. ECD (France)	4.800	12/6/06	9,000,000		8,998,464
Svenska Handelsbanken FRN, Ser. YCD (Sweden)	5.275	10/4/07	19,000,000		18,995,972
Svenska Handelsbanken Ser. YCD (Sweden)	4.783	12/5/06	24,000,000		23,994,585
UBS AG Ser. YCD (Switzerland)	5.295	10/6/06	30,000,000		30,000,021
					374,463,611
Total certificates of deposit (cost $482,462,976)				$	482,462,976
CORPORATE BONDS AND NOTES (12.2%)*
	Yield (%)	Maturity date	Principal amount		Value
Domestic (5.1%)
Bank of New York Co., Inc. (The) 144A
sr. notes FRN, Ser. XMTN (M)	5.320	3/10/15	$ 20,000,000	$	20,000,000
Lehman Brothers Holdings, Inc. FRN, Ser. MTN	5.370	6/26/07	27,000,000		27,000,000
Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. FRN, Ser. C (M)	5.340	9/15/10	14,500,000		14,500,000
Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. FRN, Ser. MTN (M)	5.310	8/24/11	30,000,000		30,000,000
Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Co. FRN	5.550	11/24/06	36,000,000		36,008,887
Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Co. FRN, Ser. EXL1	5.490	3/14/07	19,000,000		19,010,108
Wachovia Corp. sr. notes FRN	5.591	7/20/07	20,000,000		20,017,648
					166,536,643
Foreign (7.1%)
Bank of Ireland 144A unsec. notes FRN, Ser. XMTN
(Ireland) (M)	5.300	10/20/10	23,000,000		23,000,000
BNP Paribas 144A FRN (France) (M)	5.363	5/19/11	20,000,000		20,000,000
Credit Agricole SA 144A FRN (France) (M)	5.481	7/22/11	26,000,000		26,000,000
DnB NOR Bank ASA 144A FRN (Norway) (M)	5.320	5/25/11	31,000,000		31,000,000
HBOS Treasury Services PLC 144A FRN, Ser. MTN
(United Kingdom) (M)	5.300	2/9/11	25,000,000		25,000,000
HSBC USA, Inc. sr. notes FRN, Ser. EXT
(United Kingdom) (M)	5.310	12/15/11	36,000,000		36,000,000
National Australia Bank 144A FRB (Australia) (M)	5.300	3/7/11	11,000,000		11,000,000
Nordea Bank AB 144A FRN (Sweden) (M)	5.340	8/11/10	20,000,000		20,000,000
Societe Generale 144A unsec. notes FRN,
Ser. MTN (France) (M)	5.300	11/2/10	15,000,000		15,000,000
Westpac Banking Corp. 144A FRN (Australia) (M)	5.300	2/16/11	24,000,000		24,000,000
					231,000,000
Total corporate bonds and notes (cost $397,536,643)				$	397,536,643
ASSET BACKED SECURITIES (1.0%)* (cost $32,647,370)
	Yield (%)	Maturity date	Principal amount		Value
TIAA Real Estate CDO, Ltd. 144A FRB, Ser. 03-1A,
Class A1MM (Cayman Islands) (M)	5.354	12/28/18	$ 32,647,370	$	32,647,370

23

U.S. GOVERNMENT AGENCY OBLIGATIONS (0.9%)* (cost $28,000,000)
	Yield (%)	Maturity date	Principal amount	Value
Fannie Mae notes	5.610	9/5/07	$ 28,000,000	$ 28,000,000
SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS (5.3%)* (cost $174,500,000)
			Shares	Value
Putnam Prime Money Market Fund (e)			174,500,000	$ 174,500,000
TOTAL INVESTMENTS
Total investments (cost $3,296,542,387)				$ 3,296,542,387

* Percentages indicated are based on net assets of $3,266,249,273.

(e) See Note 5 to the financial statements regarding investments in Putnam Prime Money Market Fund.

(M) The security’s effective maturity date is less than one year.

144A after the name of an issuer represents securities exempt from registration under Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. These securities may be resold in transactions exempt from registration, normally to qualified institutional buyers.

The rates shown on Floating Rate Bonds (FRB) and Floating Rate Notes (FRN) are the current interest rates at September 30, 2006.

The dates shown on debt obligations are the original maturity dates.

DIVERSIFICATION BY COUNTRY

Distribution of investments by country of issue at September 30, 2006 (as a percentage of Portfolio Value):

Australia	1.7%
Belgium	1.0
Canada	1.5
Cayman Islands	1.0
Denmark	1.4
France	2.8
Germany	3.0
Ireland	1.6
Japan	2.6
Netherlands	6.0
Norway	0.9
Sweden	3.3
Switzerland	0.9
United Kingdom	5.5
United States	66.8
Total	100.0%

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

24

Statement of assets and liabilities 9/30/06
ASSETS
Investment in securities, at value (Note 1):
Unaffiliated issuers (at amortized cost)	$3,122,042,387
Affiliated issuers (identified cost $174,500,000) (Note 5)	174,500,000
Cash	18,892
Interest and other receivables	8,725,527
Receivable for shares of the fund sold	30,823,870
Total assets	3,336,110,676
LIABILITIES
Distributions payable to shareholders	1,264,668
Payable for securities purchased	27,876,567
Payable for shares of the fund repurchased	37,023,508
Payable for compensation of Manager (Notes 2 and 5)	2,471,761
Payable for investor servicing and custodian fees (Note 2)	435,568
Payable for Trustee compensation and expenses (Note 2)	299,933
Payable for administrative services (Note 2)	7,034
Payable for distribution fees (Note 2)	269,673
Other accrued expenses	212,691
Total liabilities	69,861,403
Net assets	$3,266,249,273
REPRESENTED BY
Paid-in capital (Unlimited shares authorized) (Notes 1 and 4)	$3,266,249,273
Total — Representing net assets applicable to capital shares outstanding	$3,266,249,273
COMPUTATION OF NET ASSET VALUE AND OFFERING PRICE
Net asset value, offering price and redemption price per class A share ($2,870,990,179 divided by 2,870,994,690 shares)	$1.00
Net asset value and offering price per class B share ($174,157,610 divided by 174,150,333 shares)*	$1.00
Net asset value and offering price per class C share ($15,722,858 divided by 15,722,059 shares)*	$1.00
Net asset value, offering price and redemption price per class M share ($41,887,160 divided by 41,887,478 shares)	$1.00
Net asset value, offering price and redemption price per class R share ($153,984,862 divided by 153,988,164 shares)	$1.00
Net asset value, offering price and redemption price per class T share ($9,506,604 divided by 9,506,549 shares)	$1.00

* Class B and class C shares are available only by exchange of class B and class C shares from other Putnam funds and to certain systematic investment plan investors. Redemption price per share is equal to net asset value less an applicable contingent deferred sales charge.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

25

Statement of operations Year ended 9/30/06
INVESTMENT INCOME
Interest (including interest income of $3,686,476 from investments in affiliated issuers) (Note 5)	$161,270,933
EXPENSES
Compensation of Manager (Note 2)	10,479,889
Investor servicing fees (Note 2)	7,108,735
Custodian fees (Note 2)	26,396
Trustee compensation and expenses (Note 2)	135,853
Administrative services (Note 2)	61,574
Distribution fees — Class B (Note 2)	1,086,502
Distribution fees — Class C (Note 2)	93,217
Distribution fees — Class M (Note 2)	61,624
Distribution fees — Class R (Note 2)	280,072
Distribution fees — Class T (Note 2)	292,508
Other	856,446
Non-recurring costs (Notes 2 and 6)	40,782
Costs assumed by Manager (Notes 2 and 6)	(40,782)
Fees waived and reimbursed by Manager or affiliate (Notes 5 and 6)	(1,490,784)
Total expenses	18,992,032
Expense reduction (Note 2)	(1,315,357)
Net expenses	17,676,675
Net investment income	143,594,258
Net increase in net assets resulting from operations	$143,594,258

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

26

Statement of changes in net assets
DECREASE IN NET ASSETS
	Year ended	Year ended
	9/30/06	9/30/05
Operations:
Net investment income	$ 143,594,258	$ 81,885,806
Net increase in net assets resulting from operations	143,594,258	81,885,806
Distributions to shareholders: (Note 1)
From net investment income
Class A	(126,306,853)	(70,960,190)
Class B	(8,114,894)	(6,086,041)
Class C	(696,392)	(389,646)
Class M	(1,710,470)	(922,024)
Class R	(2,360,486)	(18,991)
Class T	(4,405,163)	(3,532,342)
Decrease from capital share transactions (Note 4)	(371,534,730)	(640,404,935)
Total decrease in net assets	(371,534,730)	(640,428,363)
NET ASSETS
Beginning of year	3,637,784,003	4,278,212,366
End of year	$3,266,249,273	$3,637,784,003

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

27

Financial highlights (For a common share outstanding throughout the period)
INVESTMENT OPERATIONS:					LESS DISTRIBUTIONS:				RATIOS AND SUPPLEMENTAL DATA:
								Total			Ratio of net
	Net asset		Net	Total	From		Net asset	return	Net	Ratio of	investment
	value,	Net	realized	from	net		value,	at net	assets,	expenses to	income (loss)
	beginning	investment	gain (loss) on	investment	investment	Total	end	asset	end of period	average net	to average
Period ended	of period	income (loss)	investments	operations	income	distributions	of period	value (%)(a)	(in thousands)	assets (%)(b)	net assets (%)
CLASS A
September 30, 2006	$1.00	.0425(c,d)	—	.0425	(.0425)	(.0425)	$1.00	4.34	$2,870,990	.50(c,d)	4.26(c,d)
September 30, 2005	1.00	.0226(c)	—	.0226	(.0226)	(.0226)	1.00	2.29	3,087,756	.53(c)	2.21(c)
September 30, 2004	1.00	.0068(c)	—	.0068	(.0068)	(.0068)	1.00	.68	3,537,907	.53(c)	.70(c)
September 30, 2003	1.00	.0087	—(e)	.0087	(.0087)	(.0087)	1.00	.87	4,745,555	.52	.88
September 30, 2002	1.00	.0166	—	.0166	(.0166)	(.0166)	1.00	1.67	5,512,532	.50	1.68
CLASS B
September 30, 2006	$1.00	.0375(c,d)	—	.0375	(.0375)	(.0375)	$1.00	3.82	$174,158	1.00(c,d)	3.70(c,d)
September 30, 2005	1.00	.0176(c)	—	.0176	(.0176)	(.0176)	1.00	1.78	290,268	1.03(c)	1.63(c)
September 30, 2004	1.00	.0018(c)	—	.0018	(.0018)	(.0018)	1.00	.18	520,456	1.03(c)	.19(c)
September 30, 2003	1.00	.0037	—(e)	.0037	(.0037)	(.0037)	1.00	.37	874,069	1.02	.39
September 30, 2002	1.00	.0116	—	.0116	(.0116)	(.0116)	1.00	1.16	1,193,459	1.00	1.19
CLASS C
September 30, 2006	$1.00	.0375(c,d)	—	.0375	(.0375)	(.0375)	$1.00	3.82	$15,723	1.00(c,d)	3.71(c,d)
September 30, 2005	1.00	.0176(c)	—	.0176	(.0176)	(.0176)	1.00	1.78	33,259	1.03(c)	1.64(c)
September 30, 2004	1.00	.0018(c)	—	.0018	(.0018)	(.0018)	1.00	.18	40,935	1.03(c)	.21(c)
September 30, 2003	1.00	.0037	—(e)	.0037	(.0037)	(.0037)	1.00	.37	61,755	1.02	.38
September 30, 2002	1.00	.0116	—	.0116	(.0116)	(.0116)	1.00	1.17	79,227	1.00	1.20
CLASS M
September 30, 2006	$1.00	.0410(c,d)	—	.0410	(.0410)	(.0410)	$1.00	4.19	$41,887	.65(c,d)	4.11(c,d)
September 30, 2005	1.00	.0211(c)	—	.0211	(.0211)	(.0211)	1.00	2.13	44,682	.68(c)	2.05(c)
September 30, 2004	1.00	.0053(c)	—	.0053	(.0053)	(.0053)	1.00	.53	54,390	.68(c)	.55(c)
September 30, 2003	1.00	.0072	—(e)	.0072	(.0072)	(.0072)	1.00	.72	74,921	.67	.74
September 30, 2002	1.00	.0151	—	.0151	(.0151)	(.0151)	1.00	1.52	105,938	.65	1.55
CLASS R
September 30, 2006	$1.00	.0375(c,d)	—	.0375	(.0375)	(.0375)	$1.00	3.82	$153,985	1.00(c,d)	4.22(c,d)
September 30, 2005	1.00	.0176(c)	—	.0176	(.0176)	(.0176)	1.00	1.78	1,687	1.03(c)	1.99(c)
September 30, 2004	1.00	.0027(c)	—	.0027	(.0027)	(.0027)	1.00	.27	131	1.03(c)	.30(c)
September 30, 2003†	1.00	.0025	—(e)	.0025	(.0025)	(.0025)	1.00	.25*	1	.71*	.25*
CLASS T
September 30, 2006	$1.00	.0400(c,d)	—	.0400	(.0400)	(.0400)	$1.00	4.08	$9,507	.75(c,d)	3.77(c,d)
September 30, 2005	1.00	.0201(c)	—	.0201	(.0201)	(.0201)	1.00	2.03	180,132	.78(c)	2.02(c)
September 30, 2004	1.00	.0043(c)	—	.0043	(.0043)	(.0043)	1.00	.43	124,394	.78(c)	.46(c)
September 30, 2003	1.00	.0062	—(e)	.0062	(.0062)	(.0062)	1.00	.62	95,779	.77	.52
September 30, 2002††	1.00	.0092	—	.0092	(.0092)	(.0092)	1.00	.93*	12,130	.56*	.88*
See notes to financial highlights at the end of this section.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

28/29

Financial highlights (Continued)

* Not annualized.

† For the period January 21, 2003 (commencement of operations) to September 30, 2003.

†† For the period December 31, 2001 (commencement of operations) to September 30, 2002.

(a) Total return assumes dividend reinvestment and does not reflect the effect of sales charges.

(b) Includes amounts paid through expense offset arrangements (Note 2).

(c) Reflects waivers of certain fund expenses in connection with investments in Putnam Prime Money Market Fund during the period. As a result of such waivers, the expenses of each class, as a percentage of its net assets, reflect a reduction of the following amounts (Note 5):

	9/30/06	9/30/05	9/30/04
Class A	<0.01%	<0.01%	<0.01%
Class B	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01
Class C	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01
Class M	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01
Class R	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01
Class T	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01

(d) Reflects a non-recurring reimbursement from Putnam Investments relating to the calculation of certain amounts paid by the fund to Putnam in previous years for transfer agent services, which amounted to less than $0.01 per share and 0.04% of average net assets for the period ended September 30, 2006 (Note 6).

(e) Amount represents less than $0.0001 per share.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

30

Notes to financial statements 9/30/06

Note 1: Significant accounting policies

Putnam Money Market Fund (the “fund”), a Massachusetts business trust, is registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, as a diversified, open-end management investment company. The fund seeks to provide as high a rate of current income as Putnam Investment Management, LLC (“Putnam Management”), the fund’s manager, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Putnam, LLC, believes is consistent with preservation of capital and maintenance of liquidity by investing in a diversified portfolio of high-quality short-term debt obligations. The fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in money market instruments from the banking, the personal credit and the business credit industries.

The fund offers class A, class B, class C, class M, class R and class T shares. Each class of shares is sold without a front-end sales charge. Class A, class M, class R and class T shares also are generally not subject to a contingent deferred sales charge. In addition to the standard offering of class A shares, they are also sold to certain college savings plans and other Putnam funds. Class B shares and class C shares are offered only in exchange for class B and class C shares of other Putnam funds, or purchases by systematic investment plans. Class B shares convert to class A shares after approximately eight years and are subject to a contingent deferred sales charge, if those shares are redeemed within six years of purchase (including any holding period of the shares in other Putnam funds). Class C shares have a one-year 1.00% contingent deferred sales charge and do not convert to class A shares. Shareholders who acquired class B or class C shares through an exc hange are subject to the same deferred sales charge schedule as the fund from which they exchanged. Class R shares are offered to qualified employee-benefit plans. The expenses for class A, class B, class C, class M, class R and class T shares may differ based on each class’ distribution fee, which is identified in Note 2.

Investment income, realized gains and losses and expenses of the fund are borne pro-rata based on the relative net assets of each class to the total net assets of the fund, except that each class bears expenses unique to that class (including the distribution fees applicable to such classes). Each class votes as a class only with respect to its own distribution plan or other matters on which a class vote is required by law or determined by the Trustees. Shares of each class would receive their pro-rata share of the net assets of the fund, if the fund were liquidated. In addition, the Trustees declare separate dividends on each class of shares.

In the normal course of business, the fund enters into contracts that may include agreements to indemnify another party under given circumstances. The fund’s maximum exposure under these arrangements is unknown as this would involve future claims that may be, but have not yet been, made against the fund. However, the fund expects the risk of material loss to be remote.

The following is a summary of significant accounting policies consistently followed by the fund in the preparation of its financial statements. The preparation of financial statements is in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities in the financial statements and the reported amounts of increases and decreases in net assets from operations during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

A) Security valuation The valuation of the fund’s portfolio instruments is determined by means of the amortized cost method (which approximates market value) as set forth in Rule 2a-7 under the Investment Company Act of 1940. The amortized cost of an instrument is determined by valuing it at its original cost and thereafter amortizing any discount or premium from its face value at a constant rate until maturity.

B) Joint trading account Pursuant to an exemptive order from the Securities and Exchange Commission, the fund may transfer uninvested cash balances into a joint trading account along with the cash of other registered investment companies and certain other accounts managed by Putnam Management. These balances may be invested in issues of high-grade, short-term investments having maturities of up to 90 days.
C) Repurchase agreements The fund, or any joint trading account, through its custodian, receives delivery of the underlying securities, the market value of which at the time of purchase is required to be in an amount at least equal to the resale price, including accrued interest. Collateral for certain tri-party repurchase agreements is held at the counterparty’s custodian in a segregated account for the benefit of the fund and the counterparty. Putnam Management is responsible for determining that the value of these underlying securities is at all times at least equal to the resale price, including accrued interest.

D) Security transactions and related investments income Security transactions are recorded on the trade date (the date the order to buy or sell is executed). Interest income is recorded on the accrual basis. Premiums and discounts from purchases of short-term investments are amortized/accreted at a constant rate until maturity. Gains or losses on securities sold are determined on the identified cost basis.

E) Federal taxes It is the policy of the fund to distribute all of its taxable income within the prescribed time and otherwise comply with the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the “Code”) applicable to regulated investment companies. It is also the intention of the fund to distribute an amount sufficient to avoid imposition of any excise tax under Section 4982 of the Code, as amended. Therefore, no provision has been made for federal taxes on income, capital gains or unrealized appreciation on securities held nor for excise tax on income and capital gains.

F) Distributions to shareholders Income dividends are recorded daily by the fund and are paid monthly. Distributions from capital gains, if any, are paid at least annually. The amount and character of income and gains to be distributed are determined in accordance with income tax regulations, which may differ from generally accepted accounting principles. For the year ended September 30, 2006, there were no temporary or permanent differences. Reclassifications are made to the fund’s capital accounts to reflect income and gains available for distribution (or available capital loss carryovers) under income tax regulations. For the year ended September 30, 2006, the fund required no such reclassifications.

The tax basis components of distributable earnings as of September 30, 2006 were as follows:

Undistributed ordinary income  $1,264,668 

The aggregate identified cost on a financial reporting and tax basis is the same.

31

Note 2: Management fee, administrative services and other transactions

Putnam Management is paid for management and investment advisory services quarterly based on the average net assets of the fund. Such fee is based on the following annual rates: 0.50% of the first $100 million of average net assets, 0.40% of the next $100 million, 0.35% of the next $300 million, 0.325% of the next $500 million, 0.30% of the next $500 million, 0.275% of the next $2.5 billion, 0.25% of the next $2.5 billion, 0.225% of the next $5 billion, 0.205% of the next $5 billion, 0.19% of the next $5 billion, and 0.18% thereafter.

Prior to January 1, 2006, the fund’s management fee was based on the following annual rates: 0.50% of the first $100 million of average net assets, 0.40% of the next $100 million, 0.35% of the next $300 million, 0.325% of the next $500 million and 0.30% thereafter.

Putnam Management has agreed to waive fees and reimburse expenses of the fund through September 30, 2007 to the extent necessary to ensure that the fund’s expenses do not exceed the simple average of the expenses viewed by Lipper Inc. as having the same investment classification or objective as the fund. The expense reimbursement is based on a comparison of the fund’s expenses with the average annualized operating expenses of the funds in its Lipper peer group for each calendar quarter during the fund’s last fiscal year, excluding 12b-1 fees and without giving effect to any expense offset and brokerage service arrangements that may reduce fund expenses. For the year ended September 30, 2006, Putnam Management did not waive any of its management fee from the fund.

For the year ended September 30, 2006, Putnam Management has assumed $40,782 of legal, shareholder servicing and communication, audit and Trustee fees incurred by the fund in connection with certain legal and regulatory matters (including those described in Note 6).

The fund reimburses Putnam Management an allocated amount for the compensation and related expenses of certain officers of the fund and their staff who provide administrative services to the fund. The aggregate amount of all such reimbursements is determined annually by the Trustees.

Custodial functions for the fund’s assets are provided by Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company (“PFTC”), a subsidiary of Putnam, LLC. PFTC receives fees for custody services based on the fund’s asset level, the number of its security holdings and transaction volumes. Putnam Investor Services, a division of PFTC, provides investor servicing agent functions to the fund. Putnam Investor Services receives fees for investor servicing based on the number of shareholder accounts in the fund and the level of defined contribution plan assets in the fund. During the year ended September 30, 2006, the fund incurred $7,135,131 for these services.

The fund has entered into an arrangement with PFTC whereby credits realized as a result of uninvested cash balances are used to reduce a portion of the fund’s expenses. For the year ended September 30, 2006, the fund’s expenses were reduced by $1,315,357 under these arrangements.

Each independent Trustee of the fund receives an annual Trustee fee, of which $895, as a quarterly retainer, has been allocated to the fund, and an additional fee for each Trustees meeting attended. Trustees receive additional fees for attendance at certain committee meetings, industry seminars and for certain compliance-related matters. Trustees also are reimbursed for expenses they incur relating to their services as Trustees. George Putnam, III, who is not an independent Trustee, also receives the foregoing fees for his services as Trustee.

The fund has adopted a Trustee Fee Deferral Plan (the “Deferral Plan”) which allows the Trustees to defer the receipt of all or a portion of Trustees fees payable on or after July 1, 1995. The deferred fees remain invested in certain Putnam funds until distribution in accordance with the Deferral Plan.

The fund has adopted an unfunded noncontributory defined benefit pension plan (the “Pension Plan”) covering all Trustees of the fund who have served as a Trustee for at least five years and were first elected prior to 2004. Benefits under the Pension Plan are equal to 50% of the Trustee’s average annual attendance and retainer fees for the three years ended December 31, 2005. Pension expense for the fund is included in Trustee compensation and expenses in the statement of operations. Accrued pension liability is included in Payable for Trustee compensation and expenses in the statement of assets and liabilities. The Trustees have terminated the Pension Plan with respect to any Trustee first elected after 2003.

The fund has adopted distribution plans (the “Plans”) with respect to its class B, class C, class M, class R and class T shares pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940. The purpose of the Plans is to compensate Putnam Retail Management, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Putnam, LLC and Putnam Retail Management GP, Inc., for services provided and expenses incurred in distributing shares of the fund. The Plans provide for payments by the fund to Putnam Retail Management at an annual rate of up to 0.75%, 1.00%, 1.00%, 1.00% and 0.35% of the average net assets attributable to class B, class C, class M, class R and class T shares, respectively. The Trustees have approved payment by the fund at an annual rate of 0.50%, 0.50%, 0.15%, 0.50% and 0.25% of the average net assets attributable to class B, class C, class M, class R and class T shares, respectively.

For the year ended September 30, 2006, Putnam Retail Management, acting as underwriter, received net commissions of $597,944 and $7,874 in contingent deferred sales charges from redemptions of class B and class C shares, respectively.

A deferred sales charge of up to 1.00% for class A and class T shares and up to 0.15% for class M shares may be assessed on certain redemptions. For the year ended September 30, 2006, Putnam Retail Management, acting as underwriter, received no monies in contingent deferred sales charges from redemptions of class A, class M or class T shares acquired through an exchange from another fund.

Note 3: Purchases and sales of securities

During the year ended September 30, 2006, cost of purchases and proceeds from sales (including maturities) of investment securities (all short-term obligations) aggregated $36,845,245,686 and $37,342,849,049, respectively.

Note 4: Capital shares

At September 30, 2006, there was an unlimited number of shares of beneficial interest authorized. Transactions in capital shares at a constant net asset value of $1.00 per share were as follows:

32

CLASS A	Shares	Amount
Year ended 9/30/06:
Shares sold	2,038,691,580	$ 2,038,691,580
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	122,576,479	122,576,479
	2,161,268,059	2,161,268,059
Shares repurchased	(2,378,028,586)	(2,378,028,586)
Net decrease	(216,760,527)	$ (216,760,527)
Year ended 9/30/05:
Shares sold	2,147,330,199	$ 2,147,330,199
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	70,239,011	70,239,011
	2,217,569,210	2,217,569,210
Shares repurchased	(2,667,675,526)	(2,667,675,526)
Net decrease	(450,106,316)	$ (450,106,316)
CLASS B	Shares	Amount
Year ended 9/30/06:
Shares sold	134,473,082	$ 134,473,082
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	7,465,930	7,465,930
	141,939,012	141,939,012
Shares repurchased	(258,059,681)	(258,059,681)
Net decrease	(116,120,669)	$(116,120,669)
Year ended 9/30/05:
Shares sold	192,706,836	$ 192,706,836
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	5,718,963	5,718,963
	198,425,799	198,425,799
Shares repurchased	(428,630,258)	(428,630,258)
Net decrease	(230,204,459)	$(230,204,459)
CLASS C	Shares	Amount
Year ended 9/30/06:
Shares sold	37,702,615	$ 37,702,615
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	640,250	640,250
	38,342,865	38,342,865
Shares repurchased	(55,879,277)	(55,879,277)
Net decrease	(17,536,412)	$(17,536,412)
Year ended 9/30/05:
Shares sold	63,596,665	$ 63,596,665
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	371,874	371,874
	63,968,539	63,968,539
Shares repurchased	(71,645,348)	(71,645,348)
Net decrease	(7,676,809)	$ (7,676,809)

CLASS M	Shares	Amount
Year ended 9/30/06:
Shares sold	51,297,792	$ 51,297,792
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	1,654,422	1,654,422
	52,952,214	52,952,214
Shares repurchased	(55,746,565)	(55,746,565)
Net decrease	(2,794,351)	$(2,794,351)
Year ended 9/30/05:
Shares sold	53,950,663	$53,950,663
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	912,418	912,418
	54,863,081	54,863,081
Shares repurchased	(64,572,656)	(64,572,656)
Net decrease	(9,709,575)	$(9,709,575)
CLASS R	Shares	Amount
Year ended 9/30/06:
Shares sold	167,149,810	$167,149,810
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	2,364,973	2,364,973
	169,514,783	169,514,783
Shares repurchased	(17,213,567)	(17,213,567)
Net increase	152,301,216	$152,301,216
Year ended 9/30/05:
Shares sold	4,000,071	$4,000,071
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	18,070	18,070
	4,018,141	4,018,141
Shares repurchased	(2,462,442)	(2,462,442)
Net increase	1,555,699	$1,555,699
CLASS T	Shares	Amount
Year ended 9/30/06:
Shares sold	36,801,687	$36,801,687
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	4,290,201	4,290,201
	41,091,888	41,091,888
Shares repurchased	(211,715,875)	(211,715,875)
Net decrease	(170,623,987)	$(170,623,987)
Year ended 9/30/05:
Shares sold	120,747,348	$ 120,747,348
Shares issued in connection with
reinvestment of distributions	3,566,061	3,566,061
	124,313,409	124,313,409
Shares repurchased	(68,576,884)	(68,576,884)
Net increase	55,736,525	$55,736,525

33

Note 5: Investment in Putnam Prime Money Market Fund

The fund invests in Putnam Prime Money Market Fund, an open-end management investment company managed by Putnam Management. Investments in Putnam Prime Money Market Fund are valued at its closing net asset value each business day. Management fees paid by the fund are reduced by an amount equal to the management and administrative services fees paid by Putnam Prime Money Market Fund with respect to assets invested by the fund in Putnam Prime Money Market Fund. For the year ended September 30, 2006, management fees paid were reduced by $89,446 relating to the fund’s investment in Putnam Prime Money Market Fund. Income distributions earned by the fund are recorded as income in the statement of operations and totaled $3,686,476 for the year ended September 30, 2006. During the year ended September 30, 2006, cost of purchases and proceeds of sales of investments in Putnam Prime Money Market Fund aggregated $708,210,893 and $533,710,893, respectively.

Note 6: Regulatory matters and litigation

Putnam Management has entered into agreements with the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Massachusetts Securities Division settling charges connected with excessive short-term trading by Putnam employees and, in the case of the charges brought by the Massachusetts Securities Division, by participants in some Putnam-administered 401(k) plans. Pursuant to these settlement agreements, Putnam Management will pay a total of $193.5 million in penalties and restitution, with $153.5 million being paid to certain open-end funds and their shareholders. The amount will be allocated to shareholders and funds pursuant to a plan developed by an independent consultant, and will be paid following approval of the plan by the SEC and the Massachusetts Securities Division.

The Securities and Exchange Commission’s and Massachusetts Securities Division’s allegations and related matters also serve as the general basis for numerous lawsuits, including purported class action lawsuits filed against Putnam Management and certain related parties, including certain Putnam funds. Putnam Management will bear any costs incurred by Putnam funds in connection with these lawsuits. Putnam Management believes that the likelihood that the pending private lawsuits and purported class action lawsuits will have a material adverse financial impact on the fund is remote, and the pending actions are not likely to materially affect its ability to provide investment management services to its clients, including the Putnam funds.

In connection with a settlement between Putnam and the fund’s Trustees, the fund received $1,401,338 during the period from Putnam to address issues relating to the calculation of certain amounts paid by the Putnam mutual funds to Putnam for transfer agent services. This amount is included in Fees waived and reimbursed by Manager or affiliate on the Statement of operations.

Putnam Management and Putnam Retail Management are named as defendants in a civil suit in which the plaintiffs allege that the management and distribution fees paid by certain Putnam funds were excessive and seek recovery under the Investment Company Act of 1940. Putnam Management and Putnam Retail Management have contested the plaintiffs’ claims and the matter is currently pending in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts. Based on currently available information, Putnam Management believes that this action is without merit and that it is unlikely to have a material effect on Putnam Management’s and Putnam Retail Management’s ability to provide services to their clients, including the fund.

Note 7: New accounting pronouncements

In June 2006, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Interpretation No. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes (the “Interpretation”). The Interpretation prescribes a minimum threshold for financial statement recognition of the benefit of a tax position taken or expected to be taken by a filer in the filer’s tax return. The Interpretation will become effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2006 but will also apply to tax positions reflected in the fund’s financial statements as of that date. No determination has been made whether the adoption of the Interpretation will require the fund to make any adjustments to its net assets or have any other effect on the fund’s financial statements.

In September 2006, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 157, Fair Value Measurements (the “Standard”). The Standard defines fair value, sets out a framework for measuring fair value and requires additional disclosures about fair value measurements. The Standard applies to fair value measurements already required or permitted by existing standards. The Standard is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Putnam Management is currently evaluating what impact the adoption of the Standard will have on the fund’s financial statements.

34

Federal tax information (Unaudited)

Federal tax information

The Form 1099 you receive in January 2007 will show the tax status of all distributions paid to your account in calendar 2006.

35

About the Trustees

Jameson A. Baxter (Born 1943), Trustee since 1994, Vice Chairman since 2005

Ms. Baxter is the President of Baxter Associates, Inc., a private investment firm that she founded in 1986.

Ms. Baxter serves as a Director of ASHTA Chemicals, Inc., Banta Corporation (a printing and digital imaging firm), Ryerson Tull, Inc. (a steel service corporation), the Mutual Fund Directors Forum, Advocate Health Care and BoardSource, formerly the National Center for Nonprofit Boards. She is Chairman Emeritus of the Board of Trustees, Mount Holyoke College, having served as Chairman for five years and as a board member for thirteen years. Until 2002, Ms. Baxter was a Director of Intermatic Corporation (a manufacturer of energy control products).

Ms. Baxter has held various positions in investment banking and corporate finance, including Vice President and Principal of the Regency Group, and Vice President of and Consultant to First Boston Corporation. She is a graduate of Mount Holyoke College.

Charles B. Curtis (Born 1940), Trustee since 2001

Mr. Curtis is President and Chief Operating Officer of the Nuclear Threat Initiative (a private foundation dealing with national security issues) and serves as Senior Advisor to the United Nations Foundation.

Mr. Curtis is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Trustee Advisory Council of the Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University. Until 2003, Mr. Curtis was a member of the Electric Power Research Institute Advisory Council and the University of Chicago Board of Governors for Argonne National Laboratory. Prior to 2002, Mr. Curtis was a Member of the Board of Directors of the Gas Technology Institute and the Board of Directors of the Environment and Natural Resources Program Steering Committee, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Until 2001, Mr. Curtis was a member of the Department of Defense Policy Board and Director of EG&G Technical Services, Inc. (a fossil energy research and development support company).

From August 1997 to December 1999, Mr. Curtis was a Partner at Hogan & Hartson L.L.P., a Washington, D.C. law firm. Prior to May 1997, Mr. Curtis was Deputy Secretary of Energy and Under Secretary of the U.S. Department of Energy. He served as Chairman of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission from 1977 to 1981 and has held positions on the staff of the U.S. House of Representatives, the U.S. Treasury Department, and the SEC.

Myra R. Drucker (Born 1948), Trustee since 2004

Ms. Drucker is Chair of the Board of Trustees of Commonfund (a not-for-profit firm specializing in asset management for educational endowments and foundations), Vice Chair of the Board of Trustees of Sarah Lawrence College, and a member of the Investment Committee of the Kresge Foundation (a charitable trust). She is also a director of New York Stock Exchange LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the publicly-traded NYSE Group, Inc. She is an advisor to Hamilton Lane LLC and RCM Capital Management (investment management firms).

Ms. Drucker is an ex-officio member of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Pension Managers Advisory Committee, having served as Chair for seven years and a member of the Executive Committee of the Committee on Investment of Employee Benefit Assets.

Until August 31, 2004, Ms. Drucker was Managing Director and a member of the Board of Directors of General Motors Asset Management and Chief Investment Officer of General Motors Trust Bank. Ms. Drucker also served as a member of the NYSE Corporate Accountability and Listing Standards Committee and the NYSE/NASD IPO Advisory Committee.

Prior to joining General Motors Asset Management in 2001, Ms. Drucker held various executive positions in the investment management industry. Ms. Drucker served as Chief Investment Officer of Xerox Corporation (a technology and service company in the document industry), where she was responsible for the investment of the company’s pension assets. Ms. Drucker was also Staff Vice President and Director of Trust Investments for International Paper (a paper, paper distribution, packaging and forest products company) and previously served as Manager of Trust Investments for Xerox Corporation. Ms. Drucker received a B.A. degree in Literature and Psychology from Sarah Lawrence College and pursued graduate studies in economics, statistics and portfolio theory at Temple University.

John A. Hill (Born 1942), Trustee since 1985 and Chairman since 2000

Mr. Hill is Vice Chairman of First Reserve Corporation, a private equity buyout firm that specializes in energy investments in the diversified worldwide energy industry.

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Mr. Hill is a Director of Devon Energy Corporation, TransMontaigne Oil Company and various private companies controlled by First Reserve Corporation, as well as Chairman of TH Lee, Putnam Investment Trust (a closed-end investment company advised by an affiliate of Putnam Management). He is also a Trustee of Sarah Lawrence College. Until 2005, he was a Director of Continuum Health Partners of New York.

Prior to acquiring First Reserve Corporation in 1983, Mr. Hill held executive positions in investment banking and investment management with several firms and with the federal government, including Deputy Associate Director of the Office of Management and Budget and Deputy Director of the Federal Energy Administration. He is active in various business associations, including the Economic Club of New York, and lectures on energy issues in the United States and Europe. Mr. Hill holds a B.A. degree in Economics from Southern Methodist University and pursued graduate studies there as a Woodrow Wilson Fellow.

Paul L. Joskow (Born 1947), Trustee since 1997

Dr. Joskow is the Elizabeth and James Killian Professor of Economics and Management, and Director of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Dr. Joskow serves as a Director of National Grid plc (a UK-based holding company with interests in electric and gas transmission and distribution and telecommunications infrastructure) and TransCanada Corporation (an energy company focused on natural gas transmission and power services). He also serves on the Board of Overseers of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. Prior to February 2005, he served on the board of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (a non-profit research institution) and has been President of the Yale University Council since 1993. Prior to February 2002, he was a Director of State Farm Indemnity Company (an automobile insurance company), and, prior to March 2000, he was a Director of New England Electric System (a public utility holding company).

Dr. Joskow has published five books and numerous articles on topics in industrial organization, government regulation of industry, and competition policy. He is active in industry restructuring, environmental, energy, competition and privatization policies — serving as an advisor to governments and corporations worldwide. Dr. Joskow holds a Ph.D. and M. Phil from Yale University and a B.A. from Cornell University.

Elizabeth T. Kennan (Born 1938), Trustee since 1992

Dr. Kennan is a Partner of Cambus-Kenneth Farm (thoroughbred horse and cattle breeding). She is President Emeritus of Mount Holyoke College.

Dr. Kennan served as Chairman and is now Lead Director of Northeast Utilities. Until 2005, she was a Director of Talbots, Inc. She has served as Director on a number of other boards, including Bell Atlantic, Chastain Real Estate, Shawmut Bank, Berkshire Life Insurance and Kentucky Home Life Insurance. She is a Trustee of the National Trust for Historic Preservation, of Centre College and of Midway College in Midway, Kentucky. Until 2006, she was a member of The Trustees of Reservations. Dr. Kennan has served on the oversight committee of the Folger Shakespeare Library, as President of Five Colleges Incorporated, as a Trustee of Notre Dame University and is active in various educational and civic associations.

As a member of the faculty of Catholic University for twelve years, until 1978, Dr. Kennan directed the post-doctoral program in Patristic and Medieval Studies, taught history and published numerous articles. Dr. Kennan holds a Ph.D. from the University of Washington in Seattle, an M.S. from St. Hilda’s College at Oxford University and an A.B. from Mount Holyoke College. She holds several honorary doctorates.

Kenneth R. Leibler (Born 1949), Trustee since 2006

Mr. Leibler is founding Chairman of the Boston Options Exchange, the nation’s newest electronic marketplace for the trading of derivative securities.

Mr. Leibler currently serves as a Trustee of Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital in Boston. He is also lead director of Ruder Finn Group, a global communications and advertising firm. Since 2003, he has served as a director of the Optimum Funds group. Prior to October 2006, he served as a director of ISO New England, the organization responsible for the operation of the electric generation system in the New England states. Prior to 2000, he was a director of the Investment Company Institute in Washington, D.C.

37

Prior to January 2005, Mr. Leibler served as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Boston Stock Exchange. Prior to January 2000, he served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Liberty Financial Companies, a publicly traded diversified asset management organization. Prior to June 1990, he served as President and Chief Operating Officer of the American Stock Exchange, the youngest person in Exchange history to hold the title of President. Prior to serving as Amex President, he held the position of Chief Financial Officer, and headed its management and marketing operations. Mr. Leibler graduated magna cum laude in economics from Syracuse University, where he was elected Phi Beta Kappa.

Robert E. Patterson (Born 1945), Trustee since 1984

Mr. Patterson is Senior Partner of Cabot Properties, L.P. and Chairman of Cabot Properties, Inc. (a private equity firm investing in commercial real estate).

Mr. Patterson serves as Chairman Emeritus and Trustee of the Joslin Diabetes Center and as a Director of Brandywine Trust Group, LLC. Prior to June 2003, he was a Trustee of Sea Education Association. Prior to December 2001, he was President and Trustee of Cabot Industrial Trust (a publicly traded real estate investment trust). Prior to February 1998, he was Executive Vice President and Director of Acquisitions of Cabot Partners Limited Partnership (a registered investment adviser involved in institutional real estate investments). Prior to 1990, he served as Executive Vice President of Cabot, Cabot & Forbes Realty Advisors, Inc. (the predecessor company of Cabot Partners).

Mr. Patterson practiced law and held various positions in state government and was the founding Executive Director of the Massachusetts Industrial Finance Agency. Mr. Patterson is a graduate of Harvard College and Harvard Law School.

W. Thomas Stephens (Born 1942), Trustee since 1997

Mr. Stephens is Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Boise Cascade, L.L.C. (a paper, forest products and timberland assets company).

Until 2005, Mr. Stephens was a director of TransCanadaPipelines, Ltd. Until 2004, Mr. Stephens was a Director of Xcel Energy Incorporated (a public utility company), Qwest Communications, and Norske Canada, Inc. (a paper manufacturer). Until 2003, Mr. Stephens was a Director of Mail-Well, Inc. (a diversified printing company). He served as Chairman of Mail-Well until 2001 and as CEO of MacMillan-Bloedel, Ltd. (a forest products company) until 1999.

Prior to 1996, Mr. Stephens was Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Johns Manville Corporation. He holds B.S. and M.S. degrees from the University of Arkansas.

Richard B. Worley (Born 1945), Trustee since 2004

Mr. Worley is Managing Partner of Permit Capital LLC, an investment management firm.

Mr. Worley serves on the Executive Committee of the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, is a Trustee of The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (a philanthropic organization devoted to health care issues) and is a Director of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation (a historical preservation organization). Mr. Worley also serves on the investment committees of Mount Holyoke College and World Wildlife Fund (a wildlife conservation organization).

Prior to joining Permit Capital LLC in 2002, Mr. Worley served as Chief Strategic Officer of Morgan Stanley Investment Management. He previously served as President, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Investment Officer of Morgan Stanley Dean Witter Investment Management and as a Managing Director of Morgan Stanley, a financial services firm. Mr. Worley also was the Chairman of Miller Anderson & Sherrerd, an investment management firm.

Mr. Worley holds a B.S. degree from University of Tennessee and pursued graduate studies in economics at the University of Texas.

Charles E. Haldeman, Jr.* (Born 1948), Trustee since 2004

Mr. Haldeman is President and Chief Executive Officer of Putnam, LLC (“Putnam Investments”). He is a member of Putnam Investments’ Executive Board of Directors and Advisory Council. Prior to November 2003, Mr. Haldeman served as Co-Head of Putnam Investments’ Investment Division.

Prior to joining Putnam Investments in 2002, Mr. Haldeman held executive positions in the investment management industry. He previously served as Chief Executive Officer of Delaware Investments and President & Chief Operating Officer of United Asset Management. Mr. Haldeman was also a partner and director of Cooke & Bieler, Inc. (an investment management firm).

Mr. Haldeman currently serves on the Board of Governors of the Investment Company Institute and as a Trustee of Dartmouth College, and he is a member of the Partners HealthCare Systems Investment Committee. He is a graduate of Dartmouth College, Harvard Law School and Harvard Business School. Mr. Haldeman is also a Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) charterholder.

38

George Putnam, III* (Born 1951), Trustee since 1984 and President since 2000

Mr. Putnam is President of New Generation Research, Inc.(a publisher of financial advisory and other research services), and of New Generation Advisers, Inc. (a registered investment advisor to private funds). Mr. Putnam founded the New Generation companies in 1986.

Mr. Putnam is a Director of The Boston Family Office, LLC (a registered investment adviser). He is a Trustee of St. Mark’s School and Shore Country Day School, and until 2002 was a Trustee of the Sea Education Association.

Mr. Putnam previously worked as an attorney with the law firm of Dechert LLP (formerly known as Dechert Price & Rhoads) in Philadelphia. He is a graduate of Harvard College, Harvard Business School and Harvard Law School.

The address of each Trustee is One Post Office Square, Boston, MA 02109.

As of September 30, 2006, there were 108 Putnam Funds. All Trustees serve as Trustees of all Putnam funds.

Each Trustee serves for an indefinite term, until his or her resignation, retirement at age 72, death, or removal.

* Trustees who are or may be deemed to be “interested persons” (as defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940) of the fund, Putnam Management, Putnam Retail Management, or Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc., the parent company of Putnam, LLC and its affiliated companies. Messrs. Haldeman and Putnam, III are deemed “interested persons” by virtue of their positions as officers of the fund, Putnam Management or Putnam Retail Management and as shareholders of Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. Mr. Putnam, III is the President of your fund and each of the other Putnam funds. Mr. Haldeman is President and Chief Executive Officer of Putnam Investments.

39

Officers

In addition to George Putnam, III, the other officers of the fund are shown below:

Charles E. Porter (Born 1938)
Executive Vice President, Principal Executive Officer, Associate
Treasurer, and Compliance Liaison
Since 1989

Jonathan S. Horwitz (Born 1955)
Senior Vice President and Treasurer
Since 2004
Prior to 2004, Managing Director,
Putnam Investments

Steven D. Krichmar (Born 1958)
Vice President and Principal Financial Officer
Since 2002
Senior Managing Director, Putnam Investments.
Prior to July 2001, Partner, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Michael T. Healy (Born 1958)
Assistant Treasurer and Principal Accounting Officer
Since 2000
Managing Director, Putnam Investments

Beth S. Mazor (Born 1958)
Vice President
Since 2002
Managing Director, Putnam Investments

James P. Pappas (Born 1953)
Vice President
Since 2004
Managing Director, Putnam Investments and Putnam Management.
During 2002, Chief Operating Officer, Atalanta/Sosnoff Management
Corporation; prior to 2001, President and Chief Executive Officer,
UAM Investment Services, Inc.

Richard S. Robie, III (Born 1960)
Vice President
Since 2004
Senior Managing Director, Putnam Investments, Putnam Management
and Putnam Retail Management. Prior to 2003, Senior Vice President,
United Asset Management Corporation

Francis J. McNamara, III (Born 1955)
Vice President and Chief Legal Officer
Since 2004
Senior Managing Director, Putnam Investments, Putnam Management
and Putnam Retail Management. Prior to 2004, General Counsel,
State Street Research & Management Company

Charles A. Ruys de Perez (Born 1957)
Vice President and Chief Compliance Officer
Since 2004
Managing Director, Putnam Investments

Mark C. Trenchard (Born 1962)
Vice President and BSA Compliance Officer
Since 2002
Managing Director, Putnam Investments

Judith Cohen (Born 1945)
Vice President, Clerk and Assistant Treasurer
Since 1993

Wanda M. McManus (Born 1947)
Vice President, Senior Associate Treasurer and Assistant Clerk
Since 2005

Nancy E. Florek (Born 1957)
Vice President, Assistant Clerk, Assistant Treasurer
and Proxy Manager
Since 2005

The address of each Officer is One Post Office Square, Boston, MA 02109.

40

Fund information

Founded over 65 years ago, Putnam Investments was built around the concept that a balance between risk and reward is the hallmark of a well-rounded financial program. We manage over 100 mutual funds in growth, value, blend, fixed income, and international.

Investment Manager	Officers	Wanda M. McManus
Putnam Investment	George Putnam, III	Vice President, Senior Associate Treasurer
Management, LLC	President	and Assistant Clerk
One Post Office Square
Boston, MA 02109	Charles E. Porter	Nancy E. Florek
	Executive Vice President, Principal	Vice President, Assistant Clerk,
Marketing Services	Executive Officer, Associate Treasurer,	Assistant Treasurer and Proxy Manager
Putnam Retail Management	and Compliance Liaison
One Post Office Square
Boston, MA 02109	Jonathan S. Horwitz
	Senior Vice President and Treasurer
Custodian
Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company	Steven D. Krichmar
	Vice President and Principal Financial Officer
Legal Counsel
Ropes & Gray LLP	Michael T. Healy
	Assistant Treasurer and
Independent Registered Public	Principal Accounting Officer
Accounting Firm
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP	Beth S. Mazor
	Vice President
Trustees
John A. Hill, Chairman	James P. Pappas
Jameson Adkins Baxter, Vice Chairman	Vice President
Charles B. Curtis
Myra R. Drucker	Richard S. Robie, III
Charles E. Haldeman, Jr.	Vice President
Paul L. Joskow
Elizabeth T. Kennan	Francis J. McNamara, III
Kenneth R. Leibler	Vice President and Chief Legal Officer
Robert E. Patterson
George Putnam, III	Charles A. Ruys de Perez
W. Thomas Stephens	Vice President and Chief Compliance Officer
Richard B. Worley
	Mark C. Trenchard
	Vice President and BSA Compliance Officer
	Judith Cohen
	Vice President, Clerk and Assistant Treasurer

This report is for the information of shareholders of Putnam Money Market Fund. It may also be used as sales literature when preceded or accompanied by the current prospectus, the most recent copy of Putnam’s Quarterly Performance Summary, and Putnam’s Quarterly Ranking Summary. For more recent performance, please visit www.putnam.com. Investors should carefully consider the investment objective, risks, charges, and expenses of a fund, which are described in its prospectus. For this and other information or to request a prospectus, call 1-800-225-1581 toll free. Please read the prospectus carefully before investing. The fund’s Statement of Additional Information contains additional information about the fund’s Trustees and is available without charge upon request by calling 1-800-225-1581.

Item 2. Code of Ethics:

(a) The fund’s principal executive, financial and accounting officers are employees of Putnam Investment Management, LLC, the Fund's investment manager. As such they are subject to a comprehensive Code of Ethics adopted and administered by Putnam Investments which is designed to protect the interests of the firm and its clients. The Fund has adopted a Code of Ethics which incorporates the Code of Ethics of Putnam Investments with respect to all of its officers and Trustees who are employees of Putnam Investment Management, LLC. For this reason, the Fund has not adopted a separate code of ethics governing its principal executive, financial and accounting officers.

(c) None

Item 3. Audit Committee Financial Expert:

The Funds' Audit and Compliance Committee is comprised solely of Trustees who are "independent" (as such term has been defined by the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") in regulations implementing Section 407 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (the "Regulations")). The Trustees believe that each of the members of the Audit and Compliance Committee also possess a combination of knowledge and experience with respect to financial accounting matters, as well as other attributes, that qualify them for service on the Committee. In addition, the Trustees have determined that each of Mr. Patterson, Mr. Stephens, Mr. Leibler and Mr. Hill meets the financial literacy requirements of the New York Stock Exchange's rules and qualifies as an "audit committee financial expert" (as such term has been defined by the Regulations) based on their review of his pertinent experience and education. Certain other Trustees, although not on the Audit and Compliance Committee, would also quali fy as "audit committee financial experts." The SEC has stated that the designation or identification of a person as an audit committee financial expert pursuant to this Item 3 of Form N-CSR does not impose on such person any duties, obligations or liability that are greater than the duties, obligations and liability imposed on such person as a member of the Audit and Compliance Committee and the Board of Trustees in the absence of such designation or identification.

Item 4. Principal Accountant Fees and Services:

The following table presents fees billed in each of the last two fiscal years for services rendered to the fund by the fund’s independent auditor:

Fiscal		Audit-
year	Audit	Related	Tax	All Other
ended	Fees	Fees	Fees	Fees
September 30, 2006	$91,511*	$877	$2,415	$1,970
September 30, 2005	$81,006*	$--	$3,042	$ 2,524

* Includes fees of $2,985 and $2,279 billed by the fund’s independent auditor to the fund for audit procedures necessitated by regulatory and litigation matters for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2006 and September 30, 2005, respectively. These fees were reimbursed to the fund by Putnam Investment Management, LLC (“Putnam Management”).

For the fiscal years ended September 30, 2006 and September 30, 2005, the fund’s independent auditor billed aggregate non-audit fees in the amounts of $286,942 and $193,314 respectively, to the fund, Putnam Management and any entity controlling, controlled by or under common control with Putnam Management that provides ongoing services to the fund.

Audit Fees represent fees billed for the fund’s last two fiscal years.

Audit-Related Fees represent fees billed in the fund’s last two fiscal years for services traditionally performed by the fund’s auditor, including accounting consultation for proposed transactions or concerning financial accounting and reporting standards and other audit or attest services not required by statute or regulation.

Tax Fees represent fees billed in the fund’s last two fiscal years for tax compliance, tax planning and tax advice services. Tax planning and tax advice services include assistance with tax audits, employee benefit plans and requests for rulings or technical advice from taxing authorities.

All Other Fees represent fees billed for services relating to an analysis of the funds proposed market timing distribution plan and an analysis of recordkeeping fees.

Pre-Approval Policies of the Audit and Compliance Committee. The Audit and Compliance Committee of the Putnam funds has determined that, as a matter of policy, all work performed for the funds by the funds’ independent auditors will be pre-approved by the Committee itself and thus will generally not be subject to pre-approval procedures.

The Audit and Compliance Committee also has adopted a policy to pre-approve the engagement by Putnam Management and certain of its affiliates of the funds’ independent auditors, even in circumstances where pre-approval is not required by applicable law. Any such requests by Putnam Management or certain of its affiliates are typically submitted in writing to the Committee and explain, among other things, the nature of the proposed engagement, the estimated fees, and why this work should be performed by that particular audit firm as opposed to another one. In reviewing such requests, the Committee considers, among other things, whether the provision of such services by the audit firm are compatible with the independence of the audit firm.

The following table presents fees billed by the fund’s independent auditor for services required to be approved pursuant to paragraph (c)(7)(ii) of Rule 2-01 of Regulation S-X.

Fiscal	Audit-		All	Total
year	Related	Tax	Other	Non-Audit
ended	Fees	Fees	Fees	Fees
September 30,
2006	$ -	$ 153,160	$ -	$ -
September
30, 2005	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -

Item 5. Audit Committee of Listed Registrants

Not applicable


Item 6. Schedule of Investments:

The registrant’s schedule of investments in unaffiliated issuers is included in the report to shareholders in Item 1 above.

Item 7. Disclosure of Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures For Closed-End Management Investment Companies:

Not applicable

Item 8. Portfolio Managers of Closed-End Investment Companies

Not Applicable

Item 9. Purchases of Equity Securities by Closed-End Management Investment Companies and Affiliated Purchasers:

Not applicable

Item 10. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders:

Not applicable

Item 11. Controls and Procedures:

(a) The registrant's principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded, based on their evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures as of a date within 90 days of the filing date of this report, that the design and operation of such procedures are generally effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the registrant in this report is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Commission's rules and forms.

(b) Changes in internal control over financial reporting: Not applicable

Item 12. Exhibits:

(a)(1) The Code of Ethics of The Putnam Funds, which incorporates the Code of Ethics of Putnam Investments, is filed herewith.

(a)(2) Separate certifications for the principal executive officer and principal financial officer of the registrant as required by Rule 30a-2(a) under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, are filed herewith.

(b) The certifications required by Rule 30a-2(b) under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, are filed herewith.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Investment Company Act of 1940, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Putnam Money Market Fund

By (Signature and Title):

/s/Michael T. Healy
Michael T. Healy
Principal Accounting Officer

Date: December 5, 2006

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Investment Company Act of 1940, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

By (Signature and Title):

/s/Charles E. Porter
Charles E. Porter
Principal Executive Officer

Date: December 5, 2006

By (Signature and Title):

/s/Steven D. Krichmar
Steven D. Krichmar
Principal Financial Officer

Date: December 5, 2006

EX-99.CERT

Certifications

I, Charles E. Porter, the Principal Executive Officer of the funds listed on Attachment A, certify that:

1. I have reviewed each report on Form N-CSR of the funds listed on Attachment A:

2. Based on my knowledge, each report does not contain any untrue statements of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by each report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in each report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations, changes in net assets, and cash flows (if the financial statements are required to include a statement of cash flows) of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in each report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 30a-3(c) under the Investment Company Act of 1940) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 30a-3(d) under the Investment Company Act of 1940) for the registrant and have:

a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which each report is being prepared;

b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of a date within 90 days prior to the filing date of each report based on such evaluation; and

d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed to each registrant's auditors and the audit committee of each registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect each registrant's ability to record, process, summarize, and report financial information; and

b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in each registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: December 5, 2006

/s/ Charles E. Porter
_______________________
Charles E. Porter
Principal Executive Officer

Certifications

I, Steven D. Krichmar, the Principal Financial Officer of the funds listed on Attachment A, certify that:

1. I have reviewed each report on Form N-CSR of the funds listed on Attachment A:

2. Based on my knowledge, each report does not contain any untrue statements of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by each report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in each report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations, changes in net assets, and cash flows (if the financial statements are required to include a statement of cash flows) of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in each report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 30a-3(c) under the Investment Company Act of 1940) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 30a-3(d) under the Investment Company Act of 1940) for the registrant and have:

a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which each report is being prepared;

b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of a date within 90 days prior to the filing date of each report based on such evaluation; and

d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed to each registrant's auditors and the audit committee of each registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect each registrant's ability to record, process, summarize, and report financial information; and

b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in each registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: December 5, 2006

/s/ Steven D. Krichmar
_______________________
Steven D. Krichmar
Principal Financial Officer

Attachment A
September 30, 2006

054	Putnam High Yield Municipal Trust
074	Putnam Master Intermediate Income Trust
027	Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund
033	Putnam American Government Income Fund
011	Putnam Tax Exempt Income Fund
539	Putnam International New Opportunities Fund
032	Putnam U.S. Government Income Trust
010	Putnam Money Market Fund
062	Putnam Tax Exempt Money Market Fund
23T	Putnam Prime Money Market Fund
075	Putnam Diversified Income Trust
259	Putnam Asset Allocation: Balanced Portfolio
250	Putnam Asset Allocation: Growth Portfolio
264	Putnam Asset Allocation: Conservative Portfolio

EX-99.906 CERT

Section 906 Certifications

I, Charles E. Porter, the Principal Executive Officer of the Funds listed on Attachment A, certify that, to my knowledge: 1. The form N-CSR of the Funds listed on Attachment A for the period ended September 30, 2006, fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. The information contained in the Form N-CSR of the Funds listed on Attachment A for the period ended September 30, 2006 fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Funds listed on Attachment A.

Date: December 5, 2006

/s/ Charles E. Porter
______________________
Charles E. Porter
Principal Executive Officer

Section 906 Certifications

I, Steven D. Krichmar, the Principal Financial Officer of the Funds listed on Attachment A, certify that, to my knowledge: 1. The form N-CSR of the Funds listed on Attachment A for the period ended September 30, 2006 fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. The information contained in the Form N-CSR of the Funds listed on Attachment A for the period ended September 30, 2006 fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Funds listed on Attachment A.

Date: December 5, 2006

/s/ Steven D. Krichmar
______________________
Steven D. Krichmar
Principal Financial Officer

Attachment A
September 30, 2006

054	Putnam High Yield Municipal Trust
074	Putnam Master Intermediate Income Trust
027	Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund
033	Putnam American Government Income Fund
011	Putnam Tax Exempt Income Fund
539	Putnam International New Opportunities Fund
032	Putnam U.S. Government Income Trust
010	Putnam Money Market Fund
062	Putnam Tax Exempt Money Market Fund
23T	Putnam Prime Money Market Fund
075	Putnam Diversified Income Trust
259	Putnam Asset Allocation: Balanced Portfolio
250	Putnam Asset Allocation: Growth Portfolio
264	Putnam Asset Allocation: Conservative Portfolio

EX-99.P CODE ETH

THE PUTNAM FUNDS

Code of Ethics

Each of The Putnam Funds (the “Funds”) has determined to adopt this Code of Ethics
with respect to certain types of personal securities transactions by officers and Trustees of the
Funds which might be deemed to create possible conflicts of interest and to establish reporting
requirements and enforcement procedures with respect to such transactions.

I. Rules Applicable to Officers and Trustees Affiliated with Putnam Investments Trust or
Its Subsidiaries

A. Incorporation of Adviser’s Code of Ethics. The provisions of the Code of Ethics
for employees of Putnam Investments Trust and its subsidiaries (the “Putnam
Investments Code of Ethics”), which is attached as Appendix A hereto, are hereby
incorporated herein as the Funds’ Code of Ethics applicable to officers and
Trustees of the Funds who are employees of the Funds or officers, directors or
employees of Putnam Investments Trust or its subsidiaries. A violation of the
Putnam Investments’ Code of Ethics shall constitute a violation of the Funds’
Code.

B. Reports. Officers and Trustees of each of the Funds who are made subject to the
Putnam Investments’ Code of Ethics pursuant to the preceding paragraph shall
file the reports required by the Putnam Investments’ Code of Ethics with the Code
of Ethics Officer designated therein. A report filed with the Code of Ethics
Officer shall be deemed to be filed with each of the Funds of which the reporting
individual is an officer or Trustee.

C. Review and Reporting.

(1) The Code of Ethics Officer shall cause the reported personal securities
transactions to be compared with completed and contemplated portfolio
transactions of each of the Funds to determine whether a violation of this
Code may have occurred. Before making any determination that a
violation has been committed by any person, the Code of Ethics Officer
shall give such person an opportunity to supply additional explanatory
material.

(2) If the Code of Ethics Officer determines that a violation of any provision
of this Code has or may have occurred, he shall submit his written
determination, together with any additional explanatory material, to the
Audit and Compliance Committee of the Funds at its next meeting when
Code of Ethics matters are discussed.

D. Sanctions. In addition to reporting violations of this Code to the Audit and
Compliance Committee of the Funds as provided in Section I-C(2), the Code of
Ethics Officer shall also report to such Committee any sanctions imposed with

respect to such violations. The Committee reserves the right to impose such
additional sanctions as it deems appropriate.

II. Rules Applicable to Unaffiliated Trustees

A. Definitions.

(1) “Beneficial ownership” shall be interpreted in the same manner as it
would be in determining whether a person is subject to the provisions of
Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the rules and
regulations thereunder.

(2) “Control” means the power to exercise a controlling influence over the
management or policies of a company, unless such power is solely the
result of an official position with such company.

(3) “Interested Trustee” means a Trustee of a Fund who is an “interested
person” of the Fund within the meaning of the Investment Company Act.

(4) “Purchase or sale of a security” includes, among other things, the writing
of an option to purchase or sell a security.

(5) “Security” shall have the same meaning as that set forth in Section
2(a)(36) of the Investment Company Act (in effect, all securities) except
that it shall not include securities issued by the Government of the United
States or an agency thereof, bankers’ acceptances, bank certificates of
deposit, commercial paper and high-quality short-term debt investments,
including repurchase agreements, and shares of registered open-end
investment companies, but shall include any security convertible into or
exchangeable for a security.

(6) “Unaffiliated Trustee” means a Trustee who is not made subject to the
Putnam Investments Code of Ethics pursuant to Part I hereof.

B. Prohibited Purchases and Sales. No Unaffiliated Trustee of any of the Funds shall
purchase or sell, directly or indirectly, any security in which he has, or by reason
of such transaction acquires, any direct or indirect beneficial ownership and which
to his actual knowledge at the time of such purchase or sale:

(1) is being considered for purchase or sale by the Fund;

(2) is being purchased or sold by the Fund; or

(3) was purchased or sold by the Fund within the most recent five days if such
person participated in the recommendation to, or the decision by, Putnam
Investment Management to purchase or sell such security for the Fund.

- 2 -

C. Exempted Transactions. The prohibitions of Section II-B of this Code shall not
apply to:

(1) purchases or sales of securities effected in any account over which the
Unaffiliated Trustee has no direct or indirect influence or control;

(2) purchases or sales of securities which are non-volitional on the part of
either the Unaffiliated Trustee or the Fund;

(3) purchases of securities which are part of an automatic dividend
reinvestment plan;

(4) purchases of securities effected upon the exercise of rights issued by an
issuer pro rata to all holders of a class of its securities, to the extent such
rights were acquired from such issuer, and sales of such rights so acquired;

(5) purchases or sales of securities other than those exempted in (1) through
(4) above which do not cause the Unaffiliated Trustee to gain improperly a
personal benefit through his relationship with the Fund and are only
remotely potentially harmful to a Fund because they would be very
unlikely to affect a highly institutional market, and are previously
approved by the Compliance Liaison Officer of the Funds, in consultation
with the Code of Ethics Officer, which approval shall be confirmed in
writing.

D. Reporting.

(1) Whether or not one of the exemptions listed in Section II-C applies and
except as provided in Section II-C(5), every Unaffiliated Trustee of a Fund
shall file with the Funds’ Compliance Liaison Officer a report containing
the information described in Section II-D(2) of this Code with respect to
purchases or sales of any security in which such Unaffiliated Trustee has,
or by reason of such transaction acquires, any direct or indirect beneficial
ownership, if such Trustee, at the time of that transaction, knew or, in the
ordinary course of fulfilling his official duties as a Trustee of the Fund,
should have known that, during the 15-day period immediately preceding
or after the date of the transaction by the Trustee:

(a) such security was or is to be purchased or sold by the Fund or

(b) such security was or is being considered for purchase or sale by the
Fund;

provided, however, that an Unaffiliated Trustee shall not be required to
make a report with respect to transactions effected for any account over
which such person does not have any direct or indirect influence or
control.

- 3 -

(2) Every report shall be made not later than 10 days after the end of the
calendar quarter in which the transaction to which the report relates was
effected, and shall contain the following information:

(a) The date of the transaction, the title, the number of shares, the
interest rate and maturity date (if applicable) and the principal
amount of each security involved;

(b) The nature of the transaction (i.e., purchase, sale or any other type
of acquisition or disposition);

(c) The price at which the transaction was effected;

(d) The name of the broker, dealer or bank with or through whom the
transaction was effected; and

(e) the date that the report is submitted by each Unaffiliated Trustee.

(3) Every report concerning a purchase or sale prohibited under Section II-B
hereof with respect to which the reporting person relies upon one of the
exemptions provided in Section II-C shall contain a brief statement of the
exemption relied upon and the circumstances of the transaction.

(4) Any such report may contain a statement that the report shall not be
construed as an admission by the person making such report that he has
any direct or indirect beneficial ownership in the security to which the
report relates.

(5) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, an Unaffiliated
Trustee who is an “interested person” of the Funds shall file the reports
required by Rule 17j-1(d)(1) under the Investment Company Act of 1940
with the Code of Ethics Officer of Putnam Investments. Such reports shall
be reviewed by such Officer as provided in Section I-C(1) and any related
violations shall be reported by him to the Audit and Compliance
Committee as provided in Section I-C(2). The Committee may impose
such additional sanctions as it deems appropriate.

E. Review and Reporting.

(1) The Compliance Liaison Officer of the Funds, in consultation with the
Code of Ethics Officer of Putnam Investments, shall cause the reported
personal securities transactions that he receives pursuant to Section II-
D(1) to be compared with completed and contemplated portfolio
transactions of the Funds to determine whether any transaction
(“Reviewable Transactions”) listed in Section II-B (disregarding
exemptions provided by Section II-C(1) through (5)) may have occurred.

- 4 -

(2) If the Compliance Liaison Officer determines that a Reviewable
Transaction may have occurred, he shall then determine whether a
violation of this Code may have occurred, taking into account all the
exemptions provided under Section II-C. Before making any
determination that a violation has occurred, the Compliance Liaison
Officer shall give the person involved an opportunity to supply additional
information regarding the transaction in question.

F. Sanctions. If the Compliance Liaison determines that a violation of this Code has
occurred, he shall so advise the Funds’ Audit and Compliance Committee, and
provide the Committee with a report of the matter, including any additional
information supplied by such person. The Committee may impose such sanctions
as it deems appropriate.

III. Miscellaneous

A. Amendments to the Putnam Investments’ Code of Ethics. Any amendment to the
Putnam Investments’ Code of Ethics shall be deemed an amendment to Section I-
A of this Code effective 30 days after written notice of such amendment shall
have been received by the Chairman of the Funds, unless the Trustees of the
Funds expressly determine that such amendment shall become effective at an
earlier or later date or shall not be adopted.

B. Records. The Funds shall maintain records in the manner and to the extent set
forth below, which records may be maintained on microfilm under the conditions
described in Rule 31a-2(f)(1) under the Investment Company Act and shall be
available for examination by representatives of the Securities and Exchange
Commission.

(1) A copy of this Code and any other code which is, or at any time within the
past five years has been, in effect shall be preserved in an easily accessible
place;

(2) A record of any violation of this Code and of any action taken as a result
of such violation shall be preserved in an easily accessible place for a
period of not less than five years following the end of the fiscal year in
which the violation occurs;

(3) A copy of each report made by an officer or Trustee pursuant to this Code
shall be preserved for a period of not less than five years from the end of
the fiscal year in which it is made, the first two years in an easily
accessible place; and

(4) A list of all persons who are, or within the past five years have been,
required to make reports pursuant to this Code shall be maintained in an
easily accessible place.

- 5 -

To the extent any record required to be kept by this section is also required to be
kept by Putnam Investments pursuant to the Putnam Investments’ Code of Ethics,
Putnam Investments shall maintain such record on behalf of the Funds as well.

C. Confidentiality. All reports of securities transactions and any other information
filed with any Fund pursuant to this Code shall be treated as confidential, but are
subject to review as provided herein and by personnel of the Securities and
Exchange Commission.

D. Interpretation of Provisions. The Trustees may from time to time adopt such
interpretations of this Code as they deem appropriate.

E. Delegation by Chairman. The Chairman of the Funds may from time to time
delegate any or all of his responsibilities under this Code, either generally or as to
specific instances, to such officer or Trustee of the Funds as he may designate.

As revised
July 14, 2006

- 6 -

EX-99.P CODE ETH

Putnam Investments

Code of Ethics
December 2005

One Post Office Square
Boston, Massachusetts 02109
1-617-292-1000

www.putnam.com

December, 2005

Dear Putnam Employee,

Putnam’s Code of Ethics is an essential component of the “fiduciary mindset” and of our commitment to the maintenance of the highest professional standards. Taking care of other people’s money is a serious responsibility, and we need to ensure that our clients’ interests come first. Firms with a strong fiduciary culture are attractive to clients who are looking for superior money management, and Putnam’s Code is designed to ensure that Putnam preserves that trust.

The rules reflected in the Code are good business practices and were not created simply to meet regulatory standards. If, from time to time, the rules seem burdensome, I ask you to put yourself in the place of our shareholders and clients, who have entrusted us to manage their assets so that they may pursue the goals of saving for retirement or funding their children’s education.

We have also provided a guide to use as quick reference to some of the Code’s key provisions.

If you have any questions or concerns at any time, however, I encourage you to contact one of the members of our Code of Ethics staff in the Legal and Compliance Department.

Ed Haldeman
President and Chief Executive Officer

Table of Contents
Code of Ethics Overview			iii
PUTNAM’S CODE OF ETHICS			vi
DEFINITIONS			vii
SECTION I -- Personal Securities Rules for All Employees			1
Rule	1:	Requirements to Pre-clear	1
Rule	1:	Short-Selling Prohibition	5
Rule	2:	Initial Public Offerings Prohibition	5
Rule	3:	Private Placement Pre-approval Requirements	6
Rule	4:	Trading with Material Non-public Information	6
Rule	5:	No Personal Trading with Client Portfolios	6
Rule	6:	Holding of Putnam Mutual Fund Shares	7
Rule	7:	Putnam Mutual Fund Employee Restrictions	8
Rule	8:	Special Orders	10
Rule	9:	Excessive Trading	10
Rule	1:	Naked Options	10
Rule	1:	Involuntary Transactions	11
Rule	2:	Special Exemptions	11
SECTION II -- Additional Special Rules for Personal Securities Transactions of Access Persons			12
and Certain Investment Professionals
Rule	1:	90-Day Short-Term Rule	12
Rule	2:	7-Day Rule	12
Rule	3:	Blackout Rule	13
Rule	4:	Contra-Trading Rule	14
Rule	5:	No Personal Benefit	15
SECTION III -- General Rules for All Employees			16
Rule	1:	Compliance with All Laws, Regulations, and Policies	16
Rule	2:	Conflicts of Interest	16
Rule	3:	Gifts and Entertainment Policy	16
Rule	4:	Anti-bribery/Kickback Policy	18
Rule	5:	Political Activities, Contributions, Solicitations, and Lobbying Policy	19
Rule	6:	Confidentiality of Putnam Business Information	20
Rule	7:	Roles at Other Entities (Outside Business Affiliations)	20
Rule	8:	Role as Trustee or Fiduciary Outside of Putnam Investments	21
Rule	9:	Investment Clubs	21
Rule	10: Business Negotiations for Putnam Investments		22
Rule	11: Accurate Records		22
Rule	12: Family Members’ Conflict Policy		22
Rule 13: Affiliated Entities			23
Rule	14: Computer System/Network Policies		24
Rule	15: CFA Institute Code of Ethics		24
Rule	16: Privacy Policy		24
Rule	17: Anti-money Laundering Policy		25
Rule	18: Record Retention		25
SECTION IV -- Special Rules for Officers and Employees of Putnam Investments Limited (PIL)			26
SECTION V -- Reporting Requirements			28
Rule	1:	Broker Confirmations and Statements	28
Rule	2:	Access Person – Quarterly Transaction Report	29
Rule	3:	Access Person - Initial/Annual Holdings Report	29
Rule	4:	Certifications	29
Rule	5:	Roles at Other Entities	29
Rule	6:	Reporting of Irregular Activity	30
Rule	7:	Ombudsman	30
SECTION VI -- Education Requirements			31

Rule 1: Distribution of Code	31
Rule 2: Annual Training Requirement	31
SECTION VII -- Compliance and Appeal Procedures	32
SECTION VIII -- Sanctions	34
APPENDIX A: Insider Trading Prohibitions Policy Statement	35
APPENDIX A: DEFINITIONS: Insider Trading	36
APPENDIX A -- SECTION I: Rules Concerning Inside Information	37
Rule 1: Inside Information	37
Rule 2: Material Non-public Information	37
Rule 3: Reporting of Material Non-public Information	37
APPENDIX A -- SECTION II: Overview of Insider Trading	39
APPENDIX B: Policy Statement Regarding Employee Trades in Shares of Putnam Closed-End	43
Funds
APPENDIX C: Contra-Trading Rule Clearance Form	44
APPENDIX D: CFA Institute Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct	45*
APPENDIX E: Report of Entertainment Form	49
APPENDIX F -- Inducement Policy for Putnam Investments Limited (PIL) Employees	50
APPENDIX G -- Record of Inducement for Putnam Investments Limited (PIL)Employees	52

Code of Ethics Overview

This overview of Putnam’s Code of Ethics is not intended to substitute for a careful reading of the complete document. As a condition of continued employment, every Putnam employee is required to read, understand, and comply with all of the provisions of the Code of Ethics. Additionally, employees are expected to comply with the policies and procedures contained within the Putnam Employee Handbook, which is available online on www.ibenefitcenter.com.

It is the personal responsibility of every Putnam employee to avoid any conduct that could create a conflict, or even the appearance of a conflict, with our fund shareholders or other clients, or do anything that could damage or erode the trust our clients place in Putnam and its employees. This is the spirit of the Code of Ethics. In accepting employment at Putnam, every employee accepts the absolute obligation to comply with the letter and the spirit of the Code of Ethics. Failure to comply with the spirit of the Code of Ethics is just as much a violation of the Code as failure to comply with the written rules of the Code.

The rules of the Code cover activities, including personal securities transactions, of Putnam employees, certain family members of employees, and entities (such as corporations, trusts, or partnerships) that employees may be deemed to control or influence.

Sanctions will be imposed for violations of the Code of Ethics. Sanctions may include monetary fines, bans on personal trading, reductions in salary increases or bonuses, disgorgement of trading profits, suspension of employment, and termination of employment. The proceeds resulting from monetary sanctions will be given to a charity chosen by the Code of Ethics Officer.

Insider trading

Putnam employees are forbidden to buy or sell any security while either Putnam or the employee is in possession of material, non-public information (inside information) concerning the security or the issuer. A violation of Putnam’s insider trading policies may result in criminal and civil penalties, including imprisonment, disgorgement of profits, and substantial fines. An employee aware of or in possession of inside information must report it immediately to the Code of Ethics Officer. (See Appendix A: Overview of Insider Trading).

Conflicts of interest

The Code of Ethics imposes limits on activities of Putnam employees where the activity may conflict with the interests of Putnam or its clients. These include limits on the receipt and solicitation of gifts and on service as a fiduciary for a person or entity outside of Putnam. For example, Putnam employees generally may not accept gifts over $100 in total value in a calendar year from any entity or any supplier of goods or services to Putnam. In addition, a Putnam employee may not serve as a director of any corporation or other entity without prior approval of the Code of Ethics Officer.

Confidentiality

Information about Putnam clients and Putnam investment activity and research is proprietary and confidential and may not be disclosed or used by any Putnam employee outside Putnam without a valid business purpose.

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Putnam mutual funds

All employees and certain family members are subject to a minimum 90-day holding period for shares in Putnam’s open-end mutual funds. This restriction does not apply to Putnam’s money market funds. Except in limited circumstances, all employees must hold Putnam open-end fund shares in accounts at Putnam.

Portfolio managers and others with access to investment information (“Access Persons”) are subject to a minimum one-year holding period for holding Putnam open-end fund shares.

Personal securities trading

Putnam employees may not buy or sell any security for their own account without clearing the proposed transaction in advance. Clearance is facilitated through the Personal Trading Assistant (PTA), the online pre-clearance system for equity securities, and directly with the Code of Ethics Administrator for fixed-income securities and transactions in Putnam closed-end funds. Certain securities are exempted from this pre-clearance requirement (e.g., shares of open-end (not closed-end) mutual funds).

Putnam employees may not buy any securities in an initial public offering or in a private placement, except in limited circumstances when prior written authorization is obtained.

Clearance must be obtained in advance, between 9:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time (ET) on the day of the trade. A clearance is valid only for the day it is obtained. Putnam employees are strongly discouraged from engaging in excessive trading for their personal accounts. Employees are prohibited from making more than 10 trades in individual securities each calendar quarter.

Short selling

Putnam employees are prohibited from short selling any security, whether or not it is held in a Putnam client portfolio, although short selling against broad market indexes and “against the box” are permitted. Note, however, that short selling “against the box” or otherwise hedging an investment in shares of Marsh & McLennan (MMC) stock is prohibited.

Confirmations of trading and periodic account statements

All Putnam employees must have their brokers send copies of confirmations and statements of personal securities transactions to the Code of Ethics Administrator. This also applies to members of the immediate family who share the same household as the employee or for whom the employee has investment discretion. Employees must contact the Code of Ethics Administrator to (a) obtain an authorization [407] letter, (b) provide instructions to the broker in establishing a personal brokerage account, and (c) enter a broker account profile into PTA.

Quarterly and annual reporting

Each calendar quarter, Access Persons must report all their securities transactions to the Code of Ethics Officer within 15 days after the end of the quarter. All Access Persons must disclose all personal securities holdings (even those to which pre-clearance may not apply)

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upon commencement of employment, quarterly, and thereafter on an annual basis. You will be notified if these requirements apply to you.

Personal securities transactions by Access Persons and certain investment professionals

The Code imposes several special restrictions on personal securities transactions by Access Persons and certain investment professionals, which are summarized as follows. (Refer to Section II for details):

• 90-Day Short-Term Rule. No Access Person shall purchase and then sell at a profit, or sell and then repurchase at a lower price, any security or related derivative security within 90 calendar days regardless of tax lot election.

• 7-Day Rule. Before a portfolio manager places an order to buy a security for any portfolio he manages, he must sell from his personal account any such security or related derivative security purchased within the preceding seven calendar days, and disgorge any profit from the sale.

• Blackout Rule. No portfolio manager may sell any security or related derivative security for her personal account until seven calendar days after the most recent purchase of that security or related derivative security for any portfolio she manages. No portfolio manager may buy any security or related derivative security for his personal account until seven calendar days after the most recent sale of that security or related derivative security by any portfolio he manages.

Analysts are also subject to the 7-Day and Blackout Rules in connection with a recommendation to buy/outperform or sell/underperform a security.

• Contra-Trading Rule. No portfolio manager may sell out of her personal account any security or related derivative security that is held in any portfolio she manages unless she has received the written approval of an appropriate CIO and the Code of Ethics Officer.

• No portfolio manager may cause a Putnam client to take action for the manager’s personal benefit.

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PUTNAM’S CODE OF ETHICS

Putnam Investments is required by law to adopt a Code of Ethics. The purposes of the law are to ensure that companies and their employees comply with all applicable laws and to prevent abuses in the investment advisory business that can arise when conflicts of interest exist between the employees of an investment advisor and its clients. By adopting and enforcing a Code of Ethics, we strengthen the trust and confidence reposed in us by demonstrating that at Putnam, client interests come first.

The Code that follows represents a balancing of important interests. On the one hand, as a registered investment advisor, Putnam owes a duty of undivided loyalty to its clients, and must avoid even the appearance of a conflict that might be perceived as abusing the trust they have placed in Putnam. On the other hand, Putnam does not want to prevent conscientious professionals from investing for their own account where conflicts do not exist or that are immaterial to investment decisions affecting Putnam clients.

When conflicting interests cannot be reconciled, the Code makes clear that, first and foremost, Putnam employees owe a fiduciary duty to Putnam clients. In most cases, this means that the affected employee will be required to forego conflicting personal securities transactions. In some cases, personal investments will be permitted, but only in a manner, which, because of the circumstances and applicable controls, cannot reasonably be perceived as adversely affecting Putnam client portfolios or taking unfair advantage of the relationship Putnam employees have to Putnam clients.

The Code contains specific rules prohibiting defined types of conflicts. Because every potential conflict cannot be anticipated the Code also contains general provisions prohibiting conflict situations. In view of these general provisions, it is critical that any individual who is in doubt about the applicability of the Code in a given situation seeks a determination from the Code of Ethics Officer about the propriety of the conduct in advance. The procedures for obtaining such a determination are described in Section VII of the Code.

It is critical that the Code be strictly observed. Not only will adherence to the Code ensure that Putnam renders the best possible service to its clients, it will help to ensure that no individual is liable for violations of law.

It should be emphasized that adherence to this policy is a fundamental condition of employment at Putnam. Every employee is expected to adhere to the requirements of this Code of Ethics despite any inconvenience that may be involved. Any employee failing to do so may be subject to disciplinary action, including financial penalties and termination of employment, as determined by the Code of Ethics Officer, the Code of Ethics Oversight Committee, or the Chief Executive Officer of Putnam Investments.

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DEFINITIONS

The words below are defined specifically for the purpose of Putnam’s Code of Ethics.

Access Persons Each employee will be informed if he or she is considered an Access Person. The Code of Ethics Officer maintains a list of all Access Persons, categorized as follows:

• All employees of Putnam’s Investment Division

• All employees of Global Operations Services

• All employees who have access to My Putnam (unless access is limited to the Wall Street Journal via Factiva)

• All members of Putnam’s Executive Board

• Senior Managing Directors and Managing Directors of the Transfer Agency

• Senior Managing Directors and Managing Directors of Enterprise Services

• Senior Managing Directors and Managing Directors of Putnam Retail Management (PRM) and Putnam Global Institutional Management (PGIM)

• All directors, officers, employees of a registered investment advisor affiliate, i.e., Putnam Investment Management, LLC, (PIM), The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC (PAC), or Putnam Investments Limited (PIL)

• Employees who have certain systems access and who have access to non-public information about any client’s purchase or sale of securities or to information regarding recommendations with respect to such purchases or sales

• Employees who have access to non-public information regarding the portfolio holdings of any Putnam-advised or sub-advised mutual fund

• Others as defined by the Legal and Compliance Department

Code of Ethics Administrator The individual designated by the Code of Ethics Officer to assume responsibility for day-to-day, nondiscretionary administration of this Code. The current Code of Ethics Administrator is Laura Rose, who can be reached at extension 11104.

Code of Ethics Officer The Putnam officer who has been assigned the responsibility of enforcing and interpreting this Code. The Code of Ethics Officer shall be the Chief Compliance Officer or such other person as is designated by the Chief Executive Officer of Putnam Investments. If the Code of Ethics Officer is unavailable, the Deputy Code of Ethics Officer shall act in his stead. The Code of Ethics Officer is Tony Ruys de Perez. The Deputy Code of Ethics Officer is Kathleen Griffin.

Code of Ethics Oversight Committee Has oversight responsibility for administering the Code of Ethics. Members include the Code of Ethics Officer and other members of Putnam’s senior management approved by the Chief Executive Officer of Putnam.

Immediate family Spouse, partner, minor children, or other relatives living in the same household as the Putnam employee.

Narrow-based derivative A future, swap, option, or similar derivative instrument whose return is determined by reference to fewer than 25 underlying issuers. Single stock futures and exchange traded funds based on less than 25 issuers are included.

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Personal Trading Assistant (PTA) The Personal Trading Assistant (PTA) is an internet application designed for employees to manage personal trading activities, such as pre-clearance, reporting, and certifications, in accordance with regulatory requirements and Putnam’s Code of Ethics.

Policy statements The Insider Trading Prohibitions Policy Statement is attached to the Code as Appendix A and the Policy Statement Regarding Employee Trades in Shares of Putnam Closed-End Funds is attached to the Code as Appendix B.

Private placement Any offering of a security not offered to the public and not requiring registration with the relevant securities authorities.

Purchase or sale of a security Any acquisition or transfer of any interest in the security for direct or indirect consideration; this includes the writing of an option. This definition includes any transfer of a security by an employee as a gift to an individual or a charity.

Putnam Any or all of Putnam, LLC and its subsidiaries, any one of which shall be a Putnam company.

Putnam client Any of the Putnam mutual funds, or any advisor, trust, or other client for whom Putnam manages money.

Putnam employee (or employee) Any employee of Putnam.

Restricted list The list established in accordance with Rule 1 of Section I.A.

Security The following instruments are defined as “securities” and require pre-clearance:

• Any type or class of equity or debt security

• Any rights relating to a security, such as warrants and convertible securities

• Closed-end funds

• Any narrow-based derivative

Pre-clearance and reporting is not required (unless otherwise noted) for:

• Currencies, Treasuries (T-bills), and direct and indirect obligations of the U.S. government and its agencies

• Direct and indirect obligations of any member country in the Organization for Economic CoOperation and Development (OECD), commercial paper, certificates of deposit (CDs), repurchase agreements, bankers’ acceptances, and other money market instruments

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NOTE:

Excluded from pre-clearance but not from reporting requirements are: Exchange-traded index funds (ETFs) containing a portfolio of securities of 25 or more issuers (e.g., SPDRs, WEBs, QQQs, iShares, HLDRs), commodities, and any option on a broad-based market index or an exchange-traded futures contract or option.

Transaction for a personal account (or personal securities transaction)Securities transactions: (a) for the personal account of any employee; (b) for the account of a member of the immediate family of any employee; (c) for the account of a partnership in which a Putnam employee or immediate family member is a general partner or a partner with investment discretion; (d) for the account of a trust in which a Putnam employee or immediate family member is a trustee with investment discretion; (e) for the account of a closely held corporation in which a Putnam employee or immediate family member holds shares and for which he has investment discretion; and (f ) for any account other than a Putnam client account, which receives investment advice of any sort from the employee or immediate family member, or as to which the employee or immediate family member has investment discretion.

Rule of construction regarding time periods Unless the context indicates otherwise, time periods used in the Code of Ethics shall be measured inclusively, i.e., beginning on the date from which the measurement is made.

EXCEPTIONS

Unless the context indicates otherwise, there will be no exceptions to the rules.

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SECTION I -- Personal Securities Rules for All Employees

A. Pre-clearance

Rule 1: Requirements to Pre-clear

No Putnam employee shall purchase or sell for his personal account any security without prior clearance obtained through procedures set forth by the Code of Ethics Officer. Equity securities are pre-cleared through the Personal Trading Assistant (PTA) pre-clearance system (under the @Putnam tab of www.ibenefitcenter.com). Fixed-income securities must be pre-cleared by calling the Code of Ethics Administrator. There are special rules for trading in Putnam closed-end funds (see Appendix B). Subject to the limited exceptions below, no clearance will be granted for securities appearing on the Restricted List. Securities will be placed on the Restricted List in the following circumstances:

(a) When orders to purchase or sell such security have been entered for any Putnam client or the security is being actively considered for purchase for any Putnam client, unless the security is a non-convertible investment-grade (rated at least BBB by S&P or Baa by Moody’s) fixed-income investment;

(b) When such a security is a voting security of a corporation in the banking, savings and loan, communications, or gaming (i.e., casinos) industries, if holdings of Putnam clients in that corporation exceed 7% (for public utilities, the threshold is 4%);

(c) When, in the judgment of the Code of Ethics Officer, other circumstances warrant restricting personal transactions of Putnam employees in a particular security;

(d) When required under the Policy Statement Concerning Insider Trading Prohibitions. (See Appendix A)

Pre-clearance of Marsh & McLennan (MMC) securities All employee trading in MMC securities must be pre-cleared in the Code of Ethics system. MMC securities include stock, options, and any other securities such as debt. Trades in the MMC Employee Stock Purchase Plan and in all Putnam and MMC employee benefit and bonus plans, i.e., reallocating, rebalancing, or exchanging in and out of the 401(k)/Profit/Bonus Plan, etc., are included in this requirement.

Pre-clearance of MMC is required when, for example, you:

• Sell MMC out of the Stock Purchase Plan

• Exchange MMC shares into or out of your 401(k)/Profit Sharing/Bonus Plan

• Reallocate your Putnam fund choices, which results in a buy or sell of MMC from your 401(k)/Profit Sharing/Bonus Plan

• Trade in MMC securities in other accounts held outside Putnam

 Pre-clearance is not required when you:

• Increase/decrease the amount of money that is automatically deducted (systematic plan) from your paycheck and used to purchase MMC shares in your 401(k)/Profit Sharing/Stock Purchase Plan

• Maintain standing instructions to have money deducted (automatic payroll deductions) and want to increase or decrease the percentage allocated, or instruct to reduce it to “0” in your 401(k)/Profit Sharing/Stock Purchase Plan

• Apply for a loan and/or make withdrawals of the stock from your 401(k)/Profit Sharing Plan

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COMMENTS

All transactions of MMC require pre-clearance in PTA before you contact your broker to trade shares in an outside brokerage account or before contacting Smith Barney to sell shares out of your Stock Purchase Plan. Also, if MMC is one of your choices in the 401(k)/Profit Sharing Plan, all exchanges in/out must be cleared. Even though clearance is not required for Putnam mutual funds, if you do not wish to include MMC shares when rebalancing any of your fund choices, which will result in an automatic exchange of your MMC shares, you must remember to exclude MMC shares prior to submitting your changes. If you are investing online, check the box to exclude MMC; or if you are investing by telephone with a Putnam representative, ask to exclude MMC before rebalancing the funds.

Additional MMC-related policies:

• MMC securities may from time to time be restricted due to the federal laws that govern trading on inside information. All transactions are prohibited during this period.

• Members of the Executive Board of Directors and members of the Chief Financial Officer’s senior staff may not trade in MMC securities during the calendar quarter-end prior to the public announcement of MMC’s earnings.

• Transactions in MMC securities are not subject to the 90-Day Short-Term Rule (applicable to Access Persons only) or to the holding periods that apply to Putnam mutual funds.

IMPLEMENTATION

A. Maintenance of Restricted List. The Restricted List shall be maintained by the Code of Ethics Administrator.

B. Pre-clearance. An employee wishing to trade any equity securities for his personal account shall first obtain clearance through the Personal Trading Assistant (PTA) system. The system may be accessed online either at www.ibenefitcenter.com by clicking on “Employee Essentials” under the @Putnam tab and selecting “Clear personal trade,” or at iworkplace. Employees may pre-clear securities between 9:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. ET. Requests to make personal securities transactions may not be made using the system or presented to the Code of Ethics Administrator before 9:00 a.m. or after 4:00 p.m. ET.

Pre-clearance must be made by calling the Code of Ethics Administrator for fixed-income (municipal and corporate bonds, including non-convertible investment-grade bonds (rated BBB by S&P or Baa by Moody’s) and Putnam closed-end funds.

The PTA system will inform the employee whether the security may be traded and whether trading in the security is subject to the “Large Cap” limitation or the “Considered List – Limited Sale Exception.” The response of the pre-clearance system as to whether a security appears on the Restricted List and, if so, whether it is eligible for the exceptions set forth after this Rule shall be final, unless the employee appeals to the Code of Ethics Officer, using the procedure described in Section VII, regarding the request to trade a particular security.

A clearance is only valid for trading on the day it is obtained. Trades in securities listed on Asian or European stock exchanges, however, may be executed within one business day after pre-clearance is obtained.

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If a security is not on the Restricted List, other classes of securities of the same issuer (e.g., preferred or convertible preferred stock) may be on the Restricted List. It is the employee’s responsibility to identify with particularity the class of securities for which permission is being sought for a personal investment.

If the PTA system does not recognize a security, or if an employee is unable to use the system or has any questions with respect to the system or pre-clearance, the employee may consult the Code of Ethics Administrator. The Code of Ethics Administrator shall not have authority to answer any questions about a security other than whether trading is permitted. The response of the Code of Ethics Administrator as to whether a security appears on the Restricted List and, if so, whether it is eligible for any applicable exceptions set forth after this Rule shall be final, unless the employee appeals to the Code of Ethics Officer, using the procedure described in Section VII, regarding the request to trade a particular security.

EXCEPTIONS

A. Large Cap Exemption. If a security appearing on the Restricted List is an equity security for which the issuer has a market capitalization (defined as outstanding shares multiplied by current price per share) of over $5 billion, then upon clearance approval, the Putnam employee may not trade more than 1,000 shares of the security for the day.

B. Considered List – Limited Sale Rule. As the Putnam list of considered securities is broad and inclusive, employees will be permitted to make limited sales but not purchases of securities held in their accounts if trading is blocked solely by the Considered List of securities.

C. Pre-clearing Transactions Effected by Share Subscription. Trades of securities made by subscription rather than on an exchange are limited to issuers having a market capitalization of $5 billion or more and are subject to the 1,000 share limit. The following are procedures to comply with Rule 1 when effecting a purchase or sale of shares by subscription:

• The Putnam employee must pre-clear the trade on the day he or she submits a subscription to the issuer rather than on the actual day of the trade since the actual day of the trade typically will not be known to the employee who submits the subscription. The employee must contact the Code of Ethics Administrator at the time of pre-clearance and will be told whether the purchase is permitted (in the case of a corporation having a market capitalization of $5 billion or more) or not permitted (in the case of a smaller capitalization issuer).

• The subscription for any purchase or sale of shares must be reported on the Access Person’s quarterly personal securities transaction report, noting the trade was accomplished by subscription.

• Because no brokers are involved in the transaction, the confirmation requirement will be waived for these transactions, although the Putnam employee must provide the Legal and Compliance Department with any transaction summaries or statements sent by the issuer.

D. Trades in Approved Discretionary Brokerage Accounts. A transaction does not need to be pre-cleared if it takes place in an account that the Code of Ethics Officer has approved in writing as exempt from the pre-clearance requirement. In the sole discretion of the Code of Ethics Officer, accounts that will be considered for exclusion from the pre-clearance requirement are only those for which an employee’s securities broker or investment advisor has complete discretion (a discretionary account) and the following conditions are met:

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(i) the employee certifies annually in writing that the employee has no influence over the transactions in the discretionary account and is not aware of the transactions in the discretionary account prior to their execution; (ii) the compliance department of the employee’s broker or investment advisor certifies annually in writing that the employee has no influence over the transactions in the discretionary account and is not aware of the transactions in the discretionary account prior to their execution; and (iii) each calendar quarter, the broker or investment advisor sends Putnam’s Code of Ethics Administrator copies of each quarterly statement for the discretionary account. Employees wishing to seek such an exemption must send a written request to the Code of Ethics Administrator.

COMMENTS

• Pre-clearance. Subpart (a) of Rule 1 is designed to avoid the conflict of interest that might occur when an employee trades for his personal account a security that currently is being traded or is likely to be traded for a Putnam client. Such conflicts arise, for example, when the trades of an employee might have an impact on the price or availability of a particular security, or when the trades of the client might have an impact on price to the benefit of the employee. Thus, exceptions involve situations where the trade of a Putnam employee is unlikely to have an impact on the market.

• Regulatory Limits. Owing to a variety of federal statutes and regulations in the banking, savings and loan, communications, and gaming industries, it is critical that accounts of Putnam clients do not hold more than 10% of the voting securities (5% for public utilities) of any issuer in those industries. Subpart (b) of this rule limits employees’ personal trades to sales of shares in these areas because of the risk that the personal holdings of Putnam employees may be aggregated with Putnam holdings. Putnam’s so-called 7% rule will allow the regulatory limits to be observed.

• Options. For the purposes of this Code, options are treated like the underlying security. Thus, an employee may not purchase, sell, or “write” option contracts for a security that is on the Restricted List. The automatic exercise of an options contract (the purchase or writing of which was previously pre-cleared) does not have to be pre-cleared. Note, however, that the purchase or sale of securities obtained through the exercise of options must be pre-cleared.

• Involuntary Transactions. Involuntary personal securities transactions are exempted from the Code. Special attention should be paid to this exemption. (See Section I.D.)

• Tender Offers. This Rule does not prohibit an employee from tendering securities from his personal account in response to any and all tender offers, even if Putnam clients are also tendering securities. If tendering a security in response to a “partial tender offer”, an employee must pre-clear the trade on the day she submits instructions to her broker, and she will be prohibited from trading if Putnam clients are also tendering the same security.

• Gifts of Securities. Pre-clearance is required for securities donated as a gift to a charitable organization or to an individual. Employees are required to provide a gift transfer certificate of the transaction (if produced) to the Code of Ethics Administrator along with an account statement reflecting the gift transaction. Receipt of a securities gift should be reported on the Access Person’s Annual Holdings Report. Employees who receive a securities gift must report the gift to the Code of Ethics Administrator to make the necessary adjustments in PTA.

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B. Prohibited Transactions

Rule 1: Short-Selling Prohibition

Putnam employees are prohibited from short selling any security, whether or not the security is held in a Putnam client portfolio. Employees are prohibited from hedging investments made in securities of MMC.

EXCEPTION

Short selling against broad market indexes (such as the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ index, and the S&P 100 and 500 indexes) and short selling against the box are permitted (except that short selling shares of MMC against the box is not permitted).

Rule 2: Initial Public Offerings Prohibition

No Putnam employee shall purchase any security for her personal account in an initial public offering.

EXCEPTION

Pre-existing Status Exception. A Putnam employee shall not be barred by this Rule or by Rule 1(a) of Section I.A. from purchasing securities for her personal account in connection with an initial public offering of securities by a bank or insurance company when the employee’s status as a policyholder or depositor entitles her to purchase securities on terms more favorable than those available to the general public, in connection with the bank’s conversion from mutual or cooperative form to stock form, or the insurance company’s conversion from mutual to stock form, provided that the employee has had the status entitling her to purchase on favorable terms for at least two years. This exception is only available with respect to the value of bank deposits or insurance policies that an employee owns before the announcement of the initial public offering. This exception does not apply, however, if the security appears on the Restricted List in the circumstances set forth in subparts (b), (c), or (d) of Section I.A., Rule 1.

COMMENTS

• The purpose of this Rule is twofold. First, it is designed to prevent a conflict of interest between Putnam employees and Putnam clients who might be in competition for the same securities in a limited public offering. Second, the Rule is designed to prevent Putnam employees from being subject to undue influence as a result of receiving favors in the form of special allocations of securities in a public offering from broker-dealers who seek to do business with Putnam.

• Purchases of securities in the immediate after-market of an initial public offering are not prohibited, provided they do not constitute violations of other provisions of the Code of Ethics. For example, participation in the immediate after-market as a result of a special allocation from an underwriting group would be prohibited by Section III, Rule 3, concerning gifts and other favors.

• Public offerings subsequent to initial public offerings are not deemed to create the same potential for competition between Putnam employees and Putnam clients because of the pre-existence of a market for the securities.

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Rule 3: Private Placement Pre-approval Requirements

No Putnam employee shall purchase any security for his personal account in a limited private offering or private placement without prior approval of the Code of Ethics Officer. Privately placed limited partnerships are specifically included in this Rule.

COMMENTS

• The purpose of this Rule is to prevent a Putnam employee from investing in securities for his own account pursuant to a limited private offering that could compete with or disadvantage Putnam clients, and to eliminate any incentives Putnam employees might have to favor those who can affect access to limited offerings.

• Exemptions to the prohibition will generally not be granted where the proposed investment relates directly or indirectly to investments by a Putnam client, or where individuals involved in the offering (including the issuers, broker, underwriter, placement agent, promoter, fellow investors, and affiliates of the foregoing) have any prior or existing business relationship with Putnam or a Putnam employee, or where the Putnam employee believes that such individuals may expect to have a future business relationship with Putnam or a Putnam employee.

• An exemption may be granted, subject to reviewing all the facts and circumstances, for investments in:

(a) Pooled investment funds, including hedge funds, subject to the condition that an employee investing in a pooled investment fund would have no involvement in the activities or decision-making process of the fund except for financial reports made in the ordinary course of the fund’s business, and subject to the condition that the hedge fund does not invest significantly in registered investment companies.

(b) Private placements where the investment cannot relate, or be expected to relate, directly or indirectly to Putnam or investments by a Putnam client.

• Employees who apply for an exemption will be expected to disclose to the Code of Ethics Officer in writing all facts and relationships relating to the proposed investment.

• Applications to invest in private placements will be reviewed by the Code of Ethics Oversight Committee. This review will take into account, among other factors, the considerations described in the preceding comments.

Rule 4: Trading with Material Non-public Information

No Putnam employee shall purchase or sell any security for her personal account or for any Putnam client account while in possession of material, non-public information concerning the security or the issuer. Please read Appendix A, Policy Statement Concerning Insider Trading Prohibitions.

Rule 5: No Personal Trading with Client Portfolios

No Putnam employee shall purchase from or sell to a Putnam client any securities or other property for his personal account, nor engage in any personal transaction to which a Putnam client is known to be a party, or in which the transaction may have a significant relationship to any action taken by a Putnam client.

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IMPLEMENTATION

It is the responsibility of every Putnam employee to make inquiry prior to any personal transaction in order to satisfy himself that the requirements of this Rule have been met.

COMMENT

This rule is required by federal law. It does not prohibit a Putnam employee from purchasing any shares of an open-end Putnam fund. The policy with respect to employee trading in Putnam closed-end funds is attached as Appendix B.

Rule 6: Holding of Putnam Mutual Fund Shares

Putnam employees may not hold shares of Putnam open-end U.S. mutual funds other than through accounts maintained at Putnam. Employees placing purchase orders in shares of Putnam open-end funds must place such orders through Putnam and not through an outside broker or other intermediary. Employees redeeming or exchanging shares of Putnam open-end funds must place those orders through Putnam and not through an outside broker or other intermediary. For transfer instructions, contact a Putnam Preferred Client Services (PCS) representative at 1-800-634-1590.

REMINDER

For purposes of this Rule, “employee” includes:

• -Members of the immediate family of a Putnam employee who share the same household as the employee or for whom the Putnam employee has investment discretion (family member);

• -Any trust in which a Putnam employee or family member is a trustee with investment discretion and in which such Putnam employee or any family members are collectively beneficiaries;

• Any closely held entity (such as a partnership, limited liability company, or corporation) in which a Putnam employee and his or her family members hold a controlling interest and with respect to which they have investment discretion; and

• Any account (including any retirement, pension, deferred compensation, or similar account) in which a Putnam employee or family member has a substantial economic interest and over which the Putnam employee or family member exercises investment discretion.

COMMENTS

These requirements also apply to:

• Self-directed IRA accounts holding Putnam fund shares;

• Variable insurance accounts which invest in Putnam Variable Trusts such as the Putnam/Hartford Capital Manager Programs. Employees must designate Putnam Retail Management as the broker of record for all such accounts and disclose these holdings in the PTA system.

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NOTE:

Employees are required to seek permission from the Code of Ethics Officer to hold Putnam funds in variable trusts outside of Putnam.

EXCEPTION

Retirement, pension, deferred compensation, and similar accounts that cannot be legally transferred to Putnam are not subject to the requirement. For example, a spouse of a Putnam employee may have a 401(k)/Profit Sharing Plan with her employer that invests in Putnam funds. Any employee who continues to hold shares in open-end Putnam funds outside of Putnam must notify the Code of Ethics Officer in writing of the account information, provide the reason why the account cannot be transferred to Putnam, and arrange for a quarterly statement of transaction in such account to be sent to the Code of Ethics Administrator.

Rule 7: Putnam Mutual Fund Employee Restrictions

(a) Employees defined in Rule 6 may not, within a 90-calendar day period, make a purchase followed by a sale or a sale followed by a purchase of shares of the same open-end Putnam mutual fund, even if the transactions occur in different accounts.

(b) Employees who are Access Persons may not, within a one-year period, make a purchase followed by a sale or a sale followed by a purchase of shares of the same open-end Putnam mutual fund or of shares of any U.S. registered mutual fund to which Putnam acts as advisor or sub-advisor, even if the transactions occur in different accounts.

(c) All employees are required to link their immediate family members’ accounts holding Putnam mutual funds to comply with the disclosure requirements. These accounts are also subject to the 90-day and one-year rules. To link these accounts, log on to www.ibenefitcenter.com, click on @Putnam, and select Employee Essentials/Linked Mutual Fund Accounts. You are required to confirm the information and will be prompted to add any accounts that you or your family members have that should be linked or delinked based on the definitions outlined.

COMMENTS

This restriction applies across all accounts maintained by an employee as follows:

• An employee who buys shares of an open-end Putnam mutual fund may not sell any shares of the same mutual fund until 90 calendar days have passed, or one year for Access Persons.

Example: If an employee buys shares of a Putnam fund on Day 1 for a retail account and then sells (by exchange) shares of the same fund for his or her 401(k)/Profit Sharing Plan accounts on Day 85, the employee has violated the rule.

Similarly, an employee who sells shares of an open-end Putnam mutual fund may not buy any shares of the same mutual fund until 90 calendar days have passed, or one year for Access Persons.

• The purpose of these blackout period restrictions is to prevent any market timing or the appearance of any market timing activity.

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• This Rule applies to transactions by a Putnam employee in any type of account including retail, IRA, variable annuity, 401(k)/Profit Sharing Plan, and any deferred compensation accounts.

• The minimum sanction for an initial violation of the blackout period will be disgorgement of any profit made on the transaction. Additional sanctions may apply, including termination of employment.

EXCEPTIONS

A. This restriction does not apply to Putnam’s money market funds and Putnam Stable Value Fund.

B. 401(k)/Profit Sharing Plan Contributions and Payroll Deductions: The 90-day or one year restriction is not triggered by the initial allocation of regular employee or employer contributions or forfeitures to an employee’s account under the terms of Putnam employee benefit plans or a Putnam payroll-deduction direct-investment program; later exchanges of these contributions will be subject to either the 90-day or one-year blackout period.

C. Systematic Programs: This restriction does not apply with respect to shares sold or acquired as a result of participation in a systematic program for contributions, withdrawals, or exchanges, provided that an election to participate in any such program and the participation dates of the program may not be changed more often than quarterly after the program is elected by the employee. Access Persons may elect a quarterly or semiannual rebalancing program although it may only be changed on an annual basis.

D. Employee Benefit Plan Withdrawals and Distributions: This restriction does not apply with respect to shares sold for withdrawals, loans, or distributions under the terms of Putnam employee benefit plans.

E. Dividends, Distributions, Mergers, and Share Class Conversions: This restriction does not apply with respect to the acquisition of shares as a result of reinvestment of dividends, distributions, mergers, conversions of share classes, or other similar actions. Subsequent transactions with respect to the shares will be covered.

F. College Savings Program: Redemptions from an employee’s college savings 529 plan to pay for qualified educational expenses for the beneficiary of the account (and redemptions due to death or disability) are exempt from the 90-day and one-year restrictions applicable to Putnam mutual funds. Qualified redemptions include:

• Tuition

• School fees

• Books

• Supplies and equipment required for enrollment

• Room and board

• Death

• Disability

G. Special Situations: In special situations, Putnam’s Code of Ethics Oversight Committee may grant exceptions to the blackout periods as a result of death, disability, or special circumstances (such as personal hardship), all as determined from time to time by the Committee. Employees can request an exception by submitting a written request to the Code of Ethics Officer.

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Rule 8: Special Orders

Good Until Canceled (GTC) Orders and Limit Orders are prohibited.

Any order not executed on the day of pre-clearance must be resubmitted for pre-clearance before being executed on a subsequent day. “Good until canceled” or “limit” orders are prohibited because of the potential failure to pre-clear.

EXCEPTION

Same-day limit orders are permitted.

Rule 9: Excessive Trading

Putnam employees are strongly discouraged from engaging in excessive trading for their personal accounts. Employees are prohibited from making more than 10 trades in individual securities in any given quarter.

EXCEPTION

For the purpose of calculating the number of trades in any quarter, trading the same security in the same direction (buy or sell) over a period of five business days will be counted as one transaction.

All other rules under the Code of Ethics will continue to be applied.

COMMENTS

Although a Putnam employee’s excessive trading may not itself constitute a conflict of interest with Putnam clients, Putnam believes that its clients’ confidence in Putnam will be enhanced and that the likelihood of Putnam achieving better investment skills results for its clients over the long term will be increased if Putnam employees rely on their investment skills, as opposed to their trading skills in transactions for their own account. Moreover, excessive trading by a Putnam employee for his or her own account diverts an employee’s attention from the responsibility of servicing Putnam clients, and increases the possibilities for transactions that are in actual or apparent conflict with Putnam client transactions. Short-term trading is strongly discouraged, and employees are encouraged to take a long-term view.

C. Discouraged Transactions

Rule 1: Naked Options

Putnam employees are strongly discouraged from engaging in writing (selling) naked options for their personal accounts.

Naked option transactions are particularly dangerous, because a Putnam employee may be prevented by the restrictions in this Code of Ethics from covering the naked option at the appropriate time. All employees should keep in mind the limitations on their personal securities trading imposed by this Code when contemplating such an investment strategy. Engaging in naked options transactions on the basis of material, non-public information is prohibited. (See Appendix A, Policy Statement Concerning Insider Trading Prohibitions.)

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D. Exempted Transactions

Rule 1: Involuntary Transactions

Transactions that are involuntary on the part of a Putnam employee are exempt from the prohibitions set forth in Sections I.A., I.B., and I.C.

COMMENTS

This exemption is based on categories of conduct that the Securities and Exchange Commission does not consider “abusive.”

• Examples of involuntary personal securities transactions include:

(a) Sales out of the brokerage account of a Putnam employee as a result of a bona fide margin call, provided that withdrawal of collateral by the Putnam employee within the ten days previous to the margin call was not a contributing factor to the margin call;

(b) Purchases arising out of an automatic dividend reinvestment program of an issuer of a publicly traded security.

• Transactions by a trust in which the Putnam employee (or a member of his immediate family) holds a beneficial interest, but for which the employee has no direct or indirect influence or control with respect to the selection of investments, are involuntary transactions. In addition, these transactions do not fall within the definition of “personal securities transactions.” (See Definitions.)

• A good-faith belief on the part of the employee that a transaction was involuntary will not be a defense to a violation of the Code of Ethics. In the event of confusion as to whether a particular transaction is involuntary, the burden is on the employee to seek a prior written determination of the applicability of this exemption. The procedures for obtaining such a determination appear in Section VII. D.

Rule 2: Special Exemptions

Transactions that have been determined, in writing by the Code of Ethics Officer before the transaction occurs, to be no more than remotely harmful to Putnam clients because the transaction would be very unlikely to affect a highly institutional market, or because the transaction is clearly not related economically to the securities to be purchased, sold, or held by a Putnam client, are exempt from the prohibitions set forth in Sections I.A., I.B., and I.C.

IMPLEMENTATION

An employee may seek an ad hoc exemption under this Rule by following the procedures in Section VII.D.

COMMENTS

• This exemption is also based upon categories of conduct that the Securities and Exchange Commission does not consider “abusive.”

• The burden is on the employee to seek a prior written determination that the proposed transaction meets the standards for an ad hoc exemption set forth in this Rule.

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SECTION II -- Additional Special Rules for Personal Securities Transactions of Access Persons and Certain Investment Professionals

Access Persons include all investment professionals and other employees as defined on page vii.

Rule 1: 90-Day Short-Term Rule

Access Persons may not sell a security at a profit within 90 days of purchase or buy a security at a price below which he or she sold it within the past 90 days.

EXCEPTION

None, unless prior written approval from the Code of Ethics Officer is obtained. Exceptions may be granted on a case-by-case basis when no abuse is involved and the equities of the situation support an exemption. For example, although an Access Person may buy a stock as a long-term investment, that stock may have to be sold involuntarily due to unforeseen activity such as a merger.

IMPLEMENTATION

A. The 90-Day Short-Term Rule applies to all Access Persons, as defined in the Definitions section of the Code.

B. Calculation of whether there has been a profit is based upon the market prices of the securities. The calculation includes commissions and other sales charges.

C. As an example, an Access Person would not be permitted to sell a security at $12 that he purchased within the prior 90 days for $10. Similarly, an Access Person would not be permitted to purchase a security at $10 that she had sold within the prior 90 days for $12.

COMMENTS

• The prohibition against short-term trading profits by Access Persons is designed to minimize the possibility that they will capitalize inappropriately on the market impact of trades involving a client portfolio about which they might possibly have information.

• Although Chief Investment Officers, portfolio managers, and analysts may sell securities at a profit within 90 days of purchase in order to comply with the requirements of the 7-Day Rule applicable to them (described below), the profit will have to be disgorged to charity under the terms of the 7-Day Rule.

Certain Investment Professionals

Rule 2: 7-Day Rule

(a) Before a portfolio manager (including a Chief Investment Officer with respect to an account he manages) places an order to buy a security for any Putnam client portfolio that he manages, he must sell that security or related derivative security if he has purchased it in his personal account within the preceding seven calendar days.

(b) Analysts: Before an analyst makes a purchase or an outperform recommendation for a security (including designation of a security for inclusion in the portfolio of Putnam Research Fund), he must sell that security or related derivative security if he has purchased it in his personal account within the preceding seven calendar days.

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COMMENTS

• This Rule applies to portfolio managers (including Chief Investment Officers with respect to accounts they manage) in connection with any purchase, no matter how small, in any client account managed by that portfolio manager or CIO (even so-called “clone accounts”). In particular, it should be noted that the requirements of this Rule also apply with respect to purchases in client accounts, including “clone accounts,” resulting from “cash flows.” To comply with the requirements of this Rule, it is the responsibility of each portfolio manager or CIO to be aware of the placement of all orders for purchases of a security by client accounts that he or she manages for seven days following the purchase of that security for his or her personal account.

• An investment professional who must sell securities to be in compliance with the 7-Day Rule must absorb any loss and disgorge to charity any profit resulting from the sale. The recipient charity will be chosen by the Code of Ethics Officer.

• This Rule is designed to avoid even the appearance of a conflict of interest between an investment professional and a Putnam client. A greater burden is placed on these professionals given their positions in the organization. Transactions executed for the employee’s personal account must be conducted in a manner consistent with the Code of Ethics and in such a manner as to avoid any actual or perceived conflict of interest or any abuse of the employee’s position of trust and responsibility.

• “Portfolio manager” is used in this Section as a functional label, and is intended to cover any employee with authority to authorize a trade on behalf of a Putnam client, whether or not such employee bears the title “portfolio manager.” “Analyst” is also used in this Section as a functional label, and is intended to cover any employee who is not a portfolio manager but who may make recommendations regarding investments for Putnam clients.

Rule 3: Blackout Rule

(a) Portfolio Managers: No portfolio manager (including Chief Investment Officers with respect to accounts they manage) shall: (i) sell any security or related derivative security for her personal account until seven calendar days have elapsed since the most recent purchase of that security or related derivative security by any Putnam client portfolio she manages or co-manages; or (ii) purchase any security or related derivative security for her personal account until seven calendar days have elapsed since the most recent sale of that security or related derivative security from any Putnam client portfolio that she manages or co-manages.

(b) Analysts: No analyst shall: (i) sell any security or related derivative security for his personal account until seven calendar days have elapsed since his most recent buy or outperform recommendation for that security or related derivative security (including designation of a security for inclusion in the portfolio of Putnam Research Fund); or (ii) purchase any security or related derivative security for his personal account until seven calendar days have elapsed since his most recent sell or underperform recommendation for that security or related derivative security (including the removal of a security from the portfolio of Putnam Research Fund).

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COMMENTS

• This Rule applies to portfolio managers (including Chief Investment Officers with respect to accounts they manage) in connection with any purchase, no matter how small, in any client account managed by that portfolio manager or CIO (even clone accounts). In particular, it should be noted that the requirements of this rule also apply with respect to transactions in client accounts, including clone accounts, resulting from cash flows. In order to comply with the requirements of this Rule, it is the responsibility of each portfolio manager and CIO to be aware of all transactions in a security by client accounts that he or she manages that took place within the seven days preceding a transaction in that security for his or her personal account.

• This Rule is designed to prevent a Putnam portfolio manager or analyst from engaging in personal investment conduct that appears to be counter to the investment strategy she is pursuing or recommending on behalf of a Putnam client.

Rule 4: Contra-Trading Rule

(a) Portfolio Managers: No portfolio manager shall, without prior clearance and written approval, sell out of his personal account securities or related derivative securities held in any Putnam client portfolio that he manages or co-manages.

(b) Chief Investment Officers: No Chief Investment Officer shall, without prior clearance and written approval, sell out of his personal account securities or related derivative securities held in any Putnam client portfolio managed in his investment group.

IMPLEMENTATION

A. Individuals Authorized to Give Approval. Prior to engaging in any such sale, a portfolio manager shall seek written approval of the proposed sale. In the case of a portfolio manager, prior written approval of the proposed sale shall be obtained from a Chief Investment Officer to whom he reports or, in his absence, another Chief Investment Officer. In the case of a Chief Investment Officer, prior written approval of the proposed sale shall be obtained from another Chief Investment Officer. In addition to the foregoing, prior written approval must also be obtained from the Code of Ethics Officer.

B. Contents of Written Approval. In every instance, the written approval form attached as Appendix C (or such other form as the Code of Ethics Officer shall designate) shall be used. The written approval should be signed by the Chief Investment Officer giving approval and dated when such approval was given, and shall state, briefly, the reasons why the trade was allowed and why the investment conduct pursued by the portfolio manager or Chief Investment Officer was deemed inappropriate for the Putnam client account controlled by the individual seeking to engage in the transaction for his personal account. Such written approval shall be sent by the Chief Investment Officer approving the transaction to the Code of Ethics Officer, for her approval, within 24 hours or as promptly as circumstances permit. Approvals obtained after a transaction has been completed, or while it is in process, will not satisfy the requirements of this Rule.

COMMENT

This Rule, like Rule 3 of this section, is designed to prevent a Putnam portfolio manager from engaging in personal investment conduct that appears to be counter to the investment strategy that he is pursuing on behalf of a Putnam client.

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Rule 5: No Personal Benefit

No portfolio manager shall cause, and no analyst shall recommend, a Putnam client to take action for the portfolio manager’s or analyst’s own personal benefit.

COMMENTS

• A portfolio manager who trades in, or an analyst who recommends, particular securities for a Putnam client account in order to support the price of securities in his personal account, or who “front runs” a Putnam client order is in violation of this Rule. Portfolio managers and analysts should be aware that this Rule is not limited to personal transactions in securities (as that word is defined in the Definitions section). Thus, a portfolio manager or analyst who front runs a Putnam client purchase or sale of obligations of the U.S. government is in violation of this Rule. U.S. government obligations are excluded from the definition of security.

• This Rule is not limited to instances when a portfolio manager or analyst has malicious intent. It also prohibits conduct that creates an appearance of impropriety. Portfolio managers and analysts who have questions about whether proposed conduct creates an appearance of impropriety should seek a prior written determination from the Code of Ethics Officer, using the procedures described in Section VII.C.

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SECTION III -- General Rules for All Employees

Rule 1: Compliance with All Laws, Regulations, and Policies

All employees must comply with applicable laws and regulations as well as company policies. This includes tax, anti-trust, political contribution, and international boycott laws. In addition, no employee at Putnam may engage in fraudulent conduct of any kind.

COMMENTS

• Putnam may report to the appropriate legal authorities conduct by Putnam employees that violates this Rule.

• It should also be noted that the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act makes it a criminal offense to make a payment or offer of payment to any non-U.S. governmental official, political party, or candidate to induce that person to affect any governmental act or decision, or to assist Putnam’s obtaining or retaining business.

Rule 2: Conflicts of Interest

No Putnam employee shall conduct herself in a manner that is contrary to the interests of, or in competition with, Putnam or a Putnam client, or that creates an actual or apparent conflict of interest with a Putnam client.

COMMENTS

• This Rule is designed to recognize the fundamental principle that Putnam employees owe their chief duty and loyalty to Putnam and Putnam clients.

• It is expected that a Putnam employee who becomes aware of an investment opportunity that she believes is suitable for a Putnam client whom she services will present it to the appropriate portfolio manager prior to taking advantage of the opportunity herself.

Rule 3: Gifts and Entertainment Policy

No Putnam employee shall accept anything of material value from any broker-dealer, financial institution, corporation, or other entity; any existing or prospective supplier of goods or services with a business relationship to Putnam; or any company or other entity whose securities are held in or are being considered as investments for the Putnam funds, or any other client account. Included are gifts, favors, preferential treatment, special arrangements, or access to special events.

COMMENTS

This Rule is intended to permit the acceptance of only proper types of customary and limited business amenities.

A Putnam employee may not, under any circumstances, accept anything that could create the appearance of a conflict of interest. For example, acceptance of any consideration is prohibited if it would create the appearance of a reward or inducement for conducting Putnam business either with the person providing the gift or his employer.

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IMPLEMENTATION

A. Gifts. An employee may not accept gifts with an aggregate value of more than $100 in any year from any one source, i.e., entity or firm. Any Putnam employee who is offered or receives an item exceeding $100 in value must report the details to the Code of Ethics Officer and surrender or return the gift. Any entertainment event provided to an employee where the host is not in attendance is treated as a gift and is subject to the $100 per year per source limit.

B. Entertainment. Putnam’s rules are designed to permit reasonable, ordinary business entertainment, but prohibit any events that may be perceived as extravagant or that involve lavish expenditures.

1. Occasional lunches, dinners, cocktail parties, or comparable gatherings conducted for business purposes are permitted.

For example, occasional attendance at group functions sponsored by sell-side firms is permitted where the function relates to investments or other business activity. Occasional attendance at these functions is not required to be counted against the limits described in section (B)(2) below.

2. Other entertainment events, such as sporting events, theater, movies, concerts, or other forms of entertainment conducted for business purposes, are permitted only under the following conditions:

(i)The host must be present for the event.

(ii)The location of the event must be in the metropolitan area in which the office of the employee is located.

(iii)Spouses or other family members of the employee may not attend the entertainment event or any meals before or after the entertainment event.

(iv)The value of the entertainment event provided to the employee may not exceed $150, not including the value of any meals that may be provided to the employee before or after the event.

Acceptance of entertainment events that have a market value materially exceeding the face value of the entertainment, which includes, for example, attendance at sporting event playoff games, is prohibited. This prohibition applies even if the face value of tickets to the events is $150 or less or if the Putnam employee offers to pay for the tickets. If there is any ambiguity about whether to accept an entertainment event in these circumstances, please consult the Code of Ethics Officer.

(v)The employee may not accept entertainment events under this provision in section (B)(2) more than six times a year and not more than two times in any year from any single source.

(vi)The Code of Ethics Officer may grant exceptions to these rules. For example, it may be appropriate for an employee attending a legitimate conference in a location away from the office to attend a business entertainment event in that location. All exceptions must be approved in advance by written request to the Code of Ethics Officer.

3. Any employee attending any entertainment event under the provision in sections (B)(1) or (B)(2) above must file a Report of Entertainment Form (attached as Appendix E) with the Code of Ethics Officer within 10 business days following the date of the entertainment event. Failure to file the notice is a violation of the Code of Ethics.

Planned absences, i.e., vacations, leaves (other than certain medical leaves), or business trips are not valid excuses for providing late reports. Failure to meet the deadline violates the Code’s rules and sanctions may be imposed.

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4. Meals and entertainment that are part of the regular program at an investment conference (i.e., open to all participants) are not subject to the limits of section (B)(2) above.

C. The following items are prohibited:

1. Any entertainment event attendance that would reflect badly on Putnam as a firm of the highest fiduciary and ethical standards. For example, events involving adult entertainment or gambling must be avoided.

2. Entertainment involving travel away from the metropolitan area in which the employee is located. Even if an exception is granted as discussed in section (B)(2)(vi) above, payment by a third party of the cost of transportation to a location outside the employee’s metropolitan area, lodging while in another location, and any meals not specifically approved by the Code of Ethics officer are prohibited.

3. Personal loans to a Putnam employee on terms more favorable than those generally available for comparable credit standing and collateral.

4. Preferential brokerage or underwriting commissions or spreads or allocations of shares or interests in an investment for the personal account of a Putnam employee.

5. Cash or cash equivalents.

D. As with any of the provisions of the Code of Ethics, a sincere belief by the employee that he was acting in accordance with the requirements of this Rule will not satisfy his obligations under the Rule. Therefore, an employee who is in doubt concerning the propriety of any gift or favor should seek a prior written determination from the Code of Ethics Officer, as provided in Section VII.C.

E. No Putnam employee may solicit any gift or entertainment from any person, even if the gift or entertainment, if unsolicited, would be permitted.

F. The Rule does not prohibit employees on business travel from using local transportation and arrangements customarily supplied by brokers or similar entities. For example, it is customary for brokers in developing markets to make local transportation arrangements. These arrangements are permitted so long as the expense of lodging and air travel are paid by Putnam.

G. Putnam Retail Management (PRM) employees are subject to additional NASD rules on gifts and entertainment which can be found in the PRM compliance manual.

Rule 4: Anti-bribery/Kickback Policy

No Putnam employee shall pay, offer, or commit to pay any amount of consideration which might be, or appear to be, a bribe or kickback in connection with Putnam’s business.

COMMENT

Although the Rule does not specifically address political contributions (described in Rule 5), Putnam employees should be aware that it is against corporate policy to use company assets to fund political contributions of any sort, even where such contributions may be legal. No Putnam employee should offer or agree to make any political contributions (including political dinners and similar fundraisers) on behalf of Putnam, and no employee will be reimbursed by Putnam for such contributions made by the employee personally.

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Rule 5: Political Activities, Contributions, Solicitations, and Lobbying Policy

A. Corporate Contributions and Solicitations. Political activities of corporations such as Putnam are highly regulated, and corporate political contributions are largely prohibited. Accordingly, no contributions may be made with Putnam corporate funds to any political party or campaign, whether directly or by reimbursement of such a contribution, unless pre-approved by the Code of Ethics Officer. Employee contributions to any pending or proposed client of Putnam, regardless of whether the employee will seek reimbursement from Putnam for such contributions, must be pre-approved by the Code of Ethics Officer. Donations of Putnam property and of employee time when working for Putnam are prohibited. No Putnam employee may make any solicitation for, or endorsement of, any campaign or candidate using Putnam letterhead, referencing Putnam, or while on Putnam business.

B. Employee Personal Political Contributions. Employees are free to engage in political activities as long as they do not use Putnam assets, or state or imply that Putnam is involved in a campaign. Employees are subject to three restrictions as follows:

1. - -Some states and localities have laws that prohibit employees from making political contributions to candidates for state and local office if their employer has an investment management contract with, or is seeking one from, the state or locality. Accordingly, Putnam employees must pre-clear with the Code of Ethics Officer any contributions to candidates for any of the following offices:

• The office of State Treasurer of Connecticut or Vermont

• State or local offices in California, New Jersey, or Ohio

• Any local office in the city of Houston, Texas

2. - -Contributions to state and local officials with whom Putnam has a business relationship or from whom is seeking a business relationship must be pre-cleared with the Code of Ethics Officer.

3. - -Certain employees at PRM involved in the CollegeAdvantage program are restricted from making contributions to candidates for offices in Ohio under the rules of the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board. These employees are separately identified and informed by Putnam’s Compliance Department of applicable requirements.

C. Government Official. Employees must obtain pre-approval from the Code of Ethics Officer prior to providing any gift (including meals, entertainment, transportation, or lodging) to any government official or employee.

D. Lobbying. Federal and state law imposes limits and registration requirements on efforts by individuals and companies to influence the passage of legislation or to obtain business from governments. Accordingly, Putnam employees should not engage in any lobbying activities without approval from Putnam’s Director of Government Relations. Lobbying does not include solicitation of investment management business through the ordinary course of business, such as responding to a Request For Proposal (RFP).

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COMMENTS

• Putnam has established a political action committee (PAC) that contributes to worthy candidates for political office. Any request received by a Putnam employee for a political contribution must be directed to Putnam’s Legal and Compliance Department.

• This Rule prohibits solicitation on personal letterhead by Putnam employees except as approved by the Code of Ethics Officer.

• Certain officers and employees of Putnam Retail Management (PRM) and other employees involved in Putnam’s College Advantage Section 529 Plan with Ohio Tuition Trust Authority are subject to special rules on political contributions. For questions on these requirements, please call the Code of Ethics Officer.

Rule 6: Confidentiality of Putnam Business Information

No unauthorized disclosure may be made by any employee or former employee of any trade secrets or proprietary information of Putnam or of any confidential information. No information regarding any Putnam client portfolio, actual or proposed securities trading activities of any Putnam client, or Putnam research shall be disclosed outside the Putnam organization unless doing so has a valid business purpose and is in accord with relevant procedures established by Putnam relating to such disclosures.

COMMENT

All information about Putnam and Putnam clients is strictly confidential. Putnam research information should not be disclosed without proper approval and never for personal gain.

Rule 7: Roles at Other Entities (Outside Business Affiliations)

No Putnam employee shall serve as employee, officer, director, trustee, or general partner of a corporation or entity other than Putnam, without prior written approval of the Code of Ethics Officer. Requests for a role at a publicly traded company are especially disfavored and are closely reviewed. Permission will be granted only in extenuating circumstances.

COMMENTS

If the request is approved, the employee must enter his profile in the Personal Trading Assistant under Disclosures – Outside Business Affiliations.

NASD-licensed employees under PRM also have an obligation to disclose outside business affiliations, new or terminated, with Putnam’s Licensing and Registration Department.

EXCEPTION

Charitable or Non-profit Exception. Putnam employees may serve as an officer, director, or trustee of a charitable or not-for-profit institution, provided that the employee abides by the Code of Ethics and the Policy Statements with respect to any investment activity for which she has any discretion or input as officer, director, or trustee. The pre-clearance and reporting requirements of the Code of Ethics do not apply to the trading activities of such charitable or not-for-profit institutions for which an employee serves as an officer, director, or trustee unless the employee is responsible for day-today portfolio management of the account.

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COMMENTS

• This Rule is designed to ensure that Putnam cannot be deemed an affiliate of any issuer of securities by virtue of service by one of its officers or employees as director or trustee.

• Positions with public companies are especially problematic and will normally not be approved.

• Certain charitable or not-for-profit institutions have assets (such as endowment funds or employee benefit plans) which require prudent investment. To the extent that a Putnam employee (because of her position as officer, director, or trustee of an outside entity) is charged with responsibility to invest such assets prudently, she may not be able to discharge that duty while simultaneously abiding by the spirit of the Code of Ethics and the Policy Statements. Employees are cautioned that they should not accept service as an officer, director, or trustee of an outside charitable or not-for-profit entity where such investment responsibility is involved, without seriously considering their ability to discharge their fiduciary duties with respect to such investments.

Rule 8: Role as Trustee or Fiduciary Outside of Putnam Investments

No Putnam employee shall serve as a trustee, an executor, a custodian, or any other fiduciary, or as an investment advisor or counselor for any account outside Putnam.

EXCEPTIONS

A. Charitable or Religious Exception. Putnam employees may serve as a fiduciary with respect to a religious or charitable trust or foundation, so long as the employee abides by the spirit of the Code of Ethics and the Policy Statements with respect to any investment activity over which he has any discretion or input. The pre-clearance and reporting requirements of the Code of Ethics do not apply to the trading activities of such a religious or charitable trust or foundation unless the employee is responsible for day-to-day portfolio management of the account.

B. Family Trust or Estate Exception. Putnam employees may serve as a fiduciary with respect to a family trust or estate, as long as the employee abides by all of the Rules of the Code of Ethics with respect to any investment activity over which he has any discretion.

COMMENT

The roles permissible under this Rule may carry with them the obligation to invest assets prudently. Once again, Putnam employees are cautioned that they may not be able to fulfill their duties in that respect while abiding by the Code of Ethics and the Policy Statements.

Rule 9: Investment Clubs

No Putnam employee may be a member of any investment club.

COMMENT

This Rule guards against the danger that a Putnam employee may be in violation of the Code of Ethics and the Policy Statements by virtue of his personal securities transactions in or through an entity that is not bound by the restrictions imposed by this Code of Ethics and the Policy Statements. Please note that this restriction also applies to the spouse of a Putnam employee and any relatives of a Putnam employee living in the same household as the employee, as their transactions are covered by the Code of Ethics (see page viii).

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Rule 10: Business Negotiations for Putnam Investments

No Putnam employee may become involved in a personal capacity in consultations or negotiations for corporate financing, acquisitions, or other transactions for outside companies (whether or not held by any Putnam client), nor negotiate nor accept a fee in connection with these activities without obtaining the prior written permission of the Chief Executive Officer of Putnam Investments.

Rule 11: Accurate Records

No employee may create, alter, or destroy (or participate in the creation, alteration, or destruction of) any record that is intended to mislead anyone or to conceal anything that is, or is reasonably believed to be, improper. In addition, all employees responsible for the preparation, filing, or distribution of any regulatory filings or public communications must ensure that such filings or communications are timely, complete, fair, accurate, and understandable.

COMMENTS

• In many cases, this is not only a matter of company policy and ethical behavior but also required by law. Our books and records must accurately reflect the transactions represented and their true nature. For example, records must be accurate as to the recipient of all payments; expense items, including personal expense reports, must accurately reflect the true nature of the expense. No unrecorded fund or asset shall be established or maintained for any reason.

• All financial books and records must be prepared and maintained in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and Putnam’s existing accounting controls, to the extent applicable.

Rule 12: Family Members’ Conflict Policy

No employee or member of an employee’s immediate family shall have any direct or indirect personal financial interests in companies that do business with Putnam, unless such interest is disclosed and approved by the Code of Ethics Officer. Investment holdings in public companies that are not material to the employee are excluded from this prohibition. The Code also provides more detailed supplemental rules to address potential conflicts of interests that may arise if members of employees’ families are closely involved in doing business with Putnam.

Corporate Purchase of Goods and Services -- Putnam will not acquire goods and services from any firm in which a member of an employee’s immediate family serves as the sales representative in a senior management capacity or has an ownership interest with the supplier firm (excluding normal investment holdings in public companies) without permission from the Director of Procurement and the Code of Ethics Officer. Any employee who is aware of a proposal to purchase goods and services from a firm at which a member of the employee’s immediate family meets one of the previously mentioned conditions must notify the Director of Procurement and the Code of Ethics Officer.

Portfolio Trading -- Putnam will not allocate any trades for a portfolio to any firm that employs a member of an employee’s immediate family as a sales representative to Putnam (in a primary, secondary, or backup role). Any Putnam employee who is aware that an immediate family member serves as a broker-dealer’s sales representative to Putnam should inform the Code of Ethics Officer.

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Definition of Immediate Family -- “Immediate family” of an employee means (1) spouse or partner of the employee, (2) any child, sibling, or parent of an employee and any person married to a child, sibling, or parent of an employee, and (3) any other person who lives in the same household as the employee.

Rule 13: Affiliated Entities

Non-Putnam affiliates (NPAs), listed below in the last comment, provide investment advisory services. No employee shall:

(a) Directly or indirectly seek to influence the purchase, retention or disposition of, or exercise of voting consent, approval, or similar rights with respect to any portfolio security in any account or fund advised by the NPA and not by Putnam;

(b) Transmit any information regarding the purchase, retention or disposition of, or exercise of voting, consent, approval, or similar rights with respect to any portfolio security held in a Putnam or NPA client account to any personnel of the NPA;

(c) Transmit any trade secrets, proprietary information, or confidential information of Putnam to the NPA unless doing so has a valid business purpose and is in accord with any relevant procedures established by Putnam relating to such disclosures;

(d) Use confidential information or trade secrets of the NPA for the benefit of the employee, Putnam, or any other NPA; or

(e) Breach any duty of loyalty to the NPA derived from the employee’s service as a director or officer of the NPA.

COMMENTS

• Sections (a) and (b) of the Rule are designed to help ensure that the portfolio holdings of Putnam clients and clients of the NPA need not be aggregated for purposes of determining beneficial ownership under Section 13(d) of the Securities Exchange Act or applicable regulatory or contractual investment restrictions that incorporate such definition of beneficial ownership. Persons who serve as directors or officers of both Putnam and an NPA should take care to avoid even inadvertent violations of Section (b). Section (a) does not prohibit a Putnam employee who serves as a director or officer of the NPA from seeking to influence the modification or termination of a particular investment product or strategy in a manner that is not directed at any specific securities. Sections (a) and (b) do not apply when a Putnam affiliate serves as an advisor or sub-advisor to the NPA or one of its products, in which case normal Putnam aggregation rules apply.

• As a separate entity, any NPA may have trade secrets or confidential information that it would not choose to share with Putnam. This choice must be respected.

• When Putnam employees serve as directors or officers of an NPA, they are subject to common law duties of loyalty to the NPA, despite their Putnam employment. In general, this means that when performing their duties as NPA directors or officers, they must act in the best interest of the NPA and its shareholders. Putnam’s Legal and Compliance Department will assist any Putnam employee who is a director or officer of an NPA and has questions about the scope of his or her responsibilities to the NPA.

• Entities that are currently non-Putnam affiliates within the scope of this Rule are: Nissay Asset Management Co., Ltd., L.P., Thomas H. Lee Partners, L.P., Ampega Asset Management, GmbH, and PanAgora Asset Management, Inc.

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Rule 14: Computer System/Network Policies

No employee shall use computers, the Internet, e-mail, instant messaging, phones, fax machines and/or the mail service in a manner that is inconsistent with their use as set forth in Putnam’s Employee Handbook. No employee shall introduce a computer virus or computer code that may result in damage to Putnam’s information or computer systems.

COMMENT

Putnam’s policy statements relating to these matters are contained in the Computer System and Network Responsibilities section of the Employment Issues category within the Employee Handbook. The online Employee Handbook is located on www.ibenefitcenter.com.

Rule 15: CFA Institute Code of Ethics

All employees must follow and abide by the spirit of the Code of Ethics and the Standards of Professional Conduct of the CFA Institute. The text of the CFA Institute Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct are set forth in Appendix D.

Rule 16: Privacy Policy

Except as provided below, no employee may disclose to any outside organization or person any non-public personal information about any individual who is a current or former shareholder of any Putnam retail or institutional fund, or current or former client of a Putnam company. All employees shall follow the security procedures as established from time to time by a Putnam company to protect the confidentiality of all shareholder and client account information.

Except as Putnam’s Legal and Compliance Department may expressly authorize, no employee shall collect any non-public personal information about a prospective or current shareholder of a Putnam fund or prospective or current client of a Putnam company, other than through an account application (or corresponding information provided by the shareholder’s financial representative) or in connection with executing shareholder or client transactions, nor shall any information be collected other than the following: name, address, telephone number, Social Security number, and investment, broker, and transaction information.

EXCEPTIONS

A. Putnam Employees. Non-public personal information may be disclosed to a Putnam employee in connection with processing transactions or maintaining accounts for shareholders of a Putnam fund and clients of a Putnam company, to the extent that access to such information is necessary to the performance of that employee’s job functions.

B. Shareholder Consent Exception. Non-public personal information about a shareholder’s or client’s account may be provided to a non-Putnam organization at the specific request of the shareholder or client or with the shareholder’s or client’s prior written consent.

C. Broker or Advisor Exception. Non-public personal information about a shareholder’s or client’s account may be provided to the shareholder’s or client’s broker of record.

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D. Third-Party Service Provider Exception. Non-public personal information may be disclosed to a service provider that is not affiliated with a Putnam fund or Putnam company only when such disclosure is necessary for the service provider to perform the specific services contracted for, and only (a) if the service provider executes Putnam’s standard confidentiality agreement, or (b) pursuant to an agreement containing a confidentiality provision that has been approved by the Legal and Compliance Department. Examples of such service providers include proxy solicitors and proxy vote tabulators, mail services, and providers of other administrative services, and Information Services Division consultants who have access to non-public personal information.

COMMENTS

• Non-public personal information is any information that personally identifies a shareholder of a Putnam fund or client of a Putnam company and is not derived from publicly available sources. This privacy policy applies to shareholders or clients who are individuals, not institutions. However, as a general matter, all information that we receive about a shareholder of a Putnam fund or client of a Putnam company shall be treated as confidential. No employee may sell or otherwise provide shareholder or client lists or any other information relating to a shareholder or client to any marketing organization.

• All Putnam employees with access to shareholder or client account information must be trained in and follow Putnam’s security procedures designed to safeguard that information from unauthorized use. For example, a telephone representative must be trained in and follow Putnam’s security procedures to verify the identity of a caller requesting account information.

• Any questions regarding this privacy policy should be directed to Putnam’s Legal and Compliance Department. A violation of this policy will be subject to the sanctions imposed for violations of Putnam’s Code of Ethics.

• Employees must report any violation of this policy or any possible breach of the confidentiality of client information, whether intentional or accidental, to the managing director in charge of the employee’s business unit. Managing directors who are notified of such a violation or possible breach must immediately report it in writing to Putnam’s Chief Compliance Officer and, in the event of a breach of computerized data, Putnam’s Chief Technology Officer.

Rule 17: Anti-money Laundering Policy

No employee may engage in any money laundering activity or facilitate any money laundering activity through the use of any Putnam account or client account. Any situations giving rise to a suspicion that attempted money laundering may be occurring in any account must be reported immediately to the managing director in charge of the employee’s business unit. Managing directors who are notified of such a suspicion of money laundering activity must immediately report it in writing to Putnam’s Chief Compliance Officer and Chief Financial Officer.

Rule 18: Record Retention

All employees must comply with the record retention requirements applicable to the business unit. Employees should check with their managers or the Chief Administrative Officer of their division to determine what record retention requirements apply to their business unit.

The Code of Ethics incorporates any relevant requirements of the U.K. regulator, and the Financial Services Authority (FSA), and will be amended from time to time to reflect any U.K. regulatory changes as required.

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SECTION IV -- Special Rules for Officers and Employees of Putnam Investments Limited (PIL)

Rule 1

In situations subject to Section I.A., Rule 1 (Restricted List Personal Securities Transactions), Putnam Investments Limited (PIL) employees must obtain clearance via the PTA online system.

EXCEPTION

Government securities and other related bonds issued by member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development are not subject to pre-clearance rules.

IMPLEMENTATION

The position of the London Code of Ethics Administrator is held by the PIL Compliance Officer. All requests for clearances must be made through the PTA online system. Pre-clearance for trades of fixed-income securities must be made by calling the Boston Administrator.

Putnam’s Code of Ethics Administrator in Boston (the Boston Administrator) has also been designated the Deputy London Administrator of PIL and has been delegated the right to approve or disapprove personal securities transactions in accordance with the requirements of Section I.A. Therefore, approval from the Code of Ethics Administrator for PIL employees to make personal securities investments constitutes approval under the Code of Ethics.

Both the Boston and London Administrators may record clearances in PTA for inspection by senior management and regulators.

Rule 2

No PIL employee may trade with any broker-dealer unless that broker-dealer has sent a letter to the PIL Compliance Officer agreeing to deliver copies of trade confirmations and statements to PIL. No PIL employee may enter into any margin or any other special dealing arrangement with any broker-dealer without the prior written consent of the PIL Compliance Officer.

IMPLEMENTATION

PIL employees will be notified separately of this requirement once a year by the PIL Compliance Officer, and are required to provide an annual certification of compliance with the Rule.

All PIL employees must inform the PIL Compliance Officer of the names of all brokers-dealers with whom they trade prior to trading. The PIL Compliance Officer will send a letter to the broker(s) in question requesting them to agree to deliver copies of confirms to PIL. PIL employees may trade with a broker only when the PIL Compliance Officer has received the signed agreement from that broker.

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Rule 3

For purposes of the Code of Ethics, including Putnam’s Policy Statement on Insider Trading Prohibitions, PIL employees must also comply with Part V of the Criminal Justice Act 1993 on insider dealing.

IMPLEMENTATION

To ensure compliance with U.K. insider dealing legislation, PIL employees must observe the relevant procedures set forth in PIL’s Compliance Manual, a copy of which is sent to each PIL employee, and must sign an annual certification as to compliance.

Rule 4: Inducement Policy for All PIL Employees

See Appendix F: Inducement Policy for PIL Employees, and Appendix G: Record of Inducement for PIL Employees.

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SECTION V -- Reporting Requirements

Reporting of Personal Securities Transactions

Rule 1: Broker Confirmations and Statements

Each Putnam employee shall ensure that copies of all confirmations for securities transactions for personal brokerage accounts, and brokerage account statements are sent to the Putnam Compliance Department Code of Ethics Administrator. (For the purpose of this Rule, securities shall also include ETFs, futures, and other derivatives on broad-based market indexes excluded from the pre-clearance requirement.) Statements and confirmations are required for Putnam funds not held at Putnam or in a Putnam retirement plan, as well as for U.S. mutual funds sub-advised by Putnam.

IMPLEMENTATION

A. Putnam employees should contact the Code of Ethics Administrator for a 407 letter instructing the broker to mail copies of confirmations and statements to Putnam. It is the employees’ responsibility to follow up with the broker on a reasonable basis to ensure that instructions are being followed.

B. Upon hire, Putnam employees are required to establish their broker profiles in PTA.

C. Specific procedures apply to employees of PIL. Employees of PIL should contact the London Code of Ethics Administrator.

D. Failure of a broker-dealer to comply with the instructions of a Putnam employee to send confirmations shall be a violation by the Putnam employee of this Rule. Similarly, failure by an employee to report the existence of a personal account and, if the account is opened after joining Putnam, failure to obtain proper authorization to establish the account shall be a violation of this Rule.

E. Statements and confirmations must also be sent for members of an employee’s immediate family, including statements from a family member’s 401(k)/Profit Sharing Plan at another employer.

F. Employees are not required to provide broker confirmations and statements for MMC transactions in Putnam’s 401(k)/Profit Sharing and Stock Purchase Plan accounts.

COMMENTS

• Transactions for personal accounts is defined broadly to include more than transactions in accounts under an employee’s own name. (See Definitions.)

• Statements and confirmations are required for all personal securities transactions, whether or not exempted or excepted by this Code.

• To the extent that a Putnam employee has investment authority over securities transactions of a family trust or estate, confirmations of those transactions must also be made, unless the employee has received a prior written exception from the Code of Ethics Officer.

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Rule 2: Access Person – Quarterly Transaction Report

Every Access Person shall file a quarterly report within fifteen calendar days of the end of each quarter, recording all purchases and sales of securities for personal accounts as defined in the Definitions section. (For the purpose of this Rule, “securities” shall include exchange-traded funds (ETFs), futures, and any option on a security or securities index, including broad-based market indexes excluded from the pre-clearance requirement, and shall also include transactions in Putnam open-end funds if the account for the Putnam funds is not held at Putnam or in a Putnam retirement plan and for transactions in U.S. mutual funds sub-advised by Putnam.)

IMPLEMENTATION

It is mandatory that all Access Persons file a quarterly transaction report in the PTA online system. The form shall contain a representation that employees have complied fully with all provisions of the Code of Ethics.

The date for each transaction required to be disclosed in the quarterly report is the trade date for the transaction, not the settlement date.

Planned absences, i.e., vacations, leaves (other than certain medical leaves), or business trips, are not valid excuses for providing late reports. Failure to meet the deadline violates the Code’s rules and sanctions may be imposed.

COMMENT

If the requirement to file a quarterly report applies to you and you fail to report within the required 15-day period, monetary fines or harsher sanctions will be imposed. It is the responsibility of the employee to request an early report if he has knowledge of a planned absence, i.e., vacation, business trip, or leave.

Rule 3: Access Person - Initial/Annual Holdings Report

Access Persons must disclose their personal securities holdings in the Code of Ethics monitoring system, PTA, upon commencement of employment (within ten days of hire) and thereafter on an annual basis. These SEC requirements are mandatory and designed to facilitate the monitoring of personal securities transactions. Putnam’s Code of Ethics Administrator provides Access Persons with instructions regarding their submissions and certifications of these reports in PTA.

Non-Access Persons must disclose their brokerage accounts upon 30 days of hire.

Rule 4: Certifications

All employees are required to submit a certification in PTA annually attesting to compliance with all of the conditions of the Code of Ethics.

Rule 5: Roles at Other Entities

Upon approval of an outside business affiliation by the Code of Ethics Officer, employees must complete the Outside Business Affiliation profile in the Disclosure section of PTA.

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Rule 6: Reporting of Irregular Activity

If a Putnam employee suspects that fraudulent, illegal, or other irregular activity (including violations of the Code of Ethics) might be occurring at Putnam, the activity should be reported immediately to the managing director in charge of that employee’s business unit. Managing directors who are notified of any such activity must immediately report it in writing to Putnam’s Chief Financial Officer and Putnam’s Chief Compliance Officer.

An employee who does not feel comfortable reporting this activity to the managing director may instead contact the Chief Compliance Officer, the Putnam or MMC Ethics hotlines, or the Ombudsman.

Contact information for these hotlines is located on the PTA home page and on the Chief Compliance Officer’s intranet site.

Rule 7: Ombudsman

Putnam has established the office of the corporate ombudsman as a resource to help employees address legal or ethical issues in the workplace and to allow employees to voice concerns or seek clarity on issues. The Ombudsman provides a confidential, independent, and impartial source to employees to discuss potential violations of law or of company standards without fear of retribution, and serves as a neutral party with no vested interest in a particular outcome. The Ombudsman is available on an anonymous basis by calling 1-866-ombuds7 (866-662-8377) or by calling 1-617-760-8246.

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SECTION VI -- Education Requirements

Every Putnam employee has an obligation to fully understand the rules and requirements of the Code of Ethics.

Rule 1: Distribution of Code

A copy of the Code of Ethics will be distributed to every Putnam employee at least annually. All Access Persons will be required to certify annually that they have read, understood, and will comply with the provisions of the Code of Ethics, including the Code’s Policy Statement Concerning Insider Trading Prohibitions.

Rule 2: Annual Training Requirement

Every employee will be required to complete training on Putnam’s Code of Ethics on an annual basis.

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SECTION VII -- Compliance and Appeal Procedures

A. Restricted List

The Code of Ethics Administrator will maintain the Restricted List. No employee may engage in a personal securities transaction without prior clearance on any day, even if the employee believes that the trade will be subject to an exception.

B. Consultation of Restricted List

It is the responsibility of each employee to pre-clear through the pre-clearance system, or consult with the Code of Ethics Administrator, prior to engaging in a personal securities transaction, to determine if the security he proposes to trade is on the Restricted List and, if so, whether it is subject to the large-cap exception. The pre-clearance system and the Code of Ethics Administrator will be able to tell the employee whether a security is on the Restricted List. No other information about the Restricted List is available through the pre-clearance system.

C. Request for Determination

An employee who has a question concerning the applicability of the Code of Ethics to a particular situation shall request a determination from the Code of Ethics Officer before engaging in the conduct or personal securities transaction about which he has a question.

If the question pertains to a personal securities transaction, the request shall state for whose account the transaction is proposed, the relationship of that account to the employee, the security proposed to be traded, the proposed price and quantity, the entity with whom the transaction will take place (if known), and any other information or circumstances of the trade that could have a bearing on the Code of Ethics Officer’s determination. If the question pertains to other conduct, the request for determination shall give sufficient information about the proposed conduct to assist the Code of Ethics Officer in ascertaining the applicability of the Code. In every instance, the Code of Ethics Officer may request additional information, and may decline to render a determination if the information provided is insufficient.

The Code of Ethics Officer shall make every effort to render a determination promptly.

No perceived ambiguity in the Code of Ethics shall excuse any violation. Any person who believes the Code to be ambiguous in a particular situation should request a determination from the Code of Ethics Officer.

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D. Request for Ad Hoc Exemption

Any employee who wishes to obtain an ad hoc exemption under Section I.D., Rule 2, should request from the Code of Ethics Officer an exemption in writing in advance of the conduct or transaction sought to be exempted. In the case of a personal securities transaction, the request for an ad hoc exemption shall give the same information about the transaction required in a request for determination under Section VII.C., and should state why the proposed personal securities transaction would be unlikely to affect a highly institutional market, or is unrelated economically to securities to be purchased, sold, or held by any Putnam client. In the case of other conduct, the request shall give information sufficient for the Code of Ethics Officer to ascertain whether the conduct raises questions of propriety or conflict of interest, real or apparent.

The Code of Ethics Officer shall make reasonable efforts to promptly render a written determination concerning the request for an ad hoc exemption.

E. Appeal to Code of Ethics Officer with Respect to Restricted List

If an employee ascertains that a security that he wishes to trade for his personal account appears on the Restricted List, and thus the transaction is prohibited, he may appeal the prohibition to the Code of Ethics Officer by submitting a written memorandum containing the same information as would be required in a request for a determination. The Code of Ethics Officer shall make every effort to respond to the appeal promptly.

F. Information Concerning Identity of Compliance Personnel

The names of Code of Ethics personnel are available by contacting the Legal and Compliance Department and will be published on Putnam’s intranet site.

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SECTION VIII -- Sanctions

Sanction Guidelines

The Code of Ethics Oversight Committee is responsible for setting sanctions policies for violating the Code. The Committee has adopted the following minimum monetary sanctions for violations of the Code. These sanctions apply even if the exception results from inadvertence rather than intentional misbehavior. The Code of Ethics Officer is authorized to impose the minimum sanction on employees without further Committee action. However, the sanctions noted below are only minimums and the Committee reserves the right to impose additional sanctions such as higher monetary sanctions, trading bans, suspension, or termination of employment as it determines to be appropriate.

A. The minimum sanction for a violation of the following Rules is disgorgement of any profits or payment of avoided losses and the following payments:

Section I.A., Rule 1 (Pre-clearance and Restricted List)Section I.B., Rule 1 (Short selling)Section I.B., Rule 2 (IPOs)Section I.B., Rule 3 (Private Placements)Section I.B., Rule 4 (Trading with Inside Information)Section I.B., Rules 6-8 (Holding and Trading of Putnam Funds)Section II, Rule 2 (7-Day Rule)Section II, Rule 3 (Blackout Rule)Section II, Rule 4 (Contra-Trading Rule)Section II, Rule 5 (Trading for Personal Benefit)

Officer Level	SMD/MD	SVP/VP	AVP/non-officer
1st violation	$ 500	$250	$ 50
2nd	$1,000	$500	$100
3rd	Minimum monetary sanction as above with ban on all new personal
	individual investments.

B. The minimum sanction for violations of all other Rules in the Code is as follows:

Officer Level	SMD/MD	SVP/VP	AVP/non-officer
1st violation	$100	$ 50	$25
Subsequent	$200	$100	$50

The reference period for determining whether a violation is initial or subsequent will be five years.

NOTE

The Committee’s belief that an employee has violated the Code of Ethics intentionally will result in more severe sanctions than outlined in the guidelines above. The Code of Ethics Oversight Committee retains the right to increase or decrease the sanctions for a particular violation in light of the circumstances.

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APPENDIX A: Insider Trading Prohibitions Policy Statement

Putnam has always forbidden trading by its employees on material non-public information (inside information). Tough federal laws make it important for Putnam to state that prohibition in the strongest possible terms, and to establish, maintain, and enforce written policies and procedures to prevent the use of material non-public information.

Unlawful trading while in possession of inside information can be a crime. Federal law provides that an individual convicted of trading on inside information may go to jail for a period of time. There is also significant monetary liability for an inside trader; the Securities and Exchange Commission can seek a court order requiring a violator to pay back profits, as well as penalties substantially greater than those profits. In addition private plaintiffs can seek recovery for harm suffered by them. The inside trader is not the only subject to liability. In certain cases, controlling persons of inside traders, including supervisors of inside traders or Putnam itself, can be liable for large penalties.

Section A. of this Policy Statement contains rules concerning inside information. Section B. contains a discussion of what constitutes unlawful insider trading.

Neither material, non-public information nor unlawful insider trading is easy to define. Section B. of this Policy Statement gives a general overview of the law in this area. However, the legal issues are complex and must be resolved by the Code of Ethics Officer. If an employee has any doubt as to whether she has received material, non-public information, she must consult with the Code of Ethics Officer prior to using that information in connection with the purchase or sale of a security for his own account or the account of any Putnam client, or communicating the information to others. A simple rule of thumb is if you think the information is not available to the public at large, don’t disclose it to others and don’t trade securities to which the inside information relates.

An employee aware of, or in possession of, inside information must report it immediately to the Code of Ethics Officer. If an employee has failed to consult the Code of Ethics Officer, Putnam will not excuse employee misuse of inside information on the grounds that the employee claims to have been confused about this Policy Statement or the nature of the information in his possession.

If Putnam determines, in its sole discretion, that an employee has failed to abide by this Policy Statement, or has engaged in conduct that raises a significant question concerning insider trading, he will be subject to disciplinary action, including termination of employment.

There are no exceptions to this policy statement and no one is exempt.

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APPENDIX A: DEFINITIONS: Insider Trading

Code of Ethics Administrator

The individual designated by the Code of Ethics Officer to assume responsibility for day-to-day, non-discretionary administration of this Policy Statement. The Code of Ethics Administrator is Laura Rose.

Code of Ethics Officer

The Putnam officer who has been assigned the responsibility of enforcing and interpreting this Code. The Code of Ethics Officer shall be the Chief Compliance Officer or such other person as is designated by the Chief Executive Officer of Putnam Investments. If the Code of Ethics Officer is unavailable, the Deputy Code of Ethics Officer shall act in his stead. The Code of Ethics Officer is Tony Ruys de Perez. The Deputy Code of Ethics Officer is Kathleen Griffin.

Immediate family Spouse, partner, minor children, or other relatives living in the same household as the Putnam employee.

Purchase or sale of a security Any acquisition or transfer of any interest in the security for direct or indirect consideration, including the writing of an option.

Putnam Any or all of Putnam Investments Trust, and its subsidiaries, any one of which shall be a Putnam company.

Putnam client Any client of the Putnam mutual funds, or any advisory, trust, or other client for whom Putnam manages money.

Putnam employee (or employee) Any employee of Putnam.

Security Anything defined as a security under federal law. The term includes any type of equity or debt security, any interest in a business trust or partnership, and any rights relating to a security, such as put and call options, warrants, convertible securities, and securities indexes. (Note: The definition of security in this Insider Trading Prohibitions Policy Statement varies significantly from that in the Code of Ethics. For example, the definition in this Policy Statement specifically includes all securities of any type.)

Transaction for a personal account (or personal securities transaction)

Securities transactions: (a) for the personal account of any employee; (b) for the account of a member of the immediate family of any employee; (c) for the account of a partnership in which a Putnam employee or immediate family member is a partner with investment discretion; (d) for the account of a trust in which a Putnam employee or immediate family member is a trustee with investment discretion; (e) for the account of a closely held corporation in which a Putnam employee or immediate family member holds shares and for which he has investment discretion; and (f ) for any account other than a Putnam client account that receives investment advice of any sort from the employee or immediate family member, or as to which the employee or immediate family member has investment discretion. Officers and employees of PIL must also consult the relevant procedures on compliance with U.K. insider dealing legislation set forth in PIL’s Compliance Manual (See Rule 3 of Section IV of the Code of Ethics).

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APPENDIX A -- SECTION I: Rules Concerning Inside Information

Rule 1: Inside Information

No Putnam employee shall purchase or sell any security listed on the Inside Information List (the Red List) either for his personal account or for a Putnam client.

IMPLEMENTATION

When an employee contacts the Code of Ethics Administrator seeking clearance for a personal securities transaction, the Code of Ethics Administrator’s response as to whether a security appears on the Restricted List will include securities on the Red List.

COMMENT

This Rule is designed to prohibit any employee from trading a security while Putnam may have inside information concerning that security or the issuer. Every trade, whether for a personal account or for a Putnam client, is subject to this rule.

Rule 2: Material Non-public Information

No Putnam employee shall purchase or sell any security, either for a personal account or for the account of a Putnam client, while in possession of material, non-public information concerning that security or the issuer, without the prior written approval of the Code of Ethics Officer.

IMPLEMENTATION

In order to obtain prior written approval of the Code of Ethics Officer, a Putnam employee should follow the reporting steps prescribed in Rule 3.

COMMENTS

• Rule 1 concerns the conduct of an employee when Putnam possesses material, non-public information. Rule 2 concerns the conduct of an employee who herself possesses material, non-public information about a security that is not yet on the Red List.

• If an employee has any question as to whether information she possesses is material and/or non-public information, she must contact the Code of Ethics Officer immediately in accordance with Rule 3 prior to purchasing or selling any security related to the information or communicating the information to others. The Code of Ethics Officer shall have the sole authority to determine what constitutes material, non-public information for the purposes of this Policy Statement.

Rule 3: Reporting of Material Non-public Information

Any Putnam employee who believes he is aware of or has received material, non-public information concerning a security or an issuer shall immediately report the information to the Code of Ethics Officer, the Deputy Code of Ethics Officer, or in their absence, a lawyer in the Putnam Legal and Compliance Department and to no one else. After reporting the information, the Putnam employee shall comply strictly with Rule 2 by not trading in the security without the prior written approval of the Code of Ethics Officer and shall (a) take precautions to ensure the continued confidentiality of the information and (b) refrain from communicating the information in question to any person.

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IMPLEMENTATION

A. In order to make any use of potential material non-public information, including purchasing or selling a security or communicating the information to others, an employee must communicate that information to the Code of Ethics Officer in a way designed to prevent the spread of such information. Once the employee has reported potential material non-public information to the Code of Ethics Officer, the Code of Ethics Officer will evaluate whether information constitutes material non-public information, and whether a duty exists that makes use of such information improper. If the Code of Ethics Officer determines either (a) that the information is not material or is public, or (b) that use of the information is proper, he will issue a written approval to the employee specifically authorizing trading while in possession of the information, if the employee so requests. If the Code of Ethics Officer determines (a) that the information may be nonpublic and material, and (b) that use of such information may be improper, he will place the security that is the subject of such information on the Red List.

B. An employee who reports potential inside information to the Code of Ethics Officer should expect that the Code of Ethics Officer will need significant information, and time to gather such information, to make the evaluation, including information about (a) the manner in which the employee acquired the information, and (b) the identity of individuals to whom the employee has revealed the information, or who have otherwise learned the information. In appropriate situations, the Code of Ethics Officer will normally place the affected security or securities on the Red List pending the completion of his evaluation.

C. If an employee possesses documents, disks, or other materials containing the potential inside information, an employee must take precautions to ensure the confidentiality of the information in question. Those precautions include (a) putting documents containing such information out of the view of a casual observer, and (b) securing files containing such documents or ensuring that computer files reflecting such information are secure from viewing by others.

D. Members of the executive board of directors and members of the Chief Financial Officer’s staff may not trade securities of MMC in the period from the end of each calendar quarter to the date of announcement of MMC’s earnings for such quarter.

COMMENT

While all employees must pre-clear trades of MMC securities and make sure they are not in possession of material inside information about MMC when trading, certain employees who may receive information about Putnam’s earnings are subject to the rules above concerning trading blackout periods.

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APPENDIX A -- SECTION II: Overview of Insider Trading

Introduction

This section of the Policy Statement provides guidelines for employees as to what may constitute inside information. It is possible that in the course of her employment, an employee may receive inside information. No employee should misuse that information, either by trading for her own account or by communicating the information to others.

What constitutes unlawful insider trading?

The basic definition of unlawful insider trading is trading on material non-public information (also called inside information) by an individual who has a duty not to take advantage of the information. The following sections help explain the definition.

What is material information?

Trading on inside information is not a basis for liability unless the information is material. Information is material if a reasonable person would attach importance to the information in determining his course of action with respect to a security. Information that is reasonably likely to affect the price of a company’s securities is material, but effect on price is not the sole criterion for determining materiality. Information that employees should consider material includes, but is not limited to, dividend changes, earnings estimates, changes in previously released earnings estimates, reorganization, recapitalization, asset sales, plans to commence a tender offer, merger or acquisition proposals or agreements, major litigation, liquidity problems, significant contracts, and extraordinary management developments.

Material information does not have to relate to a company’s business. For example, a court considered as material certain information about the contents of a forthcoming newspaper column that was expected to affect the market price of a security. In that case, a reporter for the Wall Street Journal was found criminally liable for disclosing to others the dates that reports on various companies would appear in the Journal’s “Heard on the Street” column and whether those reports would be favorable or not.

What is non-public information?

Information is non-public until it has been effectively communicated to, and sufficient opportunity has existed for it to be absorbed by, the marketplace. One must be able to point to some fact to show that the information is generally public. For example, information found in a report filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or appearing in Dow Jones, Reuters, the Wall Street Journal, or other publications of general circulation would be considered public.

Who has a duty not to “take advantage” of inside information?

Unlawful insider trading occurs only if there is a duty not to take advantage of material non-public information. When there is no such duty, it is permissible to trade while in possession of such information. Questions as to whether a duty exists are complex, fact specific, and must be answered by a lawyer. If you have any doubt, err on the side of caution.

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Insiders and Temporary Insiders Corporate insiders have a duty not to take advantage of inside information. The concept of insider is broad. It includes officers, directors, and employees of a corporation. In addition, a person can be a temporary insider if she enters into a special confidential relationship with a corporation and, as a result, is given access to information concerning the corporation’s affairs. A temporary insider can include, among others, accounting firms, consulting firms, law firms, banks, and the employees of such organizations. Putnam would generally be a temporary insider of a corporation it advises or for which it performs other services, because typically Putnam clients expect Putnam to keep any information disclosed to it confidential.

EXAMPLE

An investment advisor to the pension fund of a large publicly traded corporation, Acme, Inc., learns from an Acme employee that Acme will not be making the minimum required annual contribution to the pension fund because of a serious downturn in Acme’s financial situation. The information conveyed is material and non-public.

COMMENT

Neither the investment advisor, its employees, nor its clients can trade on the basis of that information, because the investment advisor and its employees could be considered temporary insiders of Acme.

Misappropriators Certain people who are not insiders (or temporary insiders) also have a duty not to deceptively take advantage of inside information. Included in this category is an individual who misappropriates (or takes for his own use) material non-public information in violation of a duty owed either to the corporation that is the subject of inside information or some other entity. Such a misappropriator can be held liable if he trades while in possession of that material non-public information.

EXAMPLE

The Chief Investment Officer of Acme, Inc., is aware of Acme’s plans to engage in a hostile takeover of Profit, Inc. The proposed hostile takeover is material and non-public.

COMMENT

The Chief Investment Officer of Acme cannot trade in Profit, Inc.’s stock for his own account. Even though he owes no duty to Profit, Inc., or its shareholders, he owes a duty to Acme not to take advantage of the information about the proposed hostile takeover by using it for his personal benefit.

Tippers and Tippees A person (the tippee) who receives material non-public information from an insider or misappropriator (the tipper) has a duty not to trade while in possession of that information if he knew, or should have known, that the information was provided by the tipper for an improper purpose and in breach of a duty owed by the tipper. In this context, it is an improper purpose for a person to provide such information for personal benefit.

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EXAMPLE

The Chief Executive Officer of Acme, Inc., tells his daughter that negotiations concerning a previously announced acquisition of Acme have been terminated. This news is material and, at the time the father tells his daughter, non-public. The daughter sells her shares of Acme.

COMMENT

The father is a tipper because he has a duty to Acme and its shareholders not to take advantage of the information concerning the breakdown of negotiations, and he has conveyed the information for an improper purpose. The daughter is a tippee and is liable for trading on inside information because she knew, or should have known, that her father was conveying the information to her for his personal benefit, and that her father had a duty not to take advantage of Acme information.

A person can be a tippee even if he did not learn the information directly from the tipper, but learned it from a previous tippee.

EXAMPLE

An employee of a law firm that works on mergers and acquisitions learns at work about impending acquisitions. She tells her friend and her friend’s stockbroker about the upcoming acquisitions on a regular basis. The stockbroker tells the brother of a client on a regular basis, who in turn tells two friends, A and B. A and B buy shares of the companies being acquired before the public announcement of the acquisition, and regularly profit from such purchases. A and B do not know the employee of the law firm. They do not, however, ask about the source of the information.

COMMENT

A and B, although they have never heard of the tipper, are tippees because they did not ask about the source of the information, even though they were experienced investors, and were aware that the “tips” they received from this particular source were accurate.

Who can be liable for insider trading?

The categories of individuals discussed above (insiders, temporary insiders, misappropriators, or tippees) can be liable if they trade while in possession of material non-public information.

In addition, individuals other than those who actually trade on inside information can be liable for trades of others. A tipper can be liable if (a) he provided the information in exchange for a personal benefit in breach of a duty, and (b) the recipient of the information (the tippee) traded while in possession of the information.

Most importantly, a controlling person can be liable if the controlling person knew or recklessly disregarded the fact that the controlled person was likely to engage in misuse of inside information and failed to take appropriate steps to prevent it. Putnam is a controlling person of its employees. In addition, certain supervisors may be controlling persons of those employees they supervise.

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EXAMPLE

A supervisor of an analyst learns that the analyst has, over a long period of time, secretly received material inside information from Acme, Inc.’s Chief Investment Officer. The supervisor learns that the analyst has engaged in a number of trades for his personal account on the basis of the inside information. The supervisor takes no action.

COMMENT

Even if he is not liable to a private plaintiff, the supervisor can be liable to the Securities and Exchange Commission for a civil penalty of up to three times the amount of the analyst’s profit.

Penalties for insider trading

Penalties for misuse of inside information are severe, both for individuals involved in such unlawful conduct and their employers. A person who violates the insider trading laws can be subject to some or all of the types of penalties below, even if he does not personally benefit from the violation. Penalties include:

• Jail sentences, criminal monetary penalties

• Injunctions permanently preventing an individual from working in the securities industry

• Injunctions ordering an individual to disgorge profits obtained from unlawful insider trading

• Civil penalties substantially greater than the profit gained or loss avoided by the trader, even if the individual paying the penalty did not trade or did not benefit personally

• Civil penalties for the employer or other controlling person

• Damages in the amount of actual losses suffered by other participants in the market for the security at issue

Regardless of whether penalties or money damages are sought by others, Putnam will take whatever action it deems appropriate, including dismissal, if Putnam determines, in its sole discretion, that an employee appears to have committed any violation of this Policy Statement, or to have engaged in any conduct which raises significant questions about whether an insider trading violation has occurred.

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APPENDIX B: Policy Statement Regarding Employee Trades in Shares of Putnam Closed-End Funds

Pre-clearance

Any purchase or sale of Putnam closed-end fund shares by a Putnam employee must be pre-cleared with the Code of Ethics Administrator. A list of the closed-end funds can be obtained from the Code of Ethics Administrator. The PTA system is not available for Putnam closed-end fund clearance.

Reporting

As with any purchase or sale of a security, duplicate confirmations of all such purchases and sales must be forwarded to the Code of Ethics Officer by the broker-dealer utilized by an employee. If you are required to file a quarterly report of all personal securities transactions, this report should include all purchases and sales of closed-end fund shares.

Special Rules Applicable to Managing Directors of Putnam Investment Management, LLC and officers of the Putnam Funds.

Please be aware that managing directors of Putnam Investment Management, Inc., the investment manager of the Putnam mutual funds, and officers of the Putnam Funds will not receive clearance to engage in any combination of purchase and sale, or sale and purchase, of the shares of a given closed-end fund within six months of each other. Therefore, purchases should be made only if you intend to hold the shares more than six months; no sales of fund shares should be made if you intend to purchase additional shares of that same fund within six months.

You are also required to file certain forms with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with purchases and sales of Putnam closed-end funds. Please contact the Code of Ethics Officer Administrator for further information. Please contact the Code of Ethics Officer or Deputy Code of Ethics Officer if there are any questions regarding these matters.

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APPENDIX C: Contra-Trading Rule Clearance Form

To: Code of Ethics Officer

From: _____________________________________________ ____________________________

Date:  __________________________________________ _______________________________

Re: Personal Securities Transaction of_________________ ______________________________

This serves as prior written approval of the personal securities transaction described below:

Name of portfolio manager contemplating personal trade: ________________________________

Security to be traded: ___________________________ _________________________________

Amount to be traded:

_____________________________________________________________________

Fund holding securities:

____________________________________________________________________

Amount held by fund:

_____________________________________________________________________

Reason for personal trade:

__________________________________________________________________

Specific reason sale of securities is inappropriate for fund: ________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________

(Please attach additional sheets if necessary.)

CIO approval:                        ____________________ Date:

Legal/compliance approval:    ____________________ Date:

44

APPENDIX D: CFA Institute Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct

The CFA Institute Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct (Code and Standards) are fundamental to CFA Institute’s values and essential to achieving its mission to lead the investment profession globally by setting high standards of education, integrity, and professional excellence. High ethical standards are critical to maintaining the public’s trust in financial markets and in the investment profession.

Since their creation in the 1960s, the Code and Standards have promoted the integrity of CFA Institute members and served as a model for measuring the ethics of investment professionals globally, regardless of job function, cultural differences, or local laws and regulations. All CFA Institute members (including holders of the Chartered Financial Analyst® (CFA®) designation) and CFA candidates must abide by the Code and Standards and are encouraged to notify their employer of this responsibility. Violations may result in disciplinary sanctions by CFA Institute. Sanctions can include revocation of membership, candidacy in the CFA Program, and the right to use the CFA designation.

The Code of Ethics

Members of CFA Institute (including Chartered Financial Analyst® (CFA®) charterholders) and candidates for the CFA designation (“Members and Candidates”) must:

• Act with integrity, competence, diligence, and respect, and in an ethical manner with the public, clients, prospective clients, employers, employees, colleagues in the investment profession, and other participants in the global capital markets.

• Place the integrity of the investment profession and the interests of clients above their own personal interests.

• Use reasonable care and exercise independent professional judgment when conducting investment analysis, making investment recommendations, taking investment actions, and engaging in other professional activities.

• Practice and encourage others to practice in a professional and ethical manner that will reflect credit on themselves and the profession.

• Promote the integrity of, and uphold the rules governing, capital markets.

• Maintain and improve their professional competence and strive to maintain and improve the competence of other investment professionals.

Standards of Professional Conduct

I. PROFESSIONALISM

A. Knowledge of the Law. Members and Candidates must understand and comply with all applicable laws, rules, and regulations (including the CFA Institute Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct) of any government, regulatory organization, licensing agency, or professional association governing their professional activities. In the event of conflict, Members and Candidates must comply with the more strict law, rule, or regulation. Members and Candidates must not knowingly participate or assist in and must dissociate from any violation of such laws, rules, or regulations.

45

B. Independence and Objectivity. Members and Candidates must use reasonable care and judgment to achieve and maintain independence and objectivity in their professional activities. Members and Candidates must not offer, solicit, or accept any gift, benefit, compensation, or consideration that reasonably could be expected to compromise their own or another’s independence and objectivity.

C. Misrepresentation. Members and Candidates must not knowingly make any misrepresentations relating to investment analysis, recommendations, actions, or other professional activities.

D. Misconduct. Members and Candidates must not engage in any professional conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, or deceit, or commit any act that reflects adversely on their professional reputation, integrity, or competence.

II. INTEGRITY OF CAPITAL MARKETS

A. Material Non-public Information. Members and Candidates who possess material, non-public information that could affect the value of an investment must not act or cause others to act on the information.

B. Market Manipulation. Members and Candidates must not engage in practices that distort prices or artificially inflate trading volume with the intent to mislead market participants.

III.DUTIES TO CLIENTS

A. Loyalty, Prudence, and Care. Members and Candidates have a duty of loyalty to their clients and must act with reasonable care and exercise prudent judgment. Members and Candidates must act for the benefit of their clients and place their clients’ interests before their employer’s or their own interests. In relationships with clients, Members and Candidates must determine applicable fiduciary duty and must comply with such duty to persons and interests to whom it is owed.

B. Fair Dealing. Members and Candidates must deal fairly and objectively with all clients when providing investment analysis, making investment recommendations, taking investment action, or engaging in other professional activities.

C. Suitability.

1. When Members and Candidates are in an advisory relationship with a client, they must:

a. Make a reasonable inquiry into a client’s or prospective clients’ investment experience, risk and return objectives, and financial constraints prior to making any investment recommendation or taking investment action and must reassess and update this information regularly.

b. Determine that an investment is suitable to the client’s financial situation and consistent with the client’s written objectives, mandates, and constraints before making an investment recommendation or taking investment action.

c. Judge the suitability of investments in the context of the client’s total portfolio.

2. When Members and Candidates are responsible for managing a portfolio to a specific mandate, strategy, or style, they must only make investment recommendations or take investment actions that are consistent with the stated objectives and constraints of the portfolio.

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D. Performance Presentation. When communicating investment performance information, Members or Candidates must make reasonable efforts to ensure that it is fair, accurate, and complete.

E. Preservation of Confidentiality. Members and Candidates must keep information about current, former, and prospective clients confidential unless:

1. The information concerns illegal activities on the part of the client or prospective client.

2. Disclosure is required by law.

3. The client or prospective client permits disclosure of the information.

IV. DUTIES TO EMPLOYERS

A. Loyalty. In matters related to their employment, Members and Candidates must act for the benefit of their employer and not deprive their employer of the advantage of their skills and abilities, divulge confidential information, or otherwise cause harm to their employer.

B. Additional Compensation Arrangements. Members and Candidates must not accept gifts, benefits, compensation, or consideration that competes with, or might reasonably be expected to create a conflict of interest with, their employer’s interest unless they obtain written consent from all parties involved.

C. Responsibilities of Supervisors. Members and Candidates must make reasonable efforts to detect and prevent violations of applicable laws, rules, regulations, and the Code and Standards by anyone subject to their supervision or authority.

V. INVESTMENT ANALYSIS, RECOMMENDATIONS, AND ACTION

A. Diligence and Reasonable Basis. Members and Candidates must:

1. Exercise diligence, independence, and thoroughness in analyzing investments, making investment recommendations, and taking investment actions.

2. Have a reasonable and adequate basis, supported by appropriate research and investigation, for any investment analysis, recommendation, or action.

B. Communication with Clients and Prospective Clients. Members and Candidates must:

1. Disclose to clients and prospective clients the basic format and general principles of the investment processes used to analyze investments, select securities, and construct portfolios, and must promptly disclose any changes that might materially affect those processes.

2. Use reasonable judgment in identifying which factors are important to their investment analysis, recommendations, or actions and include those factors in communications with clients and prospective clients.

3. Distinguish between fact and opinion in the presentation of investment analysis and recommendations.

C. Record Retention. Members and Candidates must develop and maintain appropriate records to support their investment analysis, recommendations, actions, and other investment-related communications with clients and prospective clients.

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VI. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

A. Disclosure of Conflicts. Members and Candidates must make full and fair disclosure of all matters that could reasonably be expected to impair their independence and objectivity or interfere with respective duties to their clients, prospective clients, and employer. Members and Candidates must ensure that such disclosures are prominent, are delivered in plain language, and communicate the relevant information effectively.

B. Priority of Transactions. Investment transactions for clients and employers must have priority over investment transactions in which a Member or Candidate is the beneficial owner.

C. Referral Fees. Members and Candidates must disclose to their employer, clients, and prospective clients, as appropriate, any compensation, consideration, or benefit received by, or paid to, others for the recommendation of products or services.

VII. RESPONSIBILITIES AS A CFA INSTITUTE MEMBER OR CFA CANDIDATE

A. Conduct as Members and Candidates in the CFA Program. Members and Candidates must not engage in any conduct that compromises the reputation or integrity of the CFA Institute or the CFA designation or the integrity, validity, or security of the CFA examinations.

B. Reference to the CFA Institute, the CFA designation, and the CFA Program. When referring to the CFA Institute, CFA Institute membership, the CFA designation, or candidacy in the CFA Program, Members and Candidates must not misrepresent or exaggerate the meaning or implications of membership in the CFA Institute, holding the CFA designation, or candidacy in the CFA Program.

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APPENDIX E: Report of Entertainment Form

This form must be filed with the Putnam’s Legal and Compliance Department and sanctions may apply if received after 10 business days of attending an event. Planned absences, i.e., vacations, leaves (other than certain medical leaves), or business trips are not valid excuses for providing late reports. Failure to meet the deadline violates the Code’s rules and sanctions may be imposed.

Send report to:
Jonathan Ramsey
Compliance Coordinator
COE Mailstop A-16

OR

Attach to an e-mail to:
Jonathan_Ramsey@putnam.com

Name of
employee:_______________________________________________________________________

Name of party providing entertainment:

Firm:

__________________________________________________________________________________

Person:

________________________________________________________________________________

Date of entertainment:

____________________________________________________________________

Describe entertainment provided:

___________________________________________________________
(e.g., name and location of restaurant, sporting, or cultural event)

Value of entertainment (excluding meals): ____________________________________________

Signature: ______________________________________________   Date:
___________________________

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APPENDIX F -- Inducement Policy for Putnam Investments Limited (PIL) Employees

Inducements

Putnam Investments Limited has adopted the following procedures to enable it to comply with, and demonstrate compliance with, the requirements in this area:

All gifts, business meals, entertainment, or other inducements received by any employee must be reported on the appropriate forms to the PIL Compliance Officer within ten days of receipt. PIL’s policy limits gifts or business meals to a value of £100 (150 euros or equivalent) and entertainment to a value of £150 (225 euros or equivalent). Gifts, business meals, and entertainment that exceed these limits should be politely declined, explaining that PIL’s internal policies will not permit a breach of these limits.

There may be rare occasions where you are unexpectedly offered a gift or business meal or are entertained where the value exceeds the limits and it would be very discourteous (to a prospect/client) to decline, or difficult to pay part of the bill yourself (such as in a members’ dining club). In these circumstances the gift should be handed in to the PIL Compliance Officer, who will arrange to give it to charity, or the entertainment reported immediately to the PIL Compliance Officer with an explanation of the circumstances.

The policy regarding gifts, business meals, entertainment, or other inducements for giving or receiving is as follows. Where the gift or business meal is below £100 (150 euros or equivalent) or the entertainment is below £150 (225 euros or equivalent) for any individual, no pre-clearance is necessary. Above these levels, pre-clearance is required from the PIL Compliance Officer. If in doubt as to whether limits might be exceeded, please err on the side of caution and seek pre-clearance.

Anything above £25 (40 euros or equivalent) should be reported on the appropriate forms to the PIL Compliance Officer within ten days, who will review these on a monthly basis.

Anything below £25 (40 euros or equivalent), e.g., dealer gifts, a casual drink, or a snack, etc., need not be reported.

Where a working lunch is provided as part of an Analyst’s Day or Management Day, report this event and note the value as £0. This ensures that there is no potential for conflicts of interest and avoids guestimates of the cost.

No more than six entertainment events per year and no more than two events may be accepted from a single source.

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The record will contain details of:

the individuals concerned (from both PIL and the other party);

the nature and circumstances of the inducement;

the date; and

the approximate cost, if offered by PIL, although if it’s an in-house lunch/dinner, a statement to that effect will suffice.

The frequency and nature of any gifts, business meals, entertainment, or other inducement given or received, together with the names of those individuals entertained, is monitored periodically by the PIL Compliance Officer, and that monitoring is evidenced.

Where any deadlines or limits are exceeded, these will be reported to the Code of Ethics Officer on a monthly basis and sanctions may apply.

A template on which to record details of inducements given can be obtained from the PIL Compliance Officer.

Employees are also required to make an annual declaration that either they have reported all inducements given and received, or that they have not given or received any inducements, during the course of the year.

Further detailed guidance on PIL’s Inducement Policy is available in the PIL Compliance Manual.

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APPENDIX G -- Record of Inducement for Putnam Investments Limited (PIL)Employees

Director/Employee:

___________________________________________________________________

Inducement Given/Received:

____________________________________________________________
(Indicate which it is):

Nature of Inducement Given/Received:

____________________________________________________

Date of Giving/Receipt:

_________________________________________________________________

Name of Other Party:

__________________________________________________________________

Name(s) of Personnel of Other Party Involved:

______________________________________________

Name(s) of Other Putnam Individuals Involved:

______________________________________________

Approximate Value of Inducement (if Known):

_______________________________________________

Signature of PIL Director/Employee

Giving/Receiving Inducement ________________________________________ Date:
_______________

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INDEX
407 Letter	iv, 28
7-Day Rule	v, 12-13
90-Day Short Term Rule	v, 12
A
Access Persons
definition	vii
reporting requirements for	29
reporting transactions/holdings	29
special rules for personal securities transactions	12-15
Ad hoc exemption	32
Affiliated entities	23
Analysts, special rules	12, 13, 15
Annual Holdings Report	29
Anti-money Laundering Policy	25
Anti-bribery/Kickback Policy	18
Appeals procedures	32-33
B
Blackout rule, trading by portfolio managers,
analysts, and CIOs	v, 13-14
Boycotts	16
anti-trust and other laws	16
Bribes	18
Broker accounts	iv, 28
Confirmations and statements	28
C
CFA Institute Code of Ethics	24, 45-48
Standards of Professional Conduct	45-48
Chief Investment Officer
special rules on trading	12-15
Closed-end funds	iv, 43
Code of Ethics Administrator	vii
Code of Ethics Officer	vii
Deputy Code of Ethics Officer	vii
Code of Ethics Oversight Committee	viii
Commodities	ix
Compliance and appeal procedures	32-33
Computer system policies	24
Confidentiality	iv, 20
Confirmations and broker statements	iv, 28
Conflicts of interest	iii, vi, 16
Considered List – Limited Sales Exemption	3
Contra-trading rule	v, 14
clearance form	44
Corporate/political contributions	19
Corporate purchase of goods and services	22
Currencies	ix
D
Director
prohibited to serve for another entity	20

53

Discretionary accounts	3-4
Dividend reinvestment program	9, 11
E
Education requirements	31
Employees
general rules for	16-25
personal political contributions	19
personal securities rules for all	1-11
(see also Access Persons)
Entertainment policies	16-18
Report of Entertainment Form	49
Excessive trading (over 10 traders) prohibited	iv, 10
Exchange traded index funds (ETFs)	ix, 29
F
Family members accounts	8
Family Members’ Conflict Policy	22-23
Fiduciary	21
Fraudulent or irregular activities reporting	30
G
Gifts and Entertainment Policy	iii, 16-18, 49
Gifts donated as a security	4
Goods and services, purchasing	22
Good-until-canceled (GTC) orders	10
H
Holdings of securities
disclosure by Access Persons	29
I
Initial Holdings Report	29
Initial public offerings/IPOs	5
Inside information
material, non-public information	6, 37
reporting material, non-public information	37-38
rules concerning	37-38
Inside Information List (Red List)	37-38
Insider trading
definitions	36
explanations of	39-42
liability for	41-42
penalties for	42
policy statement	35
prohibitions	iii, 35
rules concerning	37-38
sanctions for	34, 42
Investment clubs	21
Involuntary transactions, exemptions	4, 11
Irregular activity reporting	30
K
Kickback Policy	18
L
Large Cap Exemption	3
Limit Orders	10
Linked accounts	8

54

Lobbying Policy	19-20
M
Market timing prohibition	8
Marsh & McLennan (MMC) securities	iv, 1-2
Material Information	6, 37, 39-42
N
Naked options	10
Negotiations prohibition	22
Non-public information	iii, 6, 37, 39-42
Non-Putnam affiliates (NPAs)	23
O
Officer, prohibited to serve for another entity	20
Ombudsman	30
Options
defined as securities	4, 36
naked	10
relationship to securities on Restricted or Red Lists	4
Outside business affiliations	20-21
P
Partner, prohibited to serve for another entity	20
Partnerships, covered in personal securities transactions	ix, 36
Personal securities transaction	ix, 36
Personal Trading Assistant (PTA) system	iv, viii, 26, 28-30, 43
Accessing	1, 2
Political activities, contributions, lobbying	19-20
Portfolio managers, special rules on trading	12-15
Portfolio trading	12-15, 22
Pre-clearance	iv, 1-4
sanctions for failure to pre-clear properly	34
Privacy policy	24-25
Private offerings and private placement pre-approval	6
Prohibited transactions	5-10
Putnam Investments Limited (PIL)
special rules	26-27
record of inducement	52
Putnam Mutual Funds restrictions	iv, 7-9
90-day Rule	iv, 8-9
One-year Rule	iv, 8
Q
Quarterly Report of Securities Transactions	v. 29
R
Records
accuracy records policy	22
retention policy	25
Red List	37, 38
Reporting requirements	v, 28-30
Restricted List	viii, 1-5, 26, 32-34, 37
Roles at other entities	20-21
S
Sanctions	34-42
Securities donated	4
Shares by subscription, pre-clearance	3
Short selling	iv
Special rules for Investment Professionals	v, 12-15

55

T
Tender offers	4
Trustee, prohibited to serve for another entity	20
Trusts	ix, 36
U
U.S. government obligations	ix
V
Violations reporting	30
W
Warrants	36

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EX-99.P CODE ETH

Amendments to Putnam Investments
Code of Ethics dated December, 2005

Effective June 16, 2006 the following amendment was made to the Putnam Investments Code of Ethics:

Section III - Rule 5: Political Activities, Contributions, Solicitations, and Lobbying Policy

Under Employee Contributions (item #1):
The office of the State Treasurer of Connecticut, Vermont, or West Virginia
(Note: The State of West Virginia was added to this policy).

Effective July 17, 2006 the following amendment was made to the Putnam Investments Code of Ethics:

Section III - Rule 3: Gifts and Entertainment Policy

3. Any employee attending any entertainment event under the provision in sections (B)(1) or (B)(2) above must file a Report of Entertainment Form (attached as Appendix E) with the Code of Ethics Officer within 20 business days following the date of the entertainment event. Failure to file the notice is a violation of the Code of Ethics.

Appendix E

PUTNAM INVESTMENTS CODE OF ETHICS
REPORT OF ENTERTAINMENT

This form must be filed with the Putnam Legal and Compliance Department within
20 business days of date of entertainment.

Please e-mail to Putnam_Code_of_Ethics@putnam.com
Or return to Legal and Compliance Department, Mailstop A-16

Name of Employee: 

Name of Party Providing Entertainment – firm and person: 

Date of Entertainment: 

Describe entertainment provided: (e.g., name & location of 

restaurant, sporting or cultural event) 

Value of entertainment (excluding meals): 

Signature: 

Date: