Fair Value Measurements

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2012

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurement

Fair Value Measurements

Overview

The Company applies the fair value hierarchy established by US GAAP for the recognition and measurement of assets and liabilities. An asset or liability's fair value classification within the hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. In determining fair value, the Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible, and considers counterparty risk in its assessment of fair value.

The fair values of financial assets and liabilities are measured on a recurring basis. The Company has elected not to carry any financial assets and liabilities at fair value, other than as required by US GAAP. Financial assets and liabilities that the Company carries at fair value, as required by GAAP include: (i) its derivative instruments, (ii) the plan assets of the VEBAs and the Company's Canadian defined benefit pension plan, and (iii) available for sale securities, consisting of commercial paper and investments related to the Company's deferred compensation plan (see Note 7). The Company records certain other financial assets and liabilities at carrying value (see the tables below for the fair value disclosure of those assets and liabilities).

The majority of the Company's non-financial assets and liabilities, which include goodwill, intangible assets, inventories and property, plant, and equipment, are not required to be carried at fair value on a recurring basis. However, if certain triggering events occur (or at least annually for goodwill), an evaluation of a non-financial asset or liability is required, potentially resulting in an adjustment to the carrying amount of such asset or liability. For the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and September 30, 2011, the Company concluded that none of its non-financial assets and liabilities subject to fair value assessments on a non-recurring basis required a material adjustment to the carrying amount of such assets and liabilities.

Fair Values of Financial Assets and Liabilities

Fair Values of Derivative Assets and Liabilities. The Company's derivative contracts are valued at fair value using significant observable and unobservable inputs.

Commodity, Foreign Currency and Energy Hedges - The fair values of a majority of these derivative contracts are based upon trades in liquid markets. Valuation model inputs can generally be verified, and valuation techniques do not involve significant judgment. The Company has some derivative contracts, however, that do not have observable market quotes. For these financial instruments, management uses significant other observable inputs (e.g., information concerning regional premiums for swaps). Where appropriate, valuations are adjusted for various factors, such as bid/offer spreads.

Bifurcated Conversion Feature and Call Options -The fair value of the Bifurcated Conversion Feature is measured as the difference in the estimated fair value of the Convertible Notes and the estimated fair value of the Convertible Notes without the cash conversion feature. The Convertible Notes are valued based on the trading price of the Convertible Notes each period-end (see “All Other Financial Assets and Liabilities” below). The fair value of the Convertible Notes without the cash conversion feature is the present value of the series of the remaining fixed income cash flows under the Convertible Notes, with a mandatory redemption in 2015.

The Company determines the fair value of the Call Options using a binomial lattice valuation model. The inputs to the model at September 30, 2012 were as follows:

The Company's stock price at September 30, 2012	$	58.39
Quarterly dividend yield (per share) upon purchase of the Call Option1	$	0.24
Risk-free interest rate2	0.27		%
Credit spread (basis points)3	266
Expected volatility rate4	25		%

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¹  Recent quarterly dividends have been $0.25 per share, but the model assumes a discrete $0.24 per share quarterly dividend as was paid at the inception of the Call Options. Quarterly dividends in excess of $0.24 per share do not affect the Call Options' value due to anti-dilution adjustments.

²  The risk-free rate was based on the two-year Constant Maturity Treasury rate and the three-year Constant Maturity Treasury rate on September 30, 2012, compounded semi-annually.

³  The credit spread is based on the Company's long-term credit rating of BB- issued by Standard & Poor’s and a senior unsecured credit rating of Ba3 issued by Moody’s.

⁴  The volatility rate was based on both observed volatility, which is based on the Company’s historical stock price, and implied volatility from the Company’s traded options. Such volatility was further adjusted to take into consideration market participant risk tolerance.

The stock price of the Company generally has the greatest influence on the fair values of both the Call Options and Bifurcated Conversion Feature. Between December 31, 2011 and September 30, 2012, the change in the expected volatility rate as well as the change in the Company's credit spread also had a material impact on the values of these derivatives.

VEBA and Canadian Pension Plan Assets. The VEBA assets are managed by various investment advisors selected by the trustees of each of the VEBAs. The VEBA assets are outside of the Company's control, and the Company does not have insight into the investment strategies. The fair value of the VEBAs’ plan assets is based on information made available to the Company by the VEBA administrators.

The assets of the Company's Canadian pension plan are managed by advisors selected by the Company, with the investment portfolio subject to periodic review and evaluation by the Company's investment committee. The investment of assets in the Canadian pension plan is based upon the objective of maintaining a diversified portfolio of investments in order to minimize concentration of credit and market risks (such as interest rate, currency, equity price and liquidity risks). The degree of risk and risk tolerance take into account the obligation structure of the plan, the anticipated demand for funds and the maturity profiles required from the investment portfolio in light of these demands.

The fair value of the plan assets of the VEBAs and the Company's Canadian pension plan is measured annually on December 31 and is reflected on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. In determining the fair value of the plan assets at each annual period end, the Company utilizes primarily the results of valuations supplied by the investment advisors responsible for managing the assets of each plan. See Note 13 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011 for additional information with respect to the fair value of the plan assets of the VEBAs and the Company's Canadian pension plan.

Available for sale securities. The Company holds assets in various investment funds at certain registered investment companies in connection with its deferred compensation program (see Note 7). Such assets are accounted for as available for sale securities and are measured and recorded at fair value based on the net asset value of the investment funds on a recurring basis. Such fair value input is considered a Level 2 input. During the quarter ended September 30, 2012, the Company purchased short-term commercial paper. The fair value of the commercial paper is determined based on valuation models that use observable market data. Such fair value input is considered a Level 2 input.

All Other Financial Assets and Liabilities. The Company believes that the fair value of its cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate their respective carrying values due to their short maturities and nominal credit risk.

The Company believes that the fair value of the Nichols Promissory Note at December 31, 2011 materially approximated its carrying amount in light of the Company’s credit profile, the interest rate applicable to the Nichols Promissory Note, and its remaining duration. The foregoing fair value assessment is considered to be a Level 2 valuation within the fair value hierarchy.

The fair value of the Convertible Notes and Senior Notes are based on the trading prices of the notes and are considered a Level 1 input in the fair value hierarchy.

The following table presents the Company's financial instruments, classified under the appropriate level of the fair value hierarchy, as of September 30, 2012:

	Level 1			Level 2			Level 3		Total
FINANCIAL ASSETS:
Derivative instruments:
Aluminum -
Fixed priced purchase contracts	$	—		$	1.8		$	—	$	1.8
Midwest premium swap contracts	—			—			0.9		0.9
Natural Gas -
Fixed priced purchase contracts	—			0.7			—		0.7
Electricity -
Fixed priced purchase contracts	—			0.2			—		0.2
Hedges Relating to the Convertible Notes -
Call Options	—			52.1			—		52.1
All Other Financial Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	135.4			120.2			—		255.6
Short-term investments	—			79.9			—		79.9
Long-term available for sale securities	—			5.7			—		5.7
Total	$	135.4		$	260.6		$	0.9	$	396.9
FINANCIAL LIABILITIES:
Derivative instruments:
Aluminum -
Fixed priced purchase contracts	$	—		$	(1.4	)	$	—	$	(1.4	)
Natural Gas -
Put option sales contracts	—			(1.6		)	—		(1.6		)
Fixed priced purchase contracts	—			(1.4		)	—		(1.4		)
Electricity -
Fixed priced purchase contracts	—			(0.3		)	—		(0.3		)
Hedges Relating to the Convertible Notes -
Bifurcated Conversion Feature	—			(58.6		)	—		(58.6		)
All Other Financial Liabilities
Senior Notes	(243.6		)	—			—		(243.6		)
Convertible Notes	(238.4		)	—			—		(238.4		)
Total	$	(482.0	)	$	(63.3	)	$	—	$	(545.3	)

The following table presents the Company's financial instruments, classified under the appropriate level of the fair value hierarchy, as of December 31, 2011:

	Level 1			Level 2			Level 3			Total
FINANCIAL ASSETS:
Derivative instruments:
Aluminum -
Fixed priced purchase contracts	$	—		$	0.3		$	—		$	0.3
Midwest premium swap contracts	—			—			0.1			0.1
Hedges Relating to the Convertible Notes -
Call Options	—			46.3			—			46.3
All Other Financial Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	49.8			—			—			49.8
Long-term available for sale securities	—			4.9			—			4.9
Total	$	49.8		$	51.5		$	0.1		$	101.4
FINANCIAL LIABILITIES:
Derivative instruments:
Aluminum -
Fixed priced purchase contracts	$	—		$	(7.8	)	$	—		$	(7.8	)
Midwest premium swap contracts	—			—			(0.1		)	(0.1		)
Natural Gas -
Put option sales contracts	—			(5.6		)	—			(5.6		)
Fixed priced purchase contracts	—			(1.3		)	—			(1.3		)
Electricity -
Fixed priced purchase contracts	—			(1.8		)	—			(1.8		)
Hedges Relating to the Convertible Notes -
Bifurcated Conversion Feature	—			(53.9		)	—			(53.9		)
All Other Financial Liabilities:
Nichols Promissory Note	—			(4.7		)	—			(4.7		)
Convertible Notes	(203.0		)	—			—			(203.0		)
Total	$	(203.0	)	$	(75.1	)	$	(0.1	)	$	(278.2	)

Financial instruments classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy represent derivative contracts in which management has used at least one significant unobservable input in the valuation model. The following table presents a reconciliation of activity for the Midwest premium derivative contracts on a net basis:

	Level 3
Balance at December 31, 2011	$	—
Total realized/unrealized gains included in:
Cost of products sold, excluding depreciation and amortization	2.2
Transactions involving Level 3 derivative contracts:
Purchases	0.2
Sales	—
Issuances	—
Settlements	(1.5		)
Transactions involving Level 3 derivatives — net	(1.3		)
Transfers in and (or) out of Level 3 valuation hierarchy	—
Balance at September 30, 2012	$	0.9
Total gain included in Cost of products sold, excluding depreciation and amortization, attributable to the change in unrealized gains/losses relating to derivative contracts held at September 30, 2012:	$	0.6

Fair Values of Non-financial Assets and Liabilities

Idled Assets. Included within Property, plant and equipment - net as of both September 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011 was $5.4 of idled assets, comprised of acquired assets not placed in service of $4.3 and unused equipment from the closed Tulsa, Oklahoma facility of $1.1. The value of such assets was estimated using a combination of the cost approach and market approach. The cost approach uses replacement cost, and the market approach uses prices for similar assets to determine the value of assets, and both approaches use Level 3 fair value inputs.

CAROs. The inputs in estimating the fair value of conditional asset retirement obligations, or CAROs, include: (i) the timing of when any such CARO cash flows may be incurred, (ii) incremental costs associated with special handling or treatment of CARO materials and (iii) the credit-adjusted, risk-free rate applicable at the time additional CARO cash flows are estimated, all of which are considered Level 3 inputs as they involve significant judgment of the Company. During the quarter ended September 30, 2012, the Company increased its CARO liability by $0.4 as a result of accelerating the timing of certain asbestos removal projects. There were no material adjustments to the estimated fair values of CAROs for the nine months ended September 30, 2011. The estimated fair value of CARO liabilities at September 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011 was $4.6 and $4.0, respectively, based upon the application of a weighted-average credit-adjusted, risk-free rate of 9.1%. CAROs are included in Other accrued liabilities or Long-term liabilities, as appropriate (see Note 2).