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Commitments And Contingent Liabilities
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2011
Commitments And Contingent Liabilities

Note 8. Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

Guaranteed Obligations—PSEG and Power

Power's activities primarily involve the purchase and sale of energy and related products under transportation, physical, financial and forward contracts at fixed and variable prices. These transactions are with numerous counterparties and brokers that may require cash, cash-related instruments or guarantees.

Power has unconditionally guaranteed payments to counterparties by its subsidiaries in commodity-related transactions in order to

 

 

support current exposure, interest and other costs on sums due and payable in the ordinary course of business, and

 

 

obtain credit.

Under these agreements, guarantees cover lines of credit between entities and are often reciprocal in nature. The exposure between counterparties can move in either direction.

In order for Power to incur a liability for the face value of the outstanding guarantees, its subsidiaries would have to

 

 

fully utilize the credit granted to them by every counterparty to whom Power has provided a guarantee, and

 

 

all of the related contracts would have to be "out-of-the-money" (if the contracts are terminated, Power would owe money to the counterparties).

Power believes the probability of this result is unlikely. For this reason, Power believes that the current exposure at any point in time is a more meaningful representation of the potential liability under these guarantees. This current exposure consists of the net of accounts receivable and accounts payable and the forward value on open positions, less any collateral posted.

Power is subject to

 

 

counterparty collateral calls related to commodity contracts, and

 

 

certain creditworthiness standards as guarantor under performance guarantees of its subsidiaries.

Changes in commodity prices can have a material impact on collateral requirements under such contracts, which are posted and received primarily in the form of cash and letters of credit. Power also routinely enters into futures and options transactions for electricity and natural gas as part of its operations. These futures contracts usually require a cash margin deposit with brokers, which can change based on market movement and in accordance with exchange rules.

 

The face value of outstanding guarantees, current exposure and margin positions as of June 30, 2011 and December 31, 2010 are shown below:

 

    

As of
June 30,

2011

   

As of
December 31,

2010

 
     Millions  

Face Value of Outstanding Guarantees

   $ 1,838      $ 1,936   

Exposure under Current Guarantees

   $ 270      $ 330   

Letters of Credit Margin Posted

   $ 185      $ 137   

Letters of Credit Margin Received

   $ 49      $ 109   

Cash Deposited and Received

    

Counterparty Cash Margin Deposited

   $ 0      $ 0   

Counterparty Cash Margin Received

     (7     (2

Net Broker Balance Deposited (Received)

     31        (28

In the Event Power Were to Lose its Investment Grade Rating

    

Additional Collateral that could be Required

   $ 771      $ 828   

Liquidity Available under PSEG's and Power's Credit Facilities to Post Collateral

   $ 3,416      $ 2,750   

Additional Amounts Posted

    

Other Letters of Credit

   $ 98      $ 98   

Power nets receivables and payables with the corresponding net energy contract balances. See Note 10. Financial Risk Management Activities for further discussion. The remaining balance of net cash (received) deposited is primarily included in Accounts Receivable.

In the event of a deterioration of Power's credit rating to below investment grade, which would represent a two level downgrade from its current ratings, many of these agreements allow the counterparty to demand further performance assurance. See table above.

In addition, during 2011, the SEC and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) are continuing efforts to implement new rules to enact stricter regulation over swaps and derivatives. Power will carefully monitor these new rules as they are developed to analyze the potential impact on its swap and derivatives transactions, including any potential increase to collateral requirements.

In April 2011, PSEG and Power entered into new 5-year credit agreements resulting in an increase of $650 million in Power's total credit capacity.

In addition to amounts for outstanding guarantees, current exposure and margin positions, Power had posted letters of credit to support various other non-energy contractual and environmental obligations. See table above.

Environmental Matters

Passaic River

Historic operations by PSEG companies and the operations of hundreds of other companies along the Passaic and Hackensack Rivers are alleged by Federal and State agencies to have discharged substantial contamination into the Passaic River/Newark Bay Complex.

Federal Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA)

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has determined that an eight-mile stretch of the Passaic River in the area of Newark, New Jersey is a "facility" within the meaning of that term under CERCLA. The EPA has determined the need to perform a study of the entire 17-mile tidal reach of the lower Passaic River.

 

PSE&G and certain of its predecessors conducted operations at properties in this area on or adjacent to the Passaic River. The properties included one operating electric generating station (Essex Site), which was transferred to Power, one former generating station and four former manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites. When the Essex Site was transferred from PSE&G to Power, PSE&G obtained releases and indemnities for liabilities arising out of the former Essex generating station and Power assumed any environmental liabilities.

The EPA believes that hazardous substances were released from the Essex Site and one of PSE&G's former MGP locations (Harrison Site). In 2006, the EPA notified the potentially responsible parties (PRPs) that the cost of its study would greatly exceed the original estimated cost of $20 million. The total cost of the study is now estimated at approximately $86 million. 73 PRPs, including Power and PSE&G, agreed to assume responsibility for the study and to divide the associated costs according to a mutually agreed upon formula. The PRP group, currently 71 members, is presently executing the study. Approximately five percent of the study costs are attributable to PSE&G's former MGP sites and approximately one percent to Power's generating stations. Power has provided notice to insurers concerning this potential claim.

In 2007, the EPA released a draft "Focused Feasibility Study" that proposed six options to address the contamination cleanup of the lower eight miles of the Passaic River. The estimated costs for the proposed remedy range from $1.3 billion to $3.7 billion. The work contemplated by the study is not subject to the cost sharing agreement discussed above. A revised focused feasibility study may be released as early as the second quarter of 2012.

In June 2008, an agreement was announced between the EPA and two PRPs for removal of a portion of the contaminated sediment in the Passaic River at an estimated cost of $80 million. The two PRPs have reserved their rights to seek contribution for the removal costs from the other PRPs, including Power and PSE&G.

New Jersey Spill Compensation and Control Act (Spill Act)

In 2005, the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) filed suit against a PRP and its related companies in the New Jersey Superior Court seeking damages and reimbursement for costs expended by the State of New Jersey to address the effects of the PRP's discharge of hazardous substances into both the Passaic River and the balance of the Newark Bay Complex. Power and PSE&G are alleged to have owned, operated or contributed hazardous substances to a total of 11 sites or facilities that impacted these water bodies. In February 2009, third party complaints were filed against some 320 third party defendants, including Power and PSE&G, claiming that each of the third party defendants is responsible for its proportionate share of the clean-up costs for the hazardous substances they allegedly discharged into the Passaic River and the Newark Bay Complex. The third party complaints seek statutory contribution and contribution under the Spill Act to recover past and future removal costs and damages. Power and PSE&G filed answers to the complaint in June 2010. A special master for discovery has been appointed by the court. Power and PSE&G believe they have good and valid defenses to the allegations contained in the third party complaints and will vigorously assert those defenses.

Natural Resource Damage Claims

In 2003, the NJDEP directed PSEG, PSE&G and 56 other PRPs to arrange for a natural resource damage assessment and interim compensatory restoration of natural resource injuries along the lower Passaic River and its tributaries pursuant to the Spill Act. The NJDEP alleged that hazardous substances had been discharged from the Essex Site and the Harrison Site. The NJDEP estimated the cost of interim natural resource injury restoration activities along the lower Passaic River at approximately $950 million. In 2007, agencies of the United States Department of Commerce and the United States Department of the Interior sent letters to PSE&G and other PRPs inviting participation in an assessment of injuries to natural resources that the agencies intended to perform. In 2008, PSEG and a number of other PRPs agreed to share certain immaterial costs the trustees have incurred and will incur going forward, and to work with the trustees to explore whether some or all of the trustees' claims can be resolved in a cooperative fashion. That effort is continuing.

 

Newark Bay Study Area

The EPA has established the Newark Bay Study Area, which it defines as Newark Bay and portions of the Hackensack River, the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull. In August 2006, the EPA sent PSEG and 11 other entities notices that it considered each of the entities to be a PRP with respect to contamination in the Study Area. The notice letter requested that the PRPs fund an EPA-approved study in the Newark Bay Study Area and encouraged the PRPs to contact Occidental Chemical Corporation (OCC) to discuss participating in the Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study that OCC was conducting. The notice stated the EPA's belief that hazardous substances were released from sites owned by PSEG companies and located on the Hackensack River, including two operating electric generating stations (Hudson and Kearny sites) and one former MGP site. PSEG is participating in and partially funding this study. Notices to fund the next phase of the study have been received but it is uncertain at this time whether the PSEG companies will consent to fund the next phase.

PSEG, Power and PSE&G cannot predict what further actions, if any, or the costs or the timing thereof, may be required with respect to the Passaic River, the NJDEP Litigation, the Newark Bay Study Area or with respect to natural resource damages claims; however, such costs could be material.

MGP Remediation Program

PSE&G is working with the NJDEP to assess, investigate and remediate environmental conditions at PSE&G's former MGP sites. To date, 38 sites requiring some level of remedial action have been identified.

During the third quarter of 2010, PSE&G updated the estimated cost to remediate all MGP sites to completion and determined that the cost to completion could range between $668 million and $774 million from September 30, 2010 through 2021. Since no amount within the range was considered to be most likely, PSE&G reflected a liability of $668 million on its Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2010. Since September 30, 2010, PSE&G had $18 million of expenditures, reducing the liability to $650 million as of June 30, 2011. Of this amount, $65 million was recorded in Other Current Liabilities and $585 million was reflected as Environmental Costs in Noncurrent Liabilities. PSE&G has recorded a $650 million Regulatory Asset with respect to these costs.

Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD)/New Source Review (NSR)

The PSD/NSR regulations, promulgated under the Clean Air Act, require major sources of certain air pollutants to obtain permits, install pollution control technology and obtain offsets, in some circumstances, when those sources undergo a "major modification," as defined in the regulations. The federal government may order companies that are not in compliance with the PSD/NSR regulations to install the best available control technology at the affected plants and to pay monetary penalties ranging from $25,000 to $37,500 per day for each violation, depending upon when the alleged violation occurred.

In November 2006, Power reached an agreement with the EPA and the NJDEP to achieve emissions reductions targets at certain of Power's generating stations. Under this agreement, Power was required to undertake a number of technology projects, plant modifications and operating procedure changes at the Hudson and Mercer facilities designed to meet targeted reductions in emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NOx), particulate matter and mercury. Power completed the construction of all plant modifications by the end of 2010 at a cost of $1.3 billion. Performance testing to validate the agreed-upon emission reductions was completed in the second quarter of 2011 and all performance metrics were met.

In January 2009, the EPA issued a notice of violation to Power and the other owners of the Keystone coal fired plant in Pennsylvania, alleging, among other things, that various capital improvement projects were completed at the plant which are considered modifications (or major modifications) causing significant net emission increases of PSD/NSR air pollutants, beginning in 1985 for Keystone Unit 1 and in 1984 for Keystone Unit 2. The notice of violation states that none of these modifications underwent PSD/NSR permitting process prior to being put into service, which the EPA alleges was required under the Clean Air Act. The notice of violation states that the EPA may issue an order requiring compliance with the relevant Clean Air Act provisions and may seek injunctive relief and/or civil penalties. Power owns approximately 23% of the plant. Power cannot predict the outcome of this matter.

Hazardous Air Pollutants Regulation

In accordance with a court ruling, the EPA proposed a Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) regulation in March 2011 which is expected to be finalized by November 2011. This regulation includes reduction of mercury and other hazardous air pollutants pursuant to the Clean Air Act. Until the final rule is adopted, the impact cannot be determined; however, if the rule is adopted as proposed, Power believes the back end technology environmental controls recently installed at its Hudson and Mercer coal facilities should meet the rule's requirements. Some additional controls could be necessary at Power's Connecticut facility and some of the other New Jersey facilities, pending engineering evaluation. The impact to Power's jointly owned coal fired generating facilities in Pennsylvania is under evaluation.

New Jersey regulations required coal fired electric generating units to meet certain emissions limits or reduce mercury emissions by approximately 90% by December 15, 2007. Companies that are parties to multi-pollutant reduction agreements, such as Power, have been permitted to postpone such reductions on half of their coal fired electric generating capacity until December 15, 2012.

With newly installed controls at its plants in New Jersey, Power expects to achieve the required mercury reductions that are part of Power's multi-pollutant reduction agreement that resolved issues arising out of the PSD/NSR air pollution control programs discussed above.

In 2007, Pennsylvania finalized its "state-specific" requirements to reduce mercury emissions from coal fired electric generating units. In 2009, the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania struck down the state rule, indicating that the rule violated Pennsylvania law because it was inconsistent with the Clean Air Act. This decision was affirmed by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.

NOx Regulation

In April 2009, the NJDEP finalized revisions to NOx emission control regulations that impose new NOx emission reduction requirements and limits for New Jersey fossil fuel fired electric generating units. The rule has a significant impact on Power's generation fleet, as it imposes NOx emissions limits that will require significant capital investment for controls or the retirement of up to 102 combustion turbines (approximately 2,000 MW) and five older New Jersey steam electric generating units (approximately 800 MW) by April 30, 2015.

Power has been working with the NJDEP throughout the development of this rulemaking to minimize financial impact and to provide for transitional lead time to address the retirement of electric generating units. Power cannot predict the financial impact resulting from compliance with this rulemaking.

Under current Connecticut regulations, Power's Bridgeport and New Haven facilities have been utilizing Discrete Emission Reduction Credits (DERCs) to comply with certain NOx emission limitations that were incorporated into the facilities' operating permits. On April 30, 2010, Power negotiated new agreements with the State of Connecticut extending the continued use of DERCs for certain emission units and equipment until May 31, 2014.

New Jersey Industrial Site Recovery Act (ISRA)

Potential environmental liabilities related to the alleged discharge of hazardous substances at certain generating stations have been identified. In the second quarter of 1999, in anticipation of the transfer of PSE&G's generation-related assets to Power, a study was conducted pursuant to ISRA, which applied to the sale of certain assets. Power had a $50 million liability related to these obligations, which was included in Environmental Costs on Power's and PSEG's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2011 and December 31, 2010.

 

Clean Water Act Permit Renewals

Pursuant to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA), New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NJPDES) permits expire within five years of their effective date. In order to renew these permits, but allow a plant to continue to operate, an owner or operator must file a permit application no later than six months prior to expiration of the permit.

One of the most significant NJPDES permits governing cooling water intake structures at Power is for Salem. In 2001, the NJDEP issued a renewed NJPDES permit for Salem, expiring in July 2006, allowing for the continued operation of Salem with its existing cooling water intake system. In February 2006, Power filed with the NJDEP a renewal application allowing Salem to continue operating under its existing NJPDES permit until a new permit is issued. Power prepared its renewal application in accordance with the FWPCA Section 316(b) and the 316(b) rules published in 2004. Those rules did not mandate the use of cooling towers at large existing generating plants. Rather, the rules provided alternatives for compliance with 316(b), including the use of restoration efforts to mitigate for the potential effects of cooling water intake structures, as well as the use of site-specific analysis to determine the best technology available for minimizing adverse impact based upon a cost-benefit test. Power has used restoration and/or a site-specific cost-benefit test in applications filed to renew the permits at its once-through cooled plants, including Salem, Hudson and Mercer.

As a result of several legal challenges to the 2004 316(b) rule by certain northeast states, environmentalists and industry groups, the rule has been suspended and has been returned to the EPA to be consistent with an April 2009 United States Supreme Court decision which concluded that the EPA could rely upon cost-benefit analysis in setting the national performance standards and in providing for cost-benefit variances from those standards as part of the Phase II regulations.

In April 2011, the EPA published a new proposed rule with comments currently due on August 18, 2011. The proposed rule would establish certain standards for existing cooling water intake structures with a design flow of more than 2 million gallons per day. If the rule were to be adopted as proposed, the majority of Power's electric generating facilities would be affected as they employ once-through cooling utilizing tidal river and tidal waters. Power is reviewing the proposed rule and assessing the potential impact on its generating facilities. Power is unable to predict the outcome of this proposed rulemaking, the final form that the proposed regulations may take and the effect, if any, that they may have on its future capital requirements, financial condition or results of operations. If adopted as proposed, the impact would be material since the majority of our generating stations would be affected as they employ once-through cooling utilizing tidal river and tidal waters.

The results of further proceedings on this matter could have a material impact on Power's ability to renew permits at its larger once-through cooled plants, including Salem, Hudson, Mercer, Bridgeport and possibly Sewaren and New Haven, without making significant upgrades to existing intake structures and cooling systems. The costs of those upgrades to one or more of Power's once-through cooled plants would be material, and would require economic review to determine whether to continue operations at these facilities. For example, in Power's application to renew its Salem permit, filed with the NJDEP in February 2006, the estimated costs for adding cooling towers for Salem were approximately $1 billion, of which Power's share would have been approximately $575 million. These cost estimates have not been updated. Currently, potential costs associated with any closed cycle cooling requirements are not included in Power's forecasted capital expenditures.

In addition to the EPA rulemaking, several states, including California and New York, have begun setting policies that may require closed cycle cooling. It is unknown how these policies may ultimately impact the EPA's rulemaking.

In January 2010, the NJDEP issued a draft NJPDES permit to another company which would require the installation of closed cycle cooling at that company's nuclear generating station located in New Jersey. In December 2010, NJDEP and that company entered into an Administrative Consent Order (ACO) which would require the company to cease operations at the nuclear generating station no later than 2019. In the ACO, the NJDEP agreed that closed cycle cooling is not the best technology available for that facility and agreed to issue a new draft NJPDES permit for that facility without a requirement for construction of cooling towers or other closed cycle cooling facilities. The new draft NJPDES permit will be issued in substitution for the draft NJPDES permit issued in January 2010. We cannot predict at this time the final outcome of the NJDEP decision and the impact, if any, such a decision would have on any of Power's once-through cooled generating stations.

Stormwater

In October 2008, the NJDEP notified Power that it must apply for an individual stormwater discharge permit for its Hudson generating station. Hudson stores its coal in an open air pile and, as a result, it is exposed to precipitation. Discharge of stormwater from Hudson has been regulated pursuant to a Basic Industrial Stormwater General Permit, authorization of which has been previously approved by the NJDEP. The NJDEP has determined that Hudson is no longer eligible to utilize this general permit.

In December 2010, the NJDEP issued a draft renewal NJPDES permit to Power which, among other things, proposed conditions regarding stormwater runoff from the Hudson coal pile. The NJDEP authorized a new discharge of stormwater runoff without further requirement to construct technologies preventing the discharge of stormwater to surface water or groundwater. Power expects the final permit to be issued by NJDEP in the near term without change to the stormwater discharge authorization provision.

New Generation and Development

Nuclear

Power has approved the expenditure of approximately $192 million for a steam path retrofit and related upgrades at its co-owned Peach Bottom Units 2 and 3. Completion of these upgrades is expected to result in an increase of Power's share of nominal capacity by approximately 32 MW (14 MW at Unit 3 in 2011 and 18 MW at Unit 2 in 2012). Total expenditures through June 30, 2011 were $68 million and are expected to continue through 2012.

Power has begun expenditures in pursuit of additional output through an extended power uprate of the Peach Bottom nuclear units. The uprate is expected to be in service in 2015 for Unit 2 and 2016 for Unit 3. Power's share of the increased capacity is expected to be approximately 133 MW with an anticipated cost of approximately $400 million. Total expenditures through June 30, 2011 were $25 million and are expected to continue through 2016.

Connecticut

Power has been selected by the Connecticut Department of Public Utility Control in a regulatory process to build 130 MW of gas fired peaking capacity. Final approval was received and construction began in the second quarter of 2011. The project is expected to be in service by June 2012. Power estimates the cost of these generating units to be $130 million to $140 million. Total capitalized expenditures through June 30, 2011 were $78 million, which are included in Property, Plant and Equipment on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets of PSEG and Power. This project is subject to regulatory cost recovery. The initial filing is expected to be made in the fourth quarter of 2011.

PJM Interconnection L.L.C. (PJM)

Power plans to construct gas fired peaking facilities at its Kearny site. Construction began in the second quarter of 2011. The projects are expected to be in service by June 2012. Capacity in the amount of 178 MW was bid into and cleared the PJM Reliability Pricing Model (RPM) base residual capacity auction for the 2012-2013 period. Capacity in the amount of 267 MW was bid into and cleared the PJM RPM base residual capacity auction for the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 periods. Power estimates the cost of these generating units to be $250 million to $300 million. Total capitalized expenditures through June 30, 2011 were $104 million which are included in Property, Plant and Equipment on Power's and PSEG's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

PSE&G—Solar

As part of the BPU-approved Solar 4 All Program, PSE&G is installing up to 40 MW of solar generation on existing utility poles within its service territory. PSE&G has entered into an agreement to purchase solar units for this program. PSE&G's commitments under this agreement are contingent upon, among other things, the availability of suitable utility poles for installation of the units. Approximately 21 MW have been installed as of June 30, 2011. PSE&G's cumulative investments for these solar units were approximately $150 million, with additional purchases to be made on a quarterly basis during the remaining two-year term of the purchase agreement.

Another aspect of the Solar 4 All program is the installation of 40 MW of solar systems on land and buildings owned by PSE&G and third parties. Through June 30, 2011, 23MW representing 15 projects were placed into service with an investment of approximately $117 million.

Basic Generation Service (BGS) and Basic Gas Supply Service (BGSS)

PSE&G obtains its electric supply requirements for customers who do not purchase electric supply from third party suppliers through the annual New Jersey BGS auctions. Pursuant to applicable BPU rules, PSE&G enters into the Supplier Master Agreement with the winners of these BGS auctions following the BPU's approval of the auction results. PSE&G has entered into contracts with Power, as well as with other winning BGS suppliers, to purchase BGS for PSE&G's load requirements. The winners of the auction (including Power) are responsible for fulfilling all the requirements of a PJM Load Serving Entity including the provision of capacity, energy, ancillary services, transmission and any other services required by PJM. BGS suppliers assume all volume risk and customer migration risk and must satisfy New Jersey's renewable portfolio standards.

Power seeks to mitigate volatility in its results by contracting in advance for the sale of most of its anticipated electric output as well as its anticipated fuel needs. As part of its objective, Power has entered into contracts to directly supply PSE&G and other New Jersey electric distribution companies (EDCs) with a portion of their respective BGS requirements through the New Jersey BGS auction process, described above. In addition to the BGS-related contracts, Power also enters into firm supply contracts with EDCs, as well as other firm sales and commitments.

PSE&G has contracted for its anticipated BGS-Fixed Price eligible load, as follows:

 

Auction Year  
    

2008

    

2009

    

2010

    

2011

 

36-Month Terms Ending

     May 2011         May 2012         May 2013         May 2014 (A) 

Load (MW)

     2,800         2,900         2,800         2,800   

$ per kWh

     0.11150         0.10372         0.09577         0.09430   

 

(A) Prices set in the 2011 BGS auction became effective on June 1, 2011 when the 2008 BGS auction agreements expired.

PSE&G has a full requirements contract with Power to meet the gas supply requirements of PSE&G's gas customers. The contract extends through March 31, 2012, and year-to-year thereafter. Power has entered into hedges for a portion of these anticipated BGSS obligations, as permitted by the BPU. The BPU permits PSE&G to recover the cost of gas hedging up to 115 billion cubic feet or 80% of its residential gas supply annual requirements through the BGSS tariff. For additional information, see Note 17. Related-Party Transactions. Current plans call for Power to hedge on behalf of PSE&G approximately 70 billion cubic feet or 50% of its residential gas supply annual requirements.

 

Minimum Fuel Purchase Requirements

Power has various long-term fuel purchase commitments for coal and oil to support its fossil generation stations and for supply of nuclear fuel for the Salem and Hope Creek nuclear generating stations and for firm transportation and storage capacity for natural gas.

Power's various multi-year contracts for firm transportation and storage capacity for natural gas are primarily used to meet its gas supply obligations to PSE&G. These purchase obligations are consistent with Power's strategy to enter into contracts for its fuel supply in comparable volumes to its sales contracts.

Power's strategy is to maintain certain levels of uranium in inventory and to make periodic purchases to support such levels. As such, the commitments referred to below may include estimated quantities to be purchased that deviate from contractual nominal quantities. Power's nuclear fuel commitments cover approximately 100% of its estimated uranium, enrichment and fabrication requirements through 2012 and a portion for 2013, 2014 and 2015 at Salem, Hope Creek and Peach Bottom.

As of June 30, 2011, the total minimum purchase requirements included in these commitments were as follows:

 

Fuel Type

  

Commitments
through 2015
Power's Share

 
  
     Millions   

Nuclear Fuel

  

Uranium

   $ 491   

Enrichment

   $ 457   

Fabrication

   $ 129   

Natural Gas

   $ 959   

Coal/Oil

   $ 1,032   

Included in the $1,032 million commitment for coal is $687 million related to a certain coal contract under which Power can cancel future contractual deliveries at no cost. In 2011, Power has not cancelled any related coal deliveries.

Regulatory Proceedings

Electric Discount and Energy Competition Act (Competition Act)

In April 2007, PSE&G and Transition Funding were served with a purported class action complaint (Complaint) in New Jersey Superior Court challenging the constitutional validity of certain stranded cost recovery provisions of the Competition Act, seeking injunctive relief against continued collection from PSE&G's electric customers of the Transition Bond Charge (TBC) of Transition Funding, as well as recovery of TBC amounts previously collected. Under New Jersey law, the Competition Act, enacted in 1999, is presumed constitutional.

In July 2007, the plaintiff filed an amended Complaint to also seek injunctive relief from continued collection of related taxes as well as recovery of such taxes previously collected. In October 2007, the Court granted PSE&G's motion to dismiss the amended Complaint and in November 2007, the plaintiff filed a notice of appeal with the Appellate Division of the New Jersey Superior Court (Appellate Division). In February 2009, the Appellate Division affirmed the decision of the lower court dismissing the case. In May 2009, the New Jersey Supreme Court denied a request from the plaintiff to review the Appellate Division's decision.

In July 2007, the same plaintiff also filed a petition with the BPU requesting review and adjustment to PSE&G's recovery of the same stranded cost charges. In September 2007, PSE&G filed a motion with the BPU to dismiss the petition. In June 2010, the BPU granted PSE&G's motion to dismiss. In April 2011, the BPU issued a written order memorializing this decision. In June 2011, the plaintiff/petitioner filed a notice of appeal with the New Jersey Appellate Division.

New Jersey Clean Energy Program

In 2008, the BPU approved funding requirements for each New Jersey utility applicable to its Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency programs for the years 2009 to 2012. The aggregate funding amount is $1.2 billion for all years. PSE&G's share is $705 million. PSE&G has recorded a discounted liability of $335 million as of June 30, 2011. Of this amount, $215 million was recorded as a current liability and $120 million as a noncurrent liability. The liability is reduced as normal payments are made. The liability has been recorded with an offsetting Regulatory Asset, since the costs associated with this program are expected to be recovered from PSE&G ratepayers through the Societal Benefits Charge.

Long-Term Capacity Agreement Pilot Program (LCAPP)

In January 2011, New Jersey enacted the LCAPP Act directing the BPU to conduct a process to procure and subsidize up to 2,000 megawatts of baseload or mid-merit electric power generation. In March 2011, the BPU issued a written order approving a form of agreement and selecting three generators to build a total of approximately 1,949 MW of new combined-cycle generating facilities located in New Jersey. Each of the New Jersey EDCs, including PSE&G, executed standard offer capacity agreements (SOCA) with each of the three selected generators in compliance with the BPU's directive, but did so under protest preserving its respective legal rights. The SOCA requires that the generator bid in and clear the PJM RPM base residual auction in each year of the SOCA term. The SOCA provides for the EDCs to make capacity payments to, or receive capacity payments from, the generators as calculated based on the difference between the RPM clearing price for each year of the term and the price bid and accepted for that generator in the BPU process. The LCAPP Act and the BPU order provide that, once the SOCAs are executed and approved by the BPU, they will be irrevocable and the EDCs will be entitled to full rate recovery of the prudently incurred costs. PSE&G will not make or receive payments under the three contracts unless (1) the plant successfully bids into and clears the capacity auction, and (2) the proposed plant is constructed. In April 2011, the BPU approved the executed contracts and also announced that it will convene a proceeding to consider whether current mechanisms are adequate to incent generation construction in New Jersey. Both PSE&G and Power appealed the BPU's LCAPP order to the Appellate Division. Further, the BPU has commenced a new proceeding to investigate the need for additional procurement of generation of up to 1,600 MW. Both PSE&G and Power are participating in this proceeding, which calls for recommendations to be made to the BPU by the end of 2011.

Leveraged Lease Investments

The IRS has issued reports with respect to its audits of PSEG's consolidated federal corporate income tax returns for tax years 1997 through 2003, which disallowed all deductions associated with certain lease transactions. The IRS reports also proposed a 20% penalty for substantial understatement of tax liability. PSEG has filed protests of these findings with the Office of Appeals of the IRS.

PSEG believes its tax position related to these transactions was proper based on applicable statutes, regulations and case law in effect at the time that the deductions were taken. There are several pending tax cases involving other taxpayers with similar leveraged lease investments. To date, six cases have been decided at the trial court level, four of which were decided in favor of the government. The appeals of two of these decisions were affirmed, both in favor of the government. The fifth case involves a jury verdict that was challenged by both parties on inconsistency grounds but was later settled by the parties. One case, involving an investment in an energy transaction by a utility, was decided in favor of the taxpayer.

In order to reduce the cash tax exposure related to these leases, Energy Holdings pursued opportunities to terminate international leases with lessees that were willing to meet certain economic thresholds. As of December 31, 2010, Energy Holdings had terminated all of these leasing transactions and reduced the related cash tax exposure by $1.1 billion. PSEG has completely eliminated its gross investment in such transactions.

 

Cash Impact

As of June 30, 2011, an aggregate of approximately $264 million would become currently payable if PSEG conceded all deductions taken through that date. PSEG has deposited $320 million with the IRS to defray potential interest costs associated with this disputed tax liability, eliminating its cash exposure completely. In the event PSEG is successful in defense of its position, the deposit is fully refundable with interest. Penalties of $150 million would also become payable if the IRS successfully asserted and litigated a case against PSEG. PSEG has not established a reserve for penalties because it believes it has strong defenses to the assertion of penalties under applicable law. Interest and penalty exposure will grow at an average rate of $2 million per quarter during 2011. If the IRS is successful in a litigated case consistent with the positions it has taken in the generic settlement offer recently proposed, an additional $20 million to $40 million of tax would be due for tax positions through June 30, 2011.

Unless this matter is resolved with the IRS, PSEG currently anticipates that it may be required to pay between $110 million and $300 million in tax, interest and penalties for the tax years 1997-2000 during 2011 and subsequently commence litigation to recover those amounts. It is possible that an additional payment of between $220 million and $550 million could be required during 2011 for tax years 2001-2003 followed by further litigation to recover those amounts. The amounts that may be required to litigate differ from the potential net cash exposure noted above, as the former amounts include all potential deficiencies for only contested tax years 1997 through 2003. These litigation amounts also include penalties which are not included in the computation of potential net cash exposure as PSEG believes it has strong defenses. These amounts also exclude an offset for taxes paid on lease terminations, which is netted in the potential net cash exposure as PSEG would be entitled to a refund of such amounts under a loss scenario. Any potential claims PSEG would make to recover such amounts would include the deposit noted above.

Earnings Impact

PSEG's current reserve position represents its view of the earnings impact that could result from a settlement related to these transactions, although a total loss, consistent with the broad settlement offer previously proposed by the IRS, would result in an additional earnings charge of $120 million to $140 million.

Power [Member]
 
Commitments And Contingent Liabilities

Note 8. Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

Guaranteed ObligationsPSEG and Power

Power's activities primarily involve the purchase and sale of energy and related products under transportation, physical, financial and forward contracts at fixed and variable prices. These transactions are with numerous counterparties and brokers that may require cash, cash-related instruments or guarantees.

Power has unconditionally guaranteed payments to counterparties by its subsidiaries in commodity-related transactions in order to

 

 

support current exposure, interest and other costs on sums due and payable in the ordinary course of business, and

 

 

obtain credit.

Under these agreements, guarantees cover lines of credit between entities and are often reciprocal in nature. The exposure between counterparties can move in either direction.

In order for Power to incur a liability for the face value of the outstanding guarantees, its subsidiaries would have to

 

 

fully utilize the credit granted to them by every counterparty to whom Power has provided a guarantee, and

 

 

all of the related contracts would have to be "out-of-the-money" (if the contracts are terminated, Power would owe money to the counterparties).

Power believes the probability of this result is unlikely. For this reason, Power believes that the current exposure at any point in time is a more meaningful representation of the potential liability under these guarantees. This current exposure consists of the net of accounts receivable and accounts payable and the forward value on open positions, less any collateral posted.

Power is subject to

 

 

counterparty collateral calls related to commodity contracts, and

 

 

certain creditworthiness standards as guarantor under performance guarantees of its subsidiaries.

Changes in commodity prices can have a material impact on collateral requirements under such contracts, which are posted and received primarily in the form of cash and letters of credit. Power also routinely enters into futures and options transactions for electricity and natural gas as part of its operations. These futures contracts usually require a cash margin deposit with brokers, which can change based on market movement and in accordance with exchange rules.

 

The face value of outstanding guarantees, current exposure and margin positions as of June 30, 2011 and December 31, 2010 are shown below:

 

    

As of
June 30,

2011

   

As of
December 31,

2010

 
     Millions  

Face Value of Outstanding Guarantees

   $ 1,838      $ 1,936   

Exposure under Current Guarantees

   $ 270      $ 330   

Letters of Credit Margin Posted

   $ 185      $ 137   

Letters of Credit Margin Received

   $ 49      $ 109   

Cash Deposited and Received

    

Counterparty Cash Margin Deposited

   $ 0      $ 0   

Counterparty Cash Margin Received

     (7     (2

Net Broker Balance Deposited (Received)

     31        (28

In the Event Power Were to Lose its Investment Grade Rating

    

Additional Collateral that could be Required

   $ 771      $ 828   

Liquidity Available under PSEG's and Power's Credit Facilities to Post Collateral

   $ 3,416      $ 2,750   

Additional Amounts Posted

    

Other Letters of Credit

   $ 98      $ 98   

Power nets receivables and payables with the corresponding net energy contract balances. See Note 10. Financial Risk Management Activities for further discussion. The remaining balance of net cash (received) deposited is primarily included in Accounts Receivable.

In the event of a deterioration of Power's credit rating to below investment grade, which would represent a two level downgrade from its current ratings, many of these agreements allow the counterparty to demand further performance assurance. See table above.

In addition, during 2011, the SEC and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) are continuing efforts to implement new rules to enact stricter regulation over swaps and derivatives. Power will carefully monitor these new rules as they are developed to analyze the potential impact on its swap and derivatives transactions, including any potential increase to collateral requirements.

In April 2011, PSEG and Power entered into new 5-year credit agreements resulting in an increase of $650 million in Power's total credit capacity.

In addition to amounts for outstanding guarantees, current exposure and margin positions, Power had posted letters of credit to support various other non-energy contractual and environmental obligations. See table above.

Environmental Matters

Passaic River

Historic operations by PSEG companies and the operations of hundreds of other companies along the Passaic and Hackensack Rivers are alleged by Federal and State agencies to have discharged substantial contamination into the Passaic River/Newark Bay Complex.

Federal Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA)

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has determined that an eight-mile stretch of the Passaic River in the area of Newark, New Jersey is a "facility" within the meaning of that term under CERCLA. The EPA has determined the need to perform a study of the entire 17-mile tidal reach of the lower Passaic River.

 

PSE&G and certain of its predecessors conducted operations at properties in this area on or adjacent to the Passaic River. The properties included one operating electric generating station (Essex Site), which was transferred to Power, one former generating station and four former manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites. When the Essex Site was transferred from PSE&G to Power, PSE&G obtained releases and indemnities for liabilities arising out of the former Essex generating station and Power assumed any environmental liabilities.

The EPA believes that hazardous substances were released from the Essex Site and one of PSE&G's former MGP locations (Harrison Site). In 2006, the EPA notified the potentially responsible parties (PRPs) that the cost of its study would greatly exceed the original estimated cost of $20 million. The total cost of the study is now estimated at approximately $86 million. 73 PRPs, including Power and PSE&G, agreed to assume responsibility for the study and to divide the associated costs according to a mutually agreed upon formula. The PRP group, currently 71 members, is presently executing the study. Approximately five percent of the study costs are attributable to PSE&G's former MGP sites and approximately one percent to Power's generating stations. Power has provided notice to insurers concerning this potential claim.

In 2007, the EPA released a draft "Focused Feasibility Study" that proposed six options to address the contamination cleanup of the lower eight miles of the Passaic River. The estimated costs for the proposed remedy range from $1.3 billion to $3.7 billion. The work contemplated by the study is not subject to the cost sharing agreement discussed above. A revised focused feasibility study may be released as early as the second quarter of 2012.

In June 2008, an agreement was announced between the EPA and two PRPs for removal of a portion of the contaminated sediment in the Passaic River at an estimated cost of $80 million. The two PRPs have reserved their rights to seek contribution for the removal costs from the other PRPs, including Power and PSE&G.

New Jersey Spill Compensation and Control Act (Spill Act)

In 2005, the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) filed suit against a PRP and its related companies in the New Jersey Superior Court seeking damages and reimbursement for costs expended by the State of New Jersey to address the effects of the PRP's discharge of hazardous substances into both the Passaic River and the balance of the Newark Bay Complex. Power and PSE&G are alleged to have owned, operated or contributed hazardous substances to a total of 11 sites or facilities that impacted these water bodies. In February 2009, third party complaints were filed against some 320 third party defendants, including Power and PSE&G, claiming that each of the third party defendants is responsible for its proportionate share of the clean-up costs for the hazardous substances they allegedly discharged into the Passaic River and the Newark Bay Complex. The third party complaints seek statutory contribution and contribution under the Spill Act to recover past and future removal costs and damages. Power and PSE&G filed answers to the complaint in June 2010. A special master for discovery has been appointed by the court. Power and PSE&G believe they have good and valid defenses to the allegations contained in the third party complaints and will vigorously assert those defenses.

Natural Resource Damage Claims

In 2003, the NJDEP directed PSEG, PSE&G and 56 other PRPs to arrange for a natural resource damage assessment and interim compensatory restoration of natural resource injuries along the lower Passaic River and its tributaries pursuant to the Spill Act. The NJDEP alleged that hazardous substances had been discharged from the Essex Site and the Harrison Site. The NJDEP estimated the cost of interim natural resource injury restoration activities along the lower Passaic River at approximately $950 million. In 2007, agencies of the United States Department of Commerce and the United States Department of the Interior sent letters to PSE&G and other PRPs inviting participation in an assessment of injuries to natural resources that the agencies intended to perform. In 2008, PSEG and a number of other PRPs agreed to share certain immaterial costs the trustees have incurred and will incur going forward, and to work with the trustees to explore whether some or all of the trustees' claims can be resolved in a cooperative fashion. That effort is continuing.

 

Newark Bay Study Area

The EPA has established the Newark Bay Study Area, which it defines as Newark Bay and portions of the Hackensack River, the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull. In August 2006, the EPA sent PSEG and 11 other entities notices that it considered each of the entities to be a PRP with respect to contamination in the Study Area. The notice letter requested that the PRPs fund an EPA-approved study in the Newark Bay Study Area and encouraged the PRPs to contact Occidental Chemical Corporation (OCC) to discuss participating in the Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study that OCC was conducting. The notice stated the EPA's belief that hazardous substances were released from sites owned by PSEG companies and located on the Hackensack River, including two operating electric generating stations (Hudson and Kearny sites) and one former MGP site. PSEG is participating in and partially funding this study. Notices to fund the next phase of the study have been received but it is uncertain at this time whether the PSEG companies will consent to fund the next phase.

PSEG, Power and PSE&G cannot predict what further actions, if any, or the costs or the timing thereof, may be required with respect to the Passaic River, the NJDEP Litigation, the Newark Bay Study Area or with respect to natural resource damages claims; however, such costs could be material.

MGP Remediation Program

PSE&G is working with the NJDEP to assess, investigate and remediate environmental conditions at PSE&G's former MGP sites. To date, 38 sites requiring some level of remedial action have been identified.

During the third quarter of 2010, PSE&G updated the estimated cost to remediate all MGP sites to completion and determined that the cost to completion could range between $668 million and $774 million from September 30, 2010 through 2021. Since no amount within the range was considered to be most likely, PSE&G reflected a liability of $668 million on its Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2010. Since September 30, 2010, PSE&G had $18 million of expenditures, reducing the liability to $650 million as of June 30, 2011. Of this amount, $65 million was recorded in Other Current Liabilities and $585 million was reflected as Environmental Costs in Noncurrent Liabilities. PSE&G has recorded a $650 million Regulatory Asset with respect to these costs.

Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD)/New Source Review (NSR)

The PSD/NSR regulations, promulgated under the Clean Air Act, require major sources of certain air pollutants to obtain permits, install pollution control technology and obtain offsets, in some circumstances, when those sources undergo a "major modification," as defined in the regulations. The federal government may order companies that are not in compliance with the PSD/NSR regulations to install the best available control technology at the affected plants and to pay monetary penalties ranging from $25,000 to $37,500 per day for each violation, depending upon when the alleged violation occurred.

In November 2006, Power reached an agreement with the EPA and the NJDEP to achieve emissions reductions targets at certain of Power's generating stations. Under this agreement, Power was required to undertake a number of technology projects, plant modifications and operating procedure changes at the Hudson and Mercer facilities designed to meet targeted reductions in emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NOx), particulate matter and mercury. Power completed the construction of all plant modifications by the end of 2010 at a cost of $1.3 billion. Performance testing to validate the agreed-upon emission reductions was completed in the second quarter of 2011 and all performance metrics were met.

In January 2009, the EPA issued a notice of violation to Power and the other owners of the Keystone coal fired plant in Pennsylvania, alleging, among other things, that various capital improvement projects were completed at the plant which are considered modifications (or major modifications) causing significant net emission increases of PSD/NSR air pollutants, beginning in 1985 for Keystone Unit 1 and in 1984 for Keystone Unit 2. The notice of violation states that none of these modifications underwent PSD/NSR permitting process prior to being put into service, which the EPA alleges was required under the Clean Air Act. The notice of violation states that the EPA may issue an order requiring compliance with the relevant Clean Air Act provisions and may seek injunctive relief and/or civil penalties. Power owns approximately 23% of the plant. Power cannot predict the outcome of this matter.

Hazardous Air Pollutants Regulation

In accordance with a court ruling, the EPA proposed a Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) regulation in March 2011 which is expected to be finalized by November 2011. This regulation includes reduction of mercury and other hazardous air pollutants pursuant to the Clean Air Act. Until the final rule is adopted, the impact cannot be determined; however, if the rule is adopted as proposed, Power believes the back end technology environmental controls recently installed at its Hudson and Mercer coal facilities should meet the rule's requirements. Some additional controls could be necessary at Power's Connecticut facility and some of the other New Jersey facilities, pending engineering evaluation. The impact to Power's jointly owned coal fired generating facilities in Pennsylvania is under evaluation.

New Jersey regulations required coal fired electric generating units to meet certain emissions limits or reduce mercury emissions by approximately 90% by December 15, 2007. Companies that are parties to multi-pollutant reduction agreements, such as Power, have been permitted to postpone such reductions on half of their coal fired electric generating capacity until December 15, 2012.

With newly installed controls at its plants in New Jersey, Power expects to achieve the required mercury reductions that are part of Power's multi-pollutant reduction agreement that resolved issues arising out of the PSD/NSR air pollution control programs discussed above.

In 2007, Pennsylvania finalized its "state-specific" requirements to reduce mercury emissions from coal fired electric generating units. In 2009, the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania struck down the state rule, indicating that the rule violated Pennsylvania law because it was inconsistent with the Clean Air Act. This decision was affirmed by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.

NOx Regulation

In April 2009, the NJDEP finalized revisions to NOx emission control regulations that impose new NOx emission reduction requirements and limits for New Jersey fossil fuel fired electric generating units. The rule has a significant impact on Power's generation fleet, as it imposes NOx emissions limits that will require significant capital investment for controls or the retirement of up to 102 combustion turbines (approximately 2,000 MW) and five older New Jersey steam electric generating units (approximately 800 MW) by April 30, 2015.

Power has been working with the NJDEP throughout the development of this rulemaking to minimize financial impact and to provide for transitional lead time to address the retirement of electric generating units. Power cannot predict the financial impact resulting from compliance with this rulemaking.

Under current Connecticut regulations, Power's Bridgeport and New Haven facilities have been utilizing Discrete Emission Reduction Credits (DERCs) to comply with certain NOx emission limitations that were incorporated into the facilities' operating permits. On April 30, 2010, Power negotiated new agreements with the State of Connecticut extending the continued use of DERCs for certain emission units and equipment until May 31, 2014.

New Jersey Industrial Site Recovery Act (ISRA)

Potential environmental liabilities related to the alleged discharge of hazardous substances at certain generating stations have been identified. In the second quarter of 1999, in anticipation of the transfer of PSE&G's generation-related assets to Power, a study was conducted pursuant to ISRA, which applied to the sale of certain assets. Power had a $50 million liability related to these obligations, which was included in Environmental Costs on Power's and PSEG's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2011 and December 31, 2010.

 

Clean Water Act Permit Renewals

Pursuant to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA), New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NJPDES) permits expire within five years of their effective date. In order to renew these permits, but allow a plant to continue to operate, an owner or operator must file a permit application no later than six months prior to expiration of the permit.

One of the most significant NJPDES permits governing cooling water intake structures at Power is for Salem. In 2001, the NJDEP issued a renewed NJPDES permit for Salem, expiring in July 2006, allowing for the continued operation of Salem with its existing cooling water intake system. In February 2006, Power filed with the NJDEP a renewal application allowing Salem to continue operating under its existing NJPDES permit until a new permit is issued. Power prepared its renewal application in accordance with the FWPCA Section 316(b) and the 316(b) rules published in 2004. Those rules did not mandate the use of cooling towers at large existing generating plants. Rather, the rules provided alternatives for compliance with 316(b), including the use of restoration efforts to mitigate for the potential effects of cooling water intake structures, as well as the use of site-specific analysis to determine the best technology available for minimizing adverse impact based upon a cost-benefit test. Power has used restoration and/or a site-specific cost-benefit test in applications filed to renew the permits at its once-through cooled plants, including Salem, Hudson and Mercer.

As a result of several legal challenges to the 2004 316(b) rule by certain northeast states, environmentalists and industry groups, the rule has been suspended and has been returned to the EPA to be consistent with an April 2009 United States Supreme Court decision which concluded that the EPA could rely upon cost-benefit analysis in setting the national performance standards and in providing for cost-benefit variances from those standards as part of the Phase II regulations.

In April 2011, the EPA published a new proposed rule with comments currently due on August 18, 2011. The proposed rule would establish certain standards for existing cooling water intake structures with a design flow of more than 2 million gallons per day. If the rule were to be adopted as proposed, the majority of Power's electric generating facilities would be affected as they employ once-through cooling utilizing tidal river and tidal waters. Power is reviewing the proposed rule and assessing the potential impact on its generating facilities. Power is unable to predict the outcome of this proposed rulemaking, the final form that the proposed regulations may take and the effect, if any, that they may have on its future capital requirements, financial condition or results of operations. If adopted as proposed, the impact would be material since the majority of our generating stations would be affected as they employ once-through cooling utilizing tidal river and tidal waters.

The results of further proceedings on this matter could have a material impact on Power's ability to renew permits at its larger once-through cooled plants, including Salem, Hudson, Mercer, Bridgeport and possibly Sewaren and New Haven, without making significant upgrades to existing intake structures and cooling systems. The costs of those upgrades to one or more of Power's once-through cooled plants would be material, and would require economic review to determine whether to continue operations at these facilities. For example, in Power's application to renew its Salem permit, filed with the NJDEP in February 2006, the estimated costs for adding cooling towers for Salem were approximately $1 billion, of which Power's share would have been approximately $575 million. These cost estimates have not been updated. Currently, potential costs associated with any closed cycle cooling requirements are not included in Power's forecasted capital expenditures.

In addition to the EPA rulemaking, several states, including California and New York, have begun setting policies that may require closed cycle cooling. It is unknown how these policies may ultimately impact the EPA's rulemaking.

In January 2010, the NJDEP issued a draft NJPDES permit to another company which would require the installation of closed cycle cooling at that company's nuclear generating station located in New Jersey. In December 2010, NJDEP and that company entered into an Administrative Consent Order (ACO) which would require the company to cease operations at the nuclear generating station no later than 2019. In the ACO, the NJDEP agreed that closed cycle cooling is not the best technology available for that facility and agreed to issue a new draft NJPDES permit for that facility without a requirement for construction of cooling towers or other closed cycle cooling facilities. The new draft NJPDES permit will be issued in substitution for the draft NJPDES permit issued in January 2010. We cannot predict at this time the final outcome of the NJDEP decision and the impact, if any, such a decision would have on any of Power's once-through cooled generating stations.

Stormwater

In October 2008, the NJDEP notified Power that it must apply for an individual stormwater discharge permit for its Hudson generating station. Hudson stores its coal in an open air pile and, as a result, it is exposed to precipitation. Discharge of stormwater from Hudson has been regulated pursuant to a Basic Industrial Stormwater General Permit, authorization of which has been previously approved by the NJDEP. The NJDEP has determined that Hudson is no longer eligible to utilize this general permit.

In December 2010, the NJDEP issued a draft renewal NJPDES permit to Power which, among other things, proposed conditions regarding stormwater runoff from the Hudson coal pile. The NJDEP authorized a new discharge of stormwater runoff without further requirement to construct technologies preventing the discharge of stormwater to surface water or groundwater. Power expects the final permit to be issued by NJDEP in the near term without change to the stormwater discharge authorization provision.

New Generation and Development

Nuclear

Power has approved the expenditure of approximately $192 million for a steam path retrofit and related upgrades at its co-owned Peach Bottom Units 2 and 3. Completion of these upgrades is expected to result in an increase of Power's share of nominal capacity by approximately 32 MW (14 MW at Unit 3 in 2011 and 18 MW at Unit 2 in 2012). Total expenditures through June 30, 2011 were $68 million and are expected to continue through 2012.

Power has begun expenditures in pursuit of additional output through an extended power uprate of the Peach Bottom nuclear units. The uprate is expected to be in service in 2015 for Unit 2 and 2016 for Unit 3. Power's share of the increased capacity is expected to be approximately 133 MW with an anticipated cost of approximately $400 million. Total expenditures through June 30, 2011 were $25 million and are expected to continue through 2016.

Connecticut

Power has been selected by the Connecticut Department of Public Utility Control in a regulatory process to build 130 MW of gas fired peaking capacity. Final approval was received and construction began in the second quarter of 2011. The project is expected to be in service by June 2012. Power estimates the cost of these generating units to be $130 million to $140 million. Total capitalized expenditures through June 30, 2011 were $78 million, which are included in Property, Plant and Equipment on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets of PSEG and Power. This project is subject to regulatory cost recovery. The initial filing is expected to be made in the fourth quarter of 2011.

PJM Interconnection L.L.C. (PJM)

Power plans to construct gas fired peaking facilities at its Kearny site. Construction began in the second quarter of 2011. The projects are expected to be in service by June 2012. Capacity in the amount of 178 MW was bid into and cleared the PJM Reliability Pricing Model (RPM) base residual capacity auction for the 2012-2013 period. Capacity in the amount of 267 MW was bid into and cleared the PJM RPM base residual capacity auction for the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 periods. Power estimates the cost of these generating units to be $250 million to $300 million. Total capitalized expenditures through June 30, 2011 were $104 million which are included in Property, Plant and Equipment on Power's and PSEG's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

PSE&GSolar

As part of the BPU-approved Solar 4 All Program, PSE&G is installing up to 40 MW of solar generation on existing utility poles within its service territory. PSE&G has entered into an agreement to purchase solar units for this program. PSE&G's commitments under this agreement are contingent upon, among other things, the availability of suitable utility poles for installation of the units. Approximately 21 MW have been installed as of June 30, 2011. PSE&G's cumulative investments for these solar units were approximately $150 million, with additional purchases to be made on a quarterly basis during the remaining two-year term of the purchase agreement.

Another aspect of the Solar 4 All program is the installation of 40 MW of solar systems on land and buildings owned by PSE&G and third parties. Through June 30, 2011, 23MW representing 15 projects were placed into service with an investment of approximately $117 million.

Basic Generation Service (BGS) and Basic Gas Supply Service (BGSS)

PSE&G obtains its electric supply requirements for customers who do not purchase electric supply from third party suppliers through the annual New Jersey BGS auctions. Pursuant to applicable BPU rules, PSE&G enters into the Supplier Master Agreement with the winners of these BGS auctions following the BPU's approval of the auction results. PSE&G has entered into contracts with Power, as well as with other winning BGS suppliers, to purchase BGS for PSE&G's load requirements. The winners of the auction (including Power) are responsible for fulfilling all the requirements of a PJM Load Serving Entity including the provision of capacity, energy, ancillary services, transmission and any other services required by PJM. BGS suppliers assume all volume risk and customer migration risk and must satisfy New Jersey's renewable portfolio standards.

Power seeks to mitigate volatility in its results by contracting in advance for the sale of most of its anticipated electric output as well as its anticipated fuel needs. As part of its objective, Power has entered into contracts to directly supply PSE&G and other New Jersey electric distribution companies (EDCs) with a portion of their respective BGS requirements through the New Jersey BGS auction process, described above. In addition to the BGS-related contracts, Power also enters into firm supply contracts with EDCs, as well as other firm sales and commitments.

PSE&G has contracted for its anticipated BGS-Fixed Price eligible load, as follows:

 

Auction Year  
    

2008

    

2009

    

2010

    

2011

 

36-Month Terms Ending

     May 2011         May 2012         May 2013         May 2014 (A) 

Load (MW)

     2,800         2,900         2,800         2,800   

$ per kWh

     0.11150         0.10372         0.09577         0.09430   

 

(A) Prices set in the 2011 BGS auction became effective on June 1, 2011 when the 2008 BGS auction agreements expired.

PSE&G has a full requirements contract with Power to meet the gas supply requirements of PSE&G's gas customers. The contract extends through March 31, 2012, and year-to-year thereafter. Power has entered into hedges for a portion of these anticipated BGSS obligations, as permitted by the BPU. The BPU permits PSE&G to recover the cost of gas hedging up to 115 billion cubic feet or 80% of its residential gas supply annual requirements through the BGSS tariff. For additional information, see Note 17. Related-Party Transactions. Current plans call for Power to hedge on behalf of PSE&G approximately 70 billion cubic feet or 50% of its residential gas supply annual requirements.

 

Minimum Fuel Purchase Requirements

Power has various long-term fuel purchase commitments for coal and oil to support its fossil generation stations and for supply of nuclear fuel for the Salem and Hope Creek nuclear generating stations and for firm transportation and storage capacity for natural gas.

Power's various multi-year contracts for firm transportation and storage capacity for natural gas are primarily used to meet its gas supply obligations to PSE&G. These purchase obligations are consistent with Power's strategy to enter into contracts for its fuel supply in comparable volumes to its sales contracts.

Power's strategy is to maintain certain levels of uranium in inventory and to make periodic purchases to support such levels. As such, the commitments referred to below may include estimated quantities to be purchased that deviate from contractual nominal quantities. Power's nuclear fuel commitments cover approximately 100% of its estimated uranium, enrichment and fabrication requirements through 2012 and a portion for 2013, 2014 and 2015 at Salem, Hope Creek and Peach Bottom.

As of June 30, 2011, the total minimum purchase requirements included in these commitments were as follows:

 

Fuel Type

  

Commitments
through 2015
Power's Share

 
  
     Millions   

Nuclear Fuel

  

Uranium

   $ 491   

Enrichment

   $ 457   

Fabrication

   $ 129   

Natural Gas

   $ 959   

Coal/Oil

   $ 1,032   

Included in the $1,032 million commitment for coal is $687 million related to a certain coal contract under which Power can cancel future contractual deliveries at no cost. In 2011, Power has not cancelled any related coal deliveries.

Regulatory Proceedings

Electric Discount and Energy Competition Act (Competition Act)

In April 2007, PSE&G and Transition Funding were served with a purported class action complaint (Complaint) in New Jersey Superior Court challenging the constitutional validity of certain stranded cost recovery provisions of the Competition Act, seeking injunctive relief against continued collection from PSE&G's electric customers of the Transition Bond Charge (TBC) of Transition Funding, as well as recovery of TBC amounts previously collected. Under New Jersey law, the Competition Act, enacted in 1999, is presumed constitutional.

In July 2007, the plaintiff filed an amended Complaint to also seek injunctive relief from continued collection of related taxes as well as recovery of such taxes previously collected. In October 2007, the Court granted PSE&G's motion to dismiss the amended Complaint and in November 2007, the plaintiff filed a notice of appeal with the Appellate Division of the New Jersey Superior Court (Appellate Division). In February 2009, the Appellate Division affirmed the decision of the lower court dismissing the case. In May 2009, the New Jersey Supreme Court denied a request from the plaintiff to review the Appellate Division's decision.

In July 2007, the same plaintiff also filed a petition with the BPU requesting review and adjustment to PSE&G's recovery of the same stranded cost charges. In September 2007, PSE&G filed a motion with the BPU to dismiss the petition. In June 2010, the BPU granted PSE&G's motion to dismiss. In April 2011, the BPU issued a written order memorializing this decision. In June 2011, the plaintiff/petitioner filed a notice of appeal with the New Jersey Appellate Division.

New Jersey Clean Energy Program

In 2008, the BPU approved funding requirements for each New Jersey utility applicable to its Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency programs for the years 2009 to 2012. The aggregate funding amount is $1.2 billion for all years. PSE&G's share is $705 million. PSE&G has recorded a discounted liability of $335 million as of June 30, 2011. Of this amount, $215 million was recorded as a current liability and $120 million as a noncurrent liability. The liability is reduced as normal payments are made. The liability has been recorded with an offsetting Regulatory Asset, since the costs associated with this program are expected to be recovered from PSE&G ratepayers through the Societal Benefits Charge.

Long-Term Capacity Agreement Pilot Program (LCAPP)

In January 2011, New Jersey enacted the LCAPP Act directing the BPU to conduct a process to procure and subsidize up to 2,000 megawatts of baseload or mid-merit electric power generation. In March 2011, the BPU issued a written order approving a form of agreement and selecting three generators to build a total of approximately 1,949 MW of new combined-cycle generating facilities located in New Jersey. Each of the New Jersey EDCs, including PSE&G, executed standard offer capacity agreements (SOCA) with each of the three selected generators in compliance with the BPU's directive, but did so under protest preserving its respective legal rights. The SOCA requires that the generator bid in and clear the PJM RPM base residual auction in each year of the SOCA term. The SOCA provides for the EDCs to make capacity payments to, or receive capacity payments from, the generators as calculated based on the difference between the RPM clearing price for each year of the term and the price bid and accepted for that generator in the BPU process. The LCAPP Act and the BPU order provide that, once the SOCAs are executed and approved by the BPU, they will be irrevocable and the EDCs will be entitled to full rate recovery of the prudently incurred costs. PSE&G will not make or receive payments under the three contracts unless (1) the plant successfully bids into and clears the capacity auction, and (2) the proposed plant is constructed. In April 2011, the BPU approved the executed contracts and also announced that it will convene a proceeding to consider whether current mechanisms are adequate to incent generation construction in New Jersey. Both PSE&G and Power appealed the BPU's LCAPP order to the Appellate Division. Further, the BPU has commenced a new proceeding to investigate the need for additional procurement of generation of up to 1,600 MW. Both PSE&G and Power are participating in this proceeding, which calls for recommendations to be made to the BPU by the end of 2011.

Leveraged Lease Investments

The IRS has issued reports with respect to its audits of PSEG's consolidated federal corporate income tax returns for tax years 1997 through 2003, which disallowed all deductions associated with certain lease transactions. The IRS reports also proposed a 20% penalty for substantial understatement of tax liability. PSEG has filed protests of these findings with the Office of Appeals of the IRS.

PSEG believes its tax position related to these transactions was proper based on applicable statutes, regulations and case law in effect at the time that the deductions were taken. There are several pending tax cases involving other taxpayers with similar leveraged lease investments. To date, six cases have been decided at the trial court level, four of which were decided in favor of the government. The appeals of two of these decisions were affirmed, both in favor of the government. The fifth case involves a jury verdict that was challenged by both parties on inconsistency grounds but was later settled by the parties. One case, involving an investment in an energy transaction by a utility, was decided in favor of the taxpayer.

In order to reduce the cash tax exposure related to these leases, Energy Holdings pursued opportunities to terminate international leases with lessees that were willing to meet certain economic thresholds. As of December 31, 2010, Energy Holdings had terminated all of these leasing transactions and reduced the related cash tax exposure by $1.1 billion. PSEG has completely eliminated its gross investment in such transactions.

 

Cash Impact

As of June 30, 2011, an aggregate of approximately $264 million would become currently payable if PSEG conceded all deductions taken through that date. PSEG has deposited $320 million with the IRS to defray potential interest costs associated with this disputed tax liability, eliminating its cash exposure completely. In the event PSEG is successful in defense of its position, the deposit is fully refundable with interest. Penalties of $150 million would also become payable if the IRS successfully asserted and litigated a case against PSEG. PSEG has not established a reserve for penalties because it believes it has strong defenses to the assertion of penalties under applicable law. Interest and penalty exposure will grow at an average rate of $2 million per quarter during 2011. If the IRS is successful in a litigated case consistent with the positions it has taken in the generic settlement offer recently proposed, an additional $20 million to $40 million of tax would be due for tax positions through June 30, 2011.

Unless this matter is resolved with the IRS, PSEG currently anticipates that it may be required to pay between $110 million and $300 million in tax, interest and penalties for the tax years 1997-2000 during 2011 and subsequently commence litigation to recover those amounts. It is possible that an additional payment of between $220 million and $550 million could be required during 2011 for tax years 2001-2003 followed by further litigation to recover those amounts. The amounts that may be required to litigate differ from the potential net cash exposure noted above, as the former amounts include all potential deficiencies for only contested tax years 1997 through 2003. These litigation amounts also include penalties which are not included in the computation of potential net cash exposure as PSEG believes it has strong defenses. These amounts also exclude an offset for taxes paid on lease terminations, which is netted in the potential net cash exposure as PSEG would be entitled to a refund of such amounts under a loss scenario. Any potential claims PSEG would make to recover such amounts would include the deposit noted above.

Earnings Impact

PSEG's current reserve position represents its view of the earnings impact that could result from a settlement related to these transactions, although a total loss, consistent with the broad settlement offer previously proposed by the IRS, would result in an additional earnings charge of $120 million to $140 million.

PSE&G [Member]
 
Commitments And Contingent Liabilities

Note 8. Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

Guaranteed ObligationsPSEG and Power

Power's activities primarily involve the purchase and sale of energy and related products under transportation, physical, financial and forward contracts at fixed and variable prices. These transactions are with numerous counterparties and brokers that may require cash, cash-related instruments or guarantees.

Power has unconditionally guaranteed payments to counterparties by its subsidiaries in commodity-related transactions in order to

 

 

support current exposure, interest and other costs on sums due and payable in the ordinary course of business, and

 

 

obtain credit.

Under these agreements, guarantees cover lines of credit between entities and are often reciprocal in nature. The exposure between counterparties can move in either direction.

In order for Power to incur a liability for the face value of the outstanding guarantees, its subsidiaries would have to

 

 

fully utilize the credit granted to them by every counterparty to whom Power has provided a guarantee, and

 

 

all of the related contracts would have to be "out-of-the-money" (if the contracts are terminated, Power would owe money to the counterparties).

Power believes the probability of this result is unlikely. For this reason, Power believes that the current exposure at any point in time is a more meaningful representation of the potential liability under these guarantees. This current exposure consists of the net of accounts receivable and accounts payable and the forward value on open positions, less any collateral posted.

Power is subject to

 

 

counterparty collateral calls related to commodity contracts, and

 

 

certain creditworthiness standards as guarantor under performance guarantees of its subsidiaries.

Changes in commodity prices can have a material impact on collateral requirements under such contracts, which are posted and received primarily in the form of cash and letters of credit. Power also routinely enters into futures and options transactions for electricity and natural gas as part of its operations. These futures contracts usually require a cash margin deposit with brokers, which can change based on market movement and in accordance with exchange rules.

 

The face value of outstanding guarantees, current exposure and margin positions as of June 30, 2011 and December 31, 2010 are shown below:

 

    

As of
June 30,

2011

   

As of
December 31,

2010

 
     Millions  

Face Value of Outstanding Guarantees

   $ 1,838      $ 1,936   

Exposure under Current Guarantees

   $ 270      $ 330   

Letters of Credit Margin Posted

   $ 185      $ 137   

Letters of Credit Margin Received

   $ 49      $ 109   

Cash Deposited and Received

    

Counterparty Cash Margin Deposited

   $ 0      $ 0   

Counterparty Cash Margin Received

     (7     (2

Net Broker Balance Deposited (Received)

     31        (28

In the Event Power Were to Lose its Investment Grade Rating

    

Additional Collateral that could be Required

   $ 771      $ 828   

Liquidity Available under PSEG's and Power's Credit Facilities to Post Collateral

   $ 3,416      $ 2,750   

Additional Amounts Posted

    

Other Letters of Credit

   $ 98      $ 98   

Power nets receivables and payables with the corresponding net energy contract balances. See Note 10. Financial Risk Management Activities for further discussion. The remaining balance of net cash (received) deposited is primarily included in Accounts Receivable.

In the event of a deterioration of Power's credit rating to below investment grade, which would represent a two level downgrade from its current ratings, many of these agreements allow the counterparty to demand further performance assurance. See table above.

In addition, during 2011, the SEC and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) are continuing efforts to implement new rules to enact stricter regulation over swaps and derivatives. Power will carefully monitor these new rules as they are developed to analyze the potential impact on its swap and derivatives transactions, including any potential increase to collateral requirements.

In April 2011, PSEG and Power entered into new 5-year credit agreements resulting in an increase of $650 million in Power's total credit capacity.

In addition to amounts for outstanding guarantees, current exposure and margin positions, Power had posted letters of credit to support various other non-energy contractual and environmental obligations. See table above.

Environmental Matters

Passaic River

Historic operations by PSEG companies and the operations of hundreds of other companies along the Passaic and Hackensack Rivers are alleged by Federal and State agencies to have discharged substantial contamination into the Passaic River/Newark Bay Complex.

Federal Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA)

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has determined that an eight-mile stretch of the Passaic River in the area of Newark, New Jersey is a "facility" within the meaning of that term under CERCLA. The EPA has determined the need to perform a study of the entire 17-mile tidal reach of the lower Passaic River.

 

PSE&G and certain of its predecessors conducted operations at properties in this area on or adjacent to the Passaic River. The properties included one operating electric generating station (Essex Site), which was transferred to Power, one former generating station and four former manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites. When the Essex Site was transferred from PSE&G to Power, PSE&G obtained releases and indemnities for liabilities arising out of the former Essex generating station and Power assumed any environmental liabilities.

The EPA believes that hazardous substances were released from the Essex Site and one of PSE&G's former MGP locations (Harrison Site). In 2006, the EPA notified the potentially responsible parties (PRPs) that the cost of its study would greatly exceed the original estimated cost of $20 million. The total cost of the study is now estimated at approximately $86 million. 73 PRPs, including Power and PSE&G, agreed to assume responsibility for the study and to divide the associated costs according to a mutually agreed upon formula. The PRP group, currently 71 members, is presently executing the study. Approximately five percent of the study costs are attributable to PSE&G's former MGP sites and approximately one percent to Power's generating stations. Power has provided notice to insurers concerning this potential claim.

In 2007, the EPA released a draft "Focused Feasibility Study" that proposed six options to address the contamination cleanup of the lower eight miles of the Passaic River. The estimated costs for the proposed remedy range from $1.3 billion to $3.7 billion. The work contemplated by the study is not subject to the cost sharing agreement discussed above. A revised focused feasibility study may be released as early as the second quarter of 2012.

In June 2008, an agreement was announced between the EPA and two PRPs for removal of a portion of the contaminated sediment in the Passaic River at an estimated cost of $80 million. The two PRPs have reserved their rights to seek contribution for the removal costs from the other PRPs, including Power and PSE&G.

New Jersey Spill Compensation and Control Act (Spill Act)

In 2005, the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) filed suit against a PRP and its related companies in the New Jersey Superior Court seeking damages and reimbursement for costs expended by the State of New Jersey to address the effects of the PRP's discharge of hazardous substances into both the Passaic River and the balance of the Newark Bay Complex. Power and PSE&G are alleged to have owned, operated or contributed hazardous substances to a total of 11 sites or facilities that impacted these water bodies. In February 2009, third party complaints were filed against some 320 third party defendants, including Power and PSE&G, claiming that each of the third party defendants is responsible for its proportionate share of the clean-up costs for the hazardous substances they allegedly discharged into the Passaic River and the Newark Bay Complex. The third party complaints seek statutory contribution and contribution under the Spill Act to recover past and future removal costs and damages. Power and PSE&G filed answers to the complaint in June 2010. A special master for discovery has been appointed by the court. Power and PSE&G believe they have good and valid defenses to the allegations contained in the third party complaints and will vigorously assert those defenses.

Natural Resource Damage Claims

In 2003, the NJDEP directed PSEG, PSE&G and 56 other PRPs to arrange for a natural resource damage assessment and interim compensatory restoration of natural resource injuries along the lower Passaic River and its tributaries pursuant to the Spill Act. The NJDEP alleged that hazardous substances had been discharged from the Essex Site and the Harrison Site. The NJDEP estimated the cost of interim natural resource injury restoration activities along the lower Passaic River at approximately $950 million. In 2007, agencies of the United States Department of Commerce and the United States Department of the Interior sent letters to PSE&G and other PRPs inviting participation in an assessment of injuries to natural resources that the agencies intended to perform. In 2008, PSEG and a number of other PRPs agreed to share certain immaterial costs the trustees have incurred and will incur going forward, and to work with the trustees to explore whether some or all of the trustees' claims can be resolved in a cooperative fashion. That effort is continuing.

 

Newark Bay Study Area

The EPA has established the Newark Bay Study Area, which it defines as Newark Bay and portions of the Hackensack River, the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull. In August 2006, the EPA sent PSEG and 11 other entities notices that it considered each of the entities to be a PRP with respect to contamination in the Study Area. The notice letter requested that the PRPs fund an EPA-approved study in the Newark Bay Study Area and encouraged the PRPs to contact Occidental Chemical Corporation (OCC) to discuss participating in the Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study that OCC was conducting. The notice stated the EPA's belief that hazardous substances were released from sites owned by PSEG companies and located on the Hackensack River, including two operating electric generating stations (Hudson and Kearny sites) and one former MGP site. PSEG is participating in and partially funding this study. Notices to fund the next phase of the study have been received but it is uncertain at this time whether the PSEG companies will consent to fund the next phase.

PSEG, Power and PSE&G cannot predict what further actions, if any, or the costs or the timing thereof, may be required with respect to the Passaic River, the NJDEP Litigation, the Newark Bay Study Area or with respect to natural resource damages claims; however, such costs could be material.

MGP Remediation Program

PSE&G is working with the NJDEP to assess, investigate and remediate environmental conditions at PSE&G's former MGP sites. To date, 38 sites requiring some level of remedial action have been identified.

During the third quarter of 2010, PSE&G updated the estimated cost to remediate all MGP sites to completion and determined that the cost to completion could range between $668 million and $774 million from September 30, 2010 through 2021. Since no amount within the range was considered to be most likely, PSE&G reflected a liability of $668 million on its Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2010. Since September 30, 2010, PSE&G had $18 million of expenditures, reducing the liability to $650 million as of June 30, 2011. Of this amount, $65 million was recorded in Other Current Liabilities and $585 million was reflected as Environmental Costs in Noncurrent Liabilities. PSE&G has recorded a $650 million Regulatory Asset with respect to these costs.

Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD)/New Source Review (NSR)

The PSD/NSR regulations, promulgated under the Clean Air Act, require major sources of certain air pollutants to obtain permits, install pollution control technology and obtain offsets, in some circumstances, when those sources undergo a "major modification," as defined in the regulations. The federal government may order companies that are not in compliance with the PSD/NSR regulations to install the best available control technology at the affected plants and to pay monetary penalties ranging from $25,000 to $37,500 per day for each violation, depending upon when the alleged violation occurred.

In November 2006, Power reached an agreement with the EPA and the NJDEP to achieve emissions reductions targets at certain of Power's generating stations. Under this agreement, Power was required to undertake a number of technology projects, plant modifications and operating procedure changes at the Hudson and Mercer facilities designed to meet targeted reductions in emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NOx), particulate matter and mercury. Power completed the construction of all plant modifications by the end of 2010 at a cost of $1.3 billion. Performance testing to validate the agreed-upon emission reductions was completed in the second quarter of 2011 and all performance metrics were met.

In January 2009, the EPA issued a notice of violation to Power and the other owners of the Keystone coal fired plant in Pennsylvania, alleging, among other things, that various capital improvement projects were completed at the plant which are considered modifications (or major modifications) causing significant net emission increases of PSD/NSR air pollutants, beginning in 1985 for Keystone Unit 1 and in 1984 for Keystone Unit 2. The notice of violation states that none of these modifications underwent PSD/NSR permitting process prior to being put into service, which the EPA alleges was required under the Clean Air Act. The notice of violation states that the EPA may issue an order requiring compliance with the relevant Clean Air Act provisions and may seek injunctive relief and/or civil penalties. Power owns approximately 23% of the plant. Power cannot predict the outcome of this matter.

Hazardous Air Pollutants Regulation

In accordance with a court ruling, the EPA proposed a Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) regulation in March 2011 which is expected to be finalized by November 2011. This regulation includes reduction of mercury and other hazardous air pollutants pursuant to the Clean Air Act. Until the final rule is adopted, the impact cannot be determined; however, if the rule is adopted as proposed, Power believes the back end technology environmental controls recently installed at its Hudson and Mercer coal facilities should meet the rule's requirements. Some additional controls could be necessary at Power's Connecticut facility and some of the other New Jersey facilities, pending engineering evaluation. The impact to Power's jointly owned coal fired generating facilities in Pennsylvania is under evaluation.

New Jersey regulations required coal fired electric generating units to meet certain emissions limits or reduce mercury emissions by approximately 90% by December 15, 2007. Companies that are parties to multi-pollutant reduction agreements, such as Power, have been permitted to postpone such reductions on half of their coal fired electric generating capacity until December 15, 2012.

With newly installed controls at its plants in New Jersey, Power expects to achieve the required mercury reductions that are part of Power's multi-pollutant reduction agreement that resolved issues arising out of the PSD/NSR air pollution control programs discussed above.

In 2007, Pennsylvania finalized its "state-specific" requirements to reduce mercury emissions from coal fired electric generating units. In 2009, the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania struck down the state rule, indicating that the rule violated Pennsylvania law because it was inconsistent with the Clean Air Act. This decision was affirmed by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.

NOx Regulation

In April 2009, the NJDEP finalized revisions to NOx emission control regulations that impose new NOx emission reduction requirements and limits for New Jersey fossil fuel fired electric generating units. The rule has a significant impact on Power's generation fleet, as it imposes NOx emissions limits that will require significant capital investment for controls or the retirement of up to 102 combustion turbines (approximately 2,000 MW) and five older New Jersey steam electric generating units (approximately 800 MW) by April 30, 2015.

Power has been working with the NJDEP throughout the development of this rulemaking to minimize financial impact and to provide for transitional lead time to address the retirement of electric generating units. Power cannot predict the financial impact resulting from compliance with this rulemaking.

Under current Connecticut regulations, Power's Bridgeport and New Haven facilities have been utilizing Discrete Emission Reduction Credits (DERCs) to comply with certain NOx emission limitations that were incorporated into the facilities' operating permits. On April 30, 2010, Power negotiated new agreements with the State of Connecticut extending the continued use of DERCs for certain emission units and equipment until May 31, 2014.

New Jersey Industrial Site Recovery Act (ISRA)

Potential environmental liabilities related to the alleged discharge of hazardous substances at certain generating stations have been identified. In the second quarter of 1999, in anticipation of the transfer of PSE&G's generation-related assets to Power, a study was conducted pursuant to ISRA, which applied to the sale of certain assets. Power had a $50 million liability related to these obligations, which was included in Environmental Costs on Power's and PSEG's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2011 and December 31, 2010.

 

Clean Water Act Permit Renewals

Pursuant to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA), New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NJPDES) permits expire within five years of their effective date. In order to renew these permits, but allow a plant to continue to operate, an owner or operator must file a permit application no later than six months prior to expiration of the permit.

One of the most significant NJPDES permits governing cooling water intake structures at Power is for Salem. In 2001, the NJDEP issued a renewed NJPDES permit for Salem, expiring in July 2006, allowing for the continued operation of Salem with its existing cooling water intake system. In February 2006, Power filed with the NJDEP a renewal application allowing Salem to continue operating under its existing NJPDES permit until a new permit is issued. Power prepared its renewal application in accordance with the FWPCA Section 316(b) and the 316(b) rules published in 2004. Those rules did not mandate the use of cooling towers at large existing generating plants. Rather, the rules provided alternatives for compliance with 316(b), including the use of restoration efforts to mitigate for the potential effects of cooling water intake structures, as well as the use of site-specific analysis to determine the best technology available for minimizing adverse impact based upon a cost-benefit test. Power has used restoration and/or a site-specific cost-benefit test in applications filed to renew the permits at its once-through cooled plants, including Salem, Hudson and Mercer.

As a result of several legal challenges to the 2004 316(b) rule by certain northeast states, environmentalists and industry groups, the rule has been suspended and has been returned to the EPA to be consistent with an April 2009 United States Supreme Court decision which concluded that the EPA could rely upon cost-benefit analysis in setting the national performance standards and in providing for cost-benefit variances from those standards as part of the Phase II regulations.

In April 2011, the EPA published a new proposed rule with comments currently due on August 18, 2011. The proposed rule would establish certain standards for existing cooling water intake structures with a design flow of more than 2 million gallons per day. If the rule were to be adopted as proposed, the majority of Power's electric generating facilities would be affected as they employ once-through cooling utilizing tidal river and tidal waters. Power is reviewing the proposed rule and assessing the potential impact on its generating facilities. Power is unable to predict the outcome of this proposed rulemaking, the final form that the proposed regulations may take and the effect, if any, that they may have on its future capital requirements, financial condition or results of operations. If adopted as proposed, the impact would be material since the majority of our generating stations would be affected as they employ once-through cooling utilizing tidal river and tidal waters.

The results of further proceedings on this matter could have a material impact on Power's ability to renew permits at its larger once-through cooled plants, including Salem, Hudson, Mercer, Bridgeport and possibly Sewaren and New Haven, without making significant upgrades to existing intake structures and cooling systems. The costs of those upgrades to one or more of Power's once-through cooled plants would be material, and would require economic review to determine whether to continue operations at these facilities. For example, in Power's application to renew its Salem permit, filed with the NJDEP in February 2006, the estimated costs for adding cooling towers for Salem were approximately $1 billion, of which Power's share would have been approximately $575 million. These cost estimates have not been updated. Currently, potential costs associated with any closed cycle cooling requirements are not included in Power's forecasted capital expenditures.

In addition to the EPA rulemaking, several states, including California and New York, have begun setting policies that may require closed cycle cooling. It is unknown how these policies may ultimately impact the EPA's rulemaking.

In January 2010, the NJDEP issued a draft NJPDES permit to another company which would require the installation of closed cycle cooling at that company's nuclear generating station located in New Jersey. In December 2010, NJDEP and that company entered into an Administrative Consent Order (ACO) which would require the company to cease operations at the nuclear generating station no later than 2019. In the ACO, the NJDEP agreed that closed cycle cooling is not the best technology available for that facility and agreed to issue a new draft NJPDES permit for that facility without a requirement for construction of cooling towers or other closed cycle cooling facilities. The new draft NJPDES permit will be issued in substitution for the draft NJPDES permit issued in January 2010. We cannot predict at this time the final outcome of the NJDEP decision and the impact, if any, such a decision would have on any of Power's once-through cooled generating stations.

Stormwater

In October 2008, the NJDEP notified Power that it must apply for an individual stormwater discharge permit for its Hudson generating station. Hudson stores its coal in an open air pile and, as a result, it is exposed to precipitation. Discharge of stormwater from Hudson has been regulated pursuant to a Basic Industrial Stormwater General Permit, authorization of which has been previously approved by the NJDEP. The NJDEP has determined that Hudson is no longer eligible to utilize this general permit.

In December 2010, the NJDEP issued a draft renewal NJPDES permit to Power which, among other things, proposed conditions regarding stormwater runoff from the Hudson coal pile. The NJDEP authorized a new discharge of stormwater runoff without further requirement to construct technologies preventing the discharge of stormwater to surface water or groundwater. Power expects the final permit to be issued by NJDEP in the near term without change to the stormwater discharge authorization provision.

New Generation and Development

Nuclear

Power has approved the expenditure of approximately $192 million for a steam path retrofit and related upgrades at its co-owned Peach Bottom Units 2 and 3. Completion of these upgrades is expected to result in an increase of Power's share of nominal capacity by approximately 32 MW (14 MW at Unit 3 in 2011 and 18 MW at Unit 2 in 2012). Total expenditures through June 30, 2011 were $68 million and are expected to continue through 2012.

Power has begun expenditures in pursuit of additional output through an extended power uprate of the Peach Bottom nuclear units. The uprate is expected to be in service in 2015 for Unit 2 and 2016 for Unit 3. Power's share of the increased capacity is expected to be approximately 133 MW with an anticipated cost of approximately $400 million. Total expenditures through June 30, 2011 were $25 million and are expected to continue through 2016.

Connecticut

Power has been selected by the Connecticut Department of Public Utility Control in a regulatory process to build 130 MW of gas fired peaking capacity. Final approval was received and construction began in the second quarter of 2011. The project is expected to be in service by June 2012. Power estimates the cost of these generating units to be $130 million to $140 million. Total capitalized expenditures through June 30, 2011 were $78 million, which are included in Property, Plant and Equipment on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets of PSEG and Power. This project is subject to regulatory cost recovery. The initial filing is expected to be made in the fourth quarter of 2011.

PJM Interconnection L.L.C. (PJM)

Power plans to construct gas fired peaking facilities at its Kearny site. Construction began in the second quarter of 2011. The projects are expected to be in service by June 2012. Capacity in the amount of 178 MW was bid into and cleared the PJM Reliability Pricing Model (RPM) base residual capacity auction for the 2012-2013 period. Capacity in the amount of 267 MW was bid into and cleared the PJM RPM base residual capacity auction for the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 periods. Power estimates the cost of these generating units to be $250 million to $300 million. Total capitalized expenditures through June 30, 2011 were $104 million which are included in Property, Plant and Equipment on Power's and PSEG's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

PSE&GSolar

As part of the BPU-approved Solar 4 All Program, PSE&G is installing up to 40 MW of solar generation on existing utility poles within its service territory. PSE&G has entered into an agreement to purchase solar units for this program. PSE&G's commitments under this agreement are contingent upon, among other things, the availability of suitable utility poles for installation of the units. Approximately 21 MW have been installed as of June 30, 2011. PSE&G's cumulative investments for these solar units were approximately $150 million, with additional purchases to be made on a quarterly basis during the remaining two-year term of the purchase agreement.

Another aspect of the Solar 4 All program is the installation of 40 MW of solar systems on land and buildings owned by PSE&G and third parties. Through June 30, 2011, 23MW representing 15 projects were placed into service with an investment of approximately $117 million.

Basic Generation Service (BGS) and Basic Gas Supply Service (BGSS)

PSE&G obtains its electric supply requirements for customers who do not purchase electric supply from third party suppliers through the annual New Jersey BGS auctions. Pursuant to applicable BPU rules, PSE&G enters into the Supplier Master Agreement with the winners of these BGS auctions following the BPU's approval of the auction results. PSE&G has entered into contracts with Power, as well as with other winning BGS suppliers, to purchase BGS for PSE&G's load requirements. The winners of the auction (including Power) are responsible for fulfilling all the requirements of a PJM Load Serving Entity including the provision of capacity, energy, ancillary services, transmission and any other services required by PJM. BGS suppliers assume all volume risk and customer migration risk and must satisfy New Jersey's renewable portfolio standards.

Power seeks to mitigate volatility in its results by contracting in advance for the sale of most of its anticipated electric output as well as its anticipated fuel needs. As part of its objective, Power has entered into contracts to directly supply PSE&G and other New Jersey electric distribution companies (EDCs) with a portion of their respective BGS requirements through the New Jersey BGS auction process, described above. In addition to the BGS-related contracts, Power also enters into firm supply contracts with EDCs, as well as other firm sales and commitments.

PSE&G has contracted for its anticipated BGS-Fixed Price eligible load, as follows:

 

Auction Year  
    

2008

    

2009

    

2010

    

2011

 

36-Month Terms Ending

     May 2011         May 2012         May 2013         May 2014 (A) 

Load (MW)

     2,800         2,900         2,800         2,800   

$ per kWh

     0.11150         0.10372         0.09577         0.09430   

 

(A) Prices set in the 2011 BGS auction became effective on June 1, 2011 when the 2008 BGS auction agreements expired.

PSE&G has a full requirements contract with Power to meet the gas supply requirements of PSE&G's gas customers. The contract extends through March 31, 2012, and year-to-year thereafter. Power has entered into hedges for a portion of these anticipated BGSS obligations, as permitted by the BPU. The BPU permits PSE&G to recover the cost of gas hedging up to 115 billion cubic feet or 80% of its residential gas supply annual requirements through the BGSS tariff. For additional information, see Note 17. Related-Party Transactions. Current plans call for Power to hedge on behalf of PSE&G approximately 70 billion cubic feet or 50% of its residential gas supply annual requirements.

 

Minimum Fuel Purchase Requirements

Power has various long-term fuel purchase commitments for coal and oil to support its fossil generation stations and for supply of nuclear fuel for the Salem and Hope Creek nuclear generating stations and for firm transportation and storage capacity for natural gas.

Power's various multi-year contracts for firm transportation and storage capacity for natural gas are primarily used to meet its gas supply obligations to PSE&G. These purchase obligations are consistent with Power's strategy to enter into contracts for its fuel supply in comparable volumes to its sales contracts.

Power's strategy is to maintain certain levels of uranium in inventory and to make periodic purchases to support such levels. As such, the commitments referred to below may include estimated quantities to be purchased that deviate from contractual nominal quantities. Power's nuclear fuel commitments cover approximately 100% of its estimated uranium, enrichment and fabrication requirements through 2012 and a portion for 2013, 2014 and 2015 at Salem, Hope Creek and Peach Bottom.

As of June 30, 2011, the total minimum purchase requirements included in these commitments were as follows:

 

Fuel Type

  

Commitments
through 2015
Power's Share

 
  
     Millions   

Nuclear Fuel

  

Uranium

   $ 491   

Enrichment

   $ 457   

Fabrication

   $ 129   

Natural Gas

   $ 959   

Coal/Oil

   $ 1,032   

Included in the $1,032 million commitment for coal is $687 million related to a certain coal contract under which Power can cancel future contractual deliveries at no cost. In 2011, Power has not cancelled any related coal deliveries.

Regulatory Proceedings

Electric Discount and Energy Competition Act (Competition Act)

In April 2007, PSE&G and Transition Funding were served with a purported class action complaint (Complaint) in New Jersey Superior Court challenging the constitutional validity of certain stranded cost recovery provisions of the Competition Act, seeking injunctive relief against continued collection from PSE&G's electric customers of the Transition Bond Charge (TBC) of Transition Funding, as well as recovery of TBC amounts previously collected. Under New Jersey law, the Competition Act, enacted in 1999, is presumed constitutional.

In July 2007, the plaintiff filed an amended Complaint to also seek injunctive relief from continued collection of related taxes as well as recovery of such taxes previously collected. In October 2007, the Court granted PSE&G's motion to dismiss the amended Complaint and in November 2007, the plaintiff filed a notice of appeal with the Appellate Division of the New Jersey Superior Court (Appellate Division). In February 2009, the Appellate Division affirmed the decision of the lower court dismissing the case. In May 2009, the New Jersey Supreme Court denied a request from the plaintiff to review the Appellate Division's decision.

In July 2007, the same plaintiff also filed a petition with the BPU requesting review and adjustment to PSE&G's recovery of the same stranded cost charges. In September 2007, PSE&G filed a motion with the BPU to dismiss the petition. In June 2010, the BPU granted PSE&G's motion to dismiss. In April 2011, the BPU issued a written order memorializing this decision. In June 2011, the plaintiff/petitioner filed a notice of appeal with the New Jersey Appellate Division.

New Jersey Clean Energy Program

In 2008, the BPU approved funding requirements for each New Jersey utility applicable to its Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency programs for the years 2009 to 2012. The aggregate funding amount is $1.2 billion for all years. PSE&G's share is $705 million. PSE&G has recorded a discounted liability of $335 million as of June 30, 2011. Of this amount, $215 million was recorded as a current liability and $120 million as a noncurrent liability. The liability is reduced as normal payments are made. The liability has been recorded with an offsetting Regulatory Asset, since the costs associated with this program are expected to be recovered from PSE&G ratepayers through the Societal Benefits Charge.

Long-Term Capacity Agreement Pilot Program (LCAPP)

In January 2011, New Jersey enacted the LCAPP Act directing the BPU to conduct a process to procure and subsidize up to 2,000 megawatts of baseload or mid-merit electric power generation. In March 2011, the BPU issued a written order approving a form of agreement and selecting three generators to build a total of approximately 1,949 MW of new combined-cycle generating facilities located in New Jersey. Each of the New Jersey EDCs, including PSE&G, executed standard offer capacity agreements (SOCA) with each of the three selected generators in compliance with the BPU's directive, but did so under protest preserving its respective legal rights. The SOCA requires that the generator bid in and clear the PJM RPM base residual auction in each year of the SOCA term. The SOCA provides for the EDCs to make capacity payments to, or receive capacity payments from, the generators as calculated based on the difference between the RPM clearing price for each year of the term and the price bid and accepted for that generator in the BPU process. The LCAPP Act and the BPU order provide that, once the SOCAs are executed and approved by the BPU, they will be irrevocable and the EDCs will be entitled to full rate recovery of the prudently incurred costs. PSE&G will not make or receive payments under the three contracts unless (1) the plant successfully bids into and clears the capacity auction, and (2) the proposed plant is constructed. In April 2011, the BPU approved the executed contracts and also announced that it will convene a proceeding to consider whether current mechanisms are adequate to incent generation construction in New Jersey. Both PSE&G and Power appealed the BPU's LCAPP order to the Appellate Division. Further, the BPU has commenced a new proceeding to investigate the need for additional procurement of generation of up to 1,600 MW. Both PSE&G and Power are participating in this proceeding, which calls for recommendations to be made to the BPU by the end of 2011.

Leveraged Lease Investments

The IRS has issued reports with respect to its audits of PSEG's consolidated federal corporate income tax returns for tax years 1997 through 2003, which disallowed all deductions associated with certain lease transactions. The IRS reports also proposed a 20% penalty for substantial understatement of tax liability. PSEG has filed protests of these findings with the Office of Appeals of the IRS.

PSEG believes its tax position related to these transactions was proper based on applicable statutes, regulations and case law in effect at the time that the deductions were taken. There are several pending tax cases involving other taxpayers with similar leveraged lease investments. To date, six cases have been decided at the trial court level, four of which were decided in favor of the government. The appeals of two of these decisions were affirmed, both in favor of the government. The fifth case involves a jury verdict that was challenged by both parties on inconsistency grounds but was later settled by the parties. One case, involving an investment in an energy transaction by a utility, was decided in favor of the taxpayer.

In order to reduce the cash tax exposure related to these leases, Energy Holdings pursued opportunities to terminate international leases with lessees that were willing to meet certain economic thresholds. As of December 31, 2010, Energy Holdings had terminated all of these leasing transactions and reduced the related cash tax exposure by $1.1 billion. PSEG has completely eliminated its gross investment in such transactions.

 

Cash Impact

As of June 30, 2011, an aggregate of approximately $264 million would become currently payable if PSEG conceded all deductions taken through that date. PSEG has deposited $320 million with the IRS to defray potential interest costs associated with this disputed tax liability, eliminating its cash exposure completely. In the event PSEG is successful in defense of its position, the deposit is fully refundable with interest. Penalties of $150 million would also become payable if the IRS successfully asserted and litigated a case against PSEG. PSEG has not established a reserve for penalties because it believes it has strong defenses to the assertion of penalties under applicable law. Interest and penalty exposure will grow at an average rate of $2 million per quarter during 2011. If the IRS is successful in a litigated case consistent with the positions it has taken in the generic settlement offer recently proposed, an additional $20 million to $40 million of tax would be due for tax positions through June 30, 2011.

Unless this matter is resolved with the IRS, PSEG currently anticipates that it may be required to pay between $110 million and $300 million in tax, interest and penalties for the tax years 1997-2000 during 2011 and subsequently commence litigation to recover those amounts. It is possible that an additional payment of between $220 million and $550 million could be required during 2011 for tax years 2001-2003 followed by further litigation to recover those amounts. The amounts that may be required to litigate differ from the potential net cash exposure noted above, as the former amounts include all potential deficiencies for only contested tax years 1997 through 2003. These litigation amounts also include penalties which are not included in the computation of potential net cash exposure as PSEG believes it has strong defenses. These amounts also exclude an offset for taxes paid on lease terminations, which is netted in the potential net cash exposure as PSEG would be entitled to a refund of such amounts under a loss scenario. Any potential claims PSEG would make to recover such amounts would include the deposit noted above.

Earnings Impact

PSEG's current reserve position represents its view of the earnings impact that could result from a settlement related to these transactions, although a total loss, consistent with the broad settlement offer previously proposed by the IRS, would result in an additional earnings charge of $120 million to $140 million.