Registration Nos. 033-10992/811-4998
UNITED
STATES
SECURITIES
AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON,
D.C. 20549
FORM N-1A
REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 /X/
Post-Effective Amendment No. 44 /X/
and/or
REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940 /X/
Amendment No. 48 /X/
T. ROWE PRICE SPECTRUM FUND, INC.
Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Charter
100 East Pratt Street, Baltimore,
Maryland 21202
Address of Principal Executive Offices
410-345-2000
Registrant’s Telephone Number,
Including Area Code
David Oestreicher
100 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202
Name and
Address of Agent for Service
Approximate Date of Proposed Public Offering May 1, 2020
It is proposed that this filing will become effective (check appropriate box):
// Immediately upon filing pursuant to paragraph (b)
/X/ On May 1, 2020 pursuant to paragraph (b)
// 60 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(1)
// On (date) pursuant to paragraph (a)(1)
// 75 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(2)
// On (date) pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) of Rule 485
If appropriate, check the following box:
// This post-effective amendment designates a new effective date for a previously filed post-effective amendment.
PROSPECTUS May 1, 2020 | ||||
T. ROWE PRICE | ||||
PRSGX | Spectrum Growth Fund | |||
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has not approved or disapproved these securities or passed upon the adequacy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense. Beginning on January 1, 2021, as permitted by SEC regulations, paper copies of the T. Rowe Price funds’ annual and semiannual shareholder reports will no longer be mailed, unless you specifically request them. Instead, shareholder reports will be made available on the funds’ website (troweprice.com/prospectus), and you will be notified by mail with a website link to access the reports each time a report is posted to the site. If you already elected to receive reports electronically, you will not be affected by this change and need not take any action. At any time, shareholders who invest directly in T. Rowe Price funds may generally elect to receive reports or other communications electronically by enrolling at troweprice.com/paperless or, if you are a retirement plan sponsor or invest in the funds through a financial intermediary (such as an investment advisor, broker-dealer, insurance company, or bank), by contacting your representative or your financial intermediary. You may elect to continue receiving paper copies of future shareholder reports free of charge. To do so, if you invest directly with T. Rowe Price, please call T. Rowe Price as follows: IRA, nonretirement account holders, and institutional investors, 1-800-225-5132; small business retirement accounts, 1-800-492-7670. If you are a retirement plan sponsor or invest in the T. Rowe Price funds through a financial intermediary, please contact your representative or financial intermediary, or follow additional instructions if included with this document. Your election to receive paper copies of reports will apply to all funds held in your account with your financial intermediary or, if you invest directly in the T. Rowe Price funds, with T. Rowe Price. Your election can be changed at any time in the future. | ||||
Table of Contents
1 | SUMMARY | ||
2 | MORE ABOUT THE FUND | ||
More Information About the Fund’s | |||
3 | INFORMATION ABOUT ACCOUNTS | ||
Investing with T. Rowe Price 23 Distribution and Shareholder Policies for Opening an Account 28 Pricing of Shares and Transactions 29 Investing Directly with T. Rowe Price 31 Investing Through a Financial General Policies Relating to Transactions 39 |
SUMMARY | 1 | |
The fund seeks long-term capital appreciation and growth of income with current income a secondary objective.
Fees and Expenses
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy, hold, and sell shares of the fund. You may also incur brokerage commissions and other charges when buying or selling shares of the fund, which are not reflected in the table.
Fees and Expenses of the Fund*
Shareholder fees (fees paid directly from your investment) | ||
Maximum account fee | $20 | a |
Annual
fund operating expenses | ||
Management fees | — | % |
Distribution and service (12b-1) fees | — | |
Other expenses | — | |
Acquired fund fees and expenses | 0.76 | |
Total annual fund operating expenses | 0.76 |
* While the fund itself charges no management fee, it will indirectly bear its pro-rata share of the expenses of the underlying T. Rowe Price funds in which it invests (acquired funds). The acquired funds are expected to bear the operating expenses of the fund.
a Subject to certain exceptions, accounts with a balance of less than $10,000 are charged an annual $20 fee.
Example This example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds. The example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods, that your investment has a 5% return each year, and that the fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 year | 3 years | 5 years | 10 years |
$78 | $243 | $422 | $942 |
Portfolio Turnover The fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when the fund’s shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund operating expenses or in
T. ROWE PRICE | 2 |
the example, affect the fund’s performance. During the most recent fiscal year, the fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 19.3% of the average value of its portfolio.
Investments, Risks, and Performance
Principal Investment Strategies
The fund broadly diversifies its assets among a set of T. Rowe Price mutual funds representing specific market segments. The fund, which normally invests in a variety of domestic and international equity funds and, from time to time, a money market fund, seeks to maintain broad exposure to several markets in an attempt to reduce the impact of markets that are declining and to benefit from good performance in particular market segments over time.
The fund can invest in funds holding U.S. and international stocks; stocks of companies involved in activities related to commodities and other real assets; small-cap, mid-cap, and large-cap stocks; and growth and value stocks.
Within the ranges shown in the following table, the portfolio manager decides how much of the fund’s assets to allocate to underlying fund investments based on the outlook for, and on the relative valuations of, the underlying funds and the various markets in which they invest.
Asset Allocation Ranges for Underlying Funds
Spectrum Growth Fund | Investment Range | |
Blue Chip Growth | 5%-25 | % |
Dividend Growth | 0%-25 | % |
Emerging Markets Stock | 0%-10 | % |
Equity Income | 5%-25 | % |
Growth & Income | 0%-25 | % |
Growth Stock | 5%-25 | % |
International Discovery | 0%-10 | % |
International Stock | 0%-20 | % |
International Value Equity | 0%-20 | % |
Mid-Cap Growth | 0%-15 | % |
Mid-Cap Value | 0%-15 | % |
New Horizons | 0%-15 | % |
Real Assets | 0%-10 | % |
Small-Cap Value | 0%-15 | % |
U.S. Treasury Money | 0%-25 | % |
Value | 5%-25 | % |
The fund may sell shares of the underlying funds for a variety of reasons, such as to secure gains, limit losses, or redeploy assets into more promising opportunities.
Principal Risks
As with any fund, there is no guarantee that the fund will achieve its objective(s). The fund’s share price fluctuates, which means you could lose money by investing in the fund. The principal risks of investing in this fund, which may be even greater during periods of market disruption or volatility, are summarized as follows:
SUMMARY | 3 |
Market conditions The value of the fund’s investments may decrease, sometimes rapidly or unexpectedly, due to factors affecting an issuer held by the fund, particular industries, or the overall securities markets. A variety of factors can increase the volatility of the fund’s holdings and markets generally, including political or regulatory developments, recessions, inflation, rapid interest rate changes, war or acts of terrorism, natural disasters, and outbreaks of infectious illnesses or other widespread public health issues. Certain events may cause instability across global markets, including reduced liquidity and disruptions in trading markets, while some events may affect certain geographic regions, countries, sectors, and industries more significantly than others. These adverse developments may cause broad declines in market value due to short-term market movements or for significantly longer periods during more prolonged market downturns.
Asset allocation The fund’s overall level of risk will directly correspond to the risks of the underlying funds in which it invests. By investing in many underlying funds, the fund has partial exposure to the risks of different areas of the market. However, the selection of the underlying funds and the allocation of the fund’s assets among the various asset classes, market sectors, and investment styles represented by those underlying funds could cause the fund to underperform other funds with a similar benchmark or investment objective.
Investments in other funds The fund bears the risk that its underlying funds will fail to successfully employ their investment strategies. One or more underlying fund’s underperformance or failure to meet its investment objectives as intended could cause the fund to underperform similarly managed funds.
Stock exposure An underlying stock fund’s share price can fall because of weakness in the overall stock markets, a particular industry, or specific holdings. Stocks generally fluctuate in value more than bonds and may decline significantly over short time periods. There is a chance that stock prices overall will decline because stock markets tend to move in cycles, with periods of rising and falling prices. The value of an underlying stock fund may decline due to general weakness or volatility in the stock markets, adverse conditions impacting a particular industry or market sector, or factors affecting an investment style or market capitalization targeted by the fund.
International investing Investing in funds that hold the securities of non-U.S. issuers involves special risks not typically associated with investing in funds that hold securities of U.S. issuers. Non-U.S. securities tend to be more volatile and have lower overall liquidity than investments in U.S. securities and may lose value because of adverse local, political, social, or economic developments overseas, or due to changes in the exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar. In addition, investments outside the U.S. are subject to settlement practices and regulatory and financial reporting standards that differ from those of the U.S. The risks of investing outside the U.S. are heightened for any investments in emerging markets, which are susceptible to greater volatility than investments in developed markets.
Emerging markets Investing in funds that hold securities of issuers in emerging market countries involve greater risk and overall volatility than investing in funds that hold securities of issuers in the U.S. and developed markets. Emerging market countries tend to have
T. ROWE PRICE | 4 |
economic structures that are less diverse and mature, and political systems that are less stable, than those of developed countries. In addition to the risks normally associated with investing outside the U.S., emerging markets are more susceptible to governmental interference, political and economic uncertainty, local taxes and restrictions on an underlying fund’s investments, less efficient trading markets with lower overall liquidity, and more volatile currency exchange rates.
Market capitalization Because the fund invests in certain funds that focus on a particular market capitalization, its share price may be negatively affected if investing in that market capitalization falls out of favor. Small- and mid-cap companies often have less experienced management, more limited financial resources, and less publicly available information than larger companies, and tend to be more sensitive to changes in overall economic conditions. As a result, investments in small-cap and mid-cap companies are likely to be more volatile than investments in larger companies. However, larger companies may not be able to attain the high growth rates of successful smaller companies, especially during strong economic periods, and they may be less capable of responding quickly to competitive challenges and industry changes.
Investment style Because the fund invests in certain funds that focus on growth stocks and certain funds that focus on value stocks, its share price may be negatively affected if either investing approach falls out of favor. Growth stocks tend to be more volatile than the overall stock market and are more sensitive to changes in current or expected earnings. Value stocks carry the risk that investors will not recognize their intrinsic value for a long time or that they are actually appropriately priced at a low level.
Dividend-paying stocks To the extent the fund invests in an underlying fund that focuses on dividend-paying stocks, it is exposed to greater volatility and the risk of stock market declines that could cause the fund to underperform funds with similar objectives. Stocks of established companies paying high dividends may not participate in a broad market advance to the same degree as most other stocks, and a sharp rise in interest rates could cause a company to reduce or eliminate its dividend.
Money market investments An underlying money market fund may not be able to maintain a stable $1.00 share price at all times. If a money market fund fails to maintain a stable net asset value, or if there is a perceived threat that a money market fund is likely to fail to maintain a stable net asset value, the underlying fund could experience significant redemption activity.
Performance
The following performance information provides some indication of the risks of investing in the fund. The fund’s performance information represents only past performance (before and after taxes) and is not necessarily an indication of future results.
The following bar chart illustrates how much returns can differ from year to year by showing calendar year returns and the best and worst calendar quarter returns during those years for the fund.
SUMMARY | 5 |
The following table shows the average annual total returns for the fund, and also compares the returns with the returns of a relevant broad-based market index, as well as with the returns of one or more comparative indexes that have investment characteristics similar to those of the fund, if applicable.
In addition, the table shows hypothetical after-tax returns to demonstrate how taxes paid by a shareholder may influence returns. After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as a 401(k) account or an IRA.
T. ROWE PRICE | 6 |
Average Annual Total Returns |
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| Inception |
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| 1 Year |
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| Spectrum Growth Fund |
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| 06/29/1990 |
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| Returns before taxes | 27.03 | % |
| 9.64 | % |
| 11.09 | % |
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| Returns after taxes on distributions | 24.46 |
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| 7.30 |
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| 9.52 |
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| and sale of fund shares | 17.73 |
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| 7.21 |
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| 8.89 |
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| Russell 3000® Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
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| 31.02 |
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| 11.24 |
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| 13.42 |
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| Combined Index Portfolio Net (reflects no deduction for fees or expenses)a |
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| 28.16 |
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| 11.08 |
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S&P 500 Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) | |||||||||||||
31.49 |
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| 11.70 |
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| 13.56 |
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| Lipper Multi-Cap Core Funds Index |
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| 29.31 |
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| 9.73 |
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| 11.82 |
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a Combined Index Portfolio Net is an unmanaged blended benchmark that from 9/1/08 through 4/30/11, was composed of 80% the Russell 3000® Index and 20% the MSCI All Country World ex USA Index Net. From 5/1/11 through 7/31/12, the blended benchmark was composed of the Russell 3000® Index (ranging from 79%-71.01%) and the MSCI All Country World ex USA Index Net (ranging from 21%-28.99%). From 8/1/12 through 3/10/15, the blended benchmark was composed of 70% the Russell 3000® Index and 30% the MSCI All Country World ex USA Index Net. Since 3/11/15, the blended benchmark has been composed of 70% the Russell 3000® Index and 30% the MSCI All Country World Index ex USA Investable Market Index Net. The indices and percentages may vary over time.
Updated performance information is available through troweprice.com.
Management
Investment Adviser T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. (T. Rowe Price or Price Associates)
Portfolio Manager | Title | Managed | Joined |
Charles M. Shriver | Cochairman of | 2011 | 1991 |
Toby M. Thompson | Cochairman of | 2020 | 1993* |
* Mr. Thompson originally joined T. Rowe Price in 1993 and returned to T. Rowe Price in 2010.
Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares
The fund generally requires a $2,500 minimum initial investment ($1,000 minimum initial investment if opening an IRA, a custodial account for a minor, or a small business retirement plan account). Additional purchases generally require a $100 minimum. These investment
SUMMARY | 7 |
minimums generally are waived for financial intermediaries and certain employer-sponsored retirement plans submitting orders on behalf of their customers.
For investors holding shares of the fund directly with T. Rowe Price, you may purchase, redeem, or exchange fund shares by mail; by telephone (1-800-225-5132 for IRAs and nonretirement accounts; 1-800-492-7670 for small business retirement plans; and 1-800-638-8790 for institutional investors and financial intermediaries); or, for certain accounts, by accessing your account online through troweprice.com.
If you hold shares through a financial intermediary or retirement plan, you must purchase, redeem, and exchange shares of the fund through your intermediary or retirement plan. You should check with your intermediary or retirement plan to determine the investment minimums that apply to your account.
Tax Information
Any dividends or capital gains are declared and paid annually, usually in December. Redemptions or exchanges of fund shares and distributions by the fund, whether or not you reinvest these amounts in additional fund shares, generally may be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains unless you invest through a tax-deferred account (in which case you will be taxed upon withdrawal from such account).
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
If you purchase shares of the fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s website for more information.
MORE ABOUT THE FUND | 2 | |
Investment Adviser(s)
T. Rowe Price is the fund’s investment adviser and oversees the selection of the fund’s investments and management of the fund’s portfolio pursuant to an investment management agreement between the investment adviser and the fund. T. Rowe Price also serves as investment adviser for the underlying funds in which the Spectrum Funds invest. T. Rowe Price is the investment adviser for all mutual funds sponsored and managed by T. Rowe Price (T. Rowe Price Funds), and is an SEC-registered investment adviser that provides investment management services to individual and institutional investors, and sponsors and serves as adviser and subadviser to registered investment companies, institutional separate accounts, and common trust funds. The address for T. Rowe Price is 100 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202. As of December 31, 2019, T. Rowe Price and its affiliates (Firm) had approximately $1.21 trillion in assets under management and provided investment management services for more than 7 million individual and institutional investor accounts.
Portfolio Management
T. Rowe Price has established an Investment Advisory Committee with respect to the fund. The committee chairmen are ultimately responsible for the day-to-day management of the fund’s portfolio and work with the committee in developing and executing the fund’s investment program. The members of the committee are as follows: Charles M. Shriver and Toby M. Thompson, Cochairmen, Steve Bartolini, Jerome A. Clark, Kimberly E. DeDominicis, David J. Eiswert, Mark S. Finn, Arif Husain, Wyatt A. Lee, Sebastien Page, Robert A Panariello, Robert W. Sharps, Guido F. Stubenrauch, Justin Thomson, Mark J. Vaselkiv, and J. David Wagner. The following information provides the year that the chairmen (portfolio managers) first joined the Firm and the chairmen’s specific business experience during the past five years (although the chairmen may have had portfolio management responsibilities for a longer period). Mr. Shriver has been chairman of the committee since 2011. He joined the Firm in 1991 and his investment experience dates from 1999. He has served as a portfolio manager with the Firm throughout the past five years. Mr. Thompson became cochairman of the committee on March 1, 2020. He originally joined the Firm in 1993 and returned in 2010. His investment experience dates from 1993. For the past five years, he has served as a portfolio manger within the Firm’s multi-asset division. The Statement of Additional Information provides additional information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed by the portfolio managers, and the portfolio managers’ ownership of the fund’s shares.
Management of the Underlying Funds
For each of the underlying funds in which the fund invests, T. Rowe Price serves as investment adviser and oversees the selection of the fund’s investments and management of the fund’s portfolio. For certain underlying funds in which the fund invests, T. Rowe Price has entered
MORE ABOUT THE FUND | 9 |
into a subadvisory agreement with T. Rowe Price International Ltd (T. Rowe Price International), T. Rowe Price Hong Kong Limited (Price Hong Kong), and/or T. Rowe Price Japan, Inc. (Price Japan) under which these affiliated entities are authorized to trade securities and make discretionary investment decisions on behalf of the fund. T. Rowe Price International is a wholly-owned subsidiary of T. Rowe Price, and is registered with the SEC as an investment adviser and is authorized or licensed by the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority and other global regulators. T. Rowe Price International is headquartered in London and has several branch offices around the world. Price Hong Kong and Price Japan are direct subsidiaries of T. Rowe Price International. Price Hong Kong is licensed with the Securities and Futures Commission of Hong Kong and is registered with the SEC as an investment adviser. Price Japan is registered with the Japan Financial Services Agency to carry out investment management business and is registered with the SEC as an investment adviser. Price Hong Kong is headquartered in Hong Kong and Price Japan is headquartered in Tokyo.
The majority of the directors and the officers of the fund and T. Rowe Price (and its affiliated investment advisers) also serve in similar positions with most of the underlying funds. Thus, if the interests of the fund and one or more of its underlying funds were ever to diverge, it is possible that a conflict of interest could arise and affect how the directors and officers fulfill their fiduciary duties to the fund and its underlying funds. The directors of the fund believe they have structured the fund to avoid these concerns. However, conceivably, a situation could occur where proper action for the fund could be adverse to the interests of an underlying fund, or the reverse. If such a possibility arises, the directors and officers of the affected funds and T. Rowe Price will carefully analyze the situation and take all steps they believe reasonable to minimize and, where possible, eliminate the potential conflict.
The Management Fee
The fund does not directly pay T. Rowe Price a management fee for serving as the fund’s investment adviser and performing investment management services for the fund. However, T. Rowe Price receives management fees from managing the underlying funds, and T. Rowe Price International, Price Hong Kong, and/or Price Japan may receive a portion of the management fee that T. Rowe Price receives from those underlying funds for which it serves as investment subadviser. See the underlying funds’ prospectuses or Statement of Additional Information for specific fees.
A discussion about the factors considered by the fund’s Board of Directors (Board) and its conclusions in approving the fund’s investment management agreement (and any subadvisory agreement, if applicable) appear in the fund’s semiannual report to shareholders for the period ended June 30.
Pass-Through of Operating Expenses to Underlying Funds
The operating expenses of the fund include (a) its direct operating expenses at the fund level and (b) its pro-rata share of the fees and expenses of the underlying funds in which it invests. The fund’s operating expenses generally include shareholder servicing and accounting fees and expenses; legal and auditing fees; expenses of preparing and printing prospectuses and shareholder reports; registration fees and expenses; proxy and annual meeting expenses, if any;
T. ROWE PRICE | 10 |
and directors’ fees and expenses. The payment of the fund’s direct operating expenses is subject to a Special Servicing Agreement, which allows for the fund to pass through its direct operating expenses to its underlying funds in recognition that the fund’s investments in its underlying funds are expected to provide overall savings to the underlying funds. This is primarily the result of the assumed elimination of numerous separate shareholder accounts which, in the absence of the fund, would have been invested directly in the underlying funds and the resulting reduction in shareholder servicing costs. The estimated savings to the underlying funds generated by the operation of the fund are expected to be sufficient to offset most, if not all, of the direct operating expenses of the fund.
The Special Servicing Agreement provides that each underlying fund in which the fund invests will bear a proportionate share of the operating expenses of the fund provided the benefit to the underlying funds from the operation of the fund equals or exceeds these expenses. T. Rowe Price has agreed to bear any operating expenses of the fund that exceed the overall benefit and estimated savings to each of the underlying funds. As a result of these provisions, the direct operating expenses of the fund are generally expected to be paid for by the underlying funds in which it invests. Therefore, the fund will effectively pay no operating expenses at the fund level.
However, shareholders of the fund will still indirectly bear its proportionate share of the expenses of each underlying fund in which it invests.
Investment Objective(s)
The fund seeks long-term capital appreciation and growth of income with current income a secondary objective.
The investment objective is a fundamental policy and shareholder approval is required to substantially change it. As with any fund, there is no guarantee the fund will achieve its objective.
Principal Investment Strategies
The following information summarizes some of the basic differences between the Spectrum Funds.
The Spectrum Funds offer a professionally managed allocation of investments among a broad range of asset classes. To accommodate a wide range of investor preferences and time horizons, the Spectrum Funds offer different combinations of the growth potential of stocks, the greater income potential of bonds, different degrees of international investing, and the relative stability of money market securities. Certain Spectrum Funds also seek to reduce overall volatility through alternative investments or derivatives. Because the Spectrum Funds invest in a variety of asset classes, including other T. Rowe Price Funds, each Spectrum Fund is expected to benefit from broad diversification.
MORE ABOUT THE FUND | 11 |
While there is no guarantee, the concept of diversification helps investors to reduce their overall risk by spreading assets among a variety of investments. Each type of investment tends to follow a cycle of its own and responds differently to changes in the economy and the marketplace. A decline in one investment can be balanced by returns in other investments that are stable or rising. Therefore, a benefit of the Spectrum Funds is the potential for attractive long-term returns with reduced volatility.
For investors who are seeking broad diversification to bonds in an effort to achieve relatively high income, Spectrum Income Fund could be an appropriate part of your overall investment strategy.
For investors who are seeking a relatively balanced approach, with a greater emphasis on bonds than stocks, in an effort to achieve income and some capital appreciation, Spectrum Conservative Allocation Fund could be an appropriate part of your overall investment strategy.
For investors who are seeking a relatively balanced approach, with a greater emphasis on stocks than bonds, in an effort to achieve capital appreciation and income, Spectrum Moderate Allocation Fund could be an appropriate part of your overall investment strategy.
For investors who are seeking broad diversification that emphasizes stocks, with some exposure to bonds, in an effort to achieve capital appreciation and some income, Spectrum Moderate Growth Allocation Fund could be an appropriate part of your overall investment strategy.
For investors who are seeking broad diversification to stocks in an effort to achieve long-term capital appreciation and some income, Spectrum Growth Fund could be an appropriate part of your overall investment strategy.
For investors who are seeking broad diversification to international stocks in an effort to achieve long-term capital appreciation along with greater potential volatility, Spectrum International Fund could be an appropriate part of your overall investment strategy.
Each Spectrum Fund’s broad diversification is designed to cushion severe losses in any one investment sector and moderate the funds’ overall price swings. However, the funds’ share prices will fluctuate as the prices of the underlying funds and asset classes rise or fall with changing market conditions. The following information describes the investment program for this particular Spectrum Fund. The specific investment program for each Spectrum Fund is described in greater detail in its prospectus.
The investments of the fund are concentrated in its underlying funds. As a result, the fund’s investment performance is directly tied to the investment performance of these underlying funds. When deciding on allocations to the underlying funds, T. Rowe Price considers relative values and prospects among the various sectors and investment styles represented by the underlying funds. Within the broad ranges shown in Section 1, T. Rowe Price may decide to overweight or underweight particular asset classes, sectors, or investment styles based on its outlook for the global economy and securities markets.
T. ROWE PRICE | 12 |
In pursuing their investment objectives and programs, each of the underlying funds is permitted to engage in a wide range of investment policies and practices. Further information about the underlying funds is contained in the Statement of Additional Information, as well as the prospectuses of each of the underlying funds. Because the fund invests in the underlying funds, shareholders of the fund will be affected by an underlying fund’s investment practices in direct proportion to the amount of assets the fund allocates to the underlying funds pursuing such practices.
The following table gives a brief description of each underlying fund’s investment program. The underlying funds’ specific objectives and overall investment programs are described in greater detail in each underlying fund’s prospectus.
Description of Underlying Funds | |
Domestic Equity Funds | Investment Program |
Blue Chip Growth | Capital appreciation through investments in common stocks of large and medium-sized blue chip companies with potential for above-average earnings growth. Income is a secondary objective. |
Dividend Growth | Dividend income and long-term capital growth primarily through investments in stocks that have a strong track record of paying dividends or that are expected to increase their dividends over time. |
Equity Income | A high level of dividend income and long-term capital growth primarily through investments in large-capitalization stocks that have a strong record of paying dividends or that are believed to be undervalued. |
Growth & Income | Long-term capital growth and current income primarily through investments in stocks of high-quality companies with a favorable combination of fundamentals, earnings potential, and valuation. |
Growth Stock | Long-term capital growth through investments in stocks of a diversified group of larger growth companies. |
Mid-Cap Growth | Capital appreciation through investments in mid-cap stocks with potential for above average earnings growth. |
Mid-Cap Value | Capital appreciation through investments in mid-sized companies whose stocks appear undervalued. |
New Horizons | Aggressive capital appreciation through investments in small-company stocks. Invests primarily in emerging growth companies, early in their corporate life cycles. |
MORE ABOUT THE FUND | 13 |
Description of Underlying Funds | |
Real Assets | Capital growth through investments in companies that own or are involved in activities related to real assets (such as energy and natural resources, real estate, basic materials, equipment, utilities and infrastructure, and commodities). |
Small-Cap Value | Capital growth through investments in small companies whose stocks appear undervalued. |
Value | Capital appreciation by investing in common stocks believed to be undervalued. Income is a secondary objective. |
International Equity Funds | Investment Program |
Emerging Markets Stock | Capital appreciation through investments primarily in common stocks of companies located (or with primary operations) in emerging markets. The fund takes a growth approach to stock selection. |
International Discovery | Capital appreciation through investments primarily in common stocks of rapidly growing small- to medium-sized non-U.S. companies. The fund takes a growth approach to stock selection. |
International Stock | Long-term growth of capital through investments primarily in common stocks of established non-U.S. companies. The fund takes a growth approach to stock selection. |
International Value Equity | Capital growth and current income through investments in non-U.S. stocks with an emphasis on large-capitalization stocks. The fund takes a value approach to stock selection. |
Money Market Fund | Investment Program |
U.S. Treasury Money | A money market fund managed to provide a stable share price of $1.00. Invests at least 80% of its net assets in U.S. Treasury securities, which are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government, and repurchase agreements thereon, and operates as a “government money market fund,” which requires the fund to also invest at least 99.5% of its total assets in cash, U.S. government securities, and/or repurchase agreements that are fully collateralized by government securities or cash. |
Principal Risks
Consider your investment goals, your time horizon for achieving them, and your tolerance for risk. The performance and risks of the fund will directly correspond to the performance and risks of the asset classes and underlying funds in which it invests. By seeking to be broadly diversified, the fund has partial exposure to the risks of many different areas of the market.
The principal risks associated with the fund’s principal investment strategies include the following:
Market conditions The value of investments held by the fund may decline, sometimes rapidly or unpredictably, due to factors affecting certain issuers, particular industries or sectors, or the overall markets. Rapid or unexpected changes in market conditions could cause the fund to liquidate its holdings at inopportune times or at a loss or depressed value. The value of a
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particular holding may decrease due to developments related to that issuer, but also due to general market conditions, including real or perceived economic developments such as changes in interest rates, credit quality, inflation, or currency rates, or generally adverse investor sentiment. The value of a holding may also decline due to factors that negatively affect a particular industry or sector, such as labor shortages, increased production costs, or competitive conditions. In addition, local, regional or global events such as war, acts of terrorism, political and social unrest, regulatory changes, recessions, shifts in monetary or trade policies, natural or environmental disasters, and the spread of infectious diseases or other public health issues could have a significant negative impact on securities markets and the fund’s investments. Unpredictable events such as natural disasters, pandemics, and widespread health crises may lead to unexpected suspensions or closures of securities exchanges, travel restrictions or quarantines, and an extended adverse impact on global market conditions.
Asset allocation The performance and risks of the fund will directly correspond to the performance and risks of the underlying funds in which it invests. By investing in many underlying funds, which represent different asset classes, sectors, and investment styles, the fund has partial exposure to the risks associated with different areas of the market. The selection of the underlying funds and the allocation of the fund’s assets among the various asset classes, market sectors, and investment styles could cause the fund to underperform the broad markets, relevant indices, or other funds with a similar benchmark or investment program. The fund's overall risk is increased to the extent the fund invests in underlying funds that carry greater risks, and any decisions to underweight or overweight particular underlying funds based on the adviser's outlook for market conditions could fail to produce the intended results and cause the fund to lag relevant benchmarks or similarly managed funds.
Investments in other funds As a fund-of-funds, the fund is subject to the risks of the performance and execution of the investment programs of its underlying funds. The fund does not control the investments of the underlying funds, which may implement their investment strategies in a manner not anticipated by the fund. Poor security selection by an underlying fund could cause that underlying fund to underperform relevant benchmarks or other funds with similar investment objectives, which in turn could cause the fund to underperform similarly managed funds. Although T. Rowe Price also serves as the investment adviser of the underlying funds in which the fund invests, an underlying fund may change its investment program or policies without the fund’s approval, which could force the fund to reduce or eliminate its allocation to the underlying fund at an unfavorable time.
Stock exposure An underlying stock fund’s share price can fall because of weakness in the overall stock markets, a particular industry, or specific holdings. Stock markets as a whole can be volatile and decline for many reasons, such as adverse local, political, regulatory, or economic developments; changes in investor psychology; or heavy institutional selling at the same time by major institutional investors in the market, such as mutual funds, pension funds, and banks. The prospects for an industry or company may deteriorate because of a variety of factors, including disappointing earnings or changes in the competitive environment. In addition, the adviser’s assessment of companies whose stocks are held by an underlying fund may prove incorrect, resulting in losses or poor performance, even in rising markets. The
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fund’s overall exposure to certain investment styles or market capitalizations may limit its potential for appreciation when other investment styles or market capitalizations are in favor.
International investing Funds that have exposure to investments outside the U.S. generally carry more risk than funds that invest strictly in U.S. assets. Investments outside the U.S. may lose value because of declining foreign currencies or adverse political or economic events overseas, among other things. Securities of non-U.S. issuers tend to be more volatile than U.S. securities and are subject to trading markets with lower overall liquidity, governmental interference, and regulatory and accounting standards and settlement practices that differ from those of U.S. issuers. An underlying fund could experience losses based solely on the weakness of foreign currencies in which the fund’s holdings are denominated versus the U.S. dollar, and changes in the exchange rates between such currencies and the U.S. dollar. Any attempts by an underlying fund at hedging currency risk could be unsuccessful and it is difficult to hedge the currency risks of many emerging markets countries. Risks can result from differing regulatory environments, less stringent investor protections, uncertain tax laws, and higher transaction costs compared to U.S. markets. Investments outside the U.S. could be subject to governmental actions such as capital or currency controls, nationalization of a company or industry, expropriation of assets, or imposition of high taxes. Market volatility may significantly impact prices and limit the liquidity of securities in a particular country or geographic region at the same time. The fund’s overall international investing risk level is increased to the extent it has exposure to emerging markets.
Emerging markets Funds that have exposure to investments in emerging markets generally carry more risk than funds that invest strictly in the U.S. and other developed markets. Investments in emerging markets are subject to the risk of abrupt and severe price declines. The economic and political structures of emerging market countries, in most cases, do not compare favorably with the U.S. or other developed countries in terms of wealth and stability, and their financial markets often lack liquidity. These economies are less developed, can be overly reliant on particular industries, and are more vulnerable to the ebb and flow of international trade, trade barriers, and other protectionist or retaliatory measures. Governments in many emerging market countries participate to a significant degree in their economies and securities markets. As a result, investments by an underlying fund may be restricted and subject to greater government control, including repatriation of sales proceeds. Emerging market securities exchanges are more likely to experience problems with the clearing and settling of trades, as well as the custody of holdings by local banks, agents, and depositories. In addition, the accounting standards in emerging market countries may be unreliable and could present an inaccurate picture of a company’s finances. Some countries have histories of instability and upheaval that could cause their governments to act in a detrimental or hostile manner toward private enterprise or foreign investment. The volatility of emerging markets may be heightened by the actions (such as significant buying or selling) of a few major investors. For example, substantial increases or decreases in cash flows of mutual funds investing in these markets could significantly affect local securities prices and, therefore, could cause fund share prices to decline.
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Market capitalization Different market capitalizations tend to shift in and out of favor depending on market conditions and investor sentiment. Because the fund invests in certain stock funds that emphasize investments in small-cap stocks, mid-cap stocks, and large-cap stocks, the fund's share price could be negatively affected if a market capitalization falls out of favor and its potential for appreciation could be limited when one market capitalization is in favor over the other. The fund’s overall stock market risk is increased to the extent it has exposure to small- and mid-cap stocks. Small- and mid-cap companies often have narrower product lines, more limited financial resources, and management that may lack depth and experience. Small-cap companies seldom pay significant dividends that could help to cushion returns in a falling market. Although stocks issued by larger companies tend to have less overall volatility than stocks issued by smaller companies, larger companies may not be able to attain the high growth rates of successful smaller companies, especially during strong economic periods. In addition, larger companies may be less capable of responding quickly to competitive challenges and industry changes and may suffer sharper price declines as a result of earnings disappointments.
Investment style Different investment styles tend to shift in and out of favor depending on market conditions and investor sentiment. Because the fund invests in certain stock funds that emphasize a growth approach to investing and certain stock funds that emphasize a value approach to investing, the fund's potential for appreciation could be limited when one investment style is in favor over the other. Growth stocks can be more volatile than other types of stocks and their prices may fluctuate more dramatically than the overall stock market. A stock with growth characteristics can have sharp price declines due to decreases in current or expected earnings and may lack dividends that can help cushion its share price in a declining market. Value stocks carry the risk that the market will not recognize a security’s intrinsic value for a long time or that a stock judged to be undervalued may be appropriately priced. Although value stocks tend to be inexpensive relative to their earnings, they can continue to be inexpensive for long periods of time and may not ever realize their full value.
Dividend-paying stocks To the extent the fund invests in an underlying fund that focuses on dividend-paying stocks, it is exposed to greater volatility and the risk of stock market declines that could cause the fund to underperform similarly managed funds. Stock markets as a whole can decline for many reasons, and the share price of the underlying fund could fall because of weakness in the broad market, a particular industry, or specific holdings. Stocks of companies with a history of paying dividends may not benefit from a broad market advance to the same degree as the overall stock market. In addition, a sharp rise in interest rates or economic downturn could cause a company to unexpectedly reduce or eliminate its dividend.
Money market investments An underlying money market fund may not be able to maintain a stable $1.00 share price at all times. Although the fund only purchases securities that present minimal credit risk, the credit quality of the fund’s holdings could change rapidly during periods of market stress. If a money market fund fails to maintain a stable net asset value, or if there is a perceived threat that a money market fund is likely to fail to maintain a stable net asset value, the underlying fund could experience significant redemption activity. This could
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reduce the market prices of securities held by the underlying fund and make it more difficult for the fund to maintain a stable $1.00 share price.
Additional Strategies and Risks
In addition to the principal investment strategies and principal risks previously described, the fund may employ other, non-principal investment strategies and may be subject to other risks, which are described in the following paragraphs.
While the fund typically invests only in other T. Rowe Price Funds, the fund may also buy and sell futures contracts (thereby taking long or short positions, as appropriate). Investments involving futures would typically be used to manage cash flows efficiently, remain fully invested, or facilitate asset allocation and rebalancing.
Futures To the extent the fund buys and sells futures contracts, it is potentially exposed to greater volatility than investing directly in stock and bond funds. Futures can experience reduced liquidity and become difficult to value, particularly during significant market events. While the fund would typically use stock index futures and interest rate futures that are traded on an exchange, the use of any instruments that are traded over-the-counter as opposed to through an exchange are also subject to the risk that a counterparty to the transaction will fail to meet its obligations under the contract.
Cybersecurity breaches The fund may be subject to operational and information security risks resulting from breaches in cybersecurity. Cybersecurity breaches may involve deliberate attacks and unauthorized access to the digital information systems (for example, through “hacking” or malicious software coding) used by the fund or its third-party service providers but may also result from outside attacks such as denial-of-service attacks. These breaches may, among other things, result in financial losses to the fund and its shareholders, cause the fund to lose proprietary information, disrupt business operations, or result in the unauthorized release of confidential information. Further, cybersecurity breaches involving the fund’s third-party service providers, trading counterparties, or issuers in which the fund invests could subject the fund to many of the same risks associated with direct breaches.
The fund’s investment policies and practices are subject to further restrictions and risks that are described in the Statement of Additional Information.
For the fund and its underlying funds, certain investment restrictions, such as a required minimum or maximum investment in a particular type of security, are measured at the time the fund purchases a security. The status, market value, maturity, duration, credit quality, or other characteristics of a fund’s securities may change after they are purchased, and this may cause the amount of the fund’s assets invested in such securities to exceed the stated maximum restriction or fall below the stated minimum restriction. If any of these changes occur, it would not be considered a violation of the investment restriction and will not require the sale of an
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investment if it was proper at the time the investment was made (this exception does not apply to a fund’s borrowing policy). However, certain changes will require holdings to be sold or purchased by the fund during the time it is above or below the stated percentage restriction in order for the fund to be in compliance with applicable restrictions.
Reserve Position
The fund may maintain a portion of its assets in reserves, which can consist of short-term, high-quality U.S. dollar-denominated money market securities or shares of the T. Rowe Price U.S. Treasury Money Fund. In order to respond to adverse market, economic, political, or other conditions, the fund may assume a temporary defensive position that is inconsistent with its principal investment objective and/or strategies and may invest, without limitation, in reserves. The reserve position provides flexibility in meeting redemptions and in the timing of new investments, and can serve as a short-term defense during periods of unusual market volatility. If the fund has significant holdings in reserves, that fund’s ability to achieve its objective could be compromised.
Fundamental Investment Policies
The fund will not: (i) invest more than 25% of its net assets in any one industry, except that the fund will invest substantially all of its assets in investment companies that are members of the T. Rowe Price family of funds; (ii) borrow money, except temporarily, to facilitate redemption requests in amounts not exceeding 30% of the fund’s total assets valued at market; and (iii) in any manner transfer as collateral for indebtedness any securities owned by the fund except in connection with permissible borrowings, which in no event will exceed 30% of the fund’s total assets valued at market. The fund may borrow money from other T. Rowe Price Funds.
Meeting Redemption Requests
The fund is expected to typically sell shares of its underlying funds in order to meet redemption requests, although the fund may at times hold sufficient cash or cash equivalents to meet redemption requests. These redemption methods will be used regularly and may also be used in deteriorating or stressed market conditions. The fund reserves the right to pay redemption proceeds with securities from the fund’s portfolio rather than in cash (redemptions in-kind), as described under “Large Redemptions.” Redemptions in-kind are typically used to meet redemption requests that represent a large percentage of the fund’s net assets in order to minimize the effect of large redemptions on the fund and its remaining shareholders. In general, any redemptions in-kind will represent a pro-rata distribution of the fund’s securities, subject to certain limited exceptions. Redemptions in-kind may be used regularly in circumstances as described above and may also be used in stressed market conditions.
The fund, along with other T. Rowe Price Funds, is a party to an interfund lending exemptive order received from the SEC that permits the T. Rowe Price Funds to borrow money from and/or lend money to other T. Rowe Price Funds to help the funds meet short-term redemptions and liquidity needs. In certain circumstances, the T. Rowe Price funds may also meet redemption requests through an overdraft of the fund’s account with its custodian.
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During periods of deteriorating or stressed market conditions, or during extraordinary or emergency circumstances, the fund may be more likely to pay redemption proceeds with cash obtained through interfund lending or by redeeming a large redemption request in-kind.
The Statement of Additional Information contains more detailed information about the fund and its investments, operations, and expenses.
Portfolio Turnover
The fund’s portfolio turnover rate is expected to be low. The fund will purchase or sell securities to: (i) accommodate purchases and sales of the fund’s shares; and (ii) maintain or modify the allocation of the fund’s assets among the underlying funds within the percentage limits described earlier. A high turnover rate may increase transaction costs, result in additional capital gain distributions, and reduce fund total return. The fund’s portfolio turnover rates are shown in the Financial Highlights table.
The Financial Highlights table, which provides information about the fund’s financial history, is based on a single share outstanding throughout the periods shown. The table is part of the fund’s financial statements, which are included in its annual report and are incorporated by reference into the Statement of Additional Information (available upon request). The fund’s total returns may be higher or lower than the investment results of the individual underlying T. Rowe Price funds. The financial statements in the annual report were audited by the fund’s independent registered public accounting firm, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP.
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FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS | For a share outstanding throughout each period |
|
| Year |
| 12/31/18 |
| 12/31/17 |
| 12/31/16 |
| 12/31/15 | ||||||||||||||
NET ASSET VALUE |
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
Beginning of period | $ | 20.00 | $ | 24.36 | $ | 20.97 | $ | 20.91 | $ | 23.44 | ||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment activities | 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.25 | |||||||||||||||||||
Net realized
and | 5.11 | (2.37 | ) | 5.11 | 1.41 | (0.12 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
Total from investment | 5.40 | (2.11 | ) | 5.35 | 1.65 | 0.13 | ||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distributions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net investment income | (0.30 | ) | (0.27 | ) | (0.26 | ) | (0.25 | ) | (0.26 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Net realized gain | (1.81 | ) | (1.98 | ) | (1.70 | ) | (1.34 | ) | (2.40 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Total distributions | (2.11 | ) | (2.25 | ) | (1.96 | ) | (1.59 | ) | (2.66 | ) | ||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
NET ASSET VALUE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
End of period | $ | 23.29 | $ | 20.00 | $ | 24.36 | $ | 20.97 | $ | 20.91 |
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FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS | For a share outstanding throughout each period |
|
| Year |
| 12/31/18 |
| 12/31/17 |
| 12/31/16 |
| 12/31/15 | ||||||||||||||
Ratios/Supplemental Data |
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total return(2) (3) (4) | 27.03 | % | (8.53 | )% | 25.52 | % | 7.84 | % | 0.75 | % | ||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ratios
to average net | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gross expenses before | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | ||||||||||||||
Net expenses after | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | ||||||||||||||
Weighted average net | 0.76 | % | 0.77 | % | 0.78 | % | 0.80 | % | 0.79 | % | ||||||||||||||
Effective net expenses | 0.76 | % | 0.77 | % | 0.78 | % | 0.80 | % | 0.79 | % | ||||||||||||||
Net investment | 1.25 | % | 1.05 | % | 1.02 | % | 1.14 | % | 1.03 | % | ||||||||||||||
Portfolio turnover rate(4) | 19.3 | % | 10.8 | % | 12.2 | % | 10.5 | % | 14.6 | % | ||||||||||||||
Nets
assets, end of period | $ | 3,795 | $ | 3,266 | $ | 3,851 | $ | 3,420 | $ | 3,560 |
(1) Per share amounts calculated using average shares outstanding method.
(2) Includes the impact of expense-related arrangements with Price Associates.
(3) Total return reflects the rate that an investor would have earned on an investment in the fund during each period, assuming reinvestment of all distributions, and payment of no redemption or account fees, if applicable. The fund's total return may be higher or lower than the investment results of the individual underlying Price Funds.
(4) Reflects the activity of the fund, and does not include the activity of the underlying Price Funds. However, investment performance of the fund is directly related to the investment performance of the underlying Price Funds in which it invests.
(5) Reflects the indirect expense impact to the fund from its investment in the underlying Price Funds, based on the actual expense ratio of each underlying Price Fund weighted for the fund's relative average investment therein.
Most T. Rowe Price Funds disclose their calendar quarter-end portfolio holdings on troweprice.com 15 calendar days after each quarter. At the discretion of the investment adviser, these holdings reports may exclude the issuer name and other information relating to a holding in order to protect the fund’s interests and prevent harm to the fund or its shareholders. In addition, most T. Rowe Price Funds disclose their 10 largest holdings, along
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with the percentage of the relevant fund’s total assets that each of the 10 holdings represents, on troweprice.com on the seventh business day after each month-end. These holdings are listed in numerical order based on such percentages of the fund’s assets. A description of T. Rowe Price’s policies and procedures with respect to the disclosure of portfolio information is available in the Statement of Additional Information.
INFORMATION ABOUT ACCOUNTS IN T. ROWE PRICE FUNDS | 3 | |
The following policies and procedures generally apply to Investor Class, I Class, Advisor Class, R Class, and Z Class accounts in the T. Rowe Price Funds. The front cover and Section 1 of this prospectus indicate which share classes are available for the fund.
This section of the prospectus explains the basics of investing with T. Rowe Price and describes some of the different share classes that may be available. Certain share classes can be held directly with T. Rowe Price, while other share classes must typically be held through a financial intermediary, such as a bank, broker, retirement plan recordkeeper, or investment advisor. The Z Class is only available to funds managed by T. Rowe Price and other advisory clients of T. Rowe Price or its affiliates that are subject to a contractual fee for investment management services.
Each class of a fund’s shares represents an interest in the same fund with the same investment program and investment policies. However, each class is designed for a different type of investor and has a different cost structure primarily due to shareholder services or distribution arrangements that may apply only to that class. For example, certain classes may make payments to financial intermediaries for various administrative services they provide (commonly referred to as administrative fee payments, or AFP) and/or make payments to certain financial intermediaries for distribution of the fund’s shares (commonly referred to as 12b-1 fee payments). Determining the most appropriate share class depends on many factors, including how much you plan to invest, whether you are investing directly in the fund or through a financial intermediary, and whether you are investing on behalf of a person or an organization.
This section generally describes the differences between Investor Class, I Class, Advisor Class, R Class, and Z Class shares. This section does not describe the policies that apply to accounts in T. Rowe Price institutional funds and certain other types of funds. Policies for these other funds are described in their respective prospectuses, and all available share classes for the T. Rowe Price Funds are described more fully in the funds’ Statement of Additional Information. While many T. Rowe Price Funds are offered in more than one share class, not all funds offer all of the share classes described in this section.
Investor Class
A T. Rowe Price Fund that does not include the term “institutional” or indicate a specific share class as part of its name is considered to be the Investor Class of that fund. The Investor Class is
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available to individual investors, institutions, and a wide variety of other types of investors. The Investor Class may be purchased directly from T. Rowe Price or through a retirement plan or financial intermediary. The Investor Class does not impose sales charges and does not make any 12b-1 fee payments to financial intermediaries but may make administrative fee payments at an annual rate of up to 0.15% of the class’ average daily net assets. In addition, you may also incur brokerage commissions and other charges when buying or selling Investor Class shares through a financial intermediary. For investors holding the Investor Class through the T. Rowe Price® ActivePlus Portfolios program, the terms and conditions of the program will be applicable.
I Class
The I Class may be purchased directly from T. Rowe Price or through a financial intermediary. The I Class does not impose sales charges and does not make any administrative fee payments or 12b-1 fee payments to financial intermediaries. However, you may incur brokerage commissions and other charges when buying or selling I Class shares through a financial intermediary.
The I Class requires a $1 million initial investment minimum, although the minimum generally is waived for retirement plans, financial intermediaries, certain institutional client accounts for which T. Rowe Price or its affiliate has discretionary investment authority, and certain other accounts. For investors eligible for the I Class through the T. Rowe Price® ActivePlus Portfolios program, the terms and conditions of the program will be applicable. Accounts that are not eligible for the I Class may be converted to the Investor Class following notice to the financial intermediary or investor.
Advisor Class
The Advisor Class is designed to be sold through various financial intermediaries, such as broker-dealers, banks, insurance companies, retirement plan recordkeepers, and financial advisors. The Advisor Class must be purchased through an eligible financial intermediary (except for certain retirement plans held directly with T. Rowe Price). The Advisor Class does not impose sales charges but may make 12b-1 fee payments at an annual rate of up to 0.25% of the class’ average daily net assets and may also separately make administrative fee payments at an annual rate of up to 0.15% of the class’ average daily net assets.
The Advisor Class requires an agreement between the financial intermediary and T. Rowe Price to be executed prior to investment. Purchases of Advisor Class shares for which the required agreement with T. Rowe Price has not been executed or that are not made through an eligible financial intermediary are subject to rejection or cancellation without prior notice to the financial intermediary or investor, and accounts that are no longer eligible for the Advisor Class (including any accounts that are no longer serviced by a financial intermediary or for which the financial intermediary does not accept or assess 12b-1 fee payments) may be converted to the Investor Class following notice to the financial intermediary or investor.
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R Class
The R Class is designed to be sold through financial intermediaries for employer-sponsored defined contribution retirement plans and certain other retirement accounts. The R Class must be purchased through an eligible financial intermediary (except for certain retirement plans held directly with T. Rowe Price). The R Class does not impose sales charges but may make 12b-1 fee payments at an annual rate of up to 0.50% of the class’ average daily net assets and may also separately make administrative fee payments at an annual rate of up to 0.15% of the class’ average daily net assets.
The R Class requires an agreement between the financial intermediary and T. Rowe Price to be executed prior to investment. Purchases of R Class shares for which the required agreement with T. Rowe Price has not been executed or that are not made through an eligible financial intermediary are subject to rejection or cancellation without prior notice to the financial intermediary or investor, and accounts that are no longer eligible for the R Class (including any accounts that are no longer serviced by a financial intermediary or for which the financial intermediary does not accept or assess 12b-1 fee payments) may be converted to the Investor Class or Advisor Class following notice to the financial intermediary or investor.
Z Class
The Z Class is only available to funds managed by T. Rowe Price and other advisory clients of T. Rowe Price or its affiliates that are subject to a contractual fee for investment management services. There is no minimum initial investment and no minimum for additional purchases. The Z Class does not impose sales charges and does not make any administrative fee payments or 12b-1 fee payments to financial intermediaries.
Administrative Fee Payments (Investor Class, Advisor Class, and R Class)
Certain financial intermediaries perform recordkeeping and administrative services for their clients that would otherwise be performed by the funds’ transfer agent. Investor Class, Advisor Class, and R Class shares may make administrative fee payments to retirement plan recordkeepers, broker-dealers, and other financial intermediaries (at an annual rate of up to 0.15% of the class’ average daily net assets) for transfer agency, recordkeeping, and other administrative services that they provide on behalf of the funds. These administrative services may include maintaining account records for each customer; transmitting purchase and redemption orders; delivering shareholder confirmations, statements, and tax forms; and providing support to respond to customers’ questions regarding their accounts. Except for funds that have an all-inclusive management fee, these separate administrative fee payments are reflected in the “Other expenses” line that appears in the table titled “Fees and Expenses of the Fund” in Section 1.
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12b-1 Fee Payments (Advisor Class and R Class)
Mutual funds are permitted to adopt a 12b-1 plan to pay certain expenses associated with the distribution of the fund’s shares out of the fund’s assets. Each fund offering Advisor and/or R Class shares has adopted a 12b-1 plan under which those classes may make payments (for the Advisor Class, at an annual rate of up to 0.25% of the class’ average daily net assets, and for the R Class, at an annual rate of up to 0.50% of the class’ average daily net assets) to various financial intermediaries, such as broker-dealers, registered investment advisers, banks, insurance companies, and retirement plan recordkeepers, for distribution and/or shareholder servicing of the Advisor Class and R Class shares. The 12b-1 plans provide for the class to pay such fees to the fund’s distributor and for the distributor to then pay such fees to the financial intermediaries that provide services for the class and/or make the class available to investors.
For the Advisor Class, distribution payments may include payments to financial intermediaries for making the Advisor Class shares available to their customers (for example, providing the fund with “shelf space” or inclusion on a “preferred list” or “supermarket” platform). For the R Class, distribution payments may include payments to financial intermediaries for making the R Class shares available as investment options to retirement plans and retirement plan participants, assisting plan sponsors in conducting searches for investment options, and providing ongoing monitoring of investment options.
Shareholder servicing payments under the plans may include payments to financial intermediaries for providing shareholder support services to existing shareholders of the Advisor Class and R Class. These payments may be more or less than the costs incurred by the financial intermediaries. Because the fees are paid from the Advisor Class or R Class net assets on an ongoing basis, they will increase the cost of your investment over time. In addition, payments of 12b-1 fees may influence your financial advisor’s recommendation of the fund or of any particular share class of the fund. Payments of 12b-1 fees are reflected in the “Distribution and service (12b-1) fees” line that appears in the table titled “Fees and Expenses of the Fund” in Section 1.
Additional Compensation to Financial Intermediaries
In addition to the administrative fee payments made by certain funds and the 12b-1 payments made by the Advisor Class and R Class, T. Rowe Price or the fund’s distributor will, at their own expense, provide compensation to certain financial intermediaries that have sold shares of or provide shareholder or other services to the T. Rowe Price Funds, commonly referred to as revenue sharing. These payments may be in the form of asset-based, transaction-based, or flat payments. These payments are used to compensate third parties for distribution and shareholder servicing activities, including sub-accounting, sub-transfer agency, or other services. Some of these payments may include expense reimbursements and meeting and marketing support payments (out of T. Rowe Price’s or the fund’s distributor’s own resources and not as an expense of the funds) to financial intermediaries, such as broker-dealers, registered investment advisers, banks, insurance companies, and retirement plan recordkeepers, in connection with the sale, distribution, marketing, and/or servicing of the
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T. Rowe Price Funds. The Statement of Additional Information provides more information about these payment arrangements.
The receipt of, or the prospect of receiving, these payments and expense reimbursements from T. Rowe Price or the fund’s distributor may influence financial intermediaries, plan sponsors, and other third parties to offer or recommend T. Rowe Price Funds over other investment options for which an intermediary does not receive additional compensation (or receives lower levels of additional compensation). In addition, financial intermediaries that receive these payments and/or expense reimbursements may elevate the prominence of the T. Rowe Price Funds by, for example, placing the T. Rowe Price Funds on a list of preferred or recommended funds and/or provide preferential or enhanced opportunities to promote the T. Rowe Price Funds in various ways. Since these additional payments are not paid by a fund directly, these arrangements do not increase fund expenses and will not change the price that an investor pays for shares of the T. Rowe Price Funds or the amount that is invested in a T. Rowe Price Fund on behalf of an investor. You may ask your financial intermediary for more information about any payments they receive from T. Rowe Price or the fund’s distributor.
Comparison of Fees
The following table summarizes the distribution and service (12b-1) fee and administrative fee arrangements applicable to each class.
Class | 12b-1 Fee Payments | Administrative Fee Payments |
Investor Class | None | Up to 0.15% per year |
I Class | None | None |
Advisor Class | Up to 0.25% per year | Up to 0.15% per year |
R Class | Up to 0.50% per year | Up to 0.15% per year |
Z Class | None | None |
Investor Class
In an effort to help offset the disproportionately high costs incurred by the funds in connection with servicing lower-balance accounts that are held directly with the T. Rowe Price Funds’ transfer agent, an annual $20 account service fee (paid to T. Rowe Price Services, Inc., or one of its affiliates) is charged to certain Investor Class accounts with a balance below $10,000. The determination of whether a fund account is subject to the account service fee is based on account balances and services selected for accounts as of the last business day of August of each calendar year. The fee may be charged to an account with a balance below $10,000 for any reason, including market fluctuation and recent redemptions. The fee, which is automatically deducted from an account by redeeming fund shares, is typically charged to accounts in early September each calendar year. Such redemption may result in a taxable gain or loss to you.
The account service fee generally does not apply to fund accounts that are held through a financial intermediary, participant accounts in employer-sponsored retirement plans for which
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T. Rowe Price Retirement Plan Services provides recordkeeping services, accounts held through the T. Rowe Price® ActivePlus Portfolios program, or money market funds that are used as a T. Rowe Price brokerage sweep account. Regardless of a particular fund account’s balance as of the last business day of August, the account service fee is automatically waived for accounts that satisfy any of the following conditions:
· Any accounts for which the shareholder has elected to receive electronic delivery of all of the following: account statements, transaction confirmations, prospectuses, and shareholder reports (paper copies of fund documents are available, free of charge, upon request, to any shareholder regardless of whether the shareholder has elected electronic delivery);
· Any accounts of a shareholder with at least $50,000 in total assets with T. Rowe Price (for this purpose, total assets include investments through T. Rowe Price Brokerage and investments in T. Rowe Price Funds, except for those held through a retirement plan for which T. Rowe Price Retirement Plan Services provides recordkeeping services); or
· Any accounts of a shareholder who is a T. Rowe Price Select Client Services client—visit troweprice.com or call 1-800-332-6161 for more information.
T. Rowe Price reserves the right to authorize additional waivers for other types of accounts or to modify the conditions for assessment of the account service fee. Fund shares held in a T. Rowe Price IRA, Education Savings Account, or small business retirement plan account (including certain 403(b) plan accounts) are subject to the account service fee and may be subject to additional administrative fees when distributing all fund shares from such accounts.
Investor Class and I Class shares may be purchased directly from T. Rowe Price or through various financial intermediaries. Advisor Class and R Class shares must be purchased through a financial intermediary (except for certain retirement plans held directly at T. Rowe Price). If you are opening an account through an employer-sponsored retirement plan or other financial intermediary, you should contact the retirement plan or financial intermediary for information regarding its policies on opening an account, including the policies relating to purchasing, exchanging, and redeeming shares, and the applicable initial and subsequent investment minimums.
Tax Identification Number
Investors must provide T. Rowe Price with a valid Social Security number or taxpayer identification number on a signed new account form or Form W-9, and financial intermediaries must provide T. Rowe Price with their certified taxpayer identification number. Otherwise, federal law requires the funds to withhold a percentage of dividends, capital gain distributions, and redemptions and may subject you or the financial intermediary to an Internal Revenue Service fine. If this information is not received within 60 days of the account being established, the account may be redeemed at the fund’s then-current net asset value.
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Important Information Required to Open a New Account
Pursuant to federal law, all financial institutions must obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person or entity that opens an account. This information is needed not only for the account owner and any other person who opens the account, but also for any person who has authority to act on behalf of the account.
When you open an account, you will be asked for the name, U.S. street address (post office boxes are not acceptable), date of birth, and Social Security number or taxpayer identification number for each account owner and person(s) opening an account on behalf of others, such as custodians, agents, trustees, or other authorized signers. When opening an entity account, you will be asked to identify and provide personal information for: (i) any individual who, either directly or indirectly, owns 25% or more of the equity interest of the entity and (ii) a single individual who controls, manages, or directs the entity. Corporate and other institutional accounts require documents showing the existence of the entity (such as articles of incorporation or partnership agreements) to open an account. Certain other fiduciary accounts (such as trusts or power of attorney arrangements) require documentation, which may include an original or certified copy of the trust agreement or power of attorney, to open an account.
T. Rowe Price will use this information to verify the identity of the person(s)/entity opening the account. An account cannot be opened until all of this information is received. If the identity of the account holder cannot be verified, T. Rowe Price is authorized to take any action permitted by law, including but not limited to restricting additional purchases, freezing the account, or involuntarily redeeming the shares in the account at the net asset value calculated the day the account is redeemed.
Institutional investors and financial intermediaries should call Financial Institution Services at 1-800-638-8790 for more information on these requirements, as well as to be assigned an account number and instructions for opening an account. Other investors should call Investor Services at 1-800-638-5660 for more information about these requirements.
The funds are generally available only to investors residing in the United States. In addition, nongovernment money market funds that operate as “retail money market funds” pursuant to Rule 2a-7 under the Investment Company Act of 1940 are required to limit their beneficial owners to natural persons. An investor in a retail money market fund is required to demonstrate eligibility (for example, by providing a valid Social Security number) before an account can be opened.
How and When Shares Are Priced
The trade date for your transaction request depends on the day and time that T. Rowe Price receives your request and will normally be executed using the next share price calculated after your order is received in correct form by T. Rowe Price or its agent (or by your financial
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intermediary if it has the authority to accept transaction orders on behalf of the fund). The share price, also called the net asset value, for each share class of a fund is calculated as of the close of trading on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), which is normally 4 p.m. ET, on each day that the NYSE is open for business. Net asset values are not calculated for the funds on days when the NYSE is scheduled to be closed for trading (for example, weekends and certain U.S. national holidays). If the NYSE is unexpectedly closed due to weather or other extenuating circumstances on a day it would typically be open for business, or if the NYSE has an unscheduled early closing on a day it has opened for business, the funds reserve the right to treat such day as a business day and accept purchase and redemption orders and calculate their share price as of the normally scheduled close of regular trading on the NYSE for that day.
To calculate the net asset value, a fund’s assets are valued and totaled, liabilities are subtracted, and each class’ proportionate share of the balance, called net assets, is divided by the number of shares outstanding of that class. Market values are used to price portfolio holdings for which market quotations are readily available. Market values generally reflect the prices at which securities actually trade or represent prices that have been adjusted based on evaluations and information provided by the fund’s pricing services. Investments in other mutual funds are valued at the closing net asset value per share of the mutual fund on the day of valuation. If a market value for a portfolio holding is not available or normal valuation procedures are deemed to be inappropriate, the fund will make a good faith effort to assign a fair value to the holding by taking into account various factors and methodologies that have been approved by the fund’s Board. This value may differ from the value the fund receives upon sale of the securities.
Amortized cost is used to price securities held by money market funds and certain short-term debt securities held by other funds. The retail and government money market funds, which seek to maintain a stable net asset value of $1.00, use the amortized cost method of valuation to calculate their net asset value. Amortized cost allows the money market funds to value a holding at the fund’s acquisition cost with adjustments for any premiums or discounts and then round the net asset value per share to the nearest whole cent. The amortized cost method of valuation enables the money market funds to maintain a $1.00 net asset value, but it may also result in periods during which the stated value of a security held by the funds differs from the market-based price the funds would receive if they sold that holding. The current market-based net asset value per share for each business day in the preceding six months is available for the retail and government money market funds through troweprice.com. These market-based net asset values are for informational purposes only and are not used to price transactions.
The funds use various pricing services to provide closing market prices, as well as information used to adjust those prices and to value most fixed income securities. A fund cannot predict how often it will use closing prices or how often it will adjust those prices. As a means of evaluating its fair value process, the fund routinely compares closing market prices, the next day’s opening prices in the same markets, and adjusted prices.
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Non-U.S. equity securities are valued on the basis of their most recent closing market prices at 4 p.m. ET, except under the following circumstances. Most foreign markets close before 4 p.m. ET. For example, the most recent closing prices for securities traded in certain Asian markets may be as much as 15 hours old at 4 p.m. ET. If a fund determines that developments between the close of a foreign market and the close of the NYSE will affect the value of some or all of the fund’s securities, the fund will adjust the previous closing prices to reflect what it believes to be the fair value of the securities as of 4 p.m. ET. In deciding whether to make these adjustments, the fund reviews a variety of factors, including developments in foreign markets, the performance of U.S. securities markets, and the performance of instruments trading in U.S. markets that represent foreign securities and baskets of foreign securities.
A fund may also fair value certain securities or a group of securities in other situations—for example, when a particular foreign market is closed but the fund is open. For a fund that has investments in securities that are primarily listed on foreign exchanges that trade on weekends or other days when the fund does not price its shares, the fund’s net asset value may change on days when shareholders will not be able to purchase or redeem the fund’s shares. If an event occurs that affects the value of a security after the close of the market, such as a default of a commercial paper issuer or a significant move in short-term interest rates, a fund may make a price adjustment depending on the nature and significance of the event. The funds also evaluate a variety of factors when assigning fair values to private placements and other restricted securities. Other mutual funds may adjust the prices of their securities by different amounts or assign different fair values than the fair value that the fund assigns to the same security.
The various ways you can purchase, sell, and exchange shares are explained throughout this section. These procedures differ based on whether you hold your account directly with T. Rowe Price or through an employer-sponsored retirement plan or financial intermediary.
The following policies apply to accounts that are held directly with T. Rowe Price and not through a financial intermediary.
Options for Opening Your Account
If you own other T. Rowe Price Funds, you should consider registering any new account identically to your existing accounts so you can exchange shares among them easily (the name(s) of the account owner(s) and the account type must be identical).
For joint accounts or other types of accounts owned or controlled by more than one party, either owner/party has complete authority to act on behalf of all and give instructions concerning the account without notice to the other party. T. Rowe Price may, in its sole discretion, require written authorization from all owners/parties to act on the account for
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certain transactions (for example, to transfer ownership). There are multiple ways to establish a new account directly with T. Rowe Price.
Online You can open a new Investor Class account online. (I Class accounts currently must be opened either by telephone or in writing.) Go to troweprice.com/newaccount to choose the type of account you wish to open.
You can exchange shares online from an existing account in one fund to open a new account in another fund. The new account will have the same registration as the account from which you are exchanging, and any services (other than systematic purchase and systematic distribution arrangements) that you have preauthorized will carry over from the existing account to the new account.
To open an account online for the first time or with a different account registration, you must be a U.S. citizen residing in the U.S. or a resident alien and not subject to Internal Revenue Service backup withholding. Additionally, you must provide consent to receive certain documents electronically. You will have the option of providing your bank account information, which will enable you to make electronic funds transfers to and from your bank account. To set up this banking service online, additional steps will be taken to verify your identity.
By Mail If you are sending a check, please make your check payable to T. Rowe Price Funds (otherwise it may be returned) and send the check, together with the applicable new account form, to the appropriate address. (Please refer to the appropriate address under “Contacting T. Rowe Price” later in this section to avoid a delay in opening your new account.) T. Rowe Price does not accept third-party checks for initial purchases; however, third-party checks are typically accepted for additional purchases to an existing account. In addition, T. Rowe Price does not accept purchases by cash, traveler’s checks, money orders, or credit card checks. For exchanges from an identically registered account, be sure to specify the fund(s) and account number(s) that you are exchanging out of and the fund(s) you wish to exchange into.
By Telephone Direct investors can call Shareholder Services at 1-800-225-5132 (institutional investors should call 1-800-638-8790) to exchange from an existing fund account to open a new identically registered account in another fund. You may also be eligible to open a new account by telephone and provide your bank account information in order to make an initial purchase. To set up the account and banking service by telephone, additional steps will be taken to verify your identity and the authenticity of your bank account. Although the account may be opened and the purchase made, services may not be established and an Internal Revenue Service penalty withholding may occur until we receive the necessary signed form to certify your Social Security number or taxpayer identification number.
How Your Trade Date Is Determined
If you invest directly with T. Rowe Price and your request to purchase, sell, or exchange shares is received by T. Rowe Price or its agent in correct form by the close of the NYSE (normally 4 p.m. ET), your transaction will be priced at that business day’s net asset value. If your request is received by T. Rowe Price or its agent in correct form after the close of the NYSE, your
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transaction will be priced at the next business day’s net asset value. Systematic transactions that are scheduled to occur on a date the NYSE is closed will normally be processed the next business day (except for certain retirement plan payroll deduction orders generated by T. Rowe Price where the orders are processed the day before the day the NYSE is closed).
Note: There may be times when you are unable to contact us by telephone or access your account online due to extreme market activity, the unavailability of the T. Rowe Price website, or other circumstances. Should this occur, your order must still be placed and received in correct form by T. Rowe Price prior to the time the NYSE closes to be priced at that business day’s net asset value. The time at which transactions and shares are priced and the time until which orders are accepted may be changed in case of an emergency or if the NYSE closes at a time other than 4 p.m. ET. The funds reserve the right to not treat an unscheduled intraday disruption or closure in NYSE trading as a closure of the NYSE and still accept transactions and calculate their net asset value as of 4 p.m. ET.
Transaction Confirmations
T. Rowe Price sends immediate confirmations for most of your fund transactions. However, certain transactions, such as systematic purchases and systematic redemptions, dividend reinvestments, checkwriting redemptions from money market funds, and transactions in money market funds used as a brokerage sweep account, do not receive an immediate transaction confirmation but are reported on your account statement. Please review transaction confirmations and account statements as soon as you receive them, and promptly report any discrepancies to Shareholder Services.
Telephone and Online Account Transactions
You may access your accounts and conduct transactions involving Investor Class accounts using the telephone or the T. Rowe Price website at troweprice.com. You can only conduct transactions involving the I Class over the telephone or in writing.
Preventing Unauthorized Transactions
The T. Rowe Price Funds and their agents use reasonably designed procedures to verify that telephone, electronic, and other instructions are genuine. These procedures include, among other things, recording telephone calls; requiring personalized security codes or other information online and certain identifying information for telephone calls; requiring Medallion signature guarantees for certain transactions and account changes; and promptly sending confirmations of transactions and address changes. For transactions conducted online, we recommend the use of a secure internet browser.
T. Rowe Price Account Protection Program Shareholders who invest in the T. Rowe Price Funds directly are eligible for the Account Protection Program. The Account Protection Program restores eligible losses due to unauthorized or fraudulent activity, provided that you follow all security best practices when you access and maintain your account(s). T. Rowe Price reserves the right to modify or withdraw the Account Protection Program at any time. The Account Protection Program security best practices and additional information may be
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accessed online at https://www.troweprice.com/personal-investing/help/policies-and-security/account-protection-program.html.
If our verification procedures are followed, and the losses are not eligible to be restored under the Account Protection Program, the funds and their agents are not liable for any losses that may occur from acting on unauthorized instructions.
If you suspect any unauthorized account activity, notice errors or discrepancies in your T. Rowe Price account, or are not receiving your T. Rowe Price account statements, please contact T. Rowe Price immediately. Telephone conversations are recorded.
Trusted Contacts Investors who hold shares of a T. Rowe Price Fund directly or through a T. Rowe Price Brokerage account have the option to add one or more trusted contacts to their brokerage and mutual fund accounts. Trusted contacts are intended to be a resource to help protect client assets. Any individuals designated as a trusted contact will be authorized to serve as a primary contact if T. Rowe Price has questions or concerns related to potentially fraudulent account activity, suspected financial exploitation, or to confirm your contact information if we are unable to reach you (but are not authorized to act on your account). For more information or to add trusted contacts to your account, visit troweprice.com or call 1-800-225-5132.
If you are age 65 or older, or if you are age 18 or older and we have reason to believe you have a mental or physical impairment that renders you unable to protect your own interest, we may place a temporary hold on the disbursement of redemption proceeds from your account in an effort to protect you if we reasonably believe that you have been or will be the victim of actual or attempted financial exploitation. You will receive notice of this temporary delay, and it will be for no more than 15 business days while we conduct an internal review of the suspected financial exploitation (including contacting your trusted contact if one is on file). We may delay an additional 10 business days if T. Rowe Price reasonably believes that actual or attempted financial exploitation has occurred or will occur. At the expiration of the hold time, if we have not confirmed that exploitation has occurred, the proceeds will be released to you.
Purchasing Shares
Shares may be purchased in a variety of ways.
By Check Please make your check payable to the T. Rowe Price Funds. Include a new account form if establishing a new account, and include either a fund investment slip or a letter indicating the fund and your account number if adding to an existing account. Your transaction will receive the share price for the business day that the request is received by T. Rowe Price or its agent prior to the close of the NYSE (not the day the request is received at the post office box).
By Electronic Transfer Shares may be purchased using the Automated Clearing House system if you have established the service on your account, which allows T. Rowe Price to request payment for your shares directly from your bank account or other financial institution account. You may also arrange for a wire to be sent to T. Rowe Price (wire transfer instructions
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can be found at troweprice.com/wireinstructions or by calling Shareholder Services). T. Rowe Price must receive the wire by the close of the NYSE to receive that day’s share price. There is no assurance that you will receive the share price for the same day you initiated the wire from your financial institution.
By Exchange You may purchase shares of a fund using the proceeds from the redemption of shares from another fund. The redemption and purchase will receive the same trade date, and if you are establishing a new account, it will have the same registration as the account from which you are exchanging. The purchase must still generally meet the applicable minimum investment requirement.
Systematic Purchases (Automatic Asset Builder) You can instruct T. Rowe Price to automatically transfer money from your account at your bank or other financial institution at least once per month, or you can instruct your employer to send all or a portion of your paycheck to the fund or funds that you designate. Each systematic purchase must be at least $100 per fund account to be eligible for the Automatic Asset Builder service. To automatically transfer money to your account from a bank account or through payroll deductions, complete the appropriate section of the new account form when opening a new account or complete an Account Services Form to add the service to an existing account. Prior to establishing payroll deductions, you must set up the service with T. Rowe Price so that the appropriate instructions can be provided to your employer.
Initial Investment Minimums
Investor Class accounts, other than the Retirement Income 2020 Fund and Summit Funds, require a $2,500 minimum initial investment ($1,000 minimum initial investment for IRAs; certain small business retirement accounts; and custodial accounts for minors, known as Uniform Gifts to Minors Act or Uniform Transfer to Minors Act accounts). The Retirement Income 2020 Fund and Summit Funds require a $25,000 minimum initial investment. I Class accounts require a $1 million minimum initial investment, although the minimum generally is waived for certain types of accounts. If you request the I Class of a particular fund when you open a new account but the investment amount does not meet the applicable minimum, the purchase will be automatically invested in the Investor Class of the same fund.
Additional Investment Minimums
Investor Class accounts, other than Summit Funds, require a $100 minimum for additional purchases, including those made through Automatic Asset Builder. Summit Funds require a $100 minimum for additional purchases through Automatic Asset Builder and a $1,000 minimum for all other additional purchases. I Class accounts require a $100 minimum for additional purchases through Automatic Asset Builder but do not require a minimum amount for other additional purchases.
Exchanging and Redeeming Shares
Exchanges You can move money from one account to an existing, identically registered account or open a new identically registered account. For taxable accounts, an exchange from one fund to another will be reported to the Internal Revenue Service as a sale for tax purposes.
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(Institutional investors are restricted from exchanging into a fund that operates as a retail money market fund.) You can set up systematic exchanges so that money is automatically moved from one fund account to another on a regular basis.
Receiving Redemption Proceeds Redemption proceeds can be mailed to your account address by check or sent electronically to your bank account by Automated Clearing House transfer or bank wire. You can set up systematic redemptions and have the proceeds automatically sent via check or Automated Clearing House on a regular basis. If your request is received in correct form by T. Rowe Price or its agent on a business day prior to the close of the NYSE, proceeds are usually sent on the next business day. However, if you request a redemption from a money market fund on a business day prior to noon ET and request to have proceeds sent via bank wire, proceeds are normally sent later that same day.
Proceeds sent by Automated Clearing House transfer are usually credited to your account the second business day after the sale, and there are typically no fees associated with such payments. Proceeds sent by bank wire are usually credited to your account the next business day after the sale (except for wire redemptions from money market funds received prior to noon ET). A $5 fee will be charged for an outgoing wire of less than $5,000, in addition to any fees your financial institution may charge for an incoming wire.
If for some reason your request to exchange or redeem shares cannot be processed because it is not received in correct form, we will attempt to contact you.
If you request to redeem a specific dollar amount and the market value of your account is less than the amount of your request and we are unable to contact you, your redemption will not be processed and you must submit a new redemption request in correct form.
If you change your address on an account, proceeds may not be mailed to the new address for 15 calendar days after the address change, unless we receive a letter of instruction with a Medallion signature guarantee.
Please note that large purchase and redemption requests initiated through the Automated Clearing House may be rejected, and in such instances, the transaction must be placed by calling Shareholder Services.
Checkwriting You may write an unlimited number of free checks on any money market fund and certain bond funds, with a minimum of $500 per check. Keep in mind, however, that a check results in a sale of fund shares; a check written on a bond fund will create a taxable event that must be reported by T. Rowe Price to the Internal Revenue Service as a redemption.
Converting to Another Share Class
You may convert from one share class of a fund to another share class of the same fund (which may have a higher expense ratio). Although the conversion has no effect on the dollar value of your investment in the fund, the number of shares owned after the conversion may be greater or less than the number of shares owned before the conversion, depending on the net asset values of the two share classes. A conversion between share classes of the same fund is a
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nontaxable event. The new account will have the same registration as the account from which you are converting.
T. Rowe Price may conduct periodic reviews of account balances. If your account balance in a fund exceeds the minimum amount required for the I Class, T. Rowe Price may, but is not required to, automatically convert your Investor Class shares to I Class shares with advance notice. However, if T. Rowe Price has investment discretion, T. Rowe Price may convert your shares without advance notice.
Maintaining Your Account Balance
Investor Class Due to the relatively high cost to a fund of maintaining small accounts, we ask that you maintain an account balance of at least $1,000 ($10,000 for Summit Funds). If, for any reason, your balance is below this amount for three months or longer, we have the right to redeem your account at the then-current net asset value after giving you 60 days to increase your balance.
I Class To keep operating expenses lower, we ask that you maintain an account balance of at least $1 million. If your investment falls below $1 million (even if due to market depreciation), we have the right to redeem your account at the then-current net asset value after giving you 60 days to increase your balance or convert your account to a different share class in the same fund (if available) with a higher expense ratio with advance notice. However, if T. Rowe Price has investment discretion, T. Rowe Price may convert your shares without advance notice.
The redemption of your account could result in a taxable gain or loss.
Investors holding the fund through the T. Rowe Price® ActivePlus Portfolios program will be subject to the minimum account balance requirements of the program, which may differ from the minimum account balance requirements listed above.
The following policies apply to accounts that are held through a financial intermediary.
Accounts in Investor Class and I Class shares are not required to be held through a financial intermediary, but accounts in Advisor Class and R Class shares must be held through an eligible financial intermediary (except for certain retirement plans held directly with T. Rowe Price). It is important that you contact your retirement plan or financial intermediary to determine the policies, procedures, and transaction deadlines that apply to your account. The financial intermediary may charge a fee, such as transaction fees or brokerage commissions, for its services.
Opening an Account
The financial intermediary must provide T. Rowe Price with its certified taxpayer identification number. Financial intermediaries should call Financial Institution Services for an account number and wire transfer instructions. In order to obtain an account number, the financial
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intermediary must supply the name, taxpayer identification number, and business street address for the account. (Please refer to “Contacting T. Rowe Price” later in this section for the appropriate telephone number and mailing address.) Financial intermediaries must also enter into a separate agreement with the fund or its agent.
How the Trade Date Is Determined
If you invest through a financial intermediary and your transaction request is received by T. Rowe Price or its agent in correct form by the close of the NYSE, your transaction will be priced at that business day’s net asset value. If your request is received by T. Rowe Price or its agent in correct form after the close of the NYSE, your transaction will be priced at the next business day’s net asset value unless the fund has an agreement with your financial intermediary for orders to be priced at the net asset value next computed after receipt by the financial intermediary.
The funds have authorized certain financial intermediaries or their designees to accept orders to buy or sell fund shares on their behalf. When authorized financial intermediaries receive an order in correct form, the order is considered as being placed with the fund and shares will be bought or sold at the net asset value next calculated after the order is received by the authorized financial intermediary. The financial intermediary must transmit the order to T. Rowe Price and pay for such shares in accordance with the agreement with T. Rowe Price or the order may be canceled and the financial intermediary could be held liable for the losses. If the fund does not have such an agreement in place with your financial intermediary, T. Rowe Price or its agent must receive the request in correct form from your financial intermediary by the close of the NYSE in order for your transaction to be priced at that business day’s net asset value.
Note: The time at which transactions and shares are priced and the time until which orders are accepted by the fund or a financial intermediary may be changed in case of an emergency or if the NYSE closes at a time other than 4 p.m. ET. The funds reserve the right to not treat an unscheduled intraday disruption or closure in NYSE trading as a closure of the NYSE and still accept transactions and calculate their net asset value as of 4 p.m. ET. Should this occur, your order must still be placed and received in correct form by T. Rowe Price (or by the financial intermediary in accordance with its agreement with T. Rowe Price) prior to the time the NYSE closes to be priced at that business day’s net asset value.
Purchasing Shares
All initial and subsequent investments by financial intermediaries should be made by bank wire or electronic payment. There is no assurance that the share price for the purchase will be the same day the wire was initiated. Purchases by financial intermediaries are typically initiated through the National Securities Clearing Corporation or by calling Financial Institution Services.
Investment Minimums
You should check with your financial intermediary to determine what minimum applies to your initial and additional investments.
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The Retirement Income 2020 Fund and Summit Funds require a $25,000 minimum initial investment, and other funds generally require a $2,500 minimum initial investment, although the minimum is generally waived or modified for any retirement plans and financial intermediaries establishing accounts in the Investor Class, Advisor Class, or R Class. I Class accounts require a $1 million minimum initial investment, although the minimum generally is waived for certain types of accounts.
Investments through a financial intermediary generally do not require a minimum amount for additional purchases.
Redeeming Shares
Unless otherwise indicated, redemption proceeds will be sent via bank wire to the financial intermediary’s designated bank. Redemptions by financial intermediaries are typically initiated through the National Securities Clearing Corporation or by calling Financial Institution Services. Normally, the fund transmits proceeds to financial intermediaries for redemption orders received in correct form on either the next business day or second business day after receipt of the order, depending on the arrangement with the financial intermediary. Proceeds for redemption orders received prior to noon ET for a money market fund may be sent via wire the same business day. You must contact your financial intermediary about procedures for receiving your redemption proceeds.
Please note that certain purchase and redemption requests initiated through the National Securities Clearing Corporation may be rejected, and in such instances, the transaction must be placed by contacting Financial Institution Services.
The following policies and requirements apply generally to accounts in the T. Rowe Price Funds, regardless of whether the account is held directly or indirectly with T. Rowe Price.
The funds generally do not accept orders that request a particular day or price for a transaction or any other special conditions. However, when authorized by the fund, certain institutions, financial intermediaries, or retirement plans purchasing fund shares directly with T. Rowe Price may place a purchase order unaccompanied by payment. Payment for these shares must be received by the time designated by the fund (not to exceed the period established for settlement under applicable regulations). If payment is not received by this time, the order may be canceled. The institution, financial intermediary, or retirement plan is responsible for any costs or losses incurred by the fund or T. Rowe Price if payment is delayed or not received.
U.S. Dollars All purchases must be paid for in U.S. dollars; checks must be drawn on U.S. banks. In addition, we request that you give us at least three business days’ notice for any purchase of $5 million or more.
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Nonpayment If a check or Automated Clearing House transfer does not clear or payment for an order is not received in a timely manner, your purchase may be canceled. You (or the financial intermediary) may be responsible for any losses or expenses incurred by the fund or its transfer agent, and the fund can redeem shares in your account or another identically registered T. Rowe Price account as reimbursement. The funds and their agents have the right to reject or cancel any purchase, exchange, or redemption due to nonpayment.
Retail Money Market Funds The retail money market funds have implemented policies and procedures designed to limit purchases to accounts beneficially owned by a natural person. Purchases of a retail money market fund may be rejected from an investor who has not demonstrated sufficient eligibility to purchase shares of the fund or from a financial intermediary that has not demonstrated adequate procedures to limit investments to natural persons. In addition, purchases may be prohibited or subject to certain conditions during periods where a liquidity fee or redemption gate is in effect.
Liquidity Fees and Redemption Gates—Retail Money Market Funds
A money market fund that operates as a retail money market fund pursuant to Rule 2a-7 under the Investment Company Act of 1940 has the ability to impose liquidity fees of up to 2% of the value of the shares redeemed if the fund’s weekly liquid assets fall below certain thresholds, as specified in Rule 2a-7. A retail money market fund also has the ability to impose a redemption gate, which enables the fund to temporarily suspend redemptions for up to 10 days within a 90-day period if the fund’s weekly liquid assets fall below a certain threshold, as specified in Rule 2a-7. A money market fund’s Board has ultimate discretion to determine whether or not a liquidity fee or redemption gate would be in the best interests of the fund’s shareholders and should be imposed.
A money market fund that operates as a government money market fund pursuant to Rule 2a-7 is not required to impose a liquidity fee or redemption gate upon the sale of your shares. The Boards of the T. Rowe Price money market funds that operate as government money market funds have determined that the funds do not currently intend to impose liquidity fees and redemption gates. However, the Board of a T. Rowe Price government money market fund reserves the right to impose liquidity fees and redemption gates in the future, at which point shareholders would be provided with at least 60 days’ notice prior to such a change.
If a liquidity fee is in place, all exchanges out of the fund will be subject to the liquidity fee, and if a redemption gate is in place, all exchanges out of the fund will be suspended. When a liquidity fee or redemption gate is in place, the fund may elect to not permit the purchase of shares or to subject the purchase of shares to certain conditions, which may include affirmation of the purchaser’s knowledge that a liquidity fee or a redemption gate is in effect.
Omnibus Accounts If your shares are held through a financial intermediary, T. Rowe Price may rely on the financial intermediary to assess any applicable liquidity fees or impose redemption gates on underlying shareholder accounts. In certain situations, T. Rowe Price enters into agreements with financial intermediaries maintaining omnibus accounts that
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require the financial intermediary to assess liquidity fees or redemption gates. There are no assurances that T. Rowe Price will be successful in ensuring that all financial intermediaries will properly assess the fees.
Please refer to Sections 1 and 2 of the retail money market fund prospectuses for more information regarding liquidity fees and redemption gates.
Large Redemptions
Large redemptions (for example, $250,000 or more) can adversely affect a portfolio manager’s ability to implement a fund’s investment strategy by causing the premature sale of securities that would otherwise be held longer. Therefore, the fund reserves the right (without prior notice) to redeem in-kind. In general, any redemptions in-kind will represent a pro-rata distribution of a fund’s securities, subject to certain limited exceptions. The redeeming shareholder will be responsible for disposing of the securities, and the shareholder will be subject to the risks that the value of the securities could decline prior to their sale, the securities could be difficult to sell, and brokerage fees could be incurred. If you continue to hold the securities, you may be subject to any ownership restrictions imposed by the issuers. For example, real estate investment trusts (REITs) often impose ownership restrictions on their equity securities. In addition, we request that you give us at least three business days’ notice for any redemption of $5 million or more.
Delays in Sending Redemption Proceeds
The T. Rowe Price Funds typically expect that redemption requests will be paid out to redeeming shareholders by the business day following the receipt of a redemption request that is in correct form, regardless of the method the fund uses to make such payment (for example, check, wire, or Automated Clearing House transfer). Checks are typically mailed on the business day after the redemption, proceeds sent by wire are typically credited to your financial institution the business day after the redemption, and proceeds sent by Automated Clearing House are typically credited to your financial institution on the second business day after the redemption. However, under certain circumstances, and when deemed to be in a fund’s best interests, proceeds may not be sent for up to seven calendar days after receipt of a valid redemption order (for example, during periods of deteriorating or stressed market conditions or during extraordinary or emergency circumstances).
In addition, if shares are sold that were just purchased and paid for by check or Automated Clearing House transfer, the fund will process your redemption but will generally delay sending the proceeds for up to seven calendar days to allow the check or Automated Clearing House transfer to clear. If, during the clearing period, we receive a check drawn against your newly purchased shares, it will be returned and marked “uncollected.” (The seven-day hold does not apply to purchases paid for by bank wire or automatic purchases through payroll deduction.)
The Board of a retail money market fund may temporarily suspend redemptions from the fund for up to 10 business days during any 90-day period (i.e., a “redemption gate”) and elect to temporarily suspend redemptions for up to 10 business days in a 90-day period if the fund’s
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weekly liquid assets fall below 30% of its total assets and the fund’s Board determines that imposing a redemption gate is in the fund’s best interests. In addition, under certain limited circumstances, the Board of a money market fund may elect to permanently suspend redemptions in order to facilitate an orderly liquidation of the fund (subject to any additional liquidation requirements).
Involuntary Redemptions and Share Class Conversions
Since nongovernment money market funds that operate as retail money market funds are required to limit their beneficial owners to natural persons, shares held directly by an investor or through a financial intermediary in these funds that are not eligible to invest in a retail money market fund are subject to involuntary redemption at any time without prior notice.
Shares held by any investors or financial intermediaries that are no longer eligible to invest in the I Class or who fail to meet or maintain their account(s) at the investment minimum are subject to involuntary redemption or conversion to the Investor Class of the same fund (which may have a higher expense ratio). Investments in Advisor Class shares that are no longer held through an eligible financial intermediary may be automatically converted by T. Rowe Price to the Investor Class of the same fund following notice to the financial intermediary or shareholder. Investments in R Class shares that are no longer held on behalf of an employer-sponsored defined contribution retirement plan or other eligible R Class account or that are not held through an eligible financial intermediary may be automatically converted by T. Rowe Price to the Investor Class or Advisor Class of the same fund following notice to the financial intermediary or shareholder.
Excessive and Short-Term Trading Policy
Excessive transactions and short-term trading can be harmful to fund shareholders in various ways, such as disrupting a fund’s portfolio management strategies, increasing a fund’s trading and other costs, and negatively affecting its performance. Short-term traders in funds that invest in foreign securities may seek to take advantage of developments overseas that could lead to an anticipated difference between the price of the funds’ shares and price movements in foreign markets. While there is no assurance that T. Rowe Price can prevent all excessive and short-term trading, the Boards of the T. Rowe Price Funds have adopted the following trading limits that are designed to deter such activity and protect the funds’ shareholders. The funds may revise their trading limits and procedures at any time as the Boards deem necessary or appropriate to better detect short-term trading that may adversely affect the funds, to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, or to impose additional or alternative restrictions.
Subject to certain exceptions, each T. Rowe Price Fund restricts a shareholder’s purchases (including through exchanges) into a fund account for a period of 30 calendar days after the shareholder has redeemed or exchanged out of that same fund account (the “30-Day Purchase Block”). The calendar day after the date of redemption is considered Day 1 for purposes of computing the period before another purchase may be made.
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General Exceptions As of the date of this prospectus, the following types of transactions generally are not subject to the funds’ excessive and short-term trading policy:
· Shares purchased or redeemed in money market funds and ultra-short-term bond funds;
· Shares purchased or redeemed through a systematic purchase or withdrawal plan;
· Checkwriting redemptions from bond funds and money market funds;
· Shares purchased through the reinvestment of dividends or capital gain distributions;
· Shares redeemed automatically by a fund to pay fund fees or shareholder account fees;
· Transfers and changes of account registration within the same fund;
· Shares purchased by asset transfer or direct rollover;
· Shares purchased or redeemed through IRA conversions and recharacterizations;
· Shares redeemed to return an excess contribution from a retirement account;
· Transactions in Section 529 college savings plans;
· Certain transactions in defined benefit and nonqualified plans, subject to prior approval by T. Rowe Price;
· Shares converted from one share class to another share class in the same fund;
· Shares of T. Rowe Price Funds that are purchased by another T. Rowe Price Fund, including shares purchased by T. Rowe Price fund-of-funds products, and shares purchased by discretionary accounts managed by T. Rowe Price or one of its affiliates (please note that shareholders of the investing T. Rowe Price Fund are still subject to the policy);
· Transactions initiated by the trustee or adviser to a donor-advised charitable gift fund as approved by T. Rowe Price; and
· Transactions having a value of $5,000 or less (retirement plans, including those for which T. Rowe Price serves as recordkeeper, and other financial intermediaries may apply the excessive and short-term trading policy to transactions of any amount).
Transactions in certain rebalancing, asset allocation, wrap, and other advisory programs (including the T. Rowe Price® ActivePlus Portfolios program), as well as non-T. Rowe Price fund-of-funds products, may also be exempt from the 30-Day Purchase Block, subject to prior written approval by T. Rowe Price.
In addition to restricting transactions in accordance with the 30-Day Purchase Block, T. Rowe Price may, in its discretion, reject (or instruct a financial intermediary to reject) any purchase or exchange into a fund from a person (which includes individuals and entities) whose trading activity could disrupt the management of the fund or dilute the value of the fund’s shares, including trading by persons acting collectively (for example, following the advice of a newsletter). Such persons may be barred, without prior notice, from further purchases of T. Rowe Price Funds for a period longer than 30 calendar days, or permanently.
Financial Intermediary and Retirement Plan Accounts If you invest in T. Rowe Price Funds through a financial intermediary, including a retirement plan, you should review the financial intermediary’s or retirement plan’s materials carefully or consult with the financial intermediary or plan sponsor directly to determine the trading policy that will apply to your trades in the T. Rowe Price Funds as well as any other rules or conditions on transactions that may apply. If T. Rowe Price is unable to identify a transaction placed through a financial
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intermediary as exempt from the excessive trading policy, the 30-Day Purchase Block may apply.
Financial intermediaries, including retirement plans, may maintain their underlying accounts directly with the fund, although they often establish an omnibus account (one account with the fund that represents multiple underlying shareholder accounts) on behalf of their customers. When financial intermediaries establish omnibus accounts in the T. Rowe Price Funds, T. Rowe Price is not able to monitor the trading activity of the underlying shareholders. However, T. Rowe Price monitors aggregate trading activity at the financial intermediary (omnibus account) level in an attempt to identify activity that indicates potential excessive or short-term trading. If it detects such trading activity, T. Rowe Price may contact the financial intermediary to request personal identifying information and transaction histories for some or all underlying shareholders (including plan participants, if applicable) pursuant to a written agreement that T. Rowe Price has entered into with each financial intermediary. Any nonpublic personal information provided to the fund (for example, a shareholder’s taxpayer identification number or transaction records) is subject to the fund’s privacy policy. If T. Rowe Price believes that excessive or short-term trading has occurred and there is no exception for such trades under the funds’ Excessive and Short-Term Trading Policy as previously described, it will instruct the financial intermediary to impose restrictions to discourage such practices and take appropriate action with respect to the underlying shareholder, including restricting purchases for 30 calendar days or longer. Each financial intermediary has agreed to execute such instructions pursuant to a written agreement. There is no assurance that T. Rowe Price will be able to properly enforce its excessive trading policies for omnibus accounts. Because T. Rowe Price generally relies on financial intermediaries to provide information and impose restrictions for omnibus accounts, its ability to monitor and deter excessive trading will be dependent upon the intermediaries’ timely performance of their responsibilities.
For shares that are held in a retirement plan, generally the 30-Day Purchase Block applies only to shares redeemed by a participant-directed exchange to another fund. However, the 30-Day Purchase Block may apply to transactions other than exchanges depending on how shares of the plan are held at T. Rowe Price or the excessive trading policy applied by your plan’s recordkeeper.
T. Rowe Price may allow a financial intermediary, including a retirement plan, to maintain restrictions on trading in the T. Rowe Price Funds that differ from the 30-Day Purchase Block. An alternative excessive trading policy would be acceptable to T. Rowe Price if it believes that the policy would provide sufficient protection to the T. Rowe Price Funds and their shareholders that is consistent with the excessive trading policy adopted by the funds’ Boards.
There is no guarantee that T. Rowe Price will be able to identify or prevent all excessive or short-term trades or trading practices.
Unclaimed Accounts and Uncashed Checks
If your account has no activity for a certain period of time and/or mail sent to you from T. Rowe Price is deemed undeliverable, T. Rowe Price may be required to transfer (i.e., escheat)
INFORMATION ABOUT ACCOUNTS IN T. ROWE PRICE FUNDS | 45 |
your account assets, including any assets related to uncashed checks to the appropriate state under its abandoned property laws. For IRA accounts escheated to a state under these abandoned property laws, the escheatment will be treated as a taxable distribution to you and federal and any applicable state income tax will be withheld. This may also apply to your Roth IRA as well (see the T. Rowe Price Traditional and Roth IRA Disclosure and Custodial Agreement and/or the T. Rowe Price SIMPLE IRA Disclosure Statement and Custodial Agreement for more information). To avoid such action, it is important to keep your account address up to date and periodically communicate with T. Rowe Price by contacting us or logging in to your account at least once every two years.
Delivery of Shareholder Documents
If two or more accounts own the same fund, share the same address, and T. Rowe Price reasonably believes that the two accounts are part of the same household or institution, we may economize on fund expenses by mailing only one shareholder report and prospectus for the fund. If you need additional copies or do not want your mailings to be “householded,” please call Shareholder Services.
T. Rowe Price can deliver account statements, transaction confirmations, prospectuses, tax forms, and shareholder reports electronically. If you are a registered user of troweprice.com, you can consent to the electronic delivery of these documents by logging in and changing your mailing preferences. You can revoke your consent at any time through troweprice.com, and we will begin to send paper copies of these documents within a reasonable time after receiving your revocation.
Signature Guarantees
A Medallion signature guarantee is designed to protect you and the T. Rowe Price Funds from fraud by verifying your signature.
A shareholder or financial intermediary may need to obtain a Medallion signature guarantee in certain situations, such as:
· Requests to wire redemption proceeds when bank account information is not already authorized and on file for an account;
· Remitting redemption proceeds to any person, address, or bank account not on file;
· Establishing certain services after an account is opened; or
· Changing the account registration or broker-dealer of record for an account.
Financial intermediaries should contact T. Rowe Price Financial Institution Services for specific requirements.
The signature guarantee must be obtained from a financial institution that is a participant in a Medallion signature guarantee program. You can obtain a Medallion signature guarantee from certain banks, savings institutions, broker-dealers, and other guarantors acceptable to T. Rowe Price. When obtaining a Medallion signature guarantee, please discuss with the guarantor the dollar amount of your proposed transaction. It is important that the level of coverage provided by the guarantor’s stamp covers the dollar amount of the transaction or it may be rejected. We
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cannot accept guarantees from notaries public or organizations that do not provide reimbursement in the case of fraud.
Fund Operations and Shareholder Services
T. Rowe Price and The Bank of New York Mellon, subject to the oversight of T. Rowe Price, each provide certain accounting services to the T. Rowe Price Funds. T. Rowe Price Services, Inc., acts as the transfer agent and dividend disbursing agent and provides shareholder and administrative services to the funds. T. Rowe Price Retirement Plan Services, Inc., provides recordkeeping, sub-transfer agency, and administrative services for certain types of retirement plans investing in the funds. These companies receive compensation from the funds for their services. The funds may also pay financial intermediaries for performing shareholder and administrative services for underlying shareholders in omnibus accounts. In addition, certain funds serve as an underlying fund in which some fund-of-funds products, the T. Rowe Price Spectrum and Retirement Funds, invest. Subject to approval by each applicable fund’s Board, each underlying fund bears its proportionate share of the direct operating expenses of the T. Rowe Price Spectrum and Retirement Funds. All of the fees previously discussed are included in a fund’s financial statements and, except for funds that have an all-inclusive management fee, are also reflected in the “Other expenses” line that appears in the table titled “Fees and Expenses of the Fund” in Section 1.
If you hold shares of a fund through a financial intermediary, you must contact your financial intermediary to determine the requirements for opening a new account and placing transactions. Otherwise, please contact T. Rowe Price as follows:
Web | |||
troweprice.com | For
the most complete source of T. Rowe Price news | ||
troweprice.com/paperless | To sign-up for e-delivery of your statements, confirmations, prospectuses, reports, or proxies | ||
Phone | |||
Shareholder Services: 1-800-225-5132 | To make a transaction, or for fund, account, and service information (for IRAs and nonretirement accounts) | ||
Investor Services: 1-800-638-5660 | To open an account (for IRAs and nonretirement accounts) | ||
Financial Institution Services: 1-800-638-8790 | For information and services for large institutional investors and financial intermediaries | ||
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Retirement Client Services: 1-800-492-7670 | For information and services for small business retirement plans (or consult your plan administrator) |
Select Client Services: 1-800-332-6161 | Complimentary services and resources designed
to help investors make informed investment decisions |
Brokerage: 1-800-225-7720 | If you hold your shares through a T. Rowe Price Brokerage account |
Tele*Access®: 1-800-638-2587 | To access information
on fund performance, prices, account balances, and your latest transactions 24 hours a day |
Hearing Impaired | Call the applicable number with a relay operator. Inquires may also be directed to info@troweprice.com. |
T. Rowe Price Addresses
Please be sure to use the correct address to avoid a delay in opening your account or processing your transaction. These addresses are subject to change at any time, so please check troweprice.com/contactus or call the appropriate telephone number to ensure that you use the correct mailing address.
Investors (IRAs and nonretirement accounts) opening a new account or making additional purchases by check should use the following addresses:
via U.S. mail T.
Rowe Price Account Services | via private carriers/overnight services T. Rowe Price Account Services |
Investors (IRAs and nonretirement accounts) requesting an exchange or redemption should use the following addresses:
via U.S. mail T.
Rowe Price Account Services | via private carriers/overnight services T. Rowe Price Account Services |
Investors in a small business retirement plan opening a new account, making a purchase by check, or placing an exchange or redemption should use the following addresses:
via U.S. mail T.
Rowe Price Retirement Client Services | via private carriers/overnight services T. Rowe Price |
Institutional investors (including financial intermediaries) opening a new account, making a
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purchase by check, or placing an exchange or redemption should use the following addresses:
via U.S. mail T.
Rowe Price Financial Institution Services | via private carriers/overnight services T. Rowe
Price Financial Institution Services |
Note: Your transaction will receive the share price for the business day that the request is received by T. Rowe Price or its agent prior to the close of the NYSE (normally 4 p.m. ET), which could differ from the day that the request is received at the post office box.
Each fund intends to qualify to be treated each year as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. In order to qualify, a fund must satisfy certain income, diversification, and distribution requirements. A regulated investment company is not subject to U.S. federal income tax at the portfolio level on income and gains from investments that are distributed to shareholders. However, if a fund were to fail to qualify as a regulated investment company and was ineligible to or otherwise did not cure such failure, the result would be fund-level taxation and, consequently, a reduction in income available for distribution to the fund’s shareholders.
To the extent possible, all net investment income and realized capital gains are distributed to shareholders.
Dividends and Other Distributions
Except for the Retirement Income 2020 Fund, dividend and capital gain distributions are reinvested in additional fund shares in your account unless you select another option. For the Retirement Income 2020 Fund, subject to certain exceptions, regularly scheduled monthly dividends may generally not be reinvested. Reinvesting distributions results in compounding, which allows you to receive dividends and capital gain distributions on an increasing number of shares.
Distributions not reinvested may be paid by check or transmitted to your bank account via Automated Clearing House or may be automatically invested into another fund account. For the Retirement Income 2020 Fund, regularly scheduled monthly dividends are generally not paid by check. If the U.S. Postal Service cannot deliver your check or if your check remains uncashed for six months, the fund reserves the right to reinvest your distribution check in your account at the net asset value on the day of the reinvestment and to reinvest all subsequent distributions in additional shares of the fund. Interest will not accrue on amounts represented by uncashed distributions or redemption checks.
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The following table provides details on dividend payments:
Dividend Payment Schedule | |
Fund | Dividends |
Money market funds | · Shares purchased via wire that are received by T. Rowe Price by noon ET begin to earn dividends on that day. Shares purchased via a wire received after noon ET and through other methods normally begin to earn dividends on the business day after payment is received by T. Rowe Price. · Dividends are declared daily and paid on the first business day of each month. |
Bond funds | · Shares normally begin to earn dividends on the business day after payment is received by T. Rowe Price. · Dividends are declared daily and paid on the first business day of each month. |
These stock funds only: · Balanced · Dividend Growth · Equity Income · Equity Index 500 · Global Real Estate · Growth & Income · Spectrum Conservative Allocation · Spectrum Moderate Allocation · Real Estate | · Dividends, if any, are declared and paid quarterly, in March, June, September, and December. · Must be a shareholder on the dividend record date. |
Other stock funds | · Dividends, if any, are declared and paid annually, generally in December. · Must be a shareholder on the dividend record date. |
Retirement Income 2020 | · Dividends are declared and normally paid in the middle of each month. |
Retirement
Balanced, Retirement I Balanced—I Class, and | · Shares normally begin to earn dividends on the business day after payment is received by T. Rowe Price. · Dividends are declared daily and paid on the first business day of each month. |
All other Retirement, Retirement I, Spectrum, and Target Funds | · Dividends, if any, are declared and paid annually, generally in December. · Must be a shareholder on the dividend record date. |
For funds that declare dividends daily, shares earn dividends through the date of a redemption (for redemptions from money market funds where the request is received prior to noon ET and proceeds are sent via wire, shares only earn dividends through the calendar day prior to the date of redemption). Shares redeemed on a Friday or prior to a holiday will continue to earn dividends until the next business day. Generally, if you redeem all of your shares at any time during the month, you will also receive all dividends earned through the date of redemption in the same check. When you redeem only a portion of your shares, all dividends accrued on those shares will be reinvested, or paid in cash, on the next dividend payment date. The funds
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do not pay dividends in fractional cents. Any dividend amount earned for a particular day on all shares held that is one-half of one cent or greater (for example, $0.016) will be rounded up to the next whole cent ($0.02), and any amount that is less than one-half of one cent (for example, $0.014) will be rounded down to the nearest whole cent ($0.01). Please note that if the dividend payable on all shares held is less than one-half of one cent for a particular day, no dividend will be earned for that day.
If you purchase and redeem your shares through a financial intermediary, consult your financial intermediary to determine when your shares begin and stop accruing dividends as the information previously described may vary.
Capital Gain Payments
A capital gain or loss is the difference between the purchase and sale price of a security. If a fund has net capital gains for the year (after subtracting any capital losses), they are usually declared and paid in December to shareholders of record on a specified date that month. If a second distribution is necessary, it is generally paid the following year. A fund may have to make additional capital gain distributions, if necessary, to comply with the applicable tax law. Capital gains are not expected from government or retail money market funds since they are managed to maintain a stable share price. However, if a money market fund unexpectedly has net capital gains for the year (after subtracting any capital losses), the capital gain may be declared and paid in December to shareholders of record.
Tax Information
In most cases, you will be provided information for your tax filing needs no later than mid-February.
If you invest in the fund through a tax-deferred account, such as an IRA or employer-sponsored retirement plan, you will not be subject to tax on dividends and distributions from the fund or the sale of fund shares if those amounts remain in the tax-deferred account. You may receive a Form 1099-R or other Internal Revenue Service forms, as applicable, if any portion of the account is distributed to you.
If you invest in the fund through a taxable account, you generally will be subject to tax when:
· You sell fund shares, including an exchange from one fund to another.
· The fund makes dividend or capital gain distributions.
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Additional information about the taxation of dividends for certain T. Rowe Price Funds is listed below:
Tax-Free and Municipal Funds |
· Regular monthly dividends (including those from the state-specific tax-free funds) are expected to be exempt from federal income taxes. |
· Exemption is not guaranteed since the fund has the right under certain conditions to invest in nonexempt securities. |
· Tax-exempt dividends paid to Social Security recipients may increase the portion of benefits that is subject to tax. |
· For state-specific funds, the monthly dividends you receive are expected to be exempt from state and local income tax of that particular state. For other funds, a small portion of your income dividend may be exempt from state and local income taxes. |
· If a fund invests in certain “private activity” bonds that are not exempt from the alternative minimum tax, shareholders who are subject to the alternative minimum tax must include income generated by those bonds in their alternative minimum tax calculation. The portion of a fund’s income dividend that should be included in your alternative minimum tax calculation, if any, will be reported to you by mid-February on Form 1099-DIV. |
For individual shareholders, a portion of ordinary dividends representing “qualified dividend income” received by the fund may be subject to tax at the lower rates applicable to long-term capital gains rather than ordinary income. You may report it as “qualified dividend income” in computing your taxes, provided you have held the fund shares on which the dividend was paid for more than 60 days during the 121-day period beginning 60 days before the ex-dividend date. Ordinary dividends that do not qualify for this lower rate are generally taxable at the investor’s marginal income tax rate. This includes the portion of ordinary dividends derived from interest, short-term capital gains, income and gains from derivatives, distributions from nonqualified foreign corporations, distributions from real estate investment trusts, and dividends received by the fund from stocks that were on loan. For taxable years ending after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026, you are generally allowed a deduction up to 20% on your qualified real estate investment trust (REIT) dividends. You may not take this deduction for a dividend on shares of a fund that have been held for less than 46 days during the 91-day period beginning on the date 45 days before the ex-dividend date. Little, if any, of the ordinary dividends paid by the bond funds or money market funds is expected to qualify for treatment as qualified dividend income or qualified REIT dividends.
For corporate shareholders, a portion of ordinary dividends may be eligible for the deduction for dividends received by corporations to the extent the fund’s income consists of dividends paid by U.S. corporations. Little, if any, of the ordinary dividends paid by the international stock funds, bond funds, or money market funds is expected to qualify for this deduction.
A 3.8% net investment income tax is imposed on net investment income, including interest, dividends, and capital gains of U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 (or $250,000 if married filing jointly) and of estates and trusts.
If you hold your fund through a financial intermediary, the financial intermediary is responsible for providing you with any necessary tax forms. You should contact your financial
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intermediary for the tax information that will be sent to you and reported to the Internal Revenue Service.
Taxes on Fund Redemptions
When you sell shares in any fund, you may realize a gain or loss. An exchange from one fund to another fund in a taxable account is also a sale for tax purposes. As long as a money market fund maintains a stable share price of $1.00, a redemption or exchange to another fund will not result in a gain or loss for tax purposes. However, an exchange from one fund into a money market fund may result in a gain or loss on the fund from which shares were redeemed.
All or a portion of the loss realized from a sale or exchange of your fund shares may be disallowed under the “wash sale” rule if you purchase substantially identical shares within a 61-day period beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the date on which the shares are sold or exchanged. Shares of the same fund you acquire through dividend reinvestment are shares purchased for the purpose of the wash sale rule and may trigger a disallowance of the loss for shares sold or exchanged within the 61-day period of the dividend reinvestment. Any loss disallowed under the wash sale rule is added to the cost basis of the purchased shares.
T. Rowe Price (or your financial intermediary) will make available to you Form 1099-B, if applicable, no later than mid-February, providing certain information for each sale you made in the fund during the prior year. Unless otherwise indicated on your Form 1099-B, this information will also be reported to the Internal Revenue Service. For mutual fund shares acquired prior to 2012 in most accounts established or opened by exchange in 1984 or later, our Form 1099-B will provide you with the gain or loss on the shares you sold during the year based on the average cost single category method. This information on average cost and gain or loss from sale is not reported to the Internal Revenue Service. For these mutual fund shares acquired prior to 2012, you may calculate the cost basis using other methods acceptable to the Internal Revenue Service, such as specific identification.
For mutual fund shares acquired after 2011, federal income tax regulations require us to report the cost basis information on Form 1099-B using a cost basis method selected by the shareholder in compliance with such regulations or, in the absence of such selected method, our default method if you acquire your shares directly from T. Rowe Price. Our default method is average cost. For any fund shares acquired through a financial intermediary after 2011, you should check with your financial intermediary regarding the applicable cost basis method. You should note that the cost basis information reported to you may not always be the same as what you should report on your tax return because the rules applicable to the determination of cost basis on Form 1099-B may be different from the rules applicable to the determination of cost basis for reporting on your tax return. Therefore, you should save your transaction records to make sure the information reported on your tax return is accurate. T. Rowe Price and financial intermediaries are not required to issue a Form 1099-B to report sales of money market fund shares.
To help you maintain accurate records, T. Rowe Price will make available to you a confirmation promptly following each transaction you make (except for systematic purchases
INFORMATION ABOUT ACCOUNTS IN T. ROWE PRICE FUNDS | 53 |
and systematic redemptions) and a year-end statement detailing all of your transactions in each fund account during the year. If you hold your fund through a financial intermediary, the financial intermediary is responsible for providing you with transaction confirmations and statements.
Taxes on Fund Distributions
T. Rowe Price (or your financial intermediary) will make available to you, as applicable, generally no later than mid-February, a Form 1099-DIV, or other Internal Revenue Service forms, as required, indicating the tax status of any income dividends, dividends exempt from federal income taxes, and capital gain distributions made to you. This information will be reported to the Internal Revenue Service. Taxable distributions are generally taxable to you in the year in which they are paid. A dividend declared in October, November, or December and paid in the following January is generally treated as taxable to you as if you received the distribution in December. Dividends from tax-free funds are generally expected to be tax-exempt for federal income tax purposes. Your bond fund and money market fund dividends for each calendar year will include dividends accrued up to the first business day of the next calendar year. Ordinary dividends and capital gain dividends may also be subject to state and local taxes. You will be sent any additional information you need to determine your taxes on fund distributions, such as the portion of your dividends, if any, that may be exempt from state and local income taxes.
Taxable distributions are subject to tax whether reinvested in additional shares or received in cash.
The tax treatment of a capital gain distribution is determined by how long the fund held the portfolio securities, not how long you held the shares in the fund. Short-term (one year or less) capital gain distributions are taxable at the same rate as ordinary income, and gains on securities held for more than one year are taxed at the lower rates applicable to long-term capital gains. If you realized a loss on the sale or exchange of fund shares that you held for six months or less, your short-term capital loss must be reclassified as a long-term capital loss to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received during the period you held the shares. For funds investing in foreign instruments, distributions resulting from the sale of certain foreign currencies, currency contracts, and the foreign currency portion of gains on debt instruments are taxed as ordinary income. Net foreign currency losses may cause monthly or quarterly dividends to be reclassified as returns of capital.
A fund’s distributions that have exceeded the fund’s earnings and profits for the relevant tax year may be treated as a return of capital to its shareholders. A return of capital distribution is generally nontaxable but reduces the shareholder’s cost basis in the fund, and any return of capital in excess of the cost basis will result in a capital gain.
The tax status of certain distributions may be recharacterized on year-end tax forms, such as your Form 1099-DIV. Distributions made by a fund may later be recharacterized for federal income tax purposes—for example, from taxable ordinary income dividends to returns of capital. A recharacterization of distributions may occur for a number of reasons, including the
T. ROWE PRICE | 54 |
recharacterization of income received from underlying investments, such as REITs, and distributions that exceed taxable income due to losses from foreign currency transactions or other investment transactions. Certain funds, including international bond funds and funds that invest significantly in REITs, are more likely to recharacterize a portion of their distributions as a result of their investments. The Retirement Income 2020 Fund is also more likely to have some or all of its distributions recharacterized as returns of capital because of the predetermined monthly distribution amount.
If the fund qualifies and elects to pass through nonrefundable foreign income taxes paid to foreign governments during the year, your portion of such taxes will be reported to you as taxable income. However, you may be able to claim an offsetting credit or deduction on your tax return for those amounts. There can be no assurance that a fund will meet the requirements to pass through foreign income taxes paid.
If you are subject to backup withholding, we will have to withhold a 24% backup withholding tax on distributions and, in some cases, redemption payments. You may be subject to backup withholding if we are notified by the Internal Revenue Service to withhold, you have failed one or more tax certification requirements, or our records indicate that your tax identification number is missing or incorrect. Backup withholding is not an additional tax and is generally available to credit against your federal income tax liability with any excess refunded to you by the Internal Revenue Service.
The following table provides additional details on distributions for certain funds:
Taxes on Fund Distributions |
Tax-Free and Municipal Funds |
· Gains realized on the sale of market discount bonds with maturities beyond one year may be treated as ordinary income and cannot be offset by other capital losses. · Payments received or gains realized on certain derivative transactions may result in taxable ordinary income or capital gains. · To the extent the fund makes such investments, the likelihood of a taxable distribution will be increased. |
Limited Duration Inflation Focused Bond and Inflation Protected Bond Funds |
· Inflation adjustments on Treasury inflation protected securities that exceed deflation adjustments for the year will be distributed as a short-term capital gain, resulting in ordinary income. · In computing the distribution amount, the funds cannot reduce inflation adjustments by short- or long-term capital losses from the sales of securities. · Net deflation adjustments for a year may result in all or a portion of dividends paid earlier in the year being treated as a return of capital. |
Retirement, Retirement I, Spectrum, and Target Funds |
· Distributions by the underlying funds and changes in asset allocations may result in taxable distributions of ordinary income or capital gains. |
Tax Consequences of Liquidity Fees
It is currently anticipated that shareholders of retail money market funds that impose a liquidity fee may generally treat the liquidity fee as offsetting the shareholder’s amount realized
INFORMATION ABOUT ACCOUNTS IN T. ROWE PRICE FUNDS | 55 |
on the redemption (thereby decreasing the shareholder’s gain, or increasing the shareholder’s loss, on the redeemed amount). A fund that imposes a liquidity fee anticipates using 100% of the fee to help repair a market-based net asset value per share that was below $1.00.
Because the retail money market funds use amortized cost to maintain a stable share price of $1.00, in the event that a liquidity fee is imposed, a fund may need to distribute to its remaining shareholders sufficient value to prevent the fund from breaking the buck on the upside (i.e., by rounding up to $1.01 in pricing its shares) if the imposition of a liquidity fee causes the fund’s market-based net asset value to reach $1.0050. To the extent that a fund has sufficient earnings and profits to support the distribution, the additional dividends would be taxable as ordinary income to shareholders and would be eligible for deduction by the fund. Any distribution in excess of the fund’s earnings and profits would be treated as a return of capital, which would reduce your cost basis in the fund shares.
Tax Consequences of Hedging
Entering into certain transactions involving options, futures, swaps, and forward currency exchange contracts may result in the application of the mark-to-market and straddle provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. These provisions could result in a fund being required to distribute gains on such transactions even though it did not close the contracts during the year or receive cash to pay such distributions. The fund may not be able to reduce its distributions for losses on such transactions to the extent of unrealized gains in offsetting positions.
Tax Effect of Buying Shares Before an Income Dividend or Capital Gain Distribution
If you buy shares shortly before or on the record date—the date that establishes you as the person to receive the upcoming distribution—you may receive a portion of the money you just invested in the form of a taxable distribution. Therefore, you may wish to find out a fund’s record date before investing. In addition, a fund’s share price may, at any time, reflect undistributed capital gains or income and unrealized appreciation, which may result in future taxable distributions. Such distributions can occur even in a year when the fund has a negative return.
T. Rowe Price Funds and their agents, in their sole discretion, reserve the following rights: (1) to waive or lower investment minimums; (2) to accept initial purchases by telephone; (3) to refuse any purchase or exchange order; (4) to cancel or rescind any purchase or exchange order placed through a financial intermediary no later than the business day after the order is received by the financial intermediary (including, but not limited to, orders deemed to result in excessive trading, market timing, or 5% ownership); (5) to cease offering fund shares at any time to all or certain groups of investors; (6) to freeze any account and suspend account services when notice has been received of a dispute regarding the ownership of the account, or a legal claim against an account, upon initial notification to T. Rowe Price of a shareholder’s
T. ROWE PRICE | 56 |
death until T. Rowe Price receives required documentation in correct form, or if there is reason to believe a fraudulent transaction may occur; (7) to otherwise modify the conditions of purchase and modify or terminate any services at any time; (8) to waive any wire, small account, maintenance, or fiduciary fees charged to a group of shareholders; (9) to act on instructions reasonably believed to be genuine; (10) to involuntarily redeem an account at the net asset value calculated the day the account is redeemed when permitted by law, including in cases of threatening conduct, or suspected fraudulent or illegal activity, or if the fund or its agent is unable, through its procedures, to verify the identity of the person(s) or entity opening an account; and (11) for money market funds, to suspend redemptions to facilitate an orderly liquidation.
The fund’s Statement of Additional Information, which contains a more detailed description of the fund’s operations, investment restrictions, policies and practices, has been filed with the SEC. The Statement of Additional Information is incorporated by reference into this prospectus, which means that it is legally part of this prospectus even if you do not request a copy. Further information about the fund’s investments, including a review of market conditions and the manager’s recent investment strategies and their impact on performance during the past fiscal year, is available in the annual and semiannual shareholder reports. These documents and updated performance information are available through troweprice.com. For inquiries about the fund and to obtain free copies of any of these documents, call 1-800-638-5660. If you invest in the fund through a financial intermediary, you should contact your financial intermediary for copies of these documents.
Fund reports and other fund information are available on the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s internet site at http://www.sec.gov. Copies of this information may be obtained, after paying a duplicating fee, by electronic request at publicinfo@sec.gov.
T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. |
1940 Act File No. 811-4998 | F89-040 5/1/20 |
PROSPECTUS May 1, 2020 | ||||
T. ROWE PRICE | ||||
RPSIX | Spectrum Income Fund | |||
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has not approved or disapproved these securities or passed upon the adequacy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense. Beginning on January 1, 2021, as permitted by SEC regulations, paper copies of the T. Rowe Price funds’ annual and semiannual shareholder reports will no longer be mailed, unless you specifically request them. Instead, shareholder reports will be made available on the funds’ website (troweprice.com/prospectus), and you will be notified by mail with a website link to access the reports each time a report is posted to the site. If you already elected to receive reports electronically, you will not be affected by this change and need not take any action. At any time, shareholders who invest directly in T. Rowe Price funds may generally elect to receive reports or other communications electronically by enrolling at troweprice.com/paperless or, if you are a retirement plan sponsor or invest in the funds through a financial intermediary (such as an investment advisor, broker-dealer, insurance company, or bank), by contacting your representative or your financial intermediary. You may elect to continue receiving paper copies of future shareholder reports free of charge. To do so, if you invest directly with T. Rowe Price, please call T. Rowe Price as follows: IRA, nonretirement account holders, and institutional investors, 1-800-225-5132; small business retirement accounts, 1-800-492-7670. If you are a retirement plan sponsor or invest in the T. Rowe Price funds through a financial intermediary, please contact your representative or financial intermediary, or follow additional instructions if included with this document. Your election to receive paper copies of reports will apply to all funds held in your account with your financial intermediary or, if you invest directly in the T. Rowe Price funds, with T. Rowe Price. Your election can be changed at any time in the future. | ||||
Table of Contents
1 | SUMMARY | ||
2 | MORE ABOUT THE FUND | ||
More Information About the Fund’s | |||
3 | INFORMATION ABOUT ACCOUNTS | ||
Investing with T. Rowe Price 25 Distribution and Shareholder Policies for Opening an Account 30 Pricing of Shares and Transactions 31 Investing Directly with T. Rowe Price 33 Investing Through a Financial General Policies Relating to Transactions 41 |
SUMMARY | 1 | |
The fund seeks a high level of current income with moderate share price fluctuation.
Fees and Expenses
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy, hold, and sell shares of the fund. You may also incur brokerage commissions and other charges when buying or selling shares of the fund, which are not reflected in the table.
Fees and Expenses of the Fund*
Shareholder fees (fees paid directly from your investment) | ||
Maximum account fee | $20 | a |
Annual
fund operating expenses | ||
Management fees | — | % |
Distribution and service (12b-1) fees | — | |
Other expenses | — | |
Acquired fund fees and expenses | 0.63 | |
Total annual fund operating expenses | 0.63 |
* While the fund itself charges no management fee, it will indirectly bear its pro-rata share of the expenses of the underlying T. Rowe Price funds in which it invests (acquired funds). The acquired funds are expected to bear the operating expenses of the fund.
a Subject to certain exceptions, accounts with a balance of less than $10,000 are charged an annual $20 fee.
Example This example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds. The example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods, that your investment has a 5% return each year, and that the fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 year | 3 years | 5 years | 10 years |
$64 | $202 | $351 | $786 |
Portfolio Turnover The fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when the fund’s shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the fund’s performance. During the most recent fiscal year, the fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 24.1% of the average value of its portfolio.
T. ROWE PRICE | 2 |
Investments, Risks, and Performance
Principal Investment Strategies
The fund broadly diversifies its assets among a set of T. Rowe Price mutual funds representing specific market segments. The fund, which normally invests in a variety of domestic and international bond funds, a money market fund, and an income-oriented stock fund, seeks to maintain broad exposure to several markets in an attempt to reduce the impact of markets that are declining and to benefit from good performance in particular market segments over time.
The fund can invest in funds holding high-quality domestic and foreign bonds, high-yield bonds (“junk” bonds), short- and long-term securities, dividend-paying stocks and other instruments (such as bank loans).
Within the ranges shown in the following table, the portfolio manager decides how much of the fund’s assets to allocate to underlying fund investments based on the outlook for, and on the relative valuations of, the underlying funds and the various markets in which they invest.
Asset Allocation Ranges for Underlying Funds
Spectrum Income Fund | Investment Range | |
Corporate Income | 0%-10 | % |
Dynamic Global Bond | 0%-10 | % |
Emerging Markets Bond | 0%-20 | % |
Emerging Markets Local Currency Bond | 0%-10 | % |
Equity Income | 5%-25 | % |
Floating Rate | 0%-15 | % |
GNMA | 5%-20 | % |
High Yield | 5%-25 | % |
Inflation Protected Bond | 0%-10 | % |
International Bond | 0%-15 | % |
International Bond (USD Hedged) | 0%-20 | % |
Limited Duration Inflation Focused Bond | 0%-10 | % |
New Income | 10%-30 | % |
Short-Term Bond | 0%-15 | % |
U.S. Treasury Intermediate | 0%-10 | % |
U.S. Treasury Long-Term | 0%-15 | % |
U.S. Treasury Money | 0%-25 | % |
Ultra Short-Term Bond | 0%-10 | % |
The fund may sell shares of the underlying funds for a variety of reasons, such as to secure gains, limit losses, or redeploy assets into more promising opportunities.
Principal Risks
As with any fund, there is no guarantee that the fund will achieve its objective(s). The fund’s share price fluctuates, which means you could lose money by investing in the fund. The principal risks of investing in this fund, which may be even greater during periods of market disruption or volatility, are summarized as follows:
SUMMARY | 3 |
Market conditions The value of the fund’s investments may decrease, sometimes rapidly or unexpectedly, due to factors affecting an issuer held by the fund, particular industries, or the overall securities markets. A variety of factors can increase the volatility of the fund’s holdings and markets generally, including political or regulatory developments, recessions, inflation, rapid interest rate changes, war or acts of terrorism, natural disasters, and outbreaks of infectious illnesses or other widespread public health issues. Certain events may cause instability across global markets, including reduced liquidity and disruptions in trading markets, while some events may affect certain geographic regions, countries, sectors, and industries more significantly than others. These adverse developments may cause broad declines in market value due to short-term market movements or for significantly longer periods during more prolonged market downturns.
Asset allocation The fund’s overall level of risk will directly correspond to the risks of the underlying funds in which it invests. By investing in many underlying funds, the fund has partial exposure to the risks of different areas of the market. However, the selection of the underlying funds and the allocation of the fund’s assets among the various asset classes, market sectors, and investment styles represented by those underlying funds could cause the fund to underperform other funds with a similar benchmark or investment objective.
Investments in other funds The fund bears the risk that its underlying funds will fail to successfully employ their investment strategies. One or more underlying fund’s underperformance or failure to meet its investment objectives as intended could cause the fund to underperform similarly managed funds.
Bond exposure An underlying bond fund’s share price can fall because of various factors affecting bonds or due to general weakness in the overall bond markets. The fund invests in underlying funds with varying levels of credit risk, interest rate risk, and liquidity risk. At times, participants in bond markets may develop concerns about the ability of certain issuers to make timely principal and interest payments, or they may develop concerns about the ability of financial institutions that make markets in certain debt instruments to facilitate an orderly market. Those concerns could cause increased volatility and reduced liquidity in particular securities or in the overall bond markets and the related derivatives markets, which could hamper an underlying fund’s ability to sell the bonds in which it invests or to find and purchase suitable investments.
Interest rates The prices of, and the income generated by, bonds and other debt instruments held by an underlying fund may be affected by changes in interest rates. A rise in interest rates typically causes the price of a fixed rate debt instrument to fall and its yield to rise. Conversely, a decline in interest rates typically causes the price of a fixed rate debt instrument to rise and the yield to fall. Generally, underlying bond funds with longer weighted average maturities and durations carry greater interest rate risk.
Prepayments and extensions Underlying funds that invest in mortgage-backed securities, other asset-backed securities, or any debt instrument with an embedded call option are subject to prepayment risks because the principal on the security may be prepaid at any time, which could reduce the security’s yield and market value. The rate of prepayments tends to increase as
T. ROWE PRICE | 4 |
interest rates fall, which could cause the average maturity of the underlying fund’s portfolio to shorten. Extension risk may result from a rise in interest rates, which tends to make mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities, and other callable debt instruments more volatile.
Junk investing Investments in bonds that are rated below investment grade, commonly referred to as junk bonds, and loans that are rated below investment grade, expose an underlying fund to greater volatility and credit risk than investments in securities that are rated investment-grade. Issuers of junk bonds and loans are usually not as strong financially and are more likely to suffer an adverse change in financial condition that would result in the inability to meet a financial obligation. As a result, bonds and loans rated below investment grade carry a higher risk of default and should be considered speculative.
Credit quality An issuer of a debt instrument held by an underlying fund could suffer an adverse change in financial condition that results in a payment default (failure to make scheduled interest or principal payments), rating downgrade, or inability to meet a financial obligation. The fund’s exposure to credit risk is increased to the extent the fund invests in underlying funds that hold securities that are not considered investment-grade. Holdings that are rated below investment grade carry greater risk of default and erratic price swings due, in part, to potentially adverse changes in the credit quality of the issuer.
International investing Investing in funds that hold the securities of non-U.S. issuers involves special risks not typically associated with investing in funds that hold securities of U.S. issuers. Non-U.S. securities tend to be more volatile and have lower overall liquidity than investments in U.S. securities and may lose value because of adverse local, political, social, or economic developments overseas, or due to changes in the exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar. In addition, investments outside the U.S. are subject to settlement practices and regulatory and financial reporting standards that differ from those of the U.S. The risks of investing outside the U.S. are heightened for any investments in emerging markets, which are susceptible to greater volatility than investments in developed markets.
Emerging markets Investing in funds that hold securities of issuers in emerging market countries involve greater risk and overall volatility than investing in funds that hold securities of issuers in the U.S. and developed markets. Emerging market countries tend to have economic structures that are less diverse and mature, and political systems that are less stable, than those of developed countries. In addition to the risks normally associated with investing outside the U.S., emerging markets are more susceptible to governmental interference, political and economic uncertainty, local taxes and restrictions on an underlying fund’s investments, less efficient trading markets with lower overall liquidity, and more volatile currency exchange rates.
Bank loans Underlying funds that invest in bank loans expose the fund to additional risks beyond those normally associated with more traditional debt instruments. An underlying fund’s ability to receive payments in connection with a loan depends primarily on the financial condition of the borrower and whether or not a loan is secured by collateral, although there is no assurance that the collateral securing a loan will be sufficient to satisfy the loan obligation. In addition, bank loans often have contractual restrictions on resale, which can delay the sale
SUMMARY | 5 |
and adversely impact the sale price and have significantly longer settlement periods than more traditional investments. Bank loans often involve borrowers whose financial condition is troubled or highly leveraged, which increases an underlying fund’s risk that the fund may not receive its proceeds in a timely manner or that the fund may incur losses in order to pay redemption proceeds to its shareholders.
Dividend-paying stocks To the extent the fund invests in an underlying fund that focuses on dividend-paying stocks, it is exposed to greater volatility and the risk of stock market declines that could cause the fund to underperform funds with similar objectives. Stocks of established companies paying high dividends may not participate in a broad market advance to the same degree as most other stocks, and a sharp rise in interest rates could cause a company to reduce or eliminate its dividend.
Liquidity An underlying fund may not be able to meet requests to redeem shares without significant dilution of the remaining shareholders’ interest in the fund. A particular investment or an entire market segment may become less liquid or even illiquid, sometimes abruptly, which could limit a fund’s ability to purchase or sell holdings in a timely manner at a desired price. Reduced liquidity can result from a number of events, such as limited trading activity, reductions in bond inventory, and rapid or unexpected changes in interest rates. Large redemptions may also have a negative impact on an underlying fund’s overall liquidity.
Money market investments An underlying money market fund may not be able to maintain a stable $1.00 share price at all times. If a money market fund fails to maintain a stable net asset value, or if there is a perceived threat that a money market fund is likely to fail to maintain a stable net asset value, the underlying fund could experience significant redemption activity.
Performance
The following performance information provides some indication of the risks of investing in the fund. The fund’s performance information represents only past performance (before and after taxes) and is not necessarily an indication of future results.
The following bar chart illustrates how much returns can differ from year to year by showing calendar year returns and the best and worst calendar quarter returns during those years for the fund.
T. ROWE PRICE | 6 |
The following table shows the average annual total returns for the fund, and also compares the returns with the returns of a relevant broad-based market index, as well as with the returns of one or more comparative indexes that have investment characteristics similar to those of the fund, if applicable.
In addition, the table shows hypothetical after-tax returns to demonstrate how taxes paid by a shareholder may influence returns. After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as a 401(k) account or an IRA.
SUMMARY | 7 |
Average Annual Total Returns |
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| 06/29/1990 |
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| Returns before taxes | 11.55 | % |
| 4.26 | % |
| 5.19 | % |
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Returns after taxes on distributions | 9.97 |
| 2.68 |
| 3.58 | ||||||||
Returns after taxes on distributions | |||||||||||||
and sale of fund shares | 6.96 |
| 2.66 |
| 3.44 | ||||||||
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| Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) |
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| 8.72 |
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| 3.05 |
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| 3.75 |
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| Lipper Multi-Sector Income Funds Average |
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| 9.77 |
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| 3.91 |
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| 5.18 |
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Updated performance information is available through troweprice.com.
Management
Investment Adviser T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. (T. Rowe Price or Price Associates)
Portfolio Manager | Title | Managed | Joined |
Charles M. Shriver | Cochairman of | 2011 | 1991 |
Toby M. Thompson | Cochairman of | 2020 | 1993* |
* Mr. Thompson originally joined T. Rowe Price in 1993 and returned to T. Rowe Price in 2010.
Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares
The fund generally requires a $2,500 minimum initial investment ($1,000 minimum initial investment if opening an IRA, a custodial account for a minor, or a small business retirement plan account). Additional purchases generally require a $100 minimum. These investment minimums generally are waived for financial intermediaries and certain employer-sponsored retirement plans submitting orders on behalf of their customers.
For investors holding shares of the fund directly with T. Rowe Price, you may purchase, redeem, or exchange fund shares by mail; by telephone (1-800-225-5132 for IRAs and nonretirement accounts; 1-800-492-7670 for small business retirement plans; and 1-800-638-8790 for institutional investors and financial intermediaries); or, for certain accounts, by accessing your account online through troweprice.com.
T. ROWE PRICE | 8 |
If you hold shares through a financial intermediary or retirement plan, you must purchase, redeem, and exchange shares of the fund through your intermediary or retirement plan. You should check with your intermediary or retirement plan to determine the investment minimums that apply to your account.
Tax Information
The fund declares dividends daily and pays them on the first business day of each month. Any capital gains are declared and paid annually, usually in December. Redemptions or exchanges of fund shares and distributions by the fund, whether or not you reinvest these amounts in additional fund shares, generally may be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains unless you invest through a tax-deferred account (in which case you will be taxed upon withdrawal from such account).
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
If you purchase shares of the fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s website for more information.
MORE ABOUT THE FUND | 2 | |
Investment Adviser(s)
T. Rowe Price is the fund’s investment adviser and oversees the selection of the fund’s investments and management of the fund’s portfolio pursuant to an investment management agreement between the investment adviser and the fund. T. Rowe Price also serves as investment adviser for the underlying funds in which the Spectrum Funds invest. T. Rowe Price is the investment adviser for all mutual funds sponsored and managed by T. Rowe Price (T. Rowe Price Funds), and is an SEC-registered investment adviser that provides investment management services to individual and institutional investors, and sponsors and serves as adviser and subadviser to registered investment companies, institutional separate accounts, and common trust funds. The address for T. Rowe Price is 100 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202. As of December 31, 2019, T. Rowe Price and its affiliates (Firm) had approximately $1.21 trillion in assets under management and provided investment management services for more than 7 million individual and institutional investor accounts.
Portfolio Management
T. Rowe Price has established an Investment Advisory Committee with respect to the fund. The committee chairmen are ultimately responsible for the day-to-day management of the fund’s portfolio and work with the committee in developing and executing the fund’s investment program. The members of the committee are as follows: Charles M. Shriver and Toby M. Thompson, Cochairmen, Steve Bartolini, Jerome A. Clark, Kimberly E. DeDominicis, David J. Eiswert, Mark S. Finn, Arif Husain, Wyatt A. Lee, Sebastien Page, Robert A Panariello, Robert W. Sharps, Guido F. Stubenrauch, Justin Thomson, Mark J. Vaselkiv, and J. David Wagner. The following information provides the year that the chairmen (portfolio managers) first joined the Firm and the chairmen’s specific business experience during the past five years (although the chairmen may have had portfolio management responsibilities for a longer period). Mr. Shriver has been chairman of the committee since 2011. He joined the Firm in 1991 and his investment experience dates from 1999. He has served as a portfolio manager with the Firm throughout the past five years. Mr. Thompson became cochairman of the committee on March 1, 2020. He originally joined the Firm in 1993 and returned in 2010. His investment experience dates from 1993. For the past five years, he has served as a portfolio manger within the Firm’s multi-asset division. The Statement of Additional Information provides additional information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed by the portfolio managers, and the portfolio managers’ ownership of the fund’s shares.
Management of the Underlying Funds
For each of the underlying funds in which the fund invests, T. Rowe Price serves as investment adviser and oversees the selection of the fund’s investments and management of the fund’s portfolio. For certain underlying funds in which the fund invests, T. Rowe Price has entered
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into a subadvisory agreement with T. Rowe Price International Ltd (T. Rowe Price International), T. Rowe Price Hong Kong Limited (Price Hong Kong), and/or T. Rowe Price Japan, Inc. (Price Japan) under which these affiliated entities are authorized to trade securities and make discretionary investment decisions on behalf of the fund. T. Rowe Price International is a wholly-owned subsidiary of T. Rowe Price, and is registered with the SEC as an investment adviser and is authorized or licensed by the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority and other global regulators. T. Rowe Price International is headquartered in London and has several branch offices around the world. Price Hong Kong and Price Japan are direct subsidiaries of T. Rowe Price International. Price Hong Kong is licensed with the Securities and Futures Commission of Hong Kong and is registered with the SEC as an investment adviser. Price Japan is registered with the Japan Financial Services Agency to carry out investment management business and is registered with the SEC as an investment adviser. Price Hong Kong is headquartered in Hong Kong and Price Japan is headquartered in Tokyo.
The majority of the directors and the officers of the fund and T. Rowe Price (and its affiliated investment advisers) also serve in similar positions with most of the underlying funds. Thus, if the interests of the fund and one or more of its underlying funds were ever to diverge, it is possible that a conflict of interest could arise and affect how the directors and officers fulfill their fiduciary duties to the fund and its underlying funds. The directors of the fund believe they have structured the fund to avoid these concerns. However, conceivably, a situation could occur where proper action for the fund could be adverse to the interests of an underlying fund, or the reverse. If such a possibility arises, the directors and officers of the affected funds and T. Rowe Price will carefully analyze the situation and take all steps they believe reasonable to minimize and, where possible, eliminate the potential conflict.
The Management Fee
The fund does not directly pay T. Rowe Price a management fee for serving as the fund’s investment adviser and performing investment management services for the fund. However, T. Rowe Price receives management fees from managing the underlying funds, and T. Rowe Price International, Price Hong Kong, and/or Price Japan may receive a portion of the management fee that T. Rowe Price receives from those underlying funds for which it serves as investment subadviser. See the underlying funds’ prospectuses or Statement of Additional Information for specific fees.
A discussion about the factors considered by the fund’s Board of Directors (Board) and its conclusions in approving the fund’s investment management agreement (and any subadvisory agreement, if applicable) appear in the fund’s semiannual report to shareholders for the period ended June 30.
Pass-Through of Operating Expenses to Underlying Funds
The operating expenses of the fund include (a) its direct operating expenses at the fund level and (b) its pro-rata share of the fees and expenses of the underlying funds in which it invests. The fund’s operating expenses generally include shareholder servicing and accounting fees and expenses; legal and auditing fees; expenses of preparing and printing prospectuses and shareholder reports; registration fees and expenses; proxy and annual meeting expenses, if any;
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and directors’ fees and expenses. The payment of the fund’s direct operating expenses is subject to a Special Servicing Agreement, which allows for the fund to pass through its direct operating expenses to its underlying funds in recognition that the fund’s investments in its underlying funds are expected to provide overall savings to the underlying funds. This is primarily the result of the assumed elimination of numerous separate shareholder accounts which, in the absence of the fund, would have been invested directly in the underlying funds and the resulting reduction in shareholder servicing costs. The estimated savings to the underlying funds generated by the operation of the fund are expected to be sufficient to offset most, if not all, of the direct operating expenses of the fund.
The Special Servicing Agreement provides that each underlying fund in which the fund invests will bear a proportionate share of the operating expenses of the fund provided the benefit to the underlying funds from the operation of the fund equals or exceeds these expenses. T. Rowe Price has agreed to bear any operating expenses of the fund that exceed the overall benefit and estimated savings to each of the underlying funds. As a result of these provisions, the direct operating expenses of the fund are generally expected to be paid for by the underlying funds in which it invests. Therefore, the fund will effectively pay no operating expenses at the fund level.
However, shareholders of the fund will still indirectly bear its proportionate share of the expenses of each underlying fund in which it invests.
Investment Objective(s)
The fund seeks a high level of current income with moderate share price fluctuation.
The investment objective is a fundamental policy and shareholder approval is required to substantially change it. As with any fund, there is no guarantee the fund will achieve its objective.
Principal Investment Strategies
The following information summarizes some of the basic differences between the Spectrum Funds.
The Spectrum Funds offer a professionally managed allocation of investments among a broad range of asset classes. To accommodate a wide range of investor preferences and time horizons, the Spectrum Funds offer different combinations of the growth potential of stocks, the greater income potential of bonds, different degrees of international investing, and the relative stability of money market securities. Certain Spectrum Funds also seek to reduce overall volatility through alternative investments or derivatives. Because the Spectrum Funds invest in a variety of asset classes, including other T. Rowe Price Funds, each Spectrum Fund is expected to benefit from broad diversification.
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While there is no guarantee, the concept of diversification helps investors to reduce their overall risk by spreading assets among a variety of investments. Each type of investment tends to follow a cycle of its own and responds differently to changes in the economy and the marketplace. A decline in one investment can be balanced by returns in other investments that are stable or rising. Therefore, a benefit of the Spectrum Funds is the potential for attractive long-term returns with reduced volatility.
For investors who are seeking broad diversification to bonds in an effort to achieve relatively high income, Spectrum Income Fund could be an appropriate part of your overall investment strategy.
For investors who are seeking a relatively balanced approach, with a greater emphasis on bonds than stocks, in an effort to achieve income and some capital appreciation, Spectrum Conservative Allocation Fund could be an appropriate part of your overall investment strategy.
For investors who are seeking a relatively balanced approach, with a greater emphasis on stocks than bonds, in an effort to achieve capital appreciation and income, Spectrum Moderate Allocation Fund could be an appropriate part of your overall investment strategy.
For investors who are seeking broad diversification that emphasizes stocks, with some exposure to bonds, in an effort to achieve capital appreciation and some income, Spectrum Moderate Growth Allocation Fund could be an appropriate part of your overall investment strategy.
For investors who are seeking broad diversification to stocks in an effort to achieve long-term capital appreciation and some income, Spectrum Growth Fund could be an appropriate part of your overall investment strategy.
For investors who are seeking broad diversification to international stocks in an effort to achieve long-term capital appreciation along with greater potential volatility, Spectrum International Fund could be an appropriate part of your overall investment strategy.
Each Spectrum Fund’s broad diversification is designed to cushion severe losses in any one investment sector and moderate the funds’ overall price swings. However, the funds’ share prices will fluctuate as the prices of the underlying funds and asset classes rise or fall with changing market conditions. The following information describes the investment program for this particular Spectrum Fund. The specific investment program for each Spectrum Fund is described in greater detail in its prospectus.
The investments of the fund are concentrated in its underlying funds. As a result, the fund’s investment performance is directly tied to the investment performance of these underlying funds. When deciding on allocations to the underlying funds, T. Rowe Price considers relative values and prospects among the various sectors and investment styles represented by the underlying funds. Within the broad ranges shown in Section 1, T. Rowe Price may decide to overweight or underweight particular asset classes, sectors, or investment styles based on its outlook for the global economy and securities markets.
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In pursuing their investment objectives and programs, each of the underlying funds is permitted to engage in a wide range of investment policies and practices. Further information about the underlying funds is contained in the Statement of Additional Information, as well as the prospectuses of each of the underlying funds. Because the fund invests in the underlying funds, shareholders of the fund will be affected by an underlying fund’s investment practices in direct proportion to the amount of assets the fund allocates to the underlying funds pursuing such practices.
The following table gives a brief description of each underlying fund’s investment program. The underlying funds’ specific objectives and overall investment programs are described in greater detail in each underlying fund’s prospectus.
Description of Underlying Funds | |
Domestic Bond/ | Investment Program |
Corporate Income | High income and some capital growth. Normally invests at least 80% of net assets in corporate debt securities with at least 85% of net assets receiving an investment-grade rating. |
Floating Rate | High current income and, secondarily, capital appreciation by investing at least 80% of its net assets in floating rate loans and floating rate debt securities. |
GNMA | High current income consistent with high overall credit quality and moderate price fluctuation by investing at least 80% of its total assets in GNMA securities backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government. |
High Yield | High current income and, secondarily, capital appreciation. Normally invests at least 80% of net assets in a widely diversified portfolio of “junk” bonds, income-producing convertible securities, and preferred stocks that are rated below investment-grade. |
Inflation Protected Bond | Inflation protection and income by investing at least 80% of its net assets in inflation protected bonds. Weighted average maturity will vary with market conditions. |
Limited Duration Inflation Focused Bond | A level of income consistent with the current rate of inflation by investing in a diversified portfolio of short- and intermediate-term investment-grade inflation-linked securities. Duration is expected to normally range within plus or minus two years of the duration of the Bloomberg Barclays U.S. 1-5 Year Treasury TIPS Index. |
New Income | Highest level of income consistent with preservation of capital over time by investing primarily in marketable debt securities. A flexible portfolio of income-producing securities with at least 80% of holdings rated investment-grade by all rating agencies. |
Short-Term Bond | High level of income consistent with minimal fluctuation in principal value and liquidity. Invests in short- and intermediate-term bonds rated within the four highest credit categories. Average effective maturity will not exceed three years. |
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Description of Underlying Funds | |
U.S. Treasury Intermediate | A high level of income consistent with maximum credit protection and moderate fluctuation in principal by investing at least 80% of its net assets in U.S. Treasury securities, which are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government. Weighted average maturity is expected to normally range between three and 10 years. |
U.S. Treasury Long-Term | Highest level of income consistent with maximum credit protection. Invests at least 85% of its net assets in U.S. Treasury securities, which are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government. Weighted average maturity is expected to vary between 15 and 20 years, but may range from 10 to 30 years. |
U.S. Treasury Money | A money market fund managed to provide a stable share price of $1.00. Invests at least 80% of its net assets in U.S. Treasury securities, which are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government, and repurchase agreements thereon, and operates as a “government money market fund,” which requires the fund to also invest at least 99.5% of its total assets in cash, U.S. government securities, and/or repurchase agreements that are fully collateralized by government securities or cash. |
Ultra Short-Term Bond | High level of income consistent with minimal fluctuations in principal value and liquidity. Invests in a diversified portfolio of shorter-term, investment-grade corporate and government bonds. Dollar-weighted average effective maturity will normally be 1.5 years or less. |
Domestic Equity Fund | Investment Program |
Equity Income | A high level of dividend income and long-term capital growth primarily through investments in large-capitalization stocks that have a strong record of paying dividends or that are believed to be undervalued. |
International/Global Bond Funds | Investment Program |
Dynamic Global Bond | Seeks income and consistent returns through a flexible allocation to global bonds and other debt instruments. The fund also seeks to offer some protection against rising interest rates and provide a low correlation with equity markets. |
Emerging Markets Bond | High income and capital appreciation by investing at least 80% of net assets in debt securities issued by emerging market governments and companies located in emerging market countries. |
Emerging Markets Local Currency Bond | High current income and capital appreciation by investing at least 80% of its net assets in bonds that are denominated in emerging markets currencies and in derivative instruments that provide investment exposure to such securities. |
International Bond | High income and capital appreciation through investments primarily in high-quality foreign bonds. May invest up to 20% of assets in below investment-grade bonds. Expects to maintain an intermediate to long weighted average maturity and is normally heavily exposed to fluctuations in foreign currencies. |
International Bond (USD Hedged) | Seeks current income and capital appreciation through investments primarily in investment-grade non-U.S. dollar-denominated bonds that are normally hedged to the U.S. dollar. |
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Principal Risks
Consider your investment goals, your time horizon for achieving them, and your tolerance for risk. The performance and risks of the fund will directly correspond to the performance and risks of the asset classes and underlying funds in which it invests. By seeking to be broadly diversified, the fund has partial exposure to the risks of many different areas of the market.
The principal risks associated with the fund’s principal investment strategies include the following:
Market conditions The value of investments held by the fund may decline, sometimes rapidly or unpredictably, due to factors affecting certain issuers, particular industries or sectors, or the overall markets. Rapid or unexpected changes in market conditions could cause the fund to liquidate its holdings at inopportune times or at a loss or depressed value. The value of a particular holding may decrease due to developments related to that issuer, but also due to general market conditions, including real or perceived economic developments such as changes in interest rates, credit quality, inflation, or currency rates, or generally adverse investor sentiment. The value of a holding may also decline due to factors that negatively affect a particular industry or sector, such as labor shortages, increased production costs, or competitive conditions. In addition, local, regional or global events such as war, acts of terrorism, political and social unrest, regulatory changes, recessions, shifts in monetary or trade policies, natural or environmental disasters, and the spread of infectious diseases or other public health issues could have a significant negative impact on securities markets and the fund’s investments. Unpredictable events such as natural disasters, pandemics, and widespread health crises may lead to unexpected suspensions or closures of securities exchanges, travel restrictions or quarantines, and an extended adverse impact on global market conditions.
Asset allocation The performance and risks of the fund will directly correspond to the performance and risks of the underlying funds in which it invests. By investing in many underlying funds, which represent different asset classes, sectors, and investment styles, the fund has partial exposure to the risks associated with different areas of the market. The selection of the underlying funds and the allocation of the fund’s assets among the various asset classes, market sectors, and investment styles could cause the fund to underperform the broad markets, relevant indices, or other funds with a similar benchmark or investment program. The fund's overall risk is increased to the extent the fund invests in underlying funds that carry greater risks, and any decisions to underweight or overweight particular underlying funds based on the adviser's outlook for market conditions could fail to produce the intended results and cause the fund to lag relevant benchmarks or similarly managed funds.
Investments in other funds As a fund-of-funds, the fund is subject to the risks of the performance and execution of the investment programs of its underlying funds. The fund does not control the investments of the underlying funds, which may implement their investment strategies in a manner not anticipated by the fund. Poor security selection by an underlying fund could cause that underlying fund to underperform relevant benchmarks or other funds with similar investment objectives, which in turn could cause the fund to underperform
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similarly managed funds. Although T. Rowe Price also serves as the investment adviser of the underlying funds in which the fund invests, an underlying fund may change its investment program or policies without the fund’s approval, which could force the fund to reduce or eliminate its allocation to the underlying fund at an unfavorable time.
Bond exposure The market prices of bonds owned by an underlying fund may go up or down, sometimes rapidly or unpredictably. An underlying fund’s investments may decline in value due to factors affecting the overall bond markets, or particular industries or sectors. The value of a holding may decline due to developments related to a particular issuer, but also due to general bond conditions, including real or perceived adverse economic developments such as changes in interest rates, credit quality, inflation, or currency rates, or generally adverse investor sentiment. The value of a holding may also decline due to factors that negatively affect a particular industry, such as labor shortages, increased production costs, or competitive conditions. A bond fund may experience heavy redemptions that could cause it to liquidate its assets at inopportune times or at a loss or depressed value.
Interest rates The prices of bonds and other fixed income securities typically increase as interest rates fall and prices typically decrease as interest rates rise (bond prices and interest rates usually move in opposite directions). Prices could fall because the holdings in an underlying bond fund’s portfolio become less attractive to other investors when securities with higher yields become available. Generally, securities with longer maturities or durations and funds with longer weighted average maturities or durations have greater interest rate risk. As a result, in a rising interest rate environment, the net asset value of an underlying fund with a longer weighted average maturity or duration typically decreases at a faster rate than the net asset value of an underlying fund with a shorter weighted average maturity or duration. While a rise in interest rates is the principal source of interest rate risk for bond funds, falling rates bring the possibility that a bond may be called, or redeemed before maturity, and that the proceeds may need to be reinvested in lower-yielding securities. Interest rates have recently been near historically low levels. Extremely low or negative interest rates may increase an underlying fund’s susceptibility to interest rate risk and reduce the fund’s yield. In addition, recent and potential future changes in monetary policy made by central banks and/or governments are likely to affect the level of interest rates. As a result, rapid changes in interest rates may increase the fund’s overall exposure to interest rate risk.
Prepayments and extensions Underlying funds that invest in mortgage-backed securities, certain asset-backed securities, and other debt instruments that have embedded call options can be negatively impacted when interest rates fall because borrowers tend to refinance and prepay principal. Receiving increasing prepayments in a falling interest rate environment causes the average maturity of the underlying fund’s portfolio to shorten, reducing its potential for price gains. It also requires the fund to reinvest proceeds at lower interest rates, which reduces the fund’s total return and yield, and could result in a loss if bond prices fall below the level that the fund paid for them. A rise in interest rates or lack of refinancing opportunities can result in extension risk, which causes the average maturity of an underlying fund’s portfolio to lengthen unexpectedly due to a drop in expected prepayments of mortgage-backed
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securities, asset-backed securities, and callable debt instruments. This would increase an underlying fund’s sensitivity to rising rates and its potential for price declines.
Junk investing The fund’s overall credit risk is increased to the extent it has exposure to below investment grade investments through its underlying funds. Issuers of junk bonds and loans are not as strong financially as those with higher credit ratings, so the issuers and lenders are more vulnerable to financial setbacks and recession than more creditworthy issuers, which may impair their ability to make interest and principal payments. As a result, below investment grade investments carry greater risks of default and erratic price swings due to real or perceived changes in the credit quality of the issuer or lender. Because the credit quality of the issuer is lower, such investments are more sensitive to developments affecting the issuer’s or lender’s underlying fundamentals, such as changes in financial condition or a particular country’s general economy. In addition, the entire below investment-grade bond and loan markets can experience sudden and sharp price swings due to a variety of factors, including changes in economic forecasts, stock market activity, large sustained sales by institutional investors, a high-profile default, or a change in the market’s psychology. This type of volatility is usually associated more with stocks than bonds, but investors in lower-quality bonds and loans should also anticipate it. Since mutual funds can be a major source of demand in certain junk bond and loan markets, substantial cash flows into and out of these funds can affect prices. If, for example, a significant number of funds were to sell bonds or loans to meet shareholder redemptions, bond and loan prices and certain underlying funds’ share prices could fall more than underlying fundamentals might justify.
Credit quality An issuer of a debt instrument held by an underlying fund could default (fail to make scheduled interest or principal payments), potentially reducing the fund’s income and share price. Credit risk is increased when portfolio holdings are downgraded, or the perceived financial condition of an issuer deteriorates. Holdings with an investment-grade rating (AAA through BBB, or an equivalent rating) should have a relatively low risk of encountering financial problems and a relatively high probability of future payments. However, holdings rated BBB (or an equivalent rating) are more susceptible to adverse economic conditions than other investment-grade holdings and may have speculative characteristics. Holdings rated below investment grade should be regarded as speculative because their issuers may be more susceptible to financial setbacks and recession than more creditworthy issuers.
International investing Funds that have exposure to investments outside the U.S. generally carry more risk than funds that invest strictly in U.S. assets. Investments outside the U.S. may lose value because of declining foreign currencies or adverse political or economic events overseas, among other things. Securities of non-U.S. issuers tend to be more volatile than U.S. securities and are subject to trading markets with lower overall liquidity, governmental interference, and regulatory and accounting standards and settlement practices that differ from those of U.S. issuers. An underlying fund could experience losses based solely on the weakness of foreign currencies in which the fund’s holdings are denominated versus the U.S. dollar, and changes in the exchange rates between such currencies and the U.S. dollar. Any attempts by an underlying fund at hedging currency risk could be unsuccessful and it is difficult to hedge the currency risks of many emerging markets countries. Risks can result from differing regulatory
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environments, less stringent investor protections, uncertain tax laws, and higher transaction costs compared to U.S. markets. Investments outside the U.S. could be subject to governmental actions such as capital or currency controls, nationalization of a company or industry, expropriation of assets, or imposition of high taxes. Market volatility may significantly impact prices and limit the liquidity of securities in a particular country or geographic region at the same time. The fund’s overall international investing risk level is increased to the extent it has exposure to emerging markets.
Emerging markets Funds that have exposure to investments in emerging markets generally carry more risk than funds that invest strictly in the U.S. and other developed markets. Investments in emerging markets are subject to the risk of abrupt and severe price declines. The economic and political structures of emerging market countries, in most cases, do not compare favorably with the U.S. or other developed countries in terms of wealth and stability, and their financial markets often lack liquidity. These economies are less developed, can be overly reliant on particular industries, and are more vulnerable to the ebb and flow of international trade, trade barriers, and other protectionist or retaliatory measures. Governments in many emerging market countries participate to a significant degree in their economies and securities markets. As a result, investments by an underlying fund may be restricted and subject to greater government control, including repatriation of sales proceeds. Emerging market securities exchanges are more likely to experience problems with the clearing and settling of trades, as well as the custody of holdings by local banks, agents, and depositories. In addition, the accounting standards in emerging market countries may be unreliable and could present an inaccurate picture of a company’s finances. Some countries have histories of instability and upheaval that could cause their governments to act in a detrimental or hostile manner toward private enterprise or foreign investment. The volatility of emerging markets may be heightened by the actions (such as significant buying or selling) of a few major investors. For example, substantial increases or decreases in cash flows of mutual funds investing in these markets could significantly affect local securities prices and, therefore, could cause fund share prices to decline.
Bank loans Underlying funds that invest in bank loans expose the fund to additional credit risk and other risks beyond those normally associated with bonds and more traditional debt instruments. Bank loans often have contractual restrictions on resale. These restrictions can delay or impede an underlying fund’s ability to sell loans and may adversely affect the price that can be obtained. Loans and unlisted securities are typically less liquid than securities traded on national exchanges. The secondary market for loans may be subject to irregular trading activity and extended settlement periods, and the liquidity of bank loans can vary significantly over time. During periods of infrequent trading, valuing a bank loan can be more difficult and buying or selling a loan at an acceptable price may not be possible or may be delayed. In addition, loans are not registered under the federal securities laws like stocks and bonds, so investors in loans have less protection against improper practices than investors in registered securities.
Dividend-paying stocks To the extent the fund invests in an underlying fund that focuses on dividend-paying stocks, it is exposed to greater volatility and the risk of stock market declines
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that could cause the fund to underperform similarly managed funds. Stock markets as a whole can decline for many reasons, and the share price of the underlying fund could fall because of weakness in the broad market, a particular industry, or specific holdings. Stocks of companies with a history of paying dividends may not benefit from a broad market advance to the same degree as the overall stock market. In addition, a sharp rise in interest rates or economic downturn could cause a company to unexpectedly reduce or eliminate its dividend.
Liquidity An underlying fund may not be able to meet requests to redeem shares issued by the fund without significant dilution of the remaining shareholders’ interest in the fund. In addition, the fund may not be able to sell a holding in a timely manner at a desired price. Sectors of the bond market can experience sudden downturns in trading activity. During periods of reduced market liquidity, the spread between the price at which a security can be bought and the price at which it can be sold can widen, and the fund may not be able to sell a holding readily at a price that reflects what the fund believes it should be worth. Securities with lower overall liquidity can also become more difficult to value. Liquidity risk may be the result of, among other things, the reduced number and capacity of traditional broker-dealers to make a market in fixed income securities or the lack of an active market. The potential for liquidity risk may be magnified by a rising interest rate environment or other circumstances where selling activity from fixed income investors may be higher than normal, potentially causing increased supply in the market. To meet redemption requests during periods of illiquidity, an underlying fund may be forced to sell securities at an unfavorable time and/or under unfavorable conditions.
Money market investments An underlying money market fund may not be able to maintain a stable $1.00 share price at all times. Although the fund only purchases securities that present minimal credit risk, the credit quality of the fund’s holdings could change rapidly during periods of market stress. If a money market fund fails to maintain a stable net asset value, or if there is a perceived threat that a money market fund is likely to fail to maintain a stable net asset value, the underlying fund could experience significant redemption activity. This could reduce the market prices of securities held by the underlying fund and make it more difficult for the fund to maintain a stable $1.00 share price.
Additional Strategies and Risks
In addition to the principal investment strategies and principal risks previously described, the fund may employ other, non-principal investment strategies and may be subject to other risks, which are described in the following paragraphs.
While the fund typically invests only in other T. Rowe Price Funds, the fund may also buy and sell futures contracts (thereby taking long or short positions, as appropriate). Investments involving futures would typically be used to manage cash flows efficiently, remain fully invested, or facilitate asset allocation and rebalancing.
Futures To the extent the fund buys and sells futures contracts, it is potentially exposed to greater volatility than investing directly in stock and bond funds. Futures can experience reduced liquidity and become difficult to value, particularly during significant market events.
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While the fund would typically use stock index futures and interest rate futures that are traded on an exchange, the use of any instruments that are traded over-the-counter as opposed to through an exchange are also subject to the risk that a counterparty to the transaction will fail to meet its obligations under the contract.
Cybersecurity breaches The fund may be subject to operational and information security risks resulting from breaches in cybersecurity. Cybersecurity breaches may involve deliberate attacks and unauthorized access to the digital information systems (for example, through “hacking” or malicious software coding) used by the fund or its third-party service providers but may also result from outside attacks such as denial-of-service attacks. These breaches may, among other things, result in financial losses to the fund and its shareholders, cause the fund to lose proprietary information, disrupt business operations, or result in the unauthorized release of confidential information. Further, cybersecurity breaches involving the fund’s third-party service providers, trading counterparties, or issuers in which the fund invests could subject the fund to many of the same risks associated with direct breaches.
The fund’s investment policies and practices are subject to further restrictions and risks that are described in the Statement of Additional Information.
For the fund and its underlying funds, certain investment restrictions, such as a required minimum or maximum investment in a particular type of security, are measured at the time the fund purchases a security. The status, market value, maturity, duration, credit quality, or other characteristics of a fund’s securities may change after they are purchased, and this may cause the amount of the fund’s assets invested in such securities to exceed the stated maximum restriction or fall below the stated minimum restriction. If any of these changes occur, it would not be considered a violation of the investment restriction and will not require the sale of an investment if it was proper at the time the investment was made (this exception does not apply to a fund’s borrowing policy). However, certain changes will require holdings to be sold or purchased by the fund during the time it is above or below the stated percentage restriction in order for the fund to be in compliance with applicable restrictions.
Reserve Position
The fund may maintain a portion of its assets in reserves, which can consist of short-term, high-quality U.S. dollar-denominated money market securities or shares of the T. Rowe Price U.S. Treasury Money Fund. In order to respond to adverse market, economic, political, or other conditions, the fund may assume a temporary defensive position that is inconsistent with its principal investment objective and/or strategies and may invest, without limitation, in reserves. The reserve position provides flexibility in meeting redemptions and in the timing of new investments, and can serve as a short-term defense during periods of unusual market volatility. If the fund has significant holdings in reserves, that fund’s ability to achieve its objective could be compromised.
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Fundamental Investment Policies
The fund will not: (i) invest more than 25% of its net assets in any one industry, except that the fund will invest substantially all of its assets in investment companies that are members of the T. Rowe Price family of funds; (ii) borrow money, except temporarily, to facilitate redemption requests in amounts not exceeding 30% of the fund’s total assets valued at market; and (iii) in any manner transfer as collateral for indebtedness any securities owned by the fund except in connection with permissible borrowings, which in no event will exceed 30% of the fund’s total assets valued at market. The fund may borrow money from other T. Rowe Price Funds.
Meeting Redemption Requests
The fund is expected to typically sell shares of its underlying funds in order to meet redemption requests, although the fund may at times hold sufficient cash or cash equivalents to meet redemption requests. These redemption methods will be used regularly and may also be used in deteriorating or stressed market conditions. The fund reserves the right to pay redemption proceeds with securities from the fund’s portfolio rather than in cash (redemptions in-kind), as described under “Large Redemptions.” Redemptions in-kind are typically used to meet redemption requests that represent a large percentage of the fund’s net assets in order to minimize the effect of large redemptions on the fund and its remaining shareholders. In general, any redemptions in-kind will represent a pro-rata distribution of the fund’s securities, subject to certain limited exceptions. Redemptions in-kind may be used regularly in circumstances as described above and may also be used in stressed market conditions.
The fund, along with other T. Rowe Price Funds, is a party to an interfund lending exemptive order received from the SEC that permits the T. Rowe Price Funds to borrow money from and/or lend money to other T. Rowe Price Funds to help the funds meet short-term redemptions and liquidity needs. In certain circumstances, the T. Rowe Price funds may also meet redemption requests through an overdraft of the fund’s account with its custodian.
During periods of deteriorating or stressed market conditions, or during extraordinary or emergency circumstances, the fund may be more likely to pay redemption proceeds with cash obtained through interfund lending or by redeeming a large redemption request in-kind.
The Statement of Additional Information contains more detailed information about the fund and its investments, operations, and expenses.
Portfolio Turnover
The fund’s portfolio turnover rate is expected to be low. The fund will purchase or sell securities to: (i) accommodate purchases and sales of the fund’s shares; and (ii) maintain or modify the allocation of the fund’s assets among the underlying funds within the percentage limits described earlier. A high turnover rate may increase transaction costs, result in additional capital gain distributions, and reduce fund total return. The fund’s portfolio turnover rates are shown in the Financial Highlights table.
T. ROWE PRICE | 22 |
The Financial Highlights table, which provides information about the fund’s financial history, is based on a single share outstanding throughout the periods shown. The table is part of the fund’s financial statements, which are included in its annual report and are incorporated by reference into the Statement of Additional Information (available upon request). The fund’s total returns may be higher or lower than the investment results of the individual underlying T. Rowe Price funds. The financial statements in the annual report were audited by the fund’s independent registered public accounting firm, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP.
FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS | For a share outstanding throughout each period |
|
| Year |
| 12/31/18 |
| 12/31/17 |
| 12/31/16 |
| 12/31/15 | ||||||||||||||
NET ASSET VALUE |
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
Beginning of period | $ | 11.86 | $ | 12.75 | $ | 12.39 | $ | 11.89 | $ | 12.70 | ||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment activities | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.38 | 0.38 | |||||||||||||||||||
Net realized
and | 0.95 | (0.74 | ) | 0.45 | 0.58 | (0.63 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
Total from investment | 1.35 | (0.33 | ) | 0.86 | 0.96 | (0.25 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distributions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net investment income | (0.41 | ) | (0.42 | ) | (0.42 | ) | (0.39 | ) | (0.38 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Net realized gain | (0.07 | ) | (0.14 | ) | (0.08 | ) | (0.07 | ) | (0.18 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Total distributions | (0.48 | ) | (0.56 | ) | (0.50 | ) | (0.46 | ) | (0.56 | ) | ||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
NET ASSET VALUE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
End of period | $ | 12.73 | $ | 11.86 | $ | 12.75 | $ | 12.39 | $ | 11.89 |
MORE ABOUT THE FUND | 23 |
FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS | For a share outstanding throughout each period |
|
| Year |
| 12/31/18 |
| 12/31/17 |
| 12/31/16 |
| 12/31/15 | ||||||||||||||
Ratios/Supplemental Data |
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total return(2) (3) (4) | 11.55 | % | (2.62 | )% | 7.02 | % | 8.18 | % | (2.02 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ratios
to average net | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gross expenses before | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | ||||||||||||||
Net expenses after | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | ||||||||||||||
Weighted average net | 0.63 | % | 0.62 | % | 0.65 | % | 0.69 | % | 0.69 | % | ||||||||||||||
Effective net expenses | 0.63 | % | 0.62 | % | 0.65 | % | 0.69 | % | 0.69 | % | ||||||||||||||
Net investment | 3.17 | % | 3.30 | % | 3.27 | % | 3.05 | % | 3.06 | % | ||||||||||||||
Portfolio turnover rate(4) | 24.1 | % | 22.8 | % | 13.3 | % | 17.7 | % | 17.9 | % | ||||||||||||||
Nets
assets, end of period | $ | 6,895 | $ | 6,389 | $ | 6,796 | $ | 6,314 | $ | 5,937 |
(1) Per share amounts calculated using average shares outstanding method.
(2) Includes the impact of expense-related arrangements with Price Associates.
(3) Total return reflects the rate that an investor would have earned on an investment in the fund during each period, assuming reinvestment of all distributions, and payment of no redemption or account fees, if applicable. The fund's total return may be higher or lower than the investment results of the individual underlying Price Funds.
(4) Reflects the activity of the fund, and does not include the activity of the underlying Price Funds. However, investment performance of the fund is directly related to the investment performance of the underlying Price Funds in which it invests.
(5) Reflects the indirect expense impact to the fund from its investment in the underlying Price Funds, based on the actual expense ratio of each underlying Price Fund weighted for the fund's relative average investment therein.
Most T. Rowe Price Funds disclose their calendar quarter-end portfolio holdings on troweprice.com 15 calendar days after each quarter. At the discretion of the investment adviser, these holdings reports may exclude the issuer name and other information relating to a holding in order to protect the fund’s interests and prevent harm to the fund or its shareholders. In addition, most T. Rowe Price Funds disclose their 10 largest holdings, along
T. ROWE PRICE | 24 |
with the percentage of the relevant fund’s total assets that each of the 10 holdings represents, on troweprice.com on the seventh business day after each month-end. These holdings are listed in numerical order based on such percentages of the fund’s assets. A description of T. Rowe Price’s policies and procedures with respect to the disclosure of portfolio information is available in the Statement of Additional Information.
INFORMATION ABOUT ACCOUNTS IN T. ROWE PRICE FUNDS | 3 | |
The following policies and procedures generally apply to Investor Class, I Class, Advisor Class, R Class, and Z Class accounts in the T. Rowe Price Funds. The front cover and Section 1 of this prospectus indicate which share classes are available for the fund.
This section of the prospectus explains the basics of investing with T. Rowe Price and describes some of the different share classes that may be available. Certain share classes can be held directly with T. Rowe Price, while other share classes must typically be held through a financial intermediary, such as a bank, broker, retirement plan recordkeeper, or investment advisor. The Z Class is only available to funds managed by T. Rowe Price and other advisory clients of T. Rowe Price or its affiliates that are subject to a contractual fee for investment management services.
Each class of a fund’s shares represents an interest in the same fund with the same investment program and investment policies. However, each class is designed for a different type of investor and has a different cost structure primarily due to shareholder services or distribution arrangements that may apply only to that class. For example, certain classes may make payments to financial intermediaries for various administrative services they provide (commonly referred to as administrative fee payments, or AFP) and/or make payments to certain financial intermediaries for distribution of the fund’s shares (commonly referred to as 12b-1 fee payments). Determining the most appropriate share class depends on many factors, including how much you plan to invest, whether you are investing directly in the fund or through a financial intermediary, and whether you are investing on behalf of a person or an organization.
This section generally describes the differences between Investor Class, I Class, Advisor Class, R Class, and Z Class shares. This section does not describe the policies that apply to accounts in T. Rowe Price institutional funds and certain other types of funds. Policies for these other funds are described in their respective prospectuses, and all available share classes for the T. Rowe Price Funds are described more fully in the funds’ Statement of Additional Information. While many T. Rowe Price Funds are offered in more than one share class, not all funds offer all of the share classes described in this section.
Investor Class
A T. Rowe Price Fund that does not include the term “institutional” or indicate a specific share class as part of its name is considered to be the Investor Class of that fund. The Investor Class is
T. ROWE PRICE | 26 |
available to individual investors, institutions, and a wide variety of other types of investors. The Investor Class may be purchased directly from T. Rowe Price or through a retirement plan or financial intermediary. The Investor Class does not impose sales charges and does not make any 12b-1 fee payments to financial intermediaries but may make administrative fee payments at an annual rate of up to 0.15% of the class’ average daily net assets. In addition, you may also incur brokerage commissions and other charges when buying or selling Investor Class shares through a financial intermediary. For investors holding the Investor Class through the T. Rowe Price® ActivePlus Portfolios program, the terms and conditions of the program will be applicable.
I Class
The I Class may be purchased directly from T. Rowe Price or through a financial intermediary. The I Class does not impose sales charges and does not make any administrative fee payments or 12b-1 fee payments to financial intermediaries. However, you may incur brokerage commissions and other charges when buying or selling I Class shares through a financial intermediary.
The I Class requires a $1 million initial investment minimum, although the minimum generally is waived for retirement plans, financial intermediaries, certain institutional client accounts for which T. Rowe Price or its affiliate has discretionary investment authority, and certain other accounts. For investors eligible for the I Class through the T. Rowe Price® ActivePlus Portfolios program, the terms and conditions of the program will be applicable. Accounts that are not eligible for the I Class may be converted to the Investor Class following notice to the financial intermediary or investor.
Advisor Class
The Advisor Class is designed to be sold through various financial intermediaries, such as broker-dealers, banks, insurance companies, retirement plan recordkeepers, and financial advisors. The Advisor Class must be purchased through an eligible financial intermediary (except for certain retirement plans held directly with T. Rowe Price). The Advisor Class does not impose sales charges but may make 12b-1 fee payments at an annual rate of up to 0.25% of the class’ average daily net assets and may also separately make administrative fee payments at an annual rate of up to 0.15% of the class’ average daily net assets.
The Advisor Class requires an agreement between the financial intermediary and T. Rowe Price to be executed prior to investment. Purchases of Advisor Class shares for which the required agreement with T. Rowe Price has not been executed or that are not made through an eligible financial intermediary are subject to rejection or cancellation without prior notice to the financial intermediary or investor, and accounts that are no longer eligible for the Advisor Class (including any accounts that are no longer serviced by a financial intermediary or for which the financial intermediary does not accept or assess 12b-1 fee payments) may be converted to the Investor Class following notice to the financial intermediary or investor.
INFORMATION ABOUT ACCOUNTS IN T. ROWE PRICE FUNDS | 27 |
R Class
The R Class is designed to be sold through financial intermediaries for employer-sponsored defined contribution retirement plans and certain other retirement accounts. The R Class must be purchased through an eligible financial intermediary (except for certain retirement plans held directly with T. Rowe Price). The R Class does not impose sales charges but may make 12b-1 fee payments at an annual rate of up to 0.50% of the class’ average daily net assets and may also separately make administrative fee payments at an annual rate of up to 0.15% of the class’ average daily net assets.
The R Class requires an agreement between the financial intermediary and T. Rowe Price to be executed prior to investment. Purchases of R Class shares for which the required agreement with T. Rowe Price has not been executed or that are not made through an eligible financial intermediary are subject to rejection or cancellation without prior notice to the financial intermediary or investor, and accounts that are no longer eligible for the R Class (including any accounts that are no longer serviced by a financial intermediary or for which the financial intermediary does not accept or assess 12b-1 fee payments) may be converted to the Investor Class or Advisor Class following notice to the financial intermediary or investor.
Z Class
The Z Class is only available to funds managed by T. Rowe Price and other advisory clients of T. Rowe Price or its affiliates that are subject to a contractual fee for investment management services. There is no minimum initial investment and no minimum for additional purchases. The Z Class does not impose sales charges and does not make any administrative fee payments or 12b-1 fee payments to financial intermediaries.
Administrative Fee Payments (Investor Class, Advisor Class, and R Class)
Certain financial intermediaries perform recordkeeping and administrative services for their clients that would otherwise be performed by the funds’ transfer agent. Investor Class, Advisor Class, and R Class shares may make administrative fee payments to retirement plan recordkeepers, broker-dealers, and other financial intermediaries (at an annual rate of up to 0.15% of the class’ average daily net assets) for transfer agency, recordkeeping, and other administrative services that they provide on behalf of the funds. These administrative services may include maintaining account records for each customer; transmitting purchase and redemption orders; delivering shareholder confirmations, statements, and tax forms; and providing support to respond to customers’ questions regarding their accounts. Except for funds that have an all-inclusive management fee, these separate administrative fee payments are reflected in the “Other expenses” line that appears in the table titled “Fees and Expenses of the Fund” in Section 1.
T. ROWE PRICE | 28 |
12b-1 Fee Payments (Advisor Class and R Class)
Mutual funds are permitted to adopt a 12b-1 plan to pay certain expenses associated with the distribution of the fund’s shares out of the fund’s assets. Each fund offering Advisor and/or R Class shares has adopted a 12b-1 plan under which those classes may make payments (for the Advisor Class, at an annual rate of up to 0.25% of the class’ average daily net assets, and for the R Class, at an annual rate of up to 0.50% of the class’ average daily net assets) to various financial intermediaries, such as broker-dealers, registered investment advisers, banks, insurance companies, and retirement plan recordkeepers, for distribution and/or shareholder servicing of the Advisor Class and R Class shares. The 12b-1 plans provide for the class to pay such fees to the fund’s distributor and for the distributor to then pay such fees to the financial intermediaries that provide services for the class and/or make the class available to investors.
For the Advisor Class, distribution payments may include payments to financial intermediaries for making the Advisor Class shares available to their customers (for example, providing the fund with “shelf space” or inclusion on a “preferred list” or “supermarket” platform). For the R Class, distribution payments may include payments to financial intermediaries for making the R Class shares available as investment options to retirement plans and retirement plan participants, assisting plan sponsors in conducting searches for investment options, and providing ongoing monitoring of investment options.
Shareholder servicing payments under the plans may include payments to financial intermediaries for providing shareholder support services to existing shareholders of the Advisor Class and R Class. These payments may be more or less than the costs incurred by the financial intermediaries. Because the fees are paid from the Advisor Class or R Class net assets on an ongoing basis, they will increase the cost of your investment over time. In addition, payments of 12b-1 fees may influence your financial advisor’s recommendation of the fund or of any particular share class of the fund. Payments of 12b-1 fees are reflected in the “Distribution and service (12b-1) fees” line that appears in the table titled “Fees and Expenses of the Fund” in Section 1.
Additional Compensation to Financial Intermediaries
In addition to the administrative fee payments made by certain funds and the 12b-1 payments made by the Advisor Class and R Class, T. Rowe Price or the fund’s distributor will, at their own expense, provide compensation to certain financial intermediaries that have sold shares of or provide shareholder or other services to the T. Rowe Price Funds, commonly referred to as revenue sharing. These payments may be in the form of asset-based, transaction-based, or flat payments. These payments are used to compensate third parties for distribution and shareholder servicing activities, including sub-accounting, sub-transfer agency, or other services. Some of these payments may include expense reimbursements and meeting and marketing support payments (out of T. Rowe Price’s or the fund’s distributor’s own resources and not as an expense of the funds) to financial intermediaries, such as broker-dealers, registered investment advisers, banks, insurance companies, and retirement plan recordkeepers, in connection with the sale, distribution, marketing, and/or servicing of the
INFORMATION ABOUT ACCOUNTS IN T. ROWE PRICE FUNDS | 29 |
T. Rowe Price Funds. The Statement of Additional Information provides more information about these payment arrangements.
The receipt of, or the prospect of receiving, these payments and expense reimbursements from T. Rowe Price or the fund’s distributor may influence financial intermediaries, plan sponsors, and other third parties to offer or recommend T. Rowe Price Funds over other investment options for which an intermediary does not receive additional compensation (or receives lower levels of additional compensation). In addition, financial intermediaries that receive these payments and/or expense reimbursements may elevate the prominence of the T. Rowe Price Funds by, for example, placing the T. Rowe Price Funds on a list of preferred or recommended funds and/or provide preferential or enhanced opportunities to promote the T. Rowe Price Funds in various ways. Since these additional payments are not paid by a fund directly, these arrangements do not increase fund expenses and will not change the price that an investor pays for shares of the T. Rowe Price Funds or the amount that is invested in a T. Rowe Price Fund on behalf of an investor. You may ask your financial intermediary for more information about any payments they receive from T. Rowe Price or the fund’s distributor.
Comparison of Fees
The following table summarizes the distribution and service (12b-1) fee and administrative fee arrangements applicable to each class.
Class | 12b-1 Fee Payments | Administrative Fee Payments |
Investor Class | None | Up to 0.15% per year |
I Class | None | None |
Advisor Class | Up to 0.25% per year | Up to 0.15% per year |
R Class | Up to 0.50% per year | Up to 0.15% per year |
Z Class | None | None |
Investor Class
In an effort to help offset the disproportionately high costs incurred by the funds in connection with servicing lower-balance accounts that are held directly with the T. Rowe Price Funds’ transfer agent, an annual $20 account service fee (paid to T. Rowe Price Services, Inc., or one of its affiliates) is charged to certain Investor Class accounts with a balance below $10,000. The determination of whether a fund account is subject to the account service fee is based on account balances and services selected for accounts as of the last business day of August of each calendar year. The fee may be charged to an account with a balance below $10,000 for any reason, including market fluctuation and recent redemptions. The fee, which is automatically deducted from an account by redeeming fund shares, is typically charged to accounts in early September each calendar year. Such redemption may result in a taxable gain or loss to you.
The account service fee generally does not apply to fund accounts that are held through a financial intermediary, participant accounts in employer-sponsored retirement plans for which
T. ROWE PRICE | 30 |
T. Rowe Price Retirement Plan Services provides recordkeeping services, accounts held through the T. Rowe Price® ActivePlus Portfolios program, or money market funds that are used as a T. Rowe Price brokerage sweep account. Regardless of a particular fund account’s balance as of the last business day of August, the account service fee is automatically waived for accounts that satisfy any of the following conditions:
· Any accounts for which the shareholder has elected to receive electronic delivery of all of the following: account statements, transaction confirmations, prospectuses, and shareholder reports (paper copies of fund documents are available, free of charge, upon request, to any shareholder regardless of whether the shareholder has elected electronic delivery);
· Any accounts of a shareholder with at least $50,000 in total assets with T. Rowe Price (for this purpose, total assets include investments through T. Rowe Price Brokerage and investments in T. Rowe Price Funds, except for those held through a retirement plan for which T. Rowe Price Retirement Plan Services provides recordkeeping services); or
· Any accounts of a shareholder who is a T. Rowe Price Select Client Services client—visit troweprice.com or call 1-800-332-6161 for more information.
T. Rowe Price reserves the right to authorize additional waivers for other types of accounts or to modify the conditions for assessment of the account service fee. Fund shares held in a T. Rowe Price IRA, Education Savings Account, or small business retirement plan account (including certain 403(b) plan accounts) are subject to the account service fee and may be subject to additional administrative fees when distributing all fund shares from such accounts.
Investor Class and I Class shares may be purchased directly from T. Rowe Price or through various financial intermediaries. Advisor Class and R Class shares must be purchased through a financial intermediary (except for certain retirement plans held directly at T. Rowe Price). If you are opening an account through an employer-sponsored retirement plan or other financial intermediary, you should contact the retirement plan or financial intermediary for information regarding its policies on opening an account, including the policies relating to purchasing, exchanging, and redeeming shares, and the applicable initial and subsequent investment minimums.
Tax Identification Number
Investors must provide T. Rowe Price with a valid Social Security number or taxpayer identification number on a signed new account form or Form W-9, and financial intermediaries must provide T. Rowe Price with their certified taxpayer identification number. Otherwise, federal law requires the funds to withhold a percentage of dividends, capital gain distributions, and redemptions and may subject you or the financial intermediary to an Internal Revenue Service fine. If this information is not received within 60 days of the account being established, the account may be redeemed at the fund’s then-current net asset value.
INFORMATION ABOUT ACCOUNTS IN T. ROWE PRICE FUNDS | 31 |
Important Information Required to Open a New Account
Pursuant to federal law, all financial institutions must obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person or entity that opens an account. This information is needed not only for the account owner and any other person who opens the account, but also for any person who has authority to act on behalf of the account.
When you open an account, you will be asked for the name, U.S. street address (post office boxes are not acceptable), date of birth, and Social Security number or taxpayer identification number for each account owner and person(s) opening an account on behalf of others, such as custodians, agents, trustees, or other authorized signers. When opening an entity account, you will be asked to identify and provide personal information for: (i) any individual who, either directly or indirectly, owns 25% or more of the equity interest of the entity and (ii) a single individual who controls, manages, or directs the entity. Corporate and other institutional accounts require documents showing the existence of the entity (such as articles of incorporation or partnership agreements) to open an account. Certain other fiduciary accounts (such as trusts or power of attorney arrangements) require documentation, which may include an original or certified copy of the trust agreement or power of attorney, to open an account.
T. Rowe Price will use this information to verify the identity of the person(s)/entity opening the account. An account cannot be opened until all of this information is received. If the identity of the account holder cannot be verified, T. Rowe Price is authorized to take any action permitted by law, including but not limited to restricting additional purchases, freezing the account, or involuntarily redeeming the shares in the account at the net asset value calculated the day the account is redeemed.
Institutional investors and financial intermediaries should call Financial Institution Services at 1-800-638-8790 for more information on these requirements, as well as to be assigned an account number and instructions for opening an account. Other investors should call Investor Services at 1-800-638-5660 for more information about these requirements.
The funds are generally available only to investors residing in the United States. In addition, nongovernment money market funds that operate as “retail money market funds” pursuant to Rule 2a-7 under the Investment Company Act of 1940 are required to limit their beneficial owners to natural persons. An investor in a retail money market fund is required to demonstrate eligibility (for example, by providing a valid Social Security number) before an account can be opened.
How and When Shares Are Priced
The trade date for your transaction request depends on the day and time that T. Rowe Price receives your request and will normally be executed using the next share price calculated after your order is received in correct form by T. Rowe Price or its agent (or by your financial
T. ROWE PRICE | 32 |
intermediary if it has the authority to accept transaction orders on behalf of the fund). The share price, also called the net asset value, for each share class of a fund is calculated as of the close of trading on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), which is normally 4 p.m. ET, on each day that the NYSE is open for business. Net asset values are not calculated for the funds on days when the NYSE is scheduled to be closed for trading (for example, weekends and certain U.S. national holidays). If the NYSE is unexpectedly closed due to weather or other extenuating circumstances on a day it would typically be open for business, or if the NYSE has an unscheduled early closing on a day it has opened for business, the funds reserve the right to treat such day as a business day and accept purchase and redemption orders and calculate their share price as of the normally scheduled close of regular trading on the NYSE for that day.
To calculate the net asset value, a fund’s assets are valued and totaled, liabilities are subtracted, and each class’ proportionate share of the balance, called net assets, is divided by the number of shares outstanding of that class. Market values are used to price portfolio holdings for which market quotations are readily available. Market values generally reflect the prices at which securities actually trade or represent prices that have been adjusted based on evaluations and information provided by the fund’s pricing services. Investments in other mutual funds are valued at the closing net asset value per share of the mutual fund on the day of valuation. If a market value for a portfolio holding is not available or normal valuation procedures are deemed to be inappropriate, the fund will make a good faith effort to assign a fair value to the holding by taking into account various factors and methodologies that have been approved by the fund’s Board. This value may differ from the value the fund receives upon sale of the securities.
Amortized cost is used to price securities held by money market funds and certain short-term debt securities held by other funds. The retail and government money market funds, which seek to maintain a stable net asset value of $1.00, use the amortized cost method of valuation to calculate their net asset value. Amortized cost allows the money market funds to value a holding at the fund’s acquisition cost with adjustments for any premiums or discounts and then round the net asset value per share to the nearest whole cent. The amortized cost method of valuation enables the money market funds to maintain a $1.00 net asset value, but it may also result in periods during which the stated value of a security held by the funds differs from the market-based price the funds would receive if they sold that holding. The current market-based net asset value per share for each business day in the preceding six months is available for the retail and government money market funds through troweprice.com. These market-based net asset values are for informational purposes only and are not used to price transactions.
The funds use various pricing services to provide closing market prices, as well as information used to adjust those prices and to value most fixed income securities. A fund cannot predict how often it will use closing prices or how often it will adjust those prices. As a means of evaluating its fair value process, the fund routinely compares closing market prices, the next day’s opening prices in the same markets, and adjusted prices.
INFORMATION ABOUT ACCOUNTS IN T. ROWE PRICE FUNDS | 33 |
Non-U.S. equity securities are valued on the basis of their most recent closing market prices at 4 p.m. ET, except under the following circumstances. Most foreign markets close before 4 p.m. ET. For example, the most recent closing prices for securities traded in certain Asian markets may be as much as 15 hours old at 4 p.m. ET. If a fund determines that developments between the close of a foreign market and the close of the NYSE will affect the value of some or all of the fund’s securities, the fund will adjust the previous closing prices to reflect what it believes to be the fair value of the securities as of 4 p.m. ET. In deciding whether to make these adjustments, the fund reviews a variety of factors, including developments in foreign markets, the performance of U.S. securities markets, and the performance of instruments trading in U.S. markets that represent foreign securities and baskets of foreign securities.
A fund may also fair value certain securities or a group of securities in other situations—for example, when a particular foreign market is closed but the fund is open. For a fund that has investments in securities that are primarily listed on foreign exchanges that trade on weekends or other days when the fund does not price its shares, the fund’s net asset value may change on days when shareholders will not be able to purchase or redeem the fund’s shares. If an event occurs that affects the value of a security after the close of the market, such as a default of a commercial paper issuer or a significant move in short-term interest rates, a fund may make a price adjustment depending on the nature and significance of the event. The funds also evaluate a variety of factors when assigning fair values to private placements and other restricted securities. Other mutual funds may adjust the prices of their securities by different amounts or assign different fair values than the fair value that the fund assigns to the same security.
The various ways you can purchase, sell, and exchange shares are explained throughout this section. These procedures differ based on whether you hold your account directly with T. Rowe Price or through an employer-sponsored retirement plan or financial intermediary.
The following policies apply to accounts that are held directly with T. Rowe Price and not through a financial intermediary.
Options for Opening Your Account
If you own other T. Rowe Price Funds, you should consider registering any new account identically to your existing accounts so you can exchange shares among them easily (the name(s) of the account owner(s) and the account type must be identical).
For joint accounts or other types of accounts owned or controlled by more than one party, either owner/party has complete authority to act on behalf of all and give instructions concerning the account without notice to the other party. T. Rowe Price may, in its sole discretion, require written authorization from all owners/parties to act on the account for
T. ROWE PRICE | 34 |
certain transactions (for example, to transfer ownership). There are multiple ways to establish a new account directly with T. Rowe Price.
Online You can open a new Investor Class account online. (I Class accounts currently must be opened either by telephone or in writing.) Go to troweprice.com/newaccount to choose the type of account you wish to open.
You can exchange shares online from an existing account in one fund to open a new account in another fund. The new account will have the same registration as the account from which you are exchanging, and any services (other than systematic purchase and systematic distribution arrangements) that you have preauthorized will carry over from the existing account to the new account.
To open an account online for the first time or with a different account registration, you must be a U.S. citizen residing in the U.S. or a resident alien and not subject to Internal Revenue Service backup withholding. Additionally, you must provide consent to receive certain documents electronically. You will have the option of providing your bank account information, which will enable you to make electronic funds transfers to and from your bank account. To set up this banking service online, additional steps will be taken to verify your identity.
By Mail If you are sending a check, please make your check payable to T. Rowe Price Funds (otherwise it may be returned) and send the check, together with the applicable new account form, to the appropriate address. (Please refer to the appropriate address under “Contacting T. Rowe Price” later in this section to avoid a delay in opening your new account.) T. Rowe Price does not accept third-party checks for initial purchases; however, third-party checks are typically accepted for additional purchases to an existing account. In addition, T. Rowe Price does not accept purchases by cash, traveler’s checks, money orders, or credit card checks. For exchanges from an identically registered account, be sure to specify the fund(s) and account number(s) that you are exchanging out of and the fund(s) you wish to exchange into.
By Telephone Direct investors can call Shareholder Services at 1-800-225-5132 (institutional investors should call 1-800-638-8790) to exchange from an existing fund account to open a new identically registered account in another fund. You may also be eligible to open a new account by telephone and provide your bank account information in order to make an initial purchase. To set up the account and banking service by telephone, additional steps will be taken to verify your identity and the authenticity of your bank account. Although the account may be opened and the purchase made, services may not be established and an Internal Revenue Service penalty withholding may occur until we receive the necessary signed form to certify your Social Security number or taxpayer identification number.
How Your Trade Date Is Determined
If you invest directly with T. Rowe Price and your request to purchase, sell, or exchange shares is received by T. Rowe Price or its agent in correct form by the close of the NYSE (normally 4 p.m. ET), your transaction will be priced at that business day’s net asset value. If your request is received by T. Rowe Price or its agent in correct form after the close of the NYSE, your
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transaction will be priced at the next business day’s net asset value. Systematic transactions that are scheduled to occur on a date the NYSE is closed will normally be processed the next business day (except for certain retirement plan payroll deduction orders generated by T. Rowe Price where the orders are processed the day before the day the NYSE is closed).
Note: There may be times when you are unable to contact us by telephone or access your account online due to extreme market activity, the unavailability of the T. Rowe Price website, or other circumstances. Should this occur, your order must still be placed and received in correct form by T. Rowe Price prior to the time the NYSE closes to be priced at that business day’s net asset value. The time at which transactions and shares are priced and the time until which orders are accepted may be changed in case of an emergency or if the NYSE closes at a time other than 4 p.m. ET. The funds reserve the right to not treat an unscheduled intraday disruption or closure in NYSE trading as a closure of the NYSE and still accept transactions and calculate their net asset value as of 4 p.m. ET.
Transaction Confirmations
T. Rowe Price sends immediate confirmations for most of your fund transactions. However, certain transactions, such as systematic purchases and systematic redemptions, dividend reinvestments, checkwriting redemptions from money market funds, and transactions in money market funds used as a brokerage sweep account, do not receive an immediate transaction confirmation but are reported on your account statement. Please review transaction confirmations and account statements as soon as you receive them, and promptly report any discrepancies to Shareholder Services.
Telephone and Online Account Transactions
You may access your accounts and conduct transactions involving Investor Class accounts using the telephone or the T. Rowe Price website at troweprice.com. You can only conduct transactions involving the I Class over the telephone or in writing.
Preventing Unauthorized Transactions
The T. Rowe Price Funds and their agents use reasonably designed procedures to verify that telephone, electronic, and other instructions are genuine. These procedures include, among other things, recording telephone calls; requiring personalized security codes or other information online and certain identifying information for telephone calls; requiring Medallion signature guarantees for certain transactions and account changes; and promptly sending confirmations of transactions and address changes. For transactions conducted online, we recommend the use of a secure internet browser.
T. Rowe Price Account Protection Program Shareholders who invest in the T. Rowe Price Funds directly are eligible for the Account Protection Program. The Account Protection Program restores eligible losses due to unauthorized or fraudulent activity, provided that you follow all security best practices when you access and maintain your account(s). T. Rowe Price reserves the right to modify or withdraw the Account Protection Program at any time. The Account Protection Program security best practices and additional information may be
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accessed online at https://www.troweprice.com/personal-investing/help/policies-and-security/account-protection-program.html.
If our verification procedures are followed, and the losses are not eligible to be restored under the Account Protection Program, the funds and their agents are not liable for any losses that may occur from acting on unauthorized instructions.
If you suspect any unauthorized account activity, notice errors or discrepancies in your T. Rowe Price account, or are not receiving your T. Rowe Price account statements, please contact T. Rowe Price immediately. Telephone conversations are recorded.
Trusted Contacts Investors who hold shares of a T. Rowe Price Fund directly or through a T. Rowe Price Brokerage account have the option to add one or more trusted contacts to their brokerage and mutual fund accounts. Trusted contacts are intended to be a resource to help protect client assets. Any individuals designated as a trusted contact will be authorized to serve as a primary contact if T. Rowe Price has questions or concerns related to potentially fraudulent account activity, suspected financial exploitation, or to confirm your contact information if we are unable to reach you (but are not authorized to act on your account). For more information or to add trusted contacts to your account, visit troweprice.com or call 1-800-225-5132.
If you are age 65 or older, or if you are age 18 or older and we have reason to believe you have a mental or physical impairment that renders you unable to protect your own interest, we may place a temporary hold on the disbursement of redemption proceeds from your account in an effort to protect you if we reasonably believe that you have been or will be the victim of actual or attempted financial exploitation. You will receive notice of this temporary delay, and it will be for no more than 15 business days while we conduct an internal review of the suspected financial exploitation (including contacting your trusted contact if one is on file). We may delay an additional 10 business days if T. Rowe Price reasonably believes that actual or attempted financial exploitation has occurred or will occur. At the expiration of the hold time, if we have not confirmed that exploitation has occurred, the proceeds will be released to you.
Purchasing Shares
Shares may be purchased in a variety of ways.
By Check Please make your check payable to the T. Rowe Price Funds. Include a new account form if establishing a new account, and include either a fund investment slip or a letter indicating the fund and your account number if adding to an existing account. Your transaction will receive the share price for the business day that the request is received by T. Rowe Price or its agent prior to the close of the NYSE (not the day the request is received at the post office box).
By Electronic Transfer Shares may be purchased using the Automated Clearing House system if you have established the service on your account, which allows T. Rowe Price to request payment for your shares directly from your bank account or other financial institution account. You may also arrange for a wire to be sent to T. Rowe Price (wire transfer instructions
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can be found at troweprice.com/wireinstructions or by calling Shareholder Services). T. Rowe Price must receive the wire by the close of the NYSE to receive that day’s share price. There is no assurance that you will receive the share price for the same day you initiated the wire from your financial institution.
By Exchange You may purchase shares of a fund using the proceeds from the redemption of shares from another fund. The redemption and purchase will receive the same trade date, and if you are establishing a new account, it will have the same registration as the account from which you are exchanging. The purchase must still generally meet the applicable minimum investment requirement.
Systematic Purchases (Automatic Asset Builder) You can instruct T. Rowe Price to automatically transfer money from your account at your bank or other financial institution at least once per month, or you can instruct your employer to send all or a portion of your paycheck to the fund or funds that you designate. Each systematic purchase must be at least $100 per fund account to be eligible for the Automatic Asset Builder service. To automatically transfer money to your account from a bank account or through payroll deductions, complete the appropriate section of the new account form when opening a new account or complete an Account Services Form to add the service to an existing account. Prior to establishing payroll deductions, you must set up the service with T. Rowe Price so that the appropriate instructions can be provided to your employer.
Initial Investment Minimums
Investor Class accounts, other than the Retirement Income 2020 Fund and Summit Funds, require a $2,500 minimum initial investment ($1,000 minimum initial investment for IRAs; certain small business retirement accounts; and custodial accounts for minors, known as Uniform Gifts to Minors Act or Uniform Transfer to Minors Act accounts). The Retirement Income 2020 Fund and Summit Funds require a $25,000 minimum initial investment. I Class accounts require a $1 million minimum initial investment, although the minimum generally is waived for certain types of accounts. If you request the I Class of a particular fund when you open a new account but the investment amount does not meet the applicable minimum, the purchase will be automatically invested in the Investor Class of the same fund.
Additional Investment Minimums
Investor Class accounts, other than Summit Funds, require a $100 minimum for additional purchases, including those made through Automatic Asset Builder. Summit Funds require a $100 minimum for additional purchases through Automatic Asset Builder and a $1,000 minimum for all other additional purchases. I Class accounts require a $100 minimum for additional purchases through Automatic Asset Builder but do not require a minimum amount for other additional purchases.
Exchanging and Redeeming Shares
Exchanges You can move money from one account to an existing, identically registered account or open a new identically registered account. For taxable accounts, an exchange from one fund to another will be reported to the Internal Revenue Service as a sale for tax purposes.
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(Institutional investors are restricted from exchanging into a fund that operates as a retail money market fund.) You can set up systematic exchanges so that money is automatically moved from one fund account to another on a regular basis.
Receiving Redemption Proceeds Redemption proceeds can be mailed to your account address by check or sent electronically to your bank account by Automated Clearing House transfer or bank wire. You can set up systematic redemptions and have the proceeds automatically sent via check or Automated Clearing House on a regular basis. If your request is received in correct form by T. Rowe Price or its agent on a business day prior to the close of the NYSE, proceeds are usually sent on the next business day. However, if you request a redemption from a money market fund on a business day prior to noon ET and request to have proceeds sent via bank wire, proceeds are normally sent later that same day.
Proceeds sent by Automated Clearing House transfer are usually credited to your account the second business day after the sale, and there are typically no fees associated with such payments. Proceeds sent by bank wire are usually credited to your account the next business day after the sale (except for wire redemptions from money market funds received prior to noon ET). A $5 fee will be charged for an outgoing wire of less than $5,000, in addition to any fees your financial institution may charge for an incoming wire.
If for some reason your request to exchange or redeem shares cannot be processed because it is not received in correct form, we will attempt to contact you.
If you request to redeem a specific dollar amount and the market value of your account is less than the amount of your request and we are unable to contact you, your redemption will not be processed and you must submit a new redemption request in correct form.
If you change your address on an account, proceeds may not be mailed to the new address for 15 calendar days after the address change, unless we receive a letter of instruction with a Medallion signature guarantee.
Please note that large purchase and redemption requests initiated through the Automated Clearing House may be rejected, and in such instances, the transaction must be placed by calling Shareholder Services.
Checkwriting You may write an unlimited number of free checks on any money market fund and certain bond funds, with a minimum of $500 per check. Keep in mind, however, that a check results in a sale of fund shares; a check written on a bond fund will create a taxable event that must be reported by T. Rowe Price to the Internal Revenue Service as a redemption.
Converting to Another Share Class
You may convert from one share class of a fund to another share class of the same fund (which may have a higher expense ratio). Although the conversion has no effect on the dollar value of your investment in the fund, the number of shares owned after the conversion may be greater or less than the number of shares owned before the conversion, depending on the net asset values of the two share classes. A conversion between share classes of the same fund is a
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nontaxable event. The new account will have the same registration as the account from which you are converting.
T. Rowe Price may conduct periodic reviews of account balances. If your account balance in a fund exceeds the minimum amount required for the I Class, T. Rowe Price may, but is not required to, automatically convert your Investor Class shares to I Class shares with advance notice. However, if T. Rowe Price has investment discretion, T. Rowe Price may convert your shares without advance notice.
Maintaining Your Account Balance
Investor Class Due to the relatively high cost to a fund of maintaining small accounts, we ask that you maintain an account balance of at least $1,000 ($10,000 for Summit Funds). If, for any reason, your balance is below this amount for three months or longer, we have the right to redeem your account at the then-current net asset value after giving you 60 days to increase your balance.
I Class To keep operating expenses lower, we ask that you maintain an account balance of at least $1 million. If your investment falls below $1 million (even if due to market depreciation), we have the right to redeem your account at the then-current net asset value after giving you 60 days to increase your balance or convert your account to a different share class in the same fund (if available) with a higher expense ratio with advance notice. However, if T. Rowe Price has investment discretion, T. Rowe Price may convert your shares without advance notice.
The redemption of your account could result in a taxable gain or loss.
Investors holding the fund through the T. Rowe Price® ActivePlus Portfolios program will be subject to the minimum account balance requirements of the program, which may differ from the minimum account balance requirements listed above.
The following policies apply to accounts that are held through a financial intermediary.
Accounts in Investor Class and I Class shares are not required to be held through a financial intermediary, but accounts in Advisor Class and R Class shares must be held through an eligible financial intermediary (except for certain retirement plans held directly with T. Rowe Price). It is important that you contact your retirement plan or financial intermediary to determine the policies, procedures, and transaction deadlines that apply to your account. The financial intermediary may charge a fee, such as transaction fees or brokerage commissions, for its services.
Opening an Account
The financial intermediary must provide T. Rowe Price with its certified taxpayer identification number. Financial intermediaries should call Financial Institution Services for an account number and wire transfer instructions. In order to obtain an account number, the financial
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intermediary must supply the name, taxpayer identification number, and business street address for the account. (Please refer to “Contacting T. Rowe Price” later in this section for the appropriate telephone number and mailing address.) Financial intermediaries must also enter into a separate agreement with the fund or its agent.
How the Trade Date Is Determined
If you invest through a financial intermediary and your transaction request is received by T. Rowe Price or its agent in correct form by the close of the NYSE, your transaction will be priced at that business day’s net asset value. If your request is received by T. Rowe Price or its agent in correct form after the close of the NYSE, your transaction will be priced at the next business day’s net asset value unless the fund has an agreement with your financial intermediary for orders to be priced at the net asset value next computed after receipt by the financial intermediary.
The funds have authorized certain financial intermediaries or their designees to accept orders to buy or sell fund shares on their behalf. When authorized financial intermediaries receive an order in correct form, the order is considered as being placed with the fund and shares will be bought or sold at the net asset value next calculated after the order is received by the authorized financial intermediary. The financial intermediary must transmit the order to T. Rowe Price and pay for such shares in accordance with the agreement with T. Rowe Price or the order may be canceled and the financial intermediary could be held liable for the losses. If the fund does not have such an agreement in place with your financial intermediary, T. Rowe Price or its agent must receive the request in correct form from your financial intermediary by the close of the NYSE in order for your transaction to be priced at that business day’s net asset value.
Note: The time at which transactions and shares are priced and the time until which orders are accepted by the fund or a financial intermediary may be changed in case of an emergency or if the NYSE closes at a time other than 4 p.m. ET. The funds reserve the right to not treat an unscheduled intraday disruption or closure in NYSE trading as a closure of the NYSE and still accept transactions and calculate their net asset value as of 4 p.m. ET. Should this occur, your order must still be placed and received in correct form by T. Rowe Price (or by the financial intermediary in accordance with its agreement with T. Rowe Price) prior to the time the NYSE closes to be priced at that business day’s net asset value.
Purchasing Shares
All initial and subsequent investments by financial intermediaries should be made by bank wire or electronic payment. There is no assurance that the share price for the purchase will be the same day the wire was initiated. Purchases by financial intermediaries are typically initiated through the National Securities Clearing Corporation or by calling Financial Institution Services.
Investment Minimums
You should check with your financial intermediary to determine what minimum applies to your initial and additional investments.
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The Retirement Income 2020 Fund and Summit Funds require a $25,000 minimum initial investment, and other funds generally require a $2,500 minimum initial investment, although the minimum is generally waived or modified for any retirement plans and financial intermediaries establishing accounts in the Investor Class, Advisor Class, or R Class. I Class accounts require a $1 million minimum initial investment, although the minimum generally is waived for certain types of accounts.
Investments through a financial intermediary generally do not require a minimum amount for additional purchases.
Redeeming Shares
Unless otherwise indicated, redemption proceeds will be sent via bank wire to the financial intermediary’s designated bank. Redemptions by financial intermediaries are typically initiated through the National Securities Clearing Corporation or by calling Financial Institution Services. Normally, the fund transmits proceeds to financial intermediaries for redemption orders received in correct form on either the next business day or second business day after receipt of the order, depending on the arrangement with the financial intermediary. Proceeds for redemption orders received prior to noon ET for a money market fund may be sent via wire the same business day. You must contact your financial intermediary about procedures for receiving your redemption proceeds.
Please note that certain purchase and redemption requests initiated through the National Securities Clearing Corporation may be rejected, and in such instances, the transaction must be placed by contacting Financial Institution Services.
The following policies and requirements apply generally to accounts in the T. Rowe Price Funds, regardless of whether the account is held directly or indirectly with T. Rowe Price.
The funds generally do not accept orders that request a particular day or price for a transaction or any other special conditions. However, when authorized by the fund, certain institutions, financial intermediaries, or retirement plans purchasing fund shares directly with T. Rowe Price may place a purchase order unaccompanied by payment. Payment for these shares must be received by the time designated by the fund (not to exceed the period established for settlement under applicable regulations). If payment is not received by this time, the order may be canceled. The institution, financial intermediary, or retirement plan is responsible for any costs or losses incurred by the fund or T. Rowe Price if payment is delayed or not received.
U.S. Dollars All purchases must be paid for in U.S. dollars; checks must be drawn on U.S. banks. In addition, we request that you give us at least three business days’ notice for any purchase of $5 million or more.
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Nonpayment If a check or Automated Clearing House transfer does not clear or payment for an order is not received in a timely manner, your purchase may be canceled. You (or the financial intermediary) may be responsible for any losses or expenses incurred by the fund or its transfer agent, and the fund can redeem shares in your account or another identically registered T. Rowe Price account as reimbursement. The funds and their agents have the right to reject or cancel any purchase, exchange, or redemption due to nonpayment.
Retail Money Market Funds The retail money market funds have implemented policies and procedures designed to limit purchases to accounts beneficially owned by a natural person. Purchases of a retail money market fund may be rejected from an investor who has not demonstrated sufficient eligibility to purchase shares of the fund or from a financial intermediary that has not demonstrated adequate procedures to limit investments to natural persons. In addition, purchases may be prohibited or subject to certain conditions during periods where a liquidity fee or redemption gate is in effect.
Liquidity Fees and Redemption Gates—Retail Money Market Funds
A money market fund that operates as a retail money market fund pursuant to Rule 2a-7 under the Investment Company Act of 1940 has the ability to impose liquidity fees of up to 2% of the value of the shares redeemed if the fund’s weekly liquid assets fall below certain thresholds, as specified in Rule 2a-7. A retail money market fund also has the ability to impose a redemption gate, which enables the fund to temporarily suspend redemptions for up to 10 days within a 90-day period if the fund’s weekly liquid assets fall below a certain threshold, as specified in Rule 2a-7. A money market fund’s Board has ultimate discretion to determine whether or not a liquidity fee or redemption gate would be in the best interests of the fund’s shareholders and should be imposed.
A money market fund that operates as a government money market fund pursuant to Rule 2a-7 is not required to impose a liquidity fee or redemption gate upon the sale of your shares. The Boards of the T. Rowe Price money market funds that operate as government money market funds have determined that the funds do not currently intend to impose liquidity fees and redemption gates. However, the Board of a T. Rowe Price government money market fund reserves the right to impose liquidity fees and redemption gates in the future, at which point shareholders would be provided with at least 60 days’ notice prior to such a change.
If a liquidity fee is in place, all exchanges out of the fund will be subject to the liquidity fee, and if a redemption gate is in place, all exchanges out of the fund will be suspended. When a liquidity fee or redemption gate is in place, the fund may elect to not permit the purchase of shares or to subject the purchase of shares to certain conditions, which may include affirmation of the purchaser’s knowledge that a liquidity fee or a redemption gate is in effect.
Omnibus Accounts If your shares are held through a financial intermediary, T. Rowe Price may rely on the financial intermediary to assess any applicable liquidity fees or impose redemption gates on underlying shareholder accounts. In certain situations, T. Rowe Price enters into agreements with financial intermediaries maintaining omnibus accounts that
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require the financial intermediary to assess liquidity fees or redemption gates. There are no assurances that T. Rowe Price will be successful in ensuring that all financial intermediaries will properly assess the fees.
Please refer to Sections 1 and 2 of the retail money market fund prospectuses for more information regarding liquidity fees and redemption gates.
Large Redemptions
Large redemptions (for example, $250,000 or more) can adversely affect a portfolio manager’s ability to implement a fund’s investment strategy by causing the premature sale of securities that would otherwise be held longer. Therefore, the fund reserves the right (without prior notice) to redeem in-kind. In general, any redemptions in-kind will represent a pro-rata distribution of a fund’s securities, subject to certain limited exceptions. The redeeming shareholder will be responsible for disposing of the securities, and the shareholder will be subject to the risks that the value of the securities could decline prior to their sale, the securities could be difficult to sell, and brokerage fees could be incurred. If you continue to hold the securities, you may be subject to any ownership restrictions imposed by the issuers. For example, real estate investment trusts (REITs) often impose ownership restrictions on their equity securities. In addition, we request that you give us at least three business days’ notice for any redemption of $5 million or more.
Delays in Sending Redemption Proceeds
The T. Rowe Price Funds typically expect that redemption requests will be paid out to redeeming shareholders by the business day following the receipt of a redemption request that is in correct form, regardless of the method the fund uses to make such payment (for example, check, wire, or Automated Clearing House transfer). Checks are typically mailed on the business day after the redemption, proceeds sent by wire are typically credited to your financial institution the business day after the redemption, and proceeds sent by Automated Clearing House are typically credited to your financial institution on the second business day after the redemption. However, under certain circumstances, and when deemed to be in a fund’s best interests, proceeds may not be sent for up to seven calendar days after receipt of a valid redemption order (for example, during periods of deteriorating or stressed market conditions or during extraordinary or emergency circumstances).
In addition, if shares are sold that were just purchased and paid for by check or Automated Clearing House transfer, the fund will process your redemption but will generally delay sending the proceeds for up to seven calendar days to allow the check or Automated Clearing House transfer to clear. If, during the clearing period, we receive a check drawn against your newly purchased shares, it will be returned and marked “uncollected.” (The seven-day hold does not apply to purchases paid for by bank wire or automatic purchases through payroll deduction.)
The Board of a retail money market fund may temporarily suspend redemptions from the fund for up to 10 business days during any 90-day period (i.e., a “redemption gate”) and elect to temporarily suspend redemptions for up to 10 business days in a 90-day period if the fund’s
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weekly liquid assets fall below 30% of its total assets and the fund’s Board determines that imposing a redemption gate is in the fund’s best interests. In addition, under certain limited circumstances, the Board of a money market fund may elect to permanently suspend redemptions in order to facilitate an orderly liquidation of the fund (subject to any additional liquidation requirements).
Involuntary Redemptions and Share Class Conversions
Since nongovernment money market funds that operate as retail money market funds are required to limit their beneficial owners to natural persons, shares held directly by an investor or through a financial intermediary in these funds that are not eligible to invest in a retail money market fund are subject to involuntary redemption at any time without prior notice.
Shares held by any investors or financial intermediaries that are no longer eligible to invest in the I Class or who fail to meet or maintain their account(s) at the investment minimum are subject to involuntary redemption or conversion to the Investor Class of the same fund (which may have a higher expense ratio). Investments in Advisor Class shares that are no longer held through an eligible financial intermediary may be automatically converted by T. Rowe Price to the Investor Class of the same fund following notice to the financial intermediary or shareholder. Investments in R Class shares that are no longer held on behalf of an employer-sponsored defined contribution retirement plan or other eligible R Class account or that are not held through an eligible financial intermediary may be automatically converted by T. Rowe Price to the Investor Class or Advisor Class of the same fund following notice to the financial intermediary or shareholder.
Excessive and Short-Term Trading Policy
Excessive transactions and short-term trading can be harmful to fund shareholders in various ways, such as disrupting a fund’s portfolio management strategies, increasing a fund’s trading and other costs, and negatively affecting its performance. Short-term traders in funds that invest in foreign securities may seek to take advantage of developments overseas that could lead to an anticipated difference between the price of the funds’ shares and price movements in foreign markets. While there is no assurance that T. Rowe Price can prevent all excessive and short-term trading, the Boards of the T. Rowe Price Funds have adopted the following trading limits that are designed to deter such activity and protect the funds’ shareholders. The funds may revise their trading limits and procedures at any time as the Boards deem necessary or appropriate to better detect short-term trading that may adversely affect the funds, to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, or to impose additional or alternative restrictions.
Subject to certain exceptions, each T. Rowe Price Fund restricts a shareholder’s purchases (including through exchanges) into a fund account for a period of 30 calendar days after the shareholder has redeemed or exchanged out of that same fund account (the “30-Day Purchase Block”). The calendar day after the date of redemption is considered Day 1 for purposes of computing the period before another purchase may be made.
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General Exceptions As of the date of this prospectus, the following types of transactions generally are not subject to the funds’ excessive and short-term trading policy:
· Shares purchased or redeemed in money market funds and ultra-short-term bond funds;
· Shares purchased or redeemed through a systematic purchase or withdrawal plan;
· Checkwriting redemptions from bond funds and money market funds;
· Shares purchased through the reinvestment of dividends or capital gain distributions;
· Shares redeemed automatically by a fund to pay fund fees or shareholder account fees;
· Transfers and changes of account registration within the same fund;
· Shares purchased by asset transfer or direct rollover;
· Shares purchased or redeemed through IRA conversions and recharacterizations;
· Shares redeemed to return an excess contribution from a retirement account;
· Transactions in Section 529 college savings plans;
· Certain transactions in defined benefit and nonqualified plans, subject to prior approval by T. Rowe Price;
· Shares converted from one share class to another share class in the same fund;
· Shares of T. Rowe Price Funds that are purchased by another T. Rowe Price Fund, including shares purchased by T. Rowe Price fund-of-funds products, and shares purchased by discretionary accounts managed by T. Rowe Price or one of its affiliates (please note that shareholders of the investing T. Rowe Price Fund are still subject to the policy);
· Transactions initiated by the trustee or adviser to a donor-advised charitable gift fund as approved by T. Rowe Price; and
· Transactions having a value of $5,000 or less (retirement plans, including those for which T. Rowe Price serves as recordkeeper, and other financial intermediaries may apply the excessive and short-term trading policy to transactions of any amount).
Transactions in certain rebalancing, asset allocation, wrap, and other advisory programs (including the T. Rowe Price® ActivePlus Portfolios program), as well as non-T. Rowe Price fund-of-funds products, may also be exempt from the 30-Day Purchase Block, subject to prior written approval by T. Rowe Price.
In addition to restricting transactions in accordance with the 30-Day Purchase Block, T. Rowe Price may, in its discretion, reject (or instruct a financial intermediary to reject) any purchase or exchange into a fund from a person (which includes individuals and entities) whose trading activity could disrupt the management of the fund or dilute the value of the fund’s shares, including trading by persons acting collectively (for example, following the advice of a newsletter). Such persons may be barred, without prior notice, from further purchases of T. Rowe Price Funds for a period longer than 30 calendar days, or permanently.
Financial Intermediary and Retirement Plan Accounts If you invest in T. Rowe Price Funds through a financial intermediary, including a retirement plan, you should review the financial intermediary’s or retirement plan’s materials carefully or consult with the financial intermediary or plan sponsor directly to determine the trading policy that will apply to your trades in the T. Rowe Price Funds as well as any other rules or conditions on transactions that may apply. If T. Rowe Price is unable to identify a transaction placed through a financial
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intermediary as exempt from the excessive trading policy, the 30-Day Purchase Block may apply.
Financial intermediaries, including retirement plans, may maintain their underlying accounts directly with the fund, although they often establish an omnibus account (one account with the fund that represents multiple underlying shareholder accounts) on behalf of their customers. When financial intermediaries establish omnibus accounts in the T. Rowe Price Funds, T. Rowe Price is not able to monitor the trading activity of the underlying shareholders. However, T. Rowe Price monitors aggregate trading activity at the financial intermediary (omnibus account) level in an attempt to identify activity that indicates potential excessive or short-term trading. If it detects such trading activity, T. Rowe Price may contact the financial intermediary to request personal identifying information and transaction histories for some or all underlying shareholders (including plan participants, if applicable) pursuant to a written agreement that T. Rowe Price has entered into with each financial intermediary. Any nonpublic personal information provided to the fund (for example, a shareholder’s taxpayer identification number or transaction records) is subject to the fund’s privacy policy. If T. Rowe Price believes that excessive or short-term trading has occurred and there is no exception for such trades under the funds’ Excessive and Short-Term Trading Policy as previously described, it will instruct the financial intermediary to impose restrictions to discourage such practices and take appropriate action with respect to the underlying shareholder, including restricting purchases for 30 calendar days or longer. Each financial intermediary has agreed to execute such instructions pursuant to a written agreement. There is no assurance that T. Rowe Price will be able to properly enforce its excessive trading policies for omnibus accounts. Because T. Rowe Price generally relies on financial intermediaries to provide information and impose restrictions for omnibus accounts, its ability to monitor and deter excessive trading will be dependent upon the intermediaries’ timely performance of their responsibilities.
For shares that are held in a retirement plan, generally the 30-Day Purchase Block applies only to shares redeemed by a participant-directed exchange to another fund. However, the 30-Day Purchase Block may apply to transactions other than exchanges depending on how shares of the plan are held at T. Rowe Price or the excessive trading policy applied by your plan’s recordkeeper.
T. Rowe Price may allow a financial intermediary, including a retirement plan, to maintain restrictions on trading in the T. Rowe Price Funds that differ from the 30-Day Purchase Block. An alternative excessive trading policy would be acceptable to T. Rowe Price if it believes that the policy would provide sufficient protection to the T. Rowe Price Funds and their shareholders that is consistent with the excessive trading policy adopted by the funds’ Boards.
There is no guarantee that T. Rowe Price will be able to identify or prevent all excessive or short-term trades or trading practices.
Unclaimed Accounts and Uncashed Checks
If your account has no activity for a certain period of time and/or mail sent to you from T. Rowe Price is deemed undeliverable, T. Rowe Price may be required to transfer (i.e., escheat)
INFORMATION ABOUT ACCOUNTS IN T. ROWE PRICE FUNDS | 47 |
your account assets, including any assets related to uncashed checks to the appropriate state under its abandoned property laws. For IRA accounts escheated to a state under these abandoned property laws, the escheatment will be treated as a taxable distribution to you and federal and any applicable state income tax will be withheld. This may also apply to your Roth IRA as well (see the T. Rowe Price Traditional and Roth IRA Disclosure and Custodial Agreement and/or the T. Rowe Price SIMPLE IRA Disclosure Statement and Custodial Agreement for more information). To avoid such action, it is important to keep your account address up to date and periodically communicate with T. Rowe Price by contacting us or logging in to your account at least once every two years.
Delivery of Shareholder Documents
If two or more accounts own the same fund, share the same address, and T. Rowe Price reasonably believes that the two accounts are part of the same household or institution, we may economize on fund expenses by mailing only one shareholder report and prospectus for the fund. If you need additional copies or do not want your mailings to be “householded,” please call Shareholder Services.
T. Rowe Price can deliver account statements, transaction confirmations, prospectuses, tax forms, and shareholder reports electronically. If you are a registered user of troweprice.com, you can consent to the electronic delivery of these documents by logging in and changing your mailing preferences. You can revoke your consent at any time through troweprice.com, and we will begin to send paper copies of these documents within a reasonable time after receiving your revocation.
Signature Guarantees
A Medallion signature guarantee is designed to protect you and the T. Rowe Price Funds from fraud by verifying your signature.
A shareholder or financial intermediary may need to obtain a Medallion signature guarantee in certain situations, such as:
· Requests to wire redemption proceeds when bank account information is not already authorized and on file for an account;
· Remitting redemption proceeds to any person, address, or bank account not on file;
· Establishing certain services after an account is opened; or
· Changing the account registration or broker-dealer of record for an account.
Financial intermediaries should contact T. Rowe Price Financial Institution Services for specific requirements.
The signature guarantee must be obtained from a financial institution that is a participant in a Medallion signature guarantee program. You can obtain a Medallion signature guarantee from certain banks, savings institutions, broker-dealers, and other guarantors acceptable to T. Rowe Price. When obtaining a Medallion signature guarantee, please discuss with the guarantor the dollar amount of your proposed transaction. It is important that the level of coverage provided by the guarantor’s stamp covers the dollar amount of the transaction or it may be rejected. We
T. ROWE PRICE | 48 |
cannot accept guarantees from notaries public or organizations that do not provide reimbursement in the case of fraud.
Fund Operations and Shareholder Services
T. Rowe Price and The Bank of New York Mellon, subject to the oversight of T. Rowe Price, each provide certain accounting services to the T. Rowe Price Funds. T. Rowe Price Services, Inc., acts as the transfer agent and dividend disbursing agent and provides shareholder and administrative services to the funds. T. Rowe Price Retirement Plan Services, Inc., provides recordkeeping, sub-transfer agency, and administrative services for certain types of retirement plans investing in the funds. These companies receive compensation from the funds for their services. The funds may also pay financial intermediaries for performing shareholder and administrative services for underlying shareholders in omnibus accounts. In addition, certain funds serve as an underlying fund in which some fund-of-funds products, the T. Rowe Price Spectrum and Retirement Funds, invest. Subject to approval by each applicable fund’s Board, each underlying fund bears its proportionate share of the direct operating expenses of the T. Rowe Price Spectrum and Retirement Funds. All of the fees previously discussed are included in a fund’s financial statements and, except for funds that have an all-inclusive management fee, are also reflected in the “Other expenses” line that appears in the table titled “Fees and Expenses of the Fund” in Section 1.
If you hold shares of a fund through a financial intermediary, you must contact your financial intermediary to determine the requirements for opening a new account and placing transactions. Otherwise, please contact T. Rowe Price as follows:
Web | |||
troweprice.com | For
the most complete source of T. Rowe Price news | ||
troweprice.com/paperless | To sign-up for e-delivery of your statements, confirmations, prospectuses, reports, or proxies | ||
Phone | |||
Shareholder Services: 1-800-225-5132 | To make a transaction, or for fund, account, and service information (for IRAs and nonretirement accounts) | ||
Investor Services: 1-800-638-5660 | To open an account (for IRAs and nonretirement accounts) | ||
Financial Institution Services: 1-800-638-8790 | For information and services for large institutional investors and financial intermediaries | ||
INFORMATION ABOUT ACCOUNTS IN T. ROWE PRICE FUNDS | 49 |
Retirement Client Services: 1-800-492-7670 | For information and services for small business retirement plans (or consult your plan administrator) |
Select Client Services: 1-800-332-6161 | Complimentary services and resources designed
to help investors make informed investment decisions |
Brokerage: 1-800-225-7720 | If you hold your shares through a T. Rowe Price Brokerage account |
Tele*Access®: 1-800-638-2587 | To access information
on fund performance, prices, account balances, and your latest transactions 24 hours a day |
Hearing Impaired | Call the applicable number with a relay operator. Inquires may also be directed to info@troweprice.com. |
T. Rowe Price Addresses
Please be sure to use the correct address to avoid a delay in opening your account or processing your transaction. These addresses are subject to change at any time, so please check troweprice.com/contactus or call the appropriate telephone number to ensure that you use the correct mailing address.
Investors (IRAs and nonretirement accounts) opening a new account or making additional purchases by check should use the following addresses:
via U.S. mail T.
Rowe Price Account Services | via private carriers/overnight services T. Rowe Price Account Services |
Investors (IRAs and nonretirement accounts) requesting an exchange or redemption should use the following addresses:
via U.S. mail T.
Rowe Price Account Services | via private carriers/overnight services T. Rowe Price Account Services |
Investors in a small business retirement plan opening a new account, making a purchase by check, or placing an exchange or redemption should use the following addresses:
via U.S. mail T.
Rowe Price Retirement Client Services | via private carriers/overnight services T. Rowe Price |
Institutional investors (including financial intermediaries) opening a new account, making a
T. ROWE PRICE | 50 |
purchase by check, or placing an exchange or redemption should use the following addresses:
via U.S. mail T.
Rowe Price Financial Institution Services | via private carriers/overnight services T. Rowe
Price Financial Institution Services |
Note: Your transaction will receive the share price for the business day that the request is received by T. Rowe Price or its agent prior to the close of the NYSE (normally 4 p.m. ET), which could differ from the day that the request is received at the post office box.
Each fund intends to qualify to be treated each year as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. In order to qualify, a fund must satisfy certain income, diversification, and distribution requirements. A regulated investment company is not subject to U.S. federal income tax at the portfolio level on income and gains from investments that are distributed to shareholders. However, if a fund were to fail to qualify as a regulated investment company and was ineligible to or otherwise did not cure such failure, the result would be fund-level taxation and, consequently, a reduction in income available for distribution to the fund’s shareholders.
To the extent possible, all net investment income and realized capital gains are distributed to shareholders.
Dividends and Other Distributions
Except for the Retirement Income 2020 Fund, dividend and capital gain distributions are reinvested in additional fund shares in your account unless you select another option. For the Retirement Income 2020 Fund, subject to certain exceptions, regularly scheduled monthly dividends may generally not be reinvested. Reinvesting distributions results in compounding, which allows you to receive dividends and capital gain distributions on an increasing number of shares.
Distributions not reinvested may be paid by check or transmitted to your bank account via Automated Clearing House or may be automatically invested into another fund account. For the Retirement Income 2020 Fund, regularly scheduled monthly dividends are generally not paid by check. If the U.S. Postal Service cannot deliver your check or if your check remains uncashed for six months, the fund reserves the right to reinvest your distribution check in your account at the net asset value on the day of the reinvestment and to reinvest all subsequent distributions in additional shares of the fund. Interest will not accrue on amounts represented by uncashed distributions or redemption checks.
INFORMATION ABOUT ACCOUNTS IN T. ROWE PRICE FUNDS | 51 |
The following table provides details on dividend payments:
Dividend Payment Schedule | |
Fund | Dividends |
Money market funds | · Shares purchased via wire that are received by T. Rowe Price by noon ET begin to earn dividends on that day. Shares purchased via a wire received after noon ET and through other methods normally begin to earn dividends on the business day after payment is received by T. Rowe Price. · Dividends are declared daily and paid on the first business day of each month. |
Bond funds | · Shares normally begin to earn dividends on the business day after payment is received by T. Rowe Price. · Dividends are declared daily and paid on the first business day of each month. |
These stock funds only: · Balanced · Dividend Growth · Equity Income · Equity Index 500 · Global Real Estate · Growth & Income · Spectrum Conservative Allocation · Spectrum Moderate Allocation · Real Estate | · Dividends, if any, are declared and paid quarterly, in March, June, September, and December. · Must be a shareholder on the dividend record date. |
Other stock funds | · Dividends, if any, are declared and paid annually, generally in December. · Must be a shareholder on the dividend record date. |
Retirement Income 2020 | · Dividends are declared and normally paid in the middle of each month. |
Retirement
Balanced, Retirement I Balanced—I Class, and | · Shares normally begin to earn dividends on the business day after payment is received by T. Rowe Price. · Dividends are declared daily and paid on the first business day of each month. |
All other Retirement, Retirement I, Spectrum, and Target Funds | · Dividends, if any, are declared and paid annually, generally in December. · Must be a shareholder on the dividend record date. |
For funds that declare dividends daily, shares earn dividends through the date of a redemption (for redemptions from money market funds where the request is received prior to noon ET and proceeds are sent via wire, shares only earn dividends through the calendar day prior to the date of redemption). Shares redeemed on a Friday or prior to a holiday will continue to earn dividends until the next business day. Generally, if you redeem all of your shares at any time during the month, you will also receive all dividends earned through the date of redemption in the same check. When you redeem only a portion of your shares, all dividends accrued on those shares will be reinvested, or paid in cash, on the next dividend payment date. The funds
T. ROWE PRICE | 52 |
do not pay dividends in fractional cents. Any dividend amount earned for a particular day on all shares held that is one-half of one cent or greater (for example, $0.016) will be rounded up to the next whole cent ($0.02), and any amount that is less than one-half of one cent (for example, $0.014) will be rounded down to the nearest whole cent ($0.01). Please note that if the dividend payable on all shares held is less than one-half of one cent for a particular day, no dividend will be earned for that day.
If you purchase and redeem your shares through a financial intermediary, consult your financial intermediary to determine when your shares begin and stop accruing dividends as the information previously described may vary.
Capital Gain Payments
A capital gain or loss is the difference between the purchase and sale price of a security. If a fund has net capital gains for the year (after subtracting any capital losses), they are usually declared and paid in December to shareholders of record on a specified date that month. If a second distribution is necessary, it is generally paid the following year. A fund may have to make additional capital gain distributions, if necessary, to comply with the applicable tax law. Capital gains are not expected from government or retail money market funds since they are managed to maintain a stable share price. However, if a money market fund unexpectedly has net capital gains for the year (after subtracting any capital losses), the capital gain may be declared and paid in December to shareholders of record.
Tax Information
In most cases, you will be provided information for your tax filing needs no later than mid-February.
If you invest in the fund through a tax-deferred account, such as an IRA or employer-sponsored retirement plan, you will not be subject to tax on dividends and distributions from the fund or the sale of fund shares if those amounts remain in the tax-deferred account. You may receive a Form 1099-R or other Internal Revenue Service forms, as applicable, if any portion of the account is distributed to you.
If you invest in the fund through a taxable account, you generally will be subject to tax when:
· You sell fund shares, including an exchange from one fund to another.
· The fund makes dividend or capital gain distributions.
INFORMATION ABOUT ACCOUNTS IN T. ROWE PRICE FUNDS | 53 |
Additional information about the taxation of dividends for certain T. Rowe Price Funds is listed below:
Tax-Free and Municipal Funds |
· Regular monthly dividends (including those from the state-specific tax-free funds) are expected to be exempt from federal income taxes. |
· Exemption is not guaranteed since the fund has the right under certain conditions to invest in nonexempt securities. |
· Tax-exempt dividends paid to Social Security recipients may increase the portion of benefits that is subject to tax. |
· For state-specific funds, the monthly dividends you receive are expected to be exempt from state and local income tax of that particular state. For other funds, a small portion of your income dividend may be exempt from state and local income taxes. |
· If a fund invests in certain “private activity” bonds that are not exempt from the alternative minimum tax, shareholders who are subject to the alternative minimum tax must include income generated by those bonds in their alternative minimum tax calculation. The portion of a fund’s income dividend that should be included in your alternative minimum tax calculation, if any, will be reported to you by mid-February on Form 1099-DIV. |
For individual shareholders, a portion of ordinary dividends representing “qualified dividend income” received by the fund may be subject to tax at the lower rates applicable to long-term capital gains rather than ordinary income. You may report it as “qualified dividend income” in computing your taxes, provided you have held the fund shares on which the dividend was paid for more than 60 days during the 121-day period beginning 60 days before the ex-dividend date. Ordinary dividends that do not qualify for this lower rate are generally taxable at the investor’s marginal income tax rate. This includes the portion of ordinary dividends derived from interest, short-term capital gains, income and gains from derivatives, distributions from nonqualified foreign corporations, distributions from real estate investment trusts, and dividends received by the fund from stocks that were on loan. For taxable years ending after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026, you are generally allowed a deduction up to 20% on your qualified real estate investment trust (REIT) dividends. You may not take this deduction for a dividend on shares of a fund that have been held for less than 46 days during the 91-day period beginning on the date 45 days before the ex-dividend date. Little, if any, of the ordinary dividends paid by the bond funds or money market funds is expected to qualify for treatment as qualified dividend income or qualified REIT dividends.
For corporate shareholders, a portion of ordinary dividends may be eligible for the deduction for dividends received by corporations to the extent the fund’s income consists of dividends paid by U.S. corporations. Little, if any, of the ordinary dividends paid by the international stock funds, bond funds, or money market funds is expected to qualify for this deduction.
A 3.8% net investment income tax is imposed on net investment income, including interest, dividends, and capital gains of U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 (or $250,000 if married filing jointly) and of estates and trusts.
If you hold your fund through a financial intermediary, the financial intermediary is responsible for providing you with any necessary tax forms. You should contact your financial
T. ROWE PRICE | 54 |
intermediary for the tax information that will be sent to you and reported to the Internal Revenue Service.
Taxes on Fund Redemptions
When you sell shares in any fund, you may realize a gain or loss. An exchange from one fund to another fund in a taxable account is also a sale for tax purposes. As long as a money market fund maintains a stable share price of $1.00, a redemption or exchange to another fund will not result in a gain or loss for tax purposes. However, an exchange from one fund into a money market fund may result in a gain or loss on the fund from which shares were redeemed.
All or a portion of the loss realized from a sale or exchange of your fund shares may be disallowed under the “wash sale” rule if you purchase substantially identical shares within a 61-day period beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the date on which the shares are sold or exchanged. Shares of the same fund you acquire through dividend reinvestment are shares purchased for the purpose of the wash sale rule and may trigger a disallowance of the loss for shares sold or exchanged within the 61-day period of the dividend reinvestment. Any loss disallowed under the wash sale rule is added to the cost basis of the purchased shares.
T. Rowe Price (or your financial intermediary) will make available to you Form 1099-B, if applicable, no later than mid-February, providing certain information for each sale you made in the fund during the prior year. Unless otherwise indicated on your Form 1099-B, this information will also be reported to the Internal Revenue Service. For mutual fund shares acquired prior to 2012 in most accounts established or opened by exchange in 1984 or later, our Form 1099-B will provide you with the gain or loss on the shares you sold during the year based on the average cost single category method. This information on average cost and gain or loss from sale is not reported to the Internal Revenue Service. For these mutual fund shares acquired prior to 2012, you may calculate the cost basis using other methods acceptable to the Internal Revenue Service, such as specific identification.
For mutual fund shares acquired after 2011, federal income tax regulations require us to report the cost basis information on Form 1099-B using a cost basis method selected by the shareholder in compliance with such regulations or, in the absence of such selected method, our default method if you acquire your shares directly from T. Rowe Price. Our default method is average cost. For any fund shares acquired through a financial intermediary after 2011, you should check with your financial intermediary regarding the applicable cost basis method. You should note that the cost basis information reported to you may not always be the same as what you should report on your tax return because the rules applicable to the determination of cost basis on Form 1099-B may be different from the rules applicable to the determination of cost basis for reporting on your tax return. Therefore, you should save your transaction records to make sure the information reported on your tax return is accurate. T. Rowe Price and financial intermediaries are not required to issue a Form 1099-B to report sales of money market fund shares.
To help you maintain accurate records, T. Rowe Price will make available to you a confirmation promptly following each transaction you make (except for systematic purchases
INFORMATION ABOUT ACCOUNTS IN T. ROWE PRICE FUNDS | 55 |
and systematic redemptions) and a year-end statement detailing all of your transactions in each fund account during the year. If you hold your fund through a financial intermediary, the financial intermediary is responsible for providing you with transaction confirmations and statements.
Taxes on Fund Distributions
T. Rowe Price (or your financial intermediary) will make available to you, as applicable, generally no later than mid-February, a Form 1099-DIV, or other Internal Revenue Service forms, as required, indicating the tax status of any income dividends, dividends exempt from federal income taxes, and capital gain distributions made to you. This information will be reported to the Internal Revenue Service. Taxable distributions are generally taxable to you in the year in which they are paid. A dividend declared in October, November, or December and paid in the following January is generally treated as taxable to you as if you received the distribution in December. Dividends from tax-free funds are generally expected to be tax-exempt for federal income tax purposes. Your bond fund and money market fund dividends for each calendar year will include dividends accrued up to the first business day of the next calendar year. Ordinary dividends and capital gain dividends may also be subject to state and local taxes. You will be sent any additional information you need to determine your taxes on fund distributions, such as the portion of your dividends, if any, that may be exempt from state and local income taxes.
Taxable distributions are subject to tax whether reinvested in additional shares or received in cash.
The tax treatment of a capital gain distribution is determined by how long the fund held the portfolio securities, not how long you held the shares in the fund. Short-term (one year or less) capital gain distributions are taxable at the same rate as ordinary income, and gains on securities held for more than one year are taxed at the lower rates applicable to long-term capital gains. If you realized a loss on the sale or exchange of fund shares that you held for six months or less, your short-term capital loss must be reclassified as a long-term capital loss to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received during the period you held the shares. For funds investing in foreign instruments, distributions resulting from the sale of certain foreign currencies, currency contracts, and the foreign currency portion of gains on debt instruments are taxed as ordinary income. Net foreign currency losses may cause monthly or quarterly dividends to be reclassified as returns of capital.
A fund’s distributions that have exceeded the fund’s earnings and profits for the relevant tax year may be treated as a return of capital to its shareholders. A return of capital distribution is generally nontaxable but reduces the shareholder’s cost basis in the fund, and any return of capital in excess of the cost basis will result in a capital gain.
The tax status of certain distributions may be recharacterized on year-end tax forms, such as your Form 1099-DIV. Distributions made by a fund may later be recharacterized for federal income tax purposes—for example, from taxable ordinary income dividends to returns of capital. A recharacterization of distributions may occur for a number of reasons, including the
T. ROWE PRICE | 56 |
recharacterization of income received from underlying investments, such as REITs, and distributions that exceed taxable income due to losses from foreign currency transactions or other investment transactions. Certain funds, including international bond funds and funds that invest significantly in REITs, are more likely to recharacterize a portion of their distributions as a result of their investments. The Retirement Income 2020 Fund is also more likely to have some or all of its distributions recharacterized as returns of capital because of the predetermined monthly distribution amount.
If the fund qualifies and elects to pass through nonrefundable foreign income taxes paid to foreign governments during the year, your portion of such taxes will be reported to you as taxable income. However, you may be able to claim an offsetting credit or deduction on your tax return for those amounts. There can be no assurance that a fund will meet the requirements to pass through foreign income taxes paid.
If you are subject to backup withholding, we will have to withhold a 24% backup withholding tax on distributions and, in some cases, redemption payments. You may be subject to backup withholding if we are notified by the Internal Revenue Service to withhold, you have failed one or more tax certification requirements, or our records indicate that your tax identification number is missing or incorrect. Backup withholding is not an additional tax and is generally available to credit against your federal income tax liability with any excess refunded to you by the Internal Revenue Service.
The following table provides additional details on distributions for certain funds:
Taxes on Fund Distributions |
Tax-Free and Municipal Funds |
· Gains realized on the sale of market discount bonds with maturities beyond one year may be treated as ordinary income and cannot be offset by other capital losses. · Payments received or gains realized on certain derivative transactions may result in taxable ordinary income or capital gains. · To the extent the fund makes such investments, the likelihood of a taxable distribution will be increased. |
Limited Duration Inflation Focused Bond and Inflation Protected Bond Funds |
· Inflation adjustments on Treasury inflation protected securities that exceed deflation adjustments for the year will be distributed as a short-term capital gain, resulting in ordinary income. · In computing the distribution amount, the funds cannot reduce inflation adjustments by short- or long-term capital losses from the sales of securities. · Net deflation adjustments for a year may result in all or a portion of dividends paid earlier in the year being treated as a return of capital. |
Retirement, Retirement I, Spectrum, and Target Funds |
· Distributions by the underlying funds and changes in asset allocations may result in taxable distributions of ordinary income or capital gains. |
Tax Consequences of Liquidity Fees
It is currently anticipated that shareholders of retail money market funds that impose a liquidity fee may generally treat the liquidity fee as offsetting the shareholder’s amount realized
INFORMATION ABOUT ACCOUNTS IN T. ROWE PRICE FUNDS | 57 |
on the redemption (thereby decreasing the shareholder’s gain, or increasing the shareholder’s loss, on the redeemed amount). A fund that imposes a liquidity fee anticipates using 100% of the fee to help repair a market-based net asset value per share that was below $1.00.
Because the retail money market funds use amortized cost to maintain a stable share price of $1.00, in the event that a liquidity fee is imposed, a fund may need to distribute to its remaining shareholders sufficient value to prevent the fund from breaking the buck on the upside (i.e., by rounding up to $1.01 in pricing its shares) if the imposition of a liquidity fee causes the fund’s market-based net asset value to reach $1.0050. To the extent that a fund has sufficient earnings and profits to support the distribution, the additional dividends would be taxable as ordinary income to shareholders and would be eligible for deduction by the fund. Any distribution in excess of the fund’s earnings and profits would be treated as a return of capital, which would reduce your cost basis in the fund shares.
Tax Consequences of Hedging
Entering into certain transactions involving options, futures, swaps, and forward currency exchange contracts may result in the application of the mark-to-market and straddle provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. These provisions could result in a fund being required to distribute gains on such transactions even though it did not close the contracts during the year or receive cash to pay such distributions. The fund may not be able to reduce its distributions for losses on such transactions to the extent of unrealized gains in offsetting positions.
Tax Effect of Buying Shares Before an Income Dividend or Capital Gain Distribution
If you buy shares shortly before or on the record date—the date that establishes you as the person to receive the upcoming distribution—you may receive a portion of the money you just invested in the form of a taxable distribution. Therefore, you may wish to find out a fund’s record date before investing. In addition, a fund’s share price may, at any time, reflect undistributed capital gains or income and unrealized appreciation, which may result in future taxable distributions. Such distributions can occur even in a year when the fund has a negative return.
T. Rowe Price Funds and their agents, in their sole discretion, reserve the following rights: (1) to waive or lower investment minimums; (2) to accept initial purchases by telephone; (3) to refuse any purchase or exchange order; (4) to cancel or rescind any purchase or exchange order placed through a financial intermediary no later than the business day after the order is received by the financial intermediary (including, but not limited to, orders deemed to result in excessive trading, market timing, or 5% ownership); (5) to cease offering fund shares at any time to all or certain groups of investors; (6) to freeze any account and suspend account services when notice has been received of a dispute regarding the ownership of the account, or a legal claim against an account, upon initial notification to T. Rowe Price of a shareholder’s
T. ROWE PRICE | 58 |
death until T. Rowe Price receives required documentation in correct form, or if there is reason to believe a fraudulent transaction may occur; (7) to otherwise modify the conditions of purchase and modify or terminate any services at any time; (8) to waive any wire, small account, maintenance, or fiduciary fees charged to a group of shareholders; (9) to act on instructions reasonably believed to be genuine; (10) to involuntarily redeem an account at the net asset value calculated the day the account is redeemed when permitted by law, including in cases of threatening conduct, or suspected fraudulent or illegal activity, or if the fund or its agent is unable, through its procedures, to verify the identity of the person(s) or entity opening an account; and (11) for money market funds, to suspend redemptions to facilitate an orderly liquidation.
The fund’s Statement of Additional Information, which contains a more detailed description of the fund’s operations, investment restrictions, policies and practices, has been filed with the SEC. The Statement of Additional Information is incorporated by reference into this prospectus, which means that it is legally part of this prospectus even if you do not request a copy. Further information about the fund’s investments, including a review of market conditions and the manager’s recent investment strategies and their impact on performance during the past fiscal year, is available in the annual and semiannual shareholder reports. These documents and updated performance information are available through troweprice.com. For inquiries about the fund and to obtain free copies of any of these documents, call 1-800-638-5660. If you invest in the fund through a financial intermediary, you should contact your financial intermediary for copies of these documents.
Fund reports and other fund information are available on the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s internet site at http://www.sec.gov. Copies of this information may be obtained, after paying a duplicating fee, by electronic request at publicinfo@sec.gov.
T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. |
1940 Act File No. 811-4998 | F88-040 5/1/20 |
PROSPECTUS May 1, 2020 | ||||
T. ROWE PRICE | ||||
PSILX | Spectrum International Fund | |||
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has not approved or disapproved these securities or passed upon the adequacy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense. Beginning on January 1, 2021, as permitted by SEC regulations, paper copies of the T. Rowe Price funds’ annual and semiannual shareholder reports will no longer be mailed, unless you specifically request them. Instead, shareholder reports will be made available on the funds’ website (troweprice.com/prospectus), and you will be notified by mail with a website link to access the reports each time a report is posted to the site. If you already elected to receive reports electronically, you will not be affected by this change and need not take any action. At any time, shareholders who invest directly in T. Rowe Price funds may generally elect to receive reports or other communications electronically by enrolling at troweprice.com/paperless or, if you are a retirement plan sponsor or invest in the funds through a financial intermediary (such as an investment advisor, broker-dealer, insurance company, or bank), by contacting your representative or your financial intermediary. You may elect to continue receiving paper copies of future shareholder reports free of charge. To do so, if you invest directly with T. Rowe Price, please call T. Rowe Price as follows: IRA, nonretirement account holders, and institutional investors, 1-800-225-5132; small business retirement accounts, 1-800-492-7670. If you are a retirement plan sponsor or invest in the T. Rowe Price funds through a financial intermediary, please contact your representative or financial intermediary, or follow additional instructions if included with this document. Your election to receive paper copies of reports will apply to all funds held in your account with your financial intermediary or, if you invest directly in the T. Rowe Price funds, with T. Rowe Price. Your election can be changed at any time in the future. | ||||
Table of Contents
1 | SUMMARY | ||
2 | MORE ABOUT THE FUND | ||
More Information About the Fund’s | |||
3 | INFORMATION ABOUT ACCOUNTS | ||
Investing with T. Rowe Price 22 Distribution and Shareholder Policies for Opening an Account 27 Pricing of Shares and Transactions 28 Investing Directly with T. Rowe Price 30 Investing Through a Financial General Policies Relating to Transactions 38 |
SUMMARY | 1 | |
The fund seeks long-term capital appreciation.
Fees and Expenses
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy, hold, and sell shares of the fund. You may also incur brokerage commissions and other charges when buying or selling shares of the fund, which are not reflected in the table.
Fees and Expenses of the Fund*
Shareholder fees (fees paid directly from your investment) | ||
Maximum account fee | $20 | a |
Annual
fund operating expenses | ||
Management fees | — | % |
Distribution and service (12b-1) fees | — | |
Other expenses | — | |
Acquired fund fees and expenses | 0.90 | |
Total annual fund operating expenses | 0.90 |
* While the fund itself charges no management fee, it will indirectly bear its pro-rata share of the expenses of the underlying T. Rowe Price funds in which it invests (acquired funds). The acquired funds are expected to bear the operating expenses of the fund.
a Subject to certain exceptions, accounts with a balance of less than $10,000 are charged an annual $20 fee.
Example This example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds. The example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods, that your investment has a 5% return each year, and that the fund’s operating expenses remain the same. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
1 year | 3 years | 5 years | 10 years |
$92 | $287 | $498 | $1,108 |
Portfolio Turnover The fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when the fund’s shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the fund’s performance. During the most recent fiscal year, the fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 12.7% of the average value of its portfolio.
T. ROWE PRICE | 2 |
Investments, Risks, and Performance
Principal Investment Strategies
The fund broadly diversifies its assets among a set of T. Rowe Price mutual funds representing specific market segments outside the U.S. The fund, which normally invests in a variety of developed and emerging market equity funds, and, from time to time, a money market fund, seeks to maintain broad exposure to several markets in an attempt to reduce the impact of markets that are declining and to benefit from good performance in particular market segments over time.
The fund can invest in stock funds that have holdings in many different developed foreign countries, as well as emerging markets. The fund’s overall allocation to international stock funds is represented by a diversified mix of funds that employ both growth and value investment approaches and consists of large-cap, mid-cap, and small-cap stocks.
Within the ranges shown in the following table, the portfolio manager decides how much of the fund’s assets to allocate to underlying fund investments based on the outlook for, and on the relative valuations of, the underlying funds and the various markets in which they invest.
Asset Allocation Ranges for Underlying Funds
Spectrum International Fund | Investment Range | |
Africa & Middle East | 0%-15 | % |
Emerging Europe | 0%-15 | % |
Emerging Markets Discovery Stock | 0%-10 | % |
Emerging Markets Stock | 0%-10 | % |
European Stock | 0%-30 | % |
International Discovery | 0%-20 | % |
International Stock | 0%-55 | % |
International Value Equity | 0%-35 | % |
Japan | 0%-30 | % |
Latin America | 0%-15 | % |
New Asia | 0%-20 | % |
Overseas Stock | 0%-35 | % |
U.S. Treasury Money | 0%-25 | % |
The fund may sell shares of the underlying funds for a variety of reasons, such as to secure gains, limit losses, or redeploy assets into more promising opportunities.
Principal Risks
As with any fund, there is no guarantee that the fund will achieve its objective(s). The fund’s share price fluctuates, which means you could lose money by investing in the fund. The principal risks of investing in this fund, which may be even greater during periods of market disruption or volatility, are summarized as follows:
Market conditions The value of the fund’s investments may decrease, sometimes rapidly or unexpectedly, due to factors affecting an issuer held by the fund, particular industries, or the overall securities markets. A variety of factors can increase the volatility of the fund’s holdings
SUMMARY | 3 |
and markets generally, including political or regulatory developments, recessions, inflation, rapid interest rate changes, war or acts of terrorism, natural disasters, and outbreaks of infectious illnesses or other widespread public health issues. Certain events may cause instability across global markets, including reduced liquidity and disruptions in trading markets, while some events may affect certain geographic regions, countries, sectors, and industries more significantly than others. These adverse developments may cause broad declines in market value due to short-term market movements or for significantly longer periods during more prolonged market downturns.
Asset allocation The fund’s overall level of risk will directly correspond to the risks of the underlying funds in which it invests. By investing in many underlying funds, the fund has partial exposure to the risks of different areas of the market. However, the selection of the underlying funds and the allocation of the fund’s assets among the various asset classes, market sectors, and investment styles represented by those underlying funds could cause the fund to underperform other funds with a similar benchmark or investment objective.
Investments in other funds The fund bears the risk that its underlying funds will fail to successfully employ their investment strategies. One or more underlying fund’s underperformance or failure to meet its investment objectives as intended could cause the fund to underperform similarly managed funds.
International investing Investing in funds that hold the securities of non-U.S. issuers involves special risks not typically associated with investing in funds that hold securities of U.S. issuers. Non-U.S. securities tend to be more volatile and have lower overall liquidity than investments in U.S. securities and may lose value because of adverse local, political, social, or economic developments overseas, or due to changes in the exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar. In addition, investments outside the U.S. are subject to settlement practices and regulatory and financial reporting standards that differ from those of the U.S. The risks of investing outside the U.S. are heightened for any investments in emerging markets, which are susceptible to greater volatility than investments in developed markets.
Emerging markets Investing in funds that hold securities of issuers in emerging market countries involve greater risk and overall volatility than investing in funds that hold securities of issuers in the U.S. and developed markets. Emerging market countries tend to have economic structures that are less diverse and mature, and political systems that are less stable, than those of developed countries. In addition to the risks normally associated with investing outside the U.S., emerging markets are more susceptible to governmental interference, political and economic uncertainty, local taxes and restrictions on an underlying fund’s investments, less efficient trading markets with lower overall liquidity, and more volatile currency exchange rates.
Stock exposure An underlying stock fund’s share price can fall because of weakness in the overall stock markets, a particular industry, or specific holdings. Stocks generally fluctuate in value more than bonds and may decline significantly over short time periods. There is a chance that stock prices overall will decline because stock markets tend to move in cycles, with periods of rising and falling prices. The value of an underlying stock fund may decline due to general
T. ROWE PRICE | 4 |
weakness or volatility in the stock markets, adverse conditions impacting a particular industry or market sector, or factors affecting an investment style or market capitalization targeted by the fund.
Market capitalization Because the fund invests in certain funds that focus on a particular market capitalization, its share price may be negatively affected if investing in that market capitalization falls out of favor. Small- and mid-cap companies often have less experienced management, more limited financial resources, and less publicly available information than larger companies, and tend to be more sensitive to changes in overall economic conditions. As a result, investments in small-cap and mid-cap companies are likely to be more volatile than investments in larger companies. However, larger companies may not be able to attain the high growth rates of successful smaller companies, especially during strong economic periods, and they may be less capable of responding quickly to competitive challenges and industry changes.
Investment style Because the fund invests in certain funds that focus on growth stocks and certain funds that focus on value stocks, its share price may be negatively affected if either investing approach falls out of favor. Growth stocks tend to be more volatile than the overall stock market and are more sensitive to changes in current or expected earnings. Value stocks carry the risk that investors will not recognize their intrinsic value for a long time or that they are actually appropriately priced at a low level.
Money market investments An underlying money market fund may not be able to maintain a stable $1.00 share price at all times. If a money market fund fails to maintain a stable net asset value, or if there is a perceived threat that a money market fund is likely to fail to maintain a stable net asset value, the underlying fund could experience significant redemption activity.
Performance
The following performance information provides some indication of the risks of investing in the fund. The fund’s performance information represents only past performance (before and after taxes) and is not necessarily an indication of future results.
The following bar chart illustrates how much returns can differ from year to year by showing calendar year returns and the best and worst calendar quarter returns during those years for the fund.
SUMMARY | 5 |
The following table shows the average annual total returns for the fund, and also compares the returns with the returns of a relevant broad-based market index, as well as with the returns of one or more comparative indexes that have investment characteristics similar to those of the fund, if applicable.
In addition, the table shows hypothetical after-tax returns to demonstrate how taxes paid by a shareholder may influence returns. After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. After-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold their fund shares through tax-deferred arrangements, such as a 401(k) account or an IRA.
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Average Annual Total Returns |
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| Inception |
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| 12/31/1996 |
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| Returns before taxes | 25.00 | % |
| 6.27 | % |
| 6.39 | % |
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| Returns after taxes on distributions | 24.11 |
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| 5.60 |
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| 5.91 |
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| and sale of fund shares | 15.64 |
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| 4.90 |
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| 5.17 |
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| MSCI All Country World Index ex USA Net (reflects no deduction for fees or expenses)a |
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| 21.51 |
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| 5.51 |
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| 4.97 |
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MSCI All Country World Index ex USA (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses, or taxes) | |||||||||||||
22.13 |
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| Combined Index Portfolio Net (reflects no deduction for fees or expenses)b |
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| 21.51 |
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| 4.97 |
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| Lipper International Multi-Cap Growth Funds Average |
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| 26.59 |
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| 6.39 |
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| 6.13 |
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a Effective June 1, 2019, the MSCI All Country World Index ex USA Net replaced the MSCI All Country World Index ex USA as the fund’s primary benchmark. The new index assumes the reinvestment of dividends after the deduction of withholding taxes applicable to the country where the dividend is paid; as such, the returns of the new benchmark are more representative of the returns experienced by investors in foreign issuers.
b Combined Index Portfolio Net is an unmanaged blended benchmark that was composed of 90% MSCI EAFE Index Net /10% J.P. Morgan Global Government Bond Index ex U.S. to 2/28/09 and the 100% MSCI All Country World Index ex USA Net from 3/1/09 forward.
Updated performance information is available through troweprice.com.
Management
Investment Adviser T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. (T. Rowe Price or Price Associates)
Portfolio Manager | Title | Managed | Joined |
Charles M. Shriver | Cochairman of | 2011 | 1991 |
Toby M. Thompson | Cochairman
of | 2020 | 1993* |
* Mr. Thompson originally joined T. Rowe Price in 1993 and returned to T. Rowe Price in 2010.
Purchase and Sale of Fund Shares
The fund generally requires a $2,500 minimum initial investment ($1,000 minimum initial investment if opening an IRA, a custodial account for a minor, or a small business retirement
SUMMARY | 7 |
plan account). Additional purchases generally require a $100 minimum. These investment minimums generally are waived for financial intermediaries and certain employer-sponsored retirement plans submitting orders on behalf of their customers.
For investors holding shares of the fund directly with T. Rowe Price, you may purchase, redeem, or exchange fund shares by mail; by telephone (1-800-225-5132 for IRAs and nonretirement accounts; 1-800-492-7670 for small business retirement plans; and 1-800-638-8790 for institutional investors and financial intermediaries); or, for certain accounts, by accessing your account online through troweprice.com.
If you hold shares through a financial intermediary or retirement plan, you must purchase, redeem, and exchange shares of the fund through your intermediary or retirement plan. You should check with your intermediary or retirement plan to determine the investment minimums that apply to your account.
Tax Information
Any dividends or capital gains are declared and paid annually, usually in December. Redemptions or exchanges of fund shares and distributions by the fund, whether or not you reinvest these amounts in additional fund shares, generally may be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains unless you invest through a tax-deferred account (in which case you will be taxed upon withdrawal from such account).
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
If you purchase shares of the fund through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary (such as a bank), the fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of fund shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your financial intermediary’s website for more information.
MORE ABOUT THE FUND | 2 | |
Investment Adviser(s)
T. Rowe Price is the fund’s investment adviser and oversees the selection of the fund’s investments and management of the fund’s portfolio pursuant to an investment management agreement between the investment adviser and the fund. T. Rowe Price also serves as investment adviser for the underlying funds in which the Spectrum Funds invest. T. Rowe Price is the investment adviser for all mutual funds sponsored and managed by T. Rowe Price (T. Rowe Price Funds), and is an SEC-registered investment adviser that provides investment management services to individual and institutional investors, and sponsors and serves as adviser and subadviser to registered investment companies, institutional separate accounts, and common trust funds. The address for T. Rowe Price is 100 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202. As of December 31, 2019, T. Rowe Price and its affiliates (Firm) had approximately $1.21 trillion in assets under management and provided investment management services for more than 7 million individual and institutional investor accounts.
Portfolio Management
T. Rowe Price has established an Investment Advisory Committee with respect to the fund. The committee chairmen are ultimately responsible for the day-to-day management of the fund’s portfolio and work with the committee in developing and executing the fund’s investment program. The members of the committee are as follows: Charles M. Shriver and Toby M. Thompson, Cochairmen, Steve Bartolini, Jerome A. Clark, Kimberly E. DeDominicis, David J. Eiswert, Mark S. Finn, Arif Husain, Wyatt A. Lee, Sebastien Page, Robert A Panariello, Robert W. Sharps, Guido F. Stubenrauch, Justin Thomson, Mark J. Vaselkiv, and J. David Wagner. The following information provides the year that the chairmen (portfolio managers) first joined the Firm and the chairmen’s specific business experience during the past five years (although the chairmen may have had portfolio management responsibilities for a longer period). Mr. Shriver has been chairman of the committee since 2011. He joined the Firm in 1991 and his investment experience dates from 1999. He has served as a portfolio manager with the Firm throughout the past five years. he became cochairman of the committee on March 1, 2020. He originally joined the Firm in 1993 and returned in 2010. His investment experience dates from 1993. For the past five years, Mr. Thompson has served as a portfolio manger within the Firm’s multi-asset division. The Statement of Additional Information provides additional information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed by the portfolio managers, and the portfolio managers’ ownership of the fund’s shares.
Management of the Underlying Funds
For each of the underlying funds in which the fund invests, T. Rowe Price serves as investment adviser and oversees the selection of the fund’s investments and management of the fund’s portfolio. For certain underlying funds in which the fund invests, T. Rowe Price has entered
MORE ABOUT THE FUND | 9 |
into a subadvisory agreement with T. Rowe Price International Ltd (T. Rowe Price International), T. Rowe Price Hong Kong Limited (Price Hong Kong), and/or T. Rowe Price Japan, Inc. (Price Japan) under which these affiliated entities are authorized to trade securities and make discretionary investment decisions on behalf of the fund. T. Rowe Price International is a wholly-owned subsidiary of T. Rowe Price, and is registered with the SEC as an investment adviser and is authorized or licensed by the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority and other global regulators. T. Rowe Price International is headquartered in London and has several branch offices around the world. Price Hong Kong and Price Japan are direct subsidiaries of T. Rowe Price International. Price Hong Kong is licensed with the Securities and Futures Commission of Hong Kong and is registered with the SEC as an investment adviser. Price Japan is registered with the Japan Financial Services Agency to carry out investment management business and is registered with the SEC as an investment adviser. Price Hong Kong is headquartered in Hong Kong and Price Japan is headquartered in Tokyo.
The majority of the directors and the officers of the fund and T. Rowe Price (and its affiliated investment advisers) also serve in similar positions with most of the underlying funds. Thus, if the interests of the fund and one or more of its underlying funds were ever to diverge, it is possible that a conflict of interest could arise and affect how the directors and officers fulfill their fiduciary duties to the fund and its underlying funds. The directors of the fund believe they have structured the fund to avoid these concerns. However, conceivably, a situation could occur where proper action for the fund could be adverse to the interests of an underlying fund, or the reverse. If such a possibility arises, the directors and officers of the affected funds and T. Rowe Price will carefully analyze the situation and take all steps they believe reasonable to minimize and, where possible, eliminate the potential conflict.
The Management Fee
The fund does not directly pay T. Rowe Price a management fee for serving as the fund’s investment adviser and performing investment management services for the fund. However, T. Rowe Price receives management fees from managing the underlying funds, and T. Rowe Price International, Price Hong Kong, and/or Price Japan may receive a portion of the management fee that T. Rowe Price receives from those underlying funds for which it serves as investment subadviser. See the underlying funds’ prospectuses or Statement of Additional Information for specific fees.
A discussion about the factors considered by the fund’s Board of Directors (Board) and its conclusions in approving the fund’s investment management agreement (and any subadvisory agreement, if applicable) appear in the fund’s semiannual report to shareholders for the period ended June 30.
Pass-Through of Operating Expenses to Underlying Funds
The operating expenses of the fund include (a) its direct operating expenses at the fund level and (b) its pro-rata share of the fees and expenses of the underlying funds in which it invests. The fund’s operating expenses generally include shareholder servicing and accounting fees and expenses; legal and auditing fees; expenses of preparing and printing prospectuses and shareholder reports; registration fees and expenses; proxy and annual meeting expenses, if any;
T. ROWE PRICE | 10 |
and directors’ fees and expenses. The payment of the fund’s direct operating expenses is subject to a Special Servicing Agreement, which allows for the fund to pass through its direct operating expenses to its underlying funds in recognition that the fund’s investments in its underlying funds are expected to provide overall savings to the underlying funds. This is primarily the result of the assumed elimination of numerous separate shareholder accounts which, in the absence of the fund, would have been invested directly in the underlying funds and the resulting reduction in shareholder servicing costs. The estimated savings to the underlying funds generated by the operation of the fund are expected to be sufficient to offset most, if not all, of the direct operating expenses of the fund.
The Special Servicing Agreement provides that each underlying fund in which the fund invests will bear a proportionate share of the operating expenses of the fund provided the benefit to the underlying funds from the operation of the fund equals or exceeds these expenses. T. Rowe Price has agreed to bear any operating expenses of the fund that exceed the overall benefit and estimated savings to each of the underlying funds. As a result of these provisions, the direct operating expenses of the fund are generally expected to be paid for by the underlying funds in which it invests. Therefore, the fund will effectively pay no operating expenses at the fund level.
However, shareholders of the fund will still indirectly bear its proportionate share of the expenses of each underlying fund in which it invests.
Investment Objective(s)
The fund seeks long-term capital appreciation.
The investment objective is a fundamental policy and shareholder approval is required to substantially change it. As with any fund, there is no guarantee the fund will achieve its objective.
Principal Investment Strategies
The following information summarizes some of the basic differences between the Spectrum Funds.
The Spectrum Funds offer a professionally managed allocation of investments among a broad range of asset classes. To accommodate a wide range of investor preferences and time horizons, the Spectrum Funds offer different combinations of the growth potential of stocks, the greater income potential of bonds, different degrees of international investing, and the relative stability of money market securities. Certain Spectrum Funds also seek to reduce overall volatility through alternative investments or derivatives. Because the Spectrum Funds invest in a variety of asset classes, including other T. Rowe Price Funds, each Spectrum Fund is expected to benefit from broad diversification.
MORE ABOUT THE FUND | 11 |
While there is no guarantee, the concept of diversification helps investors to reduce their overall risk by spreading assets among a variety of investments. Each type of investment tends to follow a cycle of its own and responds differently to changes in the economy and the marketplace. A decline in one investment can be balanced by returns in other investments that are stable or rising. Therefore, a benefit of the Spectrum Funds is the potential for attractive long-term returns with reduced volatility.
For investors who are seeking broad diversification to bonds in an effort to achieve relatively high income, Spectrum Income Fund could be an appropriate part of your overall investment strategy.
For investors who are seeking a relatively balanced approach, with a greater emphasis on bonds than stocks, in an effort to achieve income and some capital appreciation, Spectrum Conservative Allocation Fund could be an appropriate part of your overall investment strategy.
For investors who are seeking a relatively balanced approach, with a greater emphasis on stocks than bonds, in an effort to achieve capital appreciation and income, Spectrum Moderate Allocation Fund could be an appropriate part of your overall investment strategy.
For investors who are seeking broad diversification that emphasizes stocks, with some exposure to bonds, in an effort to achieve capital appreciation and some income, Spectrum Moderate Growth Allocation Fund could be an appropriate part of your overall investment strategy.
For investors who are seeking broad diversification to stocks in an effort to achieve long-term capital appreciation and some income, Spectrum Growth Fund could be an appropriate part of your overall investment strategy.
For investors who are seeking broad diversification to international stocks in an effort to achieve long-term capital appreciation along with greater potential volatility, Spectrum International Fund could be an appropriate part of your overall investment strategy.
Each Spectrum Fund’s broad diversification is designed to cushion severe losses in any one investment sector and moderate the funds’ overall price swings. However, the funds’ share prices will fluctuate as the prices of the underlying funds and asset classes rise or fall with changing market conditions. The following information describes the investment program for this particular Spectrum Fund. The specific investment program for each Spectrum Fund is described in greater detail in its prospectus.
The investments of the fund are concentrated in its underlying funds. As a result, the fund’s investment performance is directly tied to the investment performance of these underlying funds. When deciding on allocations to the underlying funds, T. Rowe Price considers relative values and prospects among the various sectors and investment styles represented by the underlying funds. Within the broad ranges shown in Section 1, T. Rowe Price may decide to overweight or underweight particular asset classes, sectors, or investment styles based on its outlook for the global economy and securities markets.
T. ROWE PRICE | 12 |
In pursuing their investment objectives and programs, each of the underlying funds is permitted to engage in a wide range of investment policies and practices. Further information about the underlying funds is contained in the Statement of Additional Information, as well as the prospectuses of each of the underlying funds. Because the fund invests in the underlying funds, shareholders of the fund will be affected by an underlying fund’s investment practices in direct proportion to the amount of assets the fund allocates to the underlying funds pursuing such practices.
The following table gives a brief description of each underlying fund’s investment program. The underlying funds’ specific objectives and overall investment programs are described in greater detail in each underlying fund’s prospectus.
Description of Underlying Funds | |
International Equity Funds | Investment Program |
Africa & Middle East | Capital appreciation through investments primarily in common stock of companies located (or with primary operations) in Africa and the Middle East. The fund takes a growth approach to stock selection. |
Emerging Europe | Capital appreciation through investments primarily in common stocks of companies located (or with primary operations) in the emerging market countries of Europe. The fund takes a growth approach to stock selection. |
Emerging Markets Discovery Stock | Long-term growth of capital through investments in undervalued stocks of companies in emerging market countries. The fund takes a value approach to stock selection. |
Emerging Markets Stock | Capital appreciation through investments primarily in common stocks of companies located (or with primary operations) in emerging markets. The fund takes a growth approach to stock selection. |
European Stock | Capital appreciation through investments primarily in common stocks of companies located (or with primary operations) in Europe. The fund does not emphasize growth or value characteristics, but seeks companies with quality management and strong cash flows. |
International Discovery | Capital appreciation through investments primarily in common stocks of rapidly growing small- to medium-sized non-U.S. companies. The fund takes a growth approach to stock selection. |
International Stock | Long-term growth of capital through investments primarily in common stocks of established non-U.S. companies. The fund takes a growth approach to stock selection. |
International Value Equity | Capital growth and current income through investments in non-U.S. stocks with an emphasis on large-capitalization stocks. The fund takes a value approach to stock selection. |
MORE ABOUT THE FUND | 13 |
Description of Underlying Funds | |
Japan | Capital appreciation through investments in common stocks of companies located (or with primary operations) in Japan. The fund takes a growth approach to stock selection. |
Latin America | Capital appreciation through investments primarily in common stocks of companies located (or with primary operations) in Latin America. The fund takes a growth approach to stock selection. |
New Asia | Capital appreciation through investments in companies located (or with primary operations) in Asia (excluding Japan). The fund takes a growth approach to stock selection. |
Overseas Stock | Growth of capital through investments in common stocks of non-U.S. companies. The fund takes a core approach to investing, which provides some exposure to both growth and value styles of investing. |
Money Market Fund | Investment Program |
U.S. Treasury Money | A money market fund managed to provide a stable share price of $1.00. Invests at least 80% of its net assets in U.S. Treasury securities, which are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government, and repurchase agreements thereon, and operates as a “government money market fund,” which requires the fund to also invest at least 99.5% of its total assets in cash, U.S. government securities, and/or repurchase agreements that are fully collateralized by government securities or cash |
Principal Risks
Consider your investment goals, your time horizon for achieving them, and your tolerance for risk. The performance and risks of the fund will directly correspond to the performance and risks of the asset classes and underlying funds in which it invests. By seeking to be broadly diversified, the fund has partial exposure to the risks of many different areas of the market.
The principal risks associated with the fund’s principal investment strategies include the following:
Market conditions The value of investments held by the fund may decline, sometimes rapidly or unpredictably, due to factors affecting certain issuers, particular industries or sectors, or the overall markets. Rapid or unexpected changes in market conditions could cause the fund to liquidate its holdings at inopportune times or at a loss or depressed value. The value of a particular holding may decrease due to developments related to that issuer, but also due to general market conditions, including real or perceived economic developments such as changes in interest rates, credit quality, inflation, or currency rates, or generally adverse investor sentiment. The value of a holding may also decline due to factors that negatively affect a particular industry or sector, such as labor shortages, increased production costs, or competitive conditions. In addition, local, regional or global events such as war, acts of terrorism, political and social unrest, regulatory changes, recessions, shifts in monetary or trade policies, natural or environmental disasters, and the spread of infectious diseases or other public health issues could have a significant negative impact on securities markets and the
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fund’s investments. Unpredictable events such as natural disasters, pandemics, and widespread health crises may lead to unexpected suspensions or closures of securities exchanges, travel restrictions or quarantines, and an extended adverse impact on global market conditions.
Asset allocation The performance and risks of the fund will directly correspond to the performance and risks of the underlying funds in which it invests. By investing in many underlying funds, which represent different asset classes, sectors, and investment styles, the fund has partial exposure to the risks associated with different areas of the market. The selection of the underlying funds and the allocation of the fund’s assets among the various asset classes, market sectors, and investment styles could cause the fund to underperform the broad markets, relevant indices, or other funds with a similar benchmark or investment program. The fund's overall risk is increased to the extent the fund invests in underlying funds that carry greater risks, and any decisions to underweight or overweight particular underlying funds based on the adviser's outlook for market conditions could fail to produce the intended results and cause the fund to lag relevant benchmarks or similarly managed funds.
Investments in other funds As a fund-of-funds, the fund is subject to the risks of the performance and execution of the investment programs of its underlying funds. The fund does not control the investments of the underlying funds, which may implement their investment strategies in a manner not anticipated by the fund. Poor security selection by an underlying fund could cause that underlying fund to underperform relevant benchmarks or other funds with similar investment objectives, which in turn could cause the fund to underperform similarly managed funds. Although T. Rowe Price also serves as the investment adviser of the underlying funds in which the fund invests, an underlying fund may change its investment program or policies without the fund’s approval, which could force the fund to reduce or eliminate its allocation to the underlying fund at an unfavorable time.
International investing Funds that have exposure to investments outside the U.S. generally carry more risk than funds that invest strictly in U.S. assets. Investments outside the U.S. may lose value because of declining foreign currencies or adverse political or economic events overseas, among other things. Securities of non-U.S. issuers tend to be more volatile than U.S. securities and are subject to trading markets with lower overall liquidity, governmental interference, and regulatory and accounting standards and settlement practices that differ from those of U.S. issuers. An underlying fund could experience losses based solely on the weakness of foreign currencies in which the fund’s holdings are denominated versus the U.S. dollar, and changes in the exchange rates between such currencies and the U.S. dollar. Any attempts by an underlying fund at hedging currency risk could be unsuccessful and it is difficult to hedge the currency risks of many emerging markets countries. Risks can result from differing regulatory environments, less stringent investor protections, uncertain tax laws, and higher transaction costs compared to U.S. markets. Investments outside the U.S. could be subject to governmental actions such as capital or currency controls, nationalization of a company or industry, expropriation of assets, or imposition of high taxes. Market volatility may significantly impact prices and limit the liquidity of securities in a particular country or geographic region at the same time. The fund’s overall international investing risk level is increased to the extent it has exposure to emerging markets.
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Emerging markets Funds that have exposure to investments in emerging markets generally carry more risk than funds that invest strictly in the U.S. and other developed markets. Investments in emerging markets are subject to the risk of abrupt and severe price declines. The economic and political structures of emerging market countries, in most cases, do not compare favorably with the U.S. or other developed countries in terms of wealth and stability, and their financial markets often lack liquidity. These economies are less developed, can be overly reliant on particular industries, and are more vulnerable to the ebb and flow of international trade, trade barriers, and other protectionist or retaliatory measures. Governments in many emerging market countries participate to a significant degree in their economies and securities markets. As a result, investments by an underlying fund may be restricted and subject to greater government control, including repatriation of sales proceeds. Emerging market securities exchanges are more likely to experience problems with the clearing and settling of trades, as well as the custody of holdings by local banks, agents, and depositories. In addition, the accounting standards in emerging market countries may be unreliable and could present an inaccurate picture of a company’s finances. Some countries have histories of instability and upheaval that could cause their governments to act in a detrimental or hostile manner toward private enterprise or foreign investment. The volatility of emerging markets may be heightened by the actions (such as significant buying or selling) of a few major investors. For example, substantial increases or decreases in cash flows of mutual funds investing in these markets could significantly affect local securities prices and, therefore, could cause fund share prices to decline.
Stock exposure An underlying stock fund’s share price can fall because of weakness in the overall stock markets, a particular industry, or specific holdings. Stock markets as a whole can be volatile and decline for many reasons, such as adverse local, political, regulatory, or economic developments; changes in investor psychology; or heavy institutional selling at the same time by major institutional investors in the market, such as mutual funds, pension funds, and banks. The prospects for an industry or company may deteriorate because of a variety of factors, including disappointing earnings or changes in the competitive environment. In addition, the adviser’s assessment of companies whose stocks are held by an underlying fund may prove incorrect, resulting in losses or poor performance, even in rising markets. The fund’s overall exposure to certain investment styles or market capitalizations may limit its potential for appreciation when other investment styles or market capitalizations are in favor.
Market capitalization Different market capitalizations tend to shift in and out of favor depending on market conditions and investor sentiment. Because the fund invests in certain stock funds that emphasize investments in small-cap stocks, mid-cap stocks, and large-cap stocks, the fund's share price could be negatively affected if a market capitalization falls out of favor and its potential for appreciation could be limited when one market capitalization is in favor over the other. The fund’s overall stock market risk is increased to the extent it has exposure to small- and mid-cap stocks. Small- and mid-cap companies often have narrower product lines, more limited financial resources, and management that may lack depth and experience. Small-cap companies seldom pay significant dividends that could help to cushion returns in a falling market. Although stocks issued by larger companies tend to have less overall
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volatility than stocks issued by smaller companies, larger companies may not be able to attain the high growth rates of successful smaller companies, especially during strong economic periods. In addition, larger companies may be less capable of responding quickly to competitive challenges and industry changes and may suffer sharper price declines as a result of earnings disappointments.
Investment style Different investment styles tend to shift in and out of favor depending on market conditions and investor sentiment. Because the fund invests in certain stock funds that emphasize a growth approach to investing and certain stock funds that emphasize a value approach to investing, the fund's potential for appreciation could be limited when one investment style is in favor over the other. Growth stocks can be more volatile than other types of stocks and their prices may fluctuate more dramatically than the overall stock market. A stock with growth characteristics can have sharp price declines due to decreases in current or expected earnings and may lack dividends that can help cushion its share price in a declining market. Value stocks carry the risk that the market will not recognize a security’s intrinsic value for a long time or that a stock judged to be undervalued may be appropriately priced. Although value stocks tend to be inexpensive relative to their earnings, they can continue to be inexpensive for long periods of time and may not ever realize their full value.
Money market investments An underlying money market fund may not be able to maintain a stable $1.00 share price at all times. Although the fund only purchases securities that present minimal credit risk, the credit quality of the fund’s holdings could change rapidly during periods of market stress. If a money market fund fails to maintain a stable net asset value, or if there is a perceived threat that a money market fund is likely to fail to maintain a stable net asset value, the underlying fund could experience significant redemption activity. This could reduce the market prices of securities held by the underlying fund and make it more difficult for the fund to maintain a stable $1.00 share price.
Additional Strategies and Risks
In addition to the principal investment strategies and principal risks previously described, the fund may employ other, non-principal investment strategies and may be subject to other risks, which are described in the following paragraphs.
While the fund typically invests only in other T. Rowe Price Funds, the fund may also buy and sell futures contracts (thereby taking long or short positions, as appropriate). Investments involving futures would typically be used to manage cash flows efficiently, remain fully invested, or facilitate asset allocation and rebalancing.
Futures To the extent the fund buys and sells futures contracts, it is potentially exposed to greater volatility than investing directly in stock and bond funds. Futures can experience reduced liquidity and become difficult to value, particularly during significant market events. While the fund would typically use stock index futures and interest rate futures that are traded on an exchange, the use of any instruments that are traded over-the-counter as opposed to through an exchange are also subject to the risk that a counterparty to the transaction will fail to meet its obligations under the contract.
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Cybersecurity breaches The fund may be subject to operational and information security risks resulting from breaches in cybersecurity. Cybersecurity breaches may involve deliberate attacks and unauthorized access to the digital information systems (for example, through “hacking” or malicious software coding) used by the fund or its third-party service providers but may also result from outside attacks such as denial-of-service attacks. These breaches may, among other things, result in financial losses to the fund and its shareholders, cause the fund to lose proprietary information, disrupt business operations, or result in the unauthorized release of confidential information. Further, cybersecurity breaches involving the fund’s third-party service providers, trading counterparties, or issuers in which the fund invests could subject the fund to many of the same risks associated with direct breaches.
The fund’s investment policies and practices are subject to further restrictions and risks that are described in the Statement of Additional Information.
For the fund and its underlying funds, certain investment restrictions, such as a required minimum or maximum investment in a particular type of security, are measured at the time the fund purchases a security. The status, market value, maturity, duration, credit quality, or other characteristics of a fund’s securities may change after they are purchased, and this may cause the amount of the fund’s assets invested in such securities to exceed the stated maximum restriction or fall below the stated minimum restriction. If any of these changes occur, it would not be considered a violation of the investment restriction and will not require the sale of an investment if it was proper at the time the investment was made (this exception does not apply to a fund’s borrowing policy). However, certain changes will require holdings to be sold or purchased by the fund during the time it is above or below the stated percentage restriction in order for the fund to be in compliance with applicable restrictions.
Reserve Position
The fund may maintain a portion of its assets in reserves, which can consist of short-term, high-quality U.S. dollar-denominated money market securities or shares of the T. Rowe Price U.S. Treasury Money Fund. In order to respond to adverse market, economic, political, or other conditions, the fund may assume a temporary defensive position that is inconsistent with its principal investment objective and/or strategies and may invest, without limitation, in reserves. The reserve position provides flexibility in meeting redemptions and in the timing of new investments, and can serve as a short-term defense during periods of unusual market volatility. If the fund has significant holdings in reserves, that fund’s ability to achieve its objective could be compromised.
Fundamental Investment Policies
The fund will not: (i) invest more than 25% of its net assets in any one industry, except that the fund will invest substantially all of its assets in investment companies that are members of the T. Rowe Price family of funds; (ii) borrow money, except temporarily, to facilitate redemption
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requests in amounts not exceeding 30% of the fund’s total assets valued at market; and (iii) in any manner transfer as collateral for indebtedness any securities owned by the fund except in connection with permissible borrowings, which in no event will exceed 30% of the fund’s total assets valued at market. The fund may borrow money from other T. Rowe Price Funds.
Meeting Redemption Requests
The fund is expected to typically sell shares of its underlying funds in order to meet redemption requests, although the fund may at times hold sufficient cash or cash equivalents to meet redemption requests. These redemption methods will be used regularly and may also be used in deteriorating or stressed market conditions. The fund reserves the right to pay redemption proceeds with securities from the fund’s portfolio rather than in cash (redemptions in-kind), as described under “Large Redemptions.” Redemptions in-kind are typically used to meet redemption requests that represent a large percentage of the fund’s net assets in order to minimize the effect of large redemptions on the fund and its remaining shareholders. In general, any redemptions in-kind will represent a pro-rata distribution of the fund’s securities, subject to certain limited exceptions. Redemptions in-kind may be used regularly in circumstances as described above and may also be used in stressed market conditions.
The fund, along with other T. Rowe Price Funds, is a party to an interfund lending exemptive order received from the SEC that permits the T. Rowe Price Funds to borrow money from and/or lend money to other T. Rowe Price Funds to help the funds meet short-term redemptions and liquidity needs. In certain circumstances, the T. Rowe Price funds may also meet redemption requests through an overdraft of the fund’s account with its custodian.
During periods of deteriorating or stressed market conditions, or during extraordinary or emergency circumstances, the fund may be more likely to pay redemption proceeds with cash obtained through interfund lending or by redeeming a large redemption request in-kind.
The Statement of Additional Information contains more detailed information about the fund and its investments, operations, and expenses.
Portfolio Turnover
The fund’s portfolio turnover rate is expected to be low. The fund will purchase or sell securities to: (i) accommodate purchases and sales of the fund’s shares; and (ii) maintain or modify the allocation of the fund’s assets among the underlying funds within the percentage limits described earlier. A high turnover rate may increase transaction costs, result in additional capital gain distributions, and reduce fund total return. The fund’s portfolio turnover rates are shown in the Financial Highlights table.
The Financial Highlights table, which provides information about the fund’s financial history, is based on a single share outstanding throughout the periods shown. The table is part of the fund’s financial statements, which are included in its annual report and are incorporated by
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reference into the Statement of Additional Information (available upon request). The fund’s total returns may be higher or lower than the investment results of the individual underlying T. Rowe Price funds. The financial statements in the annual report were audited by the fund’s independent registered public accounting firm, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP.
FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS | For a share outstanding throughout each period |
|
| Year |
| 12/31/18 |
| 12/31/17 |
| 12/31/16 |
| 12/31/15 | ||||||||||||||
NET ASSET VALUE |
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
Beginning of period | $ | 11.66 | $ | 14.61 | $ | 11.59 | $ | 11.77 | $ | 12.11 | ||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment activities | 0.27 | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.17 | |||||||||||||||||||
Net realized
and | 2.64 | (2.40 | ) | 3.10 | (0.15 | ) | (0.34 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Total from investment | 2.91 | (2.17 | ) | 3.31 | 0.05 | (0.17 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distributions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net investment income | (0.28 | ) | (0.23 | ) | (0.20 | ) | (0.21 | ) | (0.16 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Net realized gain | (0.21 | ) | (0.55 | ) | (0.09 | ) | (0.02 | ) | (0.01 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Total distributions | (0.49 | ) | (0.78 | ) | (0.29 | ) | (0.23 | ) | (0.17 | ) | ||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
NET ASSET VALUE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
End of period | $ | 14.08 | $ | 11.66 | $ | 14.61 | $ | 11.59 | $ | 11.77 |
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FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS | For a share outstanding throughout each period |
|
| Year |
| 12/31/18 |
| 12/31/17 |
| 12/31/16 |
| 12/31/15 | ||||||||||||||
Ratios/Supplemental Data |
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total return(2) (3) (4) | 25.00 | % | (14.81 | )% | 28.54 | % | 0.39 | % | (1.39 | )% | ||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ratios
to average net | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gross expenses before | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | ||||||||||||||
Net expenses after | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | ||||||||||||||
Weighted average net | 0.90 | % | 0.90 | % | 0.91 | % | 0.94 | % | 0.94 | % | ||||||||||||||
Effective net expenses | 0.90 | % | 0.90 | % | 0.91 | % | 0.94 | % | 0.94 | % | ||||||||||||||
Net investment | 2.06 | % | 1.63 | % | 1.53 | % | 1.70 | % | 1.35 | % | ||||||||||||||
Portfolio turnover rate(4) | 12.7 | % | 15.0 | % | 3.9 | % | 10.8 | % | 2.1 | % | ||||||||||||||
Nets
assets, end of period | $ | 1,607 | $ | 1,386 | $ | 1,569 | $ | 1,158 | $ | 1,168 |
(1) Per share amounts calculated using average shares outstanding method.
(2) Includes the impact of expense-related arrangements with Price Associates.
(3) Total return reflects the rate that an investor would have earned on an investment in the fund during each period, assuming reinvestment of all distributions, and payment of no redemption or account fees, if applicable. The fund's total return may be higher or lower than the investment results of the individual underlying Price Funds.
(4) Reflects the activity of the fund, and does not include the activity of the underlying Price Funds. However, investment performance of the fund is directly related to the investment performance of the underlying Price Funds in which it invests.
(5) Reflects the indirect expense impact to the fund from its investment in the underlying Price Funds, based on the actual expense ratio of each underlying Price Fund weighted for the fund's relative average investment therein.
Most T. Rowe Price Funds disclose their calendar quarter-end portfolio holdings on troweprice.com 15 calendar days after each quarter. At the discretion of the investment adviser, these holdings reports may exclude the issuer name and other information relating to a holding in order to protect the fund’s interests and prevent harm to the fund or its shareholders. In addition, most T. Rowe Price Funds disclose their 10 largest holdings, along
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with the percentage of the relevant fund’s total assets that each of the 10 holdings represents, on troweprice.com on the seventh business day after each month-end. These holdings are listed in numerical order based on such percentages of the fund’s assets. A description of T. Rowe Price’s policies and procedures with respect to the disclosure of portfolio information is available in the Statement of Additional Information.
INFORMATION ABOUT ACCOUNTS IN T. ROWE PRICE FUNDS | 3 | |
The following policies and procedures generally apply to Investor Class, I Class, Advisor Class, R Class, and Z Class accounts in the T. Rowe Price Funds. The front cover and Section 1 of this prospectus indicate which share classes are available for the fund.
This section of the prospectus explains the basics of investing with T. Rowe Price and describes some of the different share classes that may be available. Certain share classes can be held directly with T. Rowe Price, while other share classes must typically be held through a financial intermediary, such as a bank, broker, retirement plan recordkeeper, or investment advisor. The Z Class is only available to funds managed by T. Rowe Price and other advisory clients of T. Rowe Price or its affiliates that are subject to a contractual fee for investment management services.
Each class of a fund’s shares represents an interest in the same fund with the same investment program and investment policies. However, each class is designed for a different type of investor and has a different cost structure primarily due to shareholder services or distribution arrangements that may apply only to that class. For example, certain classes may make payments to financial intermediaries for various administrative services they provide (commonly referred to as administrative fee payments, or AFP) and/or make payments to certain financial intermediaries for distribution of the fund’s shares (commonly referred to as 12b-1 fee payments). Determining the most appropriate share class depends on many factors, including how much you plan to invest, whether you are investing directly in the fund or through a financial intermediary, and whether you are investing on behalf of a person or an organization.
This section generally describes the differences between Investor Class, I Class, Advisor Class, R Class, and Z Class shares. This section does not describe the policies that apply to accounts in T. Rowe Price institutional funds and certain other types of funds. Policies for these other funds are described in their respective prospectuses, and all available share classes for the T. Rowe Price Funds are described more fully in the funds’ Statement of Additional Information. While many T. Rowe Price Funds are offered in more than one share class, not all funds offer all of the share classes described in this section.
Investor Class
A T. Rowe Price Fund that does not include the term “institutional” or indicate a specific share class as part of its name is considered to be the Investor Class of that fund. The Investor Class is
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available to individual investors, institutions, and a wide variety of other types of investors. The Investor Class may be purchased directly from T. Rowe Price or through a retirement plan or financial intermediary. The Investor Class does not impose sales charges and does not make any 12b-1 fee payments to financial intermediaries but may make administrative fee payments at an annual rate of up to 0.15% of the class’ average daily net assets. In addition, you may also incur brokerage commissions and other charges when buying or selling Investor Class shares through a financial intermediary. For investors holding the Investor Class through the T. Rowe Price® ActivePlus Portfolios program, the terms and conditions of the program will be applicable.
I Class
The I Class may be purchased directly from T. Rowe Price or through a financial intermediary. The I Class does not impose sales charges and does not make any administrative fee payments or 12b-1 fee payments to financial intermediaries. However, you may incur brokerage commissions and other charges when buying or selling I Class shares through a financial intermediary.
The I Class requires a $1 million initial investment minimum, although the minimum generally is waived for retirement plans, financial intermediaries, certain institutional client accounts for which T. Rowe Price or its affiliate has discretionary investment authority, and certain other accounts. For investors eligible for the I Class through the T. Rowe Price® ActivePlus Portfolios program, the terms and conditions of the program will be applicable. Accounts that are not eligible for the I Class may be converted to the Investor Class following notice to the financial intermediary or investor.
Advisor Class
The Advisor Class is designed to be sold through various financial intermediaries, such as broker-dealers, banks, insurance companies, retirement plan recordkeepers, and financial advisors. The Advisor Class must be purchased through an eligible financial intermediary (except for certain retirement plans held directly with T. Rowe Price). The Advisor Class does not impose sales charges but may make 12b-1 fee payments at an annual rate of up to 0.25% of the class’ average daily net assets and may also separately make administrative fee payments at an annual rate of up to 0.15% of the class’ average daily net assets.
The Advisor Class requires an agreement between the financial intermediary and T. Rowe Price to be executed prior to investment. Purchases of Advisor Class shares for which the required agreement with T. Rowe Price has not been executed or that are not made through an eligible financial intermediary are subject to rejection or cancellation without prior notice to the financial intermediary or investor, and accounts that are no longer eligible for the Advisor Class (including any accounts that are no longer serviced by a financial intermediary or for which the financial intermediary does not accept or assess 12b-1 fee payments) may be converted to the Investor Class following notice to the financial intermediary or investor.
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R Class
The R Class is designed to be sold through financial intermediaries for employer-sponsored defined contribution retirement plans and certain other retirement accounts. The R Class must be purchased through an eligible financial intermediary (except for certain retirement plans held directly with T. Rowe Price). The R Class does not impose sales charges but may make 12b-1 fee payments at an annual rate of up to 0.50% of the class’ average daily net assets and may also separately make administrative fee payments at an annual rate of up to 0.15% of the class’ average daily net assets.
The R Class requires an agreement between the financial intermediary and T. Rowe Price to be executed prior to investment. Purchases of R Class shares for which the required agreement with T. Rowe Price has not been executed or that are not made through an eligible financial intermediary are subject to rejection or cancellation without prior notice to the financial intermediary or investor, and accounts that are no longer eligible for the R Class (including any accounts that are no longer serviced by a financial intermediary or for which the financial intermediary does not accept or assess 12b-1 fee payments) may be converted to the Investor Class or Advisor Class following notice to the financial intermediary or investor.
Z Class
The Z Class is only available to funds managed by T. Rowe Price and other advisory clients of T. Rowe Price or its affiliates that are subject to a contractual fee for investment management services. There is no minimum initial investment and no minimum for additional purchases. The Z Class does not impose sales charges and does not make any administrative fee payments or 12b-1 fee payments to financial intermediaries.
Administrative Fee Payments (Investor Class, Advisor Class, and R Class)
Certain financial intermediaries perform recordkeeping and administrative services for their clients that would otherwise be performed by the funds’ transfer agent. Investor Class, Advisor Class, and R Class shares may make administrative fee payments to retirement plan recordkeepers, broker-dealers, and other financial intermediaries (at an annual rate of up to 0.15% of the class’ average daily net assets) for transfer agency, recordkeeping, and other administrative services that they provide on behalf of the funds. These administrative services may include maintaining account records for each customer; transmitting purchase and redemption orders; delivering shareholder confirmations, statements, and tax forms; and providing support to respond to customers’ questions regarding their accounts. Except for funds that have an all-inclusive management fee, these separate administrative fee payments are reflected in the “Other expenses” line that appears in the table titled “Fees and Expenses of the Fund” in Section 1.
INFORMATION ABOUT ACCOUNTS IN T. ROWE PRICE FUNDS | 25 |
12b-1 Fee Payments (Advisor Class and R Class)
Mutual funds are permitted to adopt a 12b-1 plan to pay certain expenses associated with the distribution of the fund’s shares out of the fund’s assets. Each fund offering Advisor and/or R Class shares has adopted a 12b-1 plan under which those classes may make payments (for the Advisor Class, at an annual rate of up to 0.25% of the class’ average daily net assets, and for the R Class, at an annual rate of up to 0.50% of the class’ average daily net assets) to various financial intermediaries, such as broker-dealers, registered investment advisers, banks, insurance companies, and retirement plan recordkeepers, for distribution and/or shareholder servicing of the Advisor Class and R Class shares. The 12b-1 plans provide for the class to pay such fees to the fund’s distributor and for the distributor to then pay such fees to the financial intermediaries that provide services for the class and/or make the class available to investors.
For the Advisor Class, distribution payments may include payments to financial intermediaries for making the Advisor Class shares available to their customers (for example, providing the fund with “shelf space” or inclusion on a “preferred list” or “supermarket” platform). For the R Class, distribution payments may include payments to financial intermediaries for making the R Class shares available as investment options to retirement plans and retirement plan participants, assisting plan sponsors in conducting searches for investment options, and providing ongoing monitoring of investment options.
Shareholder servicing payments under the plans may include payments to financial intermediaries for providing shareholder support services to existing shareholders of the Advisor Class and R Class. These payments may be more or less than the costs incurred by the financial intermediaries. Because the fees are paid from the Advisor Class or R Class net assets on an ongoing basis, they will increase the cost of your investment over time. In addition, payments of 12b-1 fees may influence your financial advisor’s recommendation of the fund or of any particular share class of the fund. Payments of 12b-1 fees are reflected in the “Distribution and service (12b-1) fees” line that appears in the table titled “Fees and Expenses of the Fund” in Section 1.
Additional Compensation to Financial Intermediaries
In addition to the administrative fee payments made by certain funds and the 12b-1 payments made by the Advisor Class and R Class, T. Rowe Price or the fund’s distributor will, at their own expense, provide compensation to certain financial intermediaries that have sold shares of or provide shareholder or other services to the T. Rowe Price Funds, commonly referred to as revenue sharing. These payments may be in the form of asset-based, transaction-based, or flat payments. These payments are used to compensate third parties for distribution and shareholder servicing activities, including sub-accounting, sub-transfer agency, or other services. Some of these payments may include expense reimbursements and meeting and marketing support payments (out of T. Rowe Price’s or the fund’s distributor’s own resources and not as an expense of the funds) to financial intermediaries, such as broker-dealers, registered investment advisers, banks, insurance companies, and retirement plan recordkeepers, in connection with the sale, distribution, marketing, and/or servicing of the
T. ROWE PRICE | 26 |
T. Rowe Price Funds. The Statement of Additional Information provides more information about these payment arrangements.
The receipt of, or the prospect of receiving, these payments and expense reimbursements from T. Rowe Price or the fund’s distributor may influence financial intermediaries, plan sponsors, and other third parties to offer or recommend T. Rowe Price Funds over other investment options for which an intermediary does not receive additional compensation (or receives lower levels of additional compensation). In addition, financial intermediaries that receive these payments and/or expense reimbursements may elevate the prominence of the T. Rowe Price Funds by, for example, placing the T. Rowe Price Funds on a list of preferred or recommended funds and/or provide preferential or enhanced opportunities to promote the T. Rowe Price Funds in various ways. Since these additional payments are not paid by a fund directly, these arrangements do not increase fund expenses and will not change the price that an investor pays for shares of the T. Rowe Price Funds or the amount that is invested in a T. Rowe Price Fund on behalf of an investor. You may ask your financial intermediary for more information about any payments they receive from T. Rowe Price or the fund’s distributor.
Comparison of Fees
The following table summarizes the distribution and service (12b-1) fee and administrative fee arrangements applicable to each class.
Class | 12b-1 Fee Payments | Administrative Fee Payments |
Investor Class | None | Up to 0.15% per year |
I Class | None | None |
Advisor Class | Up to 0.25% per year | Up to 0.15% per year |
R Class | Up to 0.50% per year | Up to 0.15% per year |
Z Class | None | None |
Investor Class
In an effort to help offset the disproportionately high costs incurred by the funds in connection with servicing lower-balance accounts that are held directly with the T. Rowe Price Funds’ transfer agent, an annual $20 account service fee (paid to T. Rowe Price Services, Inc., or one of its affiliates) is charged to certain Investor Class accounts with a balance below $10,000. The determination of whether a fund account is subject to the account service fee is based on account balances and services selected for accounts as of the last business day of August of each calendar year. The fee may be charged to an account with a balance below $10,000 for any reason, including market fluctuation and recent redemptions. The fee, which is automatically deducted from an account by redeeming fund shares, is typically charged to accounts in early September each calendar year. Such redemption may result in a taxable gain or loss to you.
The account service fee generally does not apply to fund accounts that are held through a financial intermediary, participant accounts in employer-sponsored retirement plans for which
INFORMATION ABOUT ACCOUNTS IN T. ROWE PRICE FUNDS | 27 |
T. Rowe Price Retirement Plan Services provides recordkeeping services, accounts held through the T. Rowe Price® ActivePlus Portfolios program, or money market funds that are used as a T. Rowe Price brokerage sweep account. Regardless of a particular fund account’s balance as of the last business day of August, the account service fee is automatically waived for accounts that satisfy any of the following conditions:
· Any accounts for which the shareholder has elected to receive electronic delivery of all of the following: account statements, transaction confirmations, prospectuses, and shareholder reports (paper copies of fund documents are available, free of charge, upon request, to any shareholder regardless of whether the shareholder has elected electronic delivery);
· Any accounts of a shareholder with at least $50,000 in total assets with T. Rowe Price (for this purpose, total assets include investments through T. Rowe Price Brokerage and investments in T. Rowe Price Funds, except for those held through a retirement plan for which T. Rowe Price Retirement Plan Services provides recordkeeping services); or
· Any accounts of a shareholder who is a T. Rowe Price Select Client Services client—visit troweprice.com or call 1-800-332-6161 for more information.
T. Rowe Price reserves the right to authorize additional waivers for other types of accounts or to modify the conditions for assessment of the account service fee. Fund shares held in a T. Rowe Price IRA, Education Savings Account, or small business retirement plan account (including certain 403(b) plan accounts) are subject to the account service fee and may be subject to additional administrative fees when distributing all fund shares from such accounts.
Investor Class and I Class shares may be purchased directly from T. Rowe Price or through various financial intermediaries. Advisor Class and R Class shares must be purchased through a financial intermediary (except for certain retirement plans held directly at T. Rowe Price). If you are opening an account through an employer-sponsored retirement plan or other financial intermediary, you should contact the retirement plan or financial intermediary for information regarding its policies on opening an account, including the policies relating to purchasing, exchanging, and redeeming shares, and the applicable initial and subsequent investment minimums.
Tax Identification Number
Investors must provide T. Rowe Price with a valid Social Security number or taxpayer identification number on a signed new account form or Form W-9, and financial intermediaries must provide T. Rowe Price with their certified taxpayer identification number. Otherwise, federal law requires the funds to withhold a percentage of dividends, capital gain distributions, and redemptions and may subject you or the financial intermediary to an Internal Revenue Service fine. If this information is not received within 60 days of the account being established, the account may be redeemed at the fund’s then-current net asset value.
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Important Information Required to Open a New Account
Pursuant to federal law, all financial institutions must obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person or entity that opens an account. This information is needed not only for the account owner and any other person who opens the account, but also for any person who has authority to act on behalf of the account.
When you open an account, you will be asked for the name, U.S. street address (post office boxes are not acceptable), date of birth, and Social Security number or taxpayer identification number for each account owner and person(s) opening an account on behalf of others, such as custodians, agents, trustees, or other authorized signers. When opening an entity account, you will be asked to identify and provide personal information for: (i) any individual who, either directly or indirectly, owns 25% or more of the equity interest of the entity and (ii) a single individual who controls, manages, or directs the entity. Corporate and other institutional accounts require documents showing the existence of the entity (such as articles of incorporation or partnership agreements) to open an account. Certain other fiduciary accounts (such as trusts or power of attorney arrangements) require documentation, which may include an original or certified copy of the trust agreement or power of attorney, to open an account.
T. Rowe Price will use this information to verify the identity of the person(s)/entity opening the account. An account cannot be opened until all of this information is received. If the identity of the account holder cannot be verified, T. Rowe Price is authorized to take any action permitted by law, including but not limited to restricting additional purchases, freezing the account, or involuntarily redeeming the shares in the account at the net asset value calculated the day the account is redeemed.
Institutional investors and financial intermediaries should call Financial Institution Services at 1-800-638-8790 for more information on these requirements, as well as to be assigned an account number and instructions for opening an account. Other investors should call Investor Services at 1-800-638-5660 for more information about these requirements.
The funds are generally available only to investors residing in the United States. In addition, nongovernment money market funds that operate as “retail money market funds” pursuant to Rule 2a-7 under the Investment Company Act of 1940 are required to limit their beneficial owners to natural persons. An investor in a retail money market fund is required to demonstrate eligibility (for example, by providing a valid Social Security number) before an account can be opened.
How and When Shares Are Priced
The trade date for your transaction request depends on the day and time that T. Rowe Price receives your request and will normally be executed using the next share price calculated after your order is received in correct form by T. Rowe Price or its agent (or by your financial
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intermediary if it has the authority to accept transaction orders on behalf of the fund). The share price, also called the net asset value, for each share class of a fund is calculated as of the close of trading on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), which is normally 4 p.m. ET, on each day that the NYSE is open for business. Net asset values are not calculated for the funds on days when the NYSE is scheduled to be closed for trading (for example, weekends and certain U.S. national holidays). If the NYSE is unexpectedly closed due to weather or other extenuating circumstances on a day it would typically be open for business, or if the NYSE has an unscheduled early closing on a day it has opened for business, the funds reserve the right to treat such day as a business day and accept purchase and redemption orders and calculate their share price as of the normally scheduled close of regular trading on the NYSE for that day.
To calculate the net asset value, a fund’s assets are valued and totaled, liabilities are subtracted, and each class’ proportionate share of the balance, called net assets, is divided by the number of shares outstanding of that class. Market values are used to price portfolio holdings for which market quotations are readily available. Market values generally reflect the prices at which securities actually trade or represent prices that have been adjusted based on evaluations and information provided by the fund’s pricing services. Investments in other mutual funds are valued at the closing net asset value per share of the mutual fund on the day of valuation. If a market value for a portfolio holding is not available or normal valuation procedures are deemed to be inappropriate, the fund will make a good faith effort to assign a fair value to the holding by taking into account various factors and methodologies that have been approved by the fund’s Board. This value may differ from the value the fund receives upon sale of the securities.
Amortized cost is used to price securities held by money market funds and certain short-term debt securities held by other funds. The retail and government money market funds, which seek to maintain a stable net asset value of $1.00, use the amortized cost method of valuation to calculate their net asset value. Amortized cost allows the money market funds to value a holding at the fund’s acquisition cost with adjustments for any premiums or discounts and then round the net asset value per share to the nearest whole cent. The amortized cost method of valuation enables the money market funds to maintain a $1.00 net asset value, but it may also result in periods during which the stated value of a security held by the funds differs from the market-based price the funds would receive if they sold that holding. The current market-based net asset value per share for each business day in the preceding six months is available for the retail and government money market funds through troweprice.com. These market-based net asset values are for informational purposes only and are not used to price transactions.
The funds use various pricing services to provide closing market prices, as well as information used to adjust those prices and to value most fixed income securities. A fund cannot predict how often it will use closing prices or how often it will adjust those prices. As a means of evaluating its fair value process, the fund routinely compares closing market prices, the next day’s opening prices in the same markets, and adjusted prices.
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Non-U.S. equity securities are valued on the basis of their most recent closing market prices at 4 p.m. ET, except under the following circumstances. Most foreign markets close before 4 p.m. ET. For example, the most recent closing prices for securities traded in certain Asian markets may be as much as 15 hours old at 4 p.m. ET. If a fund determines that developments between the close of a foreign market and the close of the NYSE will affect the value of some or all of the fund’s securities, the fund will adjust the previous closing prices to reflect what it believes to be the fair value of the securities as of 4 p.m. ET. In deciding whether to make these adjustments, the fund reviews a variety of factors, including developments in foreign markets, the performance of U.S. securities markets, and the performance of instruments trading in U.S. markets that represent foreign securities and baskets of foreign securities.
A fund may also fair value certain securities or a group of securities in other situations—for example, when a particular foreign market is closed but the fund is open. For a fund that has investments in securities that are primarily listed on foreign exchanges that trade on weekends or other days when the fund does not price its shares, the fund’s net asset value may change on days when shareholders will not be able to purchase or redeem the fund’s shares. If an event occurs that affects the value of a security after the close of the market, such as a default of a commercial paper issuer or a significant move in short-term interest rates, a fund may make a price adjustment depending on the nature and significance of the event. The funds also evaluate a variety of factors when assigning fair values to private placements and other restricted securities. Other mutual funds may adjust the prices of their securities by different amounts or assign different fair values than the fair value that the fund assigns to the same security.
The various ways you can purchase, sell, and exchange shares are explained throughout this section. These procedures differ based on whether you hold your account directly with T. Rowe Price or through an employer-sponsored retirement plan or financial intermediary.
The following policies apply to accounts that are held directly with T. Rowe Price and not through a financial intermediary.
Options for Opening Your Account
If you own other T. Rowe Price Funds, you should consider registering any new account identically to your existing accounts so you can exchange shares among them easily (the name(s) of the account owner(s) and the account type must be identical).
For joint accounts or other types of accounts owned or controlled by more than one party, either owner/party has complete authority to act on behalf of all and give instructions concerning the account without notice to the other party. T. Rowe Price may, in its sole discretion, require written authorization from all owners/parties to act on the account for
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certain transactions (for example, to transfer ownership). There are multiple ways to establish a new account directly with T. Rowe Price.
Online You can open a new Investor Class account online. (I Class accounts currently must be opened either by telephone or in writing.) Go to troweprice.com/newaccount to choose the type of account you wish to open.
You can exchange shares online from an existing account in one fund to open a new account in another fund. The new account will have the same registration as the account from which you are exchanging, and any services (other than systematic purchase and systematic distribution arrangements) that you have preauthorized will carry over from the existing account to the new account.
To open an account online for the first time or with a different account registration, you must be a U.S. citizen residing in the U.S. or a resident alien and not subject to Internal Revenue Service backup withholding. Additionally, you must provide consent to receive certain documents electronically. You will have the option of providing your bank account information, which will enable you to make electronic funds transfers to and from your bank account. To set up this banking service online, additional steps will be taken to verify your identity.
By Mail If you are sending a check, please make your check payable to T. Rowe Price Funds (otherwise it may be returned) and send the check, together with the applicable new account form, to the appropriate address. (Please refer to the appropriate address under “Contacting T. Rowe Price” later in this section to avoid a delay in opening your new account.) T. Rowe Price does not accept third-party checks for initial purchases; however, third-party checks are typically accepted for additional purchases to an existing account. In addition, T. Rowe Price does not accept purchases by cash, traveler’s checks, money orders, or credit card checks. For exchanges from an identically registered account, be sure to specify the fund(s) and account number(s) that you are exchanging out of and the fund(s) you wish to exchange into.
By Telephone Direct investors can call Shareholder Services at 1-800-225-5132 (institutional investors should call 1-800-638-8790) to exchange from an existing fund account to open a new identically registered account in another fund. You may also be eligible to open a new account by telephone and provide your bank account information in order to make an initial purchase. To set up the account and banking service by telephone, additional steps will be taken to verify your identity and the authenticity of your bank account. Although the account may be opened and the purchase made, services may not be established and an Internal Revenue Service penalty withholding may occur until we receive the necessary signed form to certify your Social Security number or taxpayer identification number.
How Your Trade Date Is Determined
If you invest directly with T. Rowe Price and your request to purchase, sell, or exchange shares is received by T. Rowe Price or its agent in correct form by the close of the NYSE (normally 4 p.m. ET), your transaction will be priced at that business day’s net asset value. If your request is received by T. Rowe Price or its agent in correct form after the close of the NYSE, your
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transaction will be priced at the next business day’s net asset value. Systematic transactions that are scheduled to occur on a date the NYSE is closed will normally be processed the next business day (except for certain retirement plan payroll deduction orders generated by T. Rowe Price where the orders are processed the day before the day the NYSE is closed).
Note: There may be times when you are unable to contact us by telephone or access your account online due to extreme market activity, the unavailability of the T. Rowe Price website, or other circumstances. Should this occur, your order must still be placed and received in correct form by T. Rowe Price prior to the time the NYSE closes to be priced at that business day’s net asset value. The time at which transactions and shares are priced and the time until which orders are accepted may be changed in case of an emergency or if the NYSE closes at a time other than 4 p.m. ET. The funds reserve the right to not treat an unscheduled intraday disruption or closure in NYSE trading as a closure of the NYSE and still accept transactions and calculate their net asset value as of 4 p.m. ET.
Transaction Confirmations
T. Rowe Price sends immediate confirmations for most of your fund transactions. However, certain transactions, such as systematic purchases and systematic redemptions, dividend reinvestments, checkwriting redemptions from money market funds, and transactions in money market funds used as a brokerage sweep account, do not receive an immediate transaction confirmation but are reported on your account statement. Please review transaction confirmations and account statements as soon as you receive them, and promptly report any discrepancies to Shareholder Services.
Telephone and Online Account Transactions
You may access your accounts and conduct transactions involving Investor Class accounts using the telephone or the T. Rowe Price website at troweprice.com. You can only conduct transactions involving the I Class over the telephone or in writing.
Preventing Unauthorized Transactions
The T. Rowe Price Funds and their agents use reasonably designed procedures to verify that telephone, electronic, and other instructions are genuine. These procedures include, among other things, recording telephone calls; requiring personalized security codes or other information online and certain identifying information for telephone calls; requiring Medallion signature guarantees for certain transactions and account changes; and promptly sending confirmations of transactions and address changes. For transactions conducted online, we recommend the use of a secure internet browser.
T. Rowe Price Account Protection Program Shareholders who invest in the T. Rowe Price Funds directly are eligible for the Account Protection Program. The Account Protection Program restores eligible losses due to unauthorized or fraudulent activity, provided that you follow all security best practices when you access and maintain your account(s). T. Rowe Price reserves the right to modify or withdraw the Account Protection Program at any time. The Account Protection Program security best practices and additional information may be
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accessed online at https://www.troweprice.com/personal-investing/help/policies-and-security/account-protection-program.html.
If our verification procedures are followed, and the losses are not eligible to be restored under the Account Protection Program, the funds and their agents are not liable for any losses that may occur from acting on unauthorized instructions.
If you suspect any unauthorized account activity, notice errors or discrepancies in your T. Rowe Price account, or are not receiving your T. Rowe Price account statements, please contact T. Rowe Price immediately. Telephone conversations are recorded.
Trusted Contacts Investors who hold shares of a T. Rowe Price Fund directly or through a T. Rowe Price Brokerage account have the option to add one or more trusted contacts to their brokerage and mutual fund accounts. Trusted contacts are intended to be a resource to help protect client assets. Any individuals designated as a trusted contact will be authorized to serve as a primary contact if T. Rowe Price has questions or concerns related to potentially fraudulent account activity, suspected financial exploitation, or to confirm your contact information if we are unable to reach you (but are not authorized to act on your account). For more information or to add trusted contacts to your account, visit troweprice.com or call 1-800-225-5132.
If you are age 65 or older, or if you are age 18 or older and we have reason to believe you have a mental or physical impairment that renders you unable to protect your own interest, we may place a temporary hold on the disbursement of redemption proceeds from your account in an effort to protect you if we reasonably believe that you have been or will be the victim of actual or attempted financial exploitation. You will receive notice of this temporary delay, and it will be for no more than 15 business days while we conduct an internal review of the suspected financial exploitation (including contacting your trusted contact if one is on file). We may delay an additional 10 business days if T. Rowe Price reasonably believes that actual or attempted financial exploitation has occurred or will occur. At the expiration of the hold time, if we have not confirmed that exploitation has occurred, the proceeds will be released to you.
Purchasing Shares
Shares may be purchased in a variety of ways.
By Check Please make your check payable to the T. Rowe Price Funds. Include a new account form if establishing a new account, and include either a fund investment slip or a letter indicating the fund and your account number if adding to an existing account. Your transaction will receive the share price for the business day that the request is received by T. Rowe Price or its agent prior to the close of the NYSE (not the day the request is received at the post office box).
By Electronic Transfer Shares may be purchased using the Automated Clearing House system if you have established the service on your account, which allows T. Rowe Price to request payment for your shares directly from your bank account or other financial institution account. You may also arrange for a wire to be sent to T. Rowe Price (wire transfer instructions
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can be found at troweprice.com/wireinstructions or by calling Shareholder Services). T. Rowe Price must receive the wire by the close of the NYSE to receive that day’s share price. There is no assurance that you will receive the share price for the same day you initiated the wire from your financial institution.
By Exchange You may purchase shares of a fund using the proceeds from the redemption of shares from another fund. The redemption and purchase will receive the same trade date, and if you are establishing a new account, it will have the same registration as the account from which you are exchanging. The purchase must still generally meet the applicable minimum investment requirement.
Systematic Purchases (Automatic Asset Builder) You can instruct T. Rowe Price to automatically transfer money from your account at your bank or other financial institution at least once per month, or you can instruct your employer to send all or a portion of your paycheck to the fund or funds that you designate. Each systematic purchase must be at least $100 per fund account to be eligible for the Automatic Asset Builder service. To automatically transfer money to your account from a bank account or through payroll deductions, complete the appropriate section of the new account form when opening a new account or complete an Account Services Form to add the service to an existing account. Prior to establishing payroll deductions, you must set up the service with T. Rowe Price so that the appropriate instructions can be provided to your employer.
Initial Investment Minimums
Investor Class accounts, other than the Retirement Income 2020 Fund and Summit Funds, require a $2,500 minimum initial investment ($1,000 minimum initial investment for IRAs; certain small business retirement accounts; and custodial accounts for minors, known as Uniform Gifts to Minors Act or Uniform Transfer to Minors Act accounts). The Retirement Income 2020 Fund and Summit Funds require a $25,000 minimum initial investment. I Class accounts require a $1 million minimum initial investment, although the minimum generally is waived for certain types of accounts. If you request the I Class of a particular fund when you open a new account but the investment amount does not meet the applicable minimum, the purchase will be automatically invested in the Investor Class of the same fund.
Additional Investment Minimums
Investor Class accounts, other than Summit Funds, require a $100 minimum for additional purchases, including those made through Automatic Asset Builder. Summit Funds require a $100 minimum for additional purchases through Automatic Asset Builder and a $1,000 minimum for all other additional purchases. I Class accounts require a $100 minimum for additional purchases through Automatic Asset Builder but do not require a minimum amount for other additional purchases.
Exchanging and Redeeming Shares
Exchanges You can move money from one account to an existing, identically registered account or open a new identically registered account. For taxable accounts, an exchange from one fund to another will be reported to the Internal Revenue Service as a sale for tax purposes.
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(Institutional investors are restricted from exchanging into a fund that operates as a retail money market fund.) You can set up systematic exchanges so that money is automatically moved from one fund account to another on a regular basis.
Receiving Redemption Proceeds Redemption proceeds can be mailed to your account address by check or sent electronically to your bank account by Automated Clearing House transfer or bank wire. You can set up systematic redemptions and have the proceeds automatically sent via check or Automated Clearing House on a regular basis. If your request is received in correct form by T. Rowe Price or its agent on a business day prior to the close of the NYSE, proceeds are usually sent on the next business day. However, if you request a redemption from a money market fund on a business day prior to noon ET and request to have proceeds sent via bank wire, proceeds are normally sent later that same day.
Proceeds sent by Automated Clearing House transfer are usually credited to your account the second business day after the sale, and there are typically no fees associated with such payments. Proceeds sent by bank wire are usually credited to your account the next business day after the sale (except for wire redemptions from money market funds received prior to noon ET). A $5 fee will be charged for an outgoing wire of less than $5,000, in addition to any fees your financial institution may charge for an incoming wire.
If for some reason your request to exchange or redeem shares cannot be processed because it is not received in correct form, we will attempt to contact you.
If you request to redeem a specific dollar amount and the market value of your account is less than the amount of your request and we are unable to contact you, your redemption will not be processed and you must submit a new redemption request in correct form.
If you change your address on an account, proceeds may not be mailed to the new address for 15 calendar days after the address change, unless we receive a letter of instruction with a Medallion signature guarantee.
Please note that large purchase and redemption requests initiated through the Automated Clearing House may be rejected, and in such instances, the transaction must be placed by calling Shareholder Services.
Checkwriting You may write an unlimited number of free checks on any money market fund and certain bond funds, with a minimum of $500 per check. Keep in mind, however, that a check results in a sale of fund shares; a check written on a bond fund will create a taxable event that must be reported by T. Rowe Price to the Internal Revenue Service as a redemption.
Converting to Another Share Class
You may convert from one share class of a fund to another share class of the same fund (which may have a higher expense ratio). Although the conversion has no effect on the dollar value of your investment in the fund, the number of shares owned after the conversion may be greater or less than the number of shares owned before the conversion, depending on the net asset values of the two share classes. A conversion between share classes of the same fund is a
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nontaxable event. The new account will have the same registration as the account from which you are converting.
T. Rowe Price may conduct periodic reviews of account balances. If your account balance in a fund exceeds the minimum amount required for the I Class, T. Rowe Price may, but is not required to, automatically convert your Investor Class shares to I Class shares with advance notice. However, if T. Rowe Price has investment discretion, T. Rowe Price may convert your shares without advance notice.
Maintaining Your Account Balance
Investor Class Due to the relatively high cost to a fund of maintaining small accounts, we ask that you maintain an account balance of at least $1,000 ($10,000 for Summit Funds). If, for any reason, your balance is below this amount for three months or longer, we have the right to redeem your account at the then-current net asset value after giving you 60 days to increase your balance.
I Class To keep operating expenses lower, we ask that you maintain an account balance of at least $1 million. If your investment falls below $1 million (even if due to market depreciation), we have the right to redeem your account at the then-current net asset value after giving you 60 days to increase your balance or convert your account to a different share class in the same fund (if available) with a higher expense ratio with advance notice. However, if T. Rowe Price has investment discretion, T. Rowe Price may convert your shares without advance notice.
The redemption of your account could result in a taxable gain or loss.
Investors holding the fund through the T. Rowe Price® ActivePlus Portfolios program will be subject to the minimum account balance requirements of the program, which may differ from the minimum account balance requirements listed above.
The following policies apply to accounts that are held through a financial intermediary.
Accounts in Investor Class and I Class shares are not required to be held through a financial intermediary, but accounts in Advisor Class and R Class shares must be held through an eligible financial intermediary (except for certain retirement plans held directly with T. Rowe Price). It is important that you contact your retirement plan or financial intermediary to determine the policies, procedures, and transaction deadlines that apply to your account. The financial intermediary may charge a fee, such as transaction fees or brokerage commissions, for its services.
Opening an Account
The financial intermediary must provide T. Rowe Price with its certified taxpayer identification number. Financial intermediaries should call Financial Institution Services for an account number and wire transfer instructions. In order to obtain an account number, the financial
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intermediary must supply the name, taxpayer identification number, and business street address for the account. (Please refer to “Contacting T. Rowe Price” later in this section for the appropriate telephone number and mailing address.) Financial intermediaries must also enter into a separate agreement with the fund or its agent.
How the Trade Date Is Determined
If you invest through a financial intermediary and your transaction request is received by T. Rowe Price or its agent in correct form by the close of the NYSE, your transaction will be priced at that business day’s net asset value. If your request is received by T. Rowe Price or its agent in correct form after the close of the NYSE, your transaction will be priced at the next business day’s net asset value unless the fund has an agreement with your financial intermediary for orders to be priced at the net asset value next computed after receipt by the financial intermediary.
The funds have authorized certain financial intermediaries or their designees to accept orders to buy or sell fund shares on their behalf. When authorized financial intermediaries receive an order in correct form, the order is considered as being placed with the fund and shares will be bought or sold at the net asset value next calculated after the order is received by the authorized financial intermediary. The financial intermediary must transmit the order to T. Rowe Price and pay for such shares in accordance with the agreement with T. Rowe Price or the order may be canceled and the financial intermediary could be held liable for the losses. If the fund does not have such an agreement in place with your financial intermediary, T. Rowe Price or its agent must receive the request in correct form from your financial intermediary by the close of the NYSE in order for your transaction to be priced at that business day’s net asset value.
Note: The time at which transactions and shares are priced and the time until which orders are accepted by the fund or a financial intermediary may be changed in case of an emergency or if the NYSE closes at a time other than 4 p.m. ET. The funds reserve the right to not treat an unscheduled intraday disruption or closure in NYSE trading as a closure of the NYSE and still accept transactions and calculate their net asset value as of 4 p.m. ET. Should this occur, your order must still be placed and received in correct form by T. Rowe Price (or by the financial intermediary in accordance with its agreement with T. Rowe Price) prior to the time the NYSE closes to be priced at that business day’s net asset value.
Purchasing Shares
All initial and subsequent investments by financial intermediaries should be made by bank wire or electronic payment. There is no assurance that the share price for the purchase will be the same day the wire was initiated. Purchases by financial intermediaries are typically initiated through the National Securities Clearing Corporation or by calling Financial Institution Services.
Investment Minimums
You should check with your financial intermediary to determine what minimum applies to your initial and additional investments.
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The Retirement Income 2020 Fund and Summit Funds require a $25,000 minimum initial investment, and other funds generally require a $2,500 minimum initial investment, although the minimum is generally waived or modified for any retirement plans and financial intermediaries establishing accounts in the Investor Class, Advisor Class, or R Class. I Class accounts require a $1 million minimum initial investment, although the minimum generally is waived for certain types of accounts.
Investments through a financial intermediary generally do not require a minimum amount for additional purchases.
Redeeming Shares
Unless otherwise indicated, redemption proceeds will be sent via bank wire to the financial intermediary’s designated bank. Redemptions by financial intermediaries are typically initiated through the National Securities Clearing Corporation or by calling Financial Institution Services. Normally, the fund transmits proceeds to financial intermediaries for redemption orders received in correct form on either the next business day or second business day after receipt of the order, depending on the arrangement with the financial intermediary. Proceeds for redemption orders received prior to noon ET for a money market fund may be sent via wire the same business day. You must contact your financial intermediary about procedures for receiving your redemption proceeds.
Please note that certain purchase and redemption requests initiated through the National Securities Clearing Corporation may be rejected, and in such instances, the transaction must be placed by contacting Financial Institution Services.
The following policies and requirements apply generally to accounts in the T. Rowe Price Funds, regardless of whether the account is held directly or indirectly with T. Rowe Price.
The funds generally do not accept orders that request a particular day or price for a transaction or any other special conditions. However, when authorized by the fund, certain institutions, financial intermediaries, or retirement plans purchasing fund shares directly with T. Rowe Price may place a purchase order unaccompanied by payment. Payment for these shares must be received by the time designated by the fund (not to exceed the period established for settlement under applicable regulations). If payment is not received by this time, the order may be canceled. The institution, financial intermediary, or retirement plan is responsible for any costs or losses incurred by the fund or T. Rowe Price if payment is delayed or not received.
U.S. Dollars All purchases must be paid for in U.S. dollars; checks must be drawn on U.S. banks. In addition, we request that you give us at least three business days’ notice for any purchase of $5 million or more.
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Nonpayment If a check or Automated Clearing House transfer does not clear or payment for an order is not received in a timely manner, your purchase may be canceled. You (or the financial intermediary) may be responsible for any losses or expenses incurred by the fund or its transfer agent, and the fund can redeem shares in your account or another identically registered T. Rowe Price account as reimbursement. The funds and their agents have the right to reject or cancel any purchase, exchange, or redemption due to nonpayment.
Retail Money Market Funds The retail money market funds have implemented policies and procedures designed to limit purchases to accounts beneficially owned by a natural person. Purchases of a retail money market fund may be rejected from an investor who has not demonstrated sufficient eligibility to purchase shares of the fund or from a financial intermediary that has not demonstrated adequate procedures to limit investments to natural persons. In addition, purchases may be prohibited or subject to certain conditions during periods where a liquidity fee or redemption gate is in effect.
Liquidity Fees and Redemption Gates—Retail Money Market Funds
A money market fund that operates as a retail money market fund pursuant to Rule 2a-7 under the Investment Company Act of 1940 has the ability to impose liquidity fees of up to 2% of the value of the shares redeemed if the fund’s weekly liquid assets fall below certain thresholds, as specified in Rule 2a-7. A retail money market fund also has the ability to impose a redemption gate, which enables the fund to temporarily suspend redemptions for up to 10 days within a 90-day period if the fund’s weekly liquid assets fall below a certain threshold, as specified in Rule 2a-7. A money market fund’s Board has ultimate discretion to determine whether or not a liquidity fee or redemption gate would be in the best interests of the fund’s shareholders and should be imposed.
A money market fund that operates as a government money market fund pursuant to Rule 2a-7 is not required to impose a liquidity fee or redemption gate upon the sale of your shares. The Boards of the T. Rowe Price money market funds that operate as government money market funds have determined that the funds do not currently intend to impose liquidity fees and redemption gates. However, the Board of a T. Rowe Price government money market fund reserves the right to impose liquidity fees and redemption gates in the future, at which point shareholders would be provided with at least 60 days’ notice prior to such a change.
If a liquidity fee is in place, all exchanges out of the fund will be subject to the liquidity fee, and if a redemption gate is in place, all exchanges out of the fund will be suspended. When a liquidity fee or redemption gate is in place, the fund may elect to not permit the purchase of shares or to subject the purchase of shares to certain conditions, which may include affirmation of the purchaser’s knowledge that a liquidity fee or a redemption gate is in effect.
Omnibus Accounts If your shares are held through a financial intermediary, T. Rowe Price may rely on the financial intermediary to assess any applicable liquidity fees or impose redemption gates on underlying shareholder accounts. In certain situations, T. Rowe Price enters into agreements with financial intermediaries maintaining omnibus accounts that
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require the financial intermediary to assess liquidity fees or redemption gates. There are no assurances that T. Rowe Price will be successful in ensuring that all financial intermediaries will properly assess the fees.
Please refer to Sections 1 and 2 of the retail money market fund prospectuses for more information regarding liquidity fees and redemption gates.
Large Redemptions
Large redemptions (for example, $250,000 or more) can adversely affect a portfolio manager’s ability to implement a fund’s investment strategy by causing the premature sale of securities that would otherwise be held longer. Therefore, the fund reserves the right (without prior notice) to redeem in-kind. In general, any redemptions in-kind will represent a pro-rata distribution of a fund’s securities, subject to certain limited exceptions. The redeeming shareholder will be responsible for disposing of the securities, and the shareholder will be subject to the risks that the value of the securities could decline prior to their sale, the securities could be difficult to sell, and brokerage fees could be incurred. If you continue to hold the securities, you may be subject to any ownership restrictions imposed by the issuers. For example, real estate investment trusts (REITs) often impose ownership restrictions on their equity securities. In addition, we request that you give us at least three business days’ notice for any redemption of $5 million or more.
Delays in Sending Redemption Proceeds
The T. Rowe Price Funds typically expect that redemption requests will be paid out to redeeming shareholders by the business day following the receipt of a redemption request that is in correct form, regardless of the method the fund uses to make such payment (for example, check, wire, or Automated Clearing House transfer). Checks are typically mailed on the business day after the redemption, proceeds sent by wire are typically credited to your financial institution the business day after the redemption, and proceeds sent by Automated Clearing House are typically credited to your financial institution on the second business day after the redemption. However, under certain circumstances, and when deemed to be in a fund’s best interests, proceeds may not be sent for up to seven calendar days after receipt of a valid redemption order (for example, during periods of deteriorating or stressed market conditions or during extraordinary or emergency circumstances).
In addition, if shares are sold that were just purchased and paid for by check or Automated Clearing House transfer, the fund will process your redemption but will generally delay sending the proceeds for up to seven calendar days to allow the check or Automated Clearing House transfer to clear. If, during the clearing period, we receive a check drawn against your newly purchased shares, it will be returned and marked “uncollected.” (The seven-day hold does not apply to purchases paid for by bank wire or automatic purchases through payroll deduction.)
The Board of a retail money market fund may temporarily suspend redemptions from the fund for up to 10 business days during any 90-day period (i.e., a “redemption gate”) and elect to temporarily suspend redemptions for up to 10 business days in a 90-day period if the fund’s
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weekly liquid assets fall below 30% of its total assets and the fund’s Board determines that imposing a redemption gate is in the fund’s best interests. In addition, under certain limited circumstances, the Board of a money market fund may elect to permanently suspend redemptions in order to facilitate an orderly liquidation of the fund (subject to any additional liquidation requirements).
Involuntary Redemptions and Share Class Conversions
Since nongovernment money market funds that operate as retail money market funds are required to limit their beneficial owners to natural persons, shares held directly by an investor or through a financial intermediary in these funds that are not eligible to invest in a retail money market fund are subject to involuntary redemption at any time without prior notice.
Shares held by any investors or financial intermediaries that are no longer eligible to invest in the I Class or who fail to meet or maintain their account(s) at the investment minimum are subject to involuntary redemption or conversion to the Investor Class of the same fund (which may have a higher expense ratio). Investments in Advisor Class shares that are no longer held through an eligible financial intermediary may be automatically converted by T. Rowe Price to the Investor Class of the same fund following notice to the financial intermediary or shareholder. Investments in R Class shares that are no longer held on behalf of an employer-sponsored defined contribution retirement plan or other eligible R Class account or that are not held through an eligible financial intermediary may be automatically converted by T. Rowe Price to the Investor Class or Advisor Class of the same fund following notice to the financial intermediary or shareholder.
Excessive and Short-Term Trading Policy
Excessive transactions and short-term trading can be harmful to fund shareholders in various ways, such as disrupting a fund’s portfolio management strategies, increasing a fund’s trading and other costs, and negatively affecting its performance. Short-term traders in funds that invest in foreign securities may seek to take advantage of developments overseas that could lead to an anticipated difference between the price of the funds’ shares and price movements in foreign markets. While there is no assurance that T. Rowe Price can prevent all excessive and short-term trading, the Boards of the T. Rowe Price Funds have adopted the following trading limits that are designed to deter such activity and protect the funds’ shareholders. The funds may revise their trading limits and procedures at any time as the Boards deem necessary or appropriate to better detect short-term trading that may adversely affect the funds, to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, or to impose additional or alternative restrictions.
Subject to certain exceptions, each T. Rowe Price Fund restricts a shareholder’s purchases (including through exchanges) into a fund account for a period of 30 calendar days after the shareholder has redeemed or exchanged out of that same fund account (the “30-Day Purchase Block”). The calendar day after the date of redemption is considered Day 1 for purposes of computing the period before another purchase may be made.
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General Exceptions As of the date of this prospectus, the following types of transactions generally are not subject to the funds’ excessive and short-term trading policy:
· Shares purchased or redeemed in money market funds and ultra-short-term bond funds;
· Shares purchased or redeemed through a systematic purchase or withdrawal plan;
· Checkwriting redemptions from bond funds and money market funds;
· Shares purchased through the reinvestment of dividends or capital gain distributions;
· Shares redeemed automatically by a fund to pay fund fees or shareholder account fees;
· Transfers and changes of account registration within the same fund;
· Shares purchased by asset transfer or direct rollover;
· Shares purchased or redeemed through IRA conversions and recharacterizations;
· Shares redeemed to return an excess contribution from a retirement account;
· Transactions in Section 529 college savings plans;
· Certain transactions in defined benefit and nonqualified plans, subject to prior approval by T. Rowe Price;
· Shares converted from one share class to another share class in the same fund;
· Shares of T. Rowe Price Funds that are purchased by another T. Rowe Price Fund, including shares purchased by T. Rowe Price fund-of-funds products, and shares purchased by discretionary accounts managed by T. Rowe Price or one of its affiliates (please note that shareholders of the investing T. Rowe Price Fund are still subject to the policy);
· Transactions initiated by the trustee or adviser to a donor-advised charitable gift fund as approved by T. Rowe Price; and
· Transactions having a value of $5,000 or less (retirement plans, including those for which T. Rowe Price serves as recordkeeper, and other financial intermediaries may apply the excessive and short-term trading policy to transactions of any amount).
Transactions in certain rebalancing, asset allocation, wrap, and other advisory programs (including the T. Rowe Price® ActivePlus Portfolios program), as well as non-T. Rowe Price fund-of-funds products, may also be exempt from the 30-Day Purchase Block, subject to prior written approval by T. Rowe Price.
In addition to restricting transactions in accordance with the 30-Day Purchase Block, T. Rowe Price may, in its discretion, reject (or instruct a financial intermediary to reject) any purchase or exchange into a fund from a person (which includes individuals and entities) whose trading activity could disrupt the management of the fund or dilute the value of the fund’s shares, including trading by persons acting collectively (for example, following the advice of a newsletter). Such persons may be barred, without prior notice, from further purchases of T. Rowe Price Funds for a period longer than 30 calendar days, or permanently.
Financial Intermediary and Retirement Plan Accounts If you invest in T. Rowe Price Funds through a financial intermediary, including a retirement plan, you should review the financial intermediary’s or retirement plan’s materials carefully or consult with the financial intermediary or plan sponsor directly to determine the trading policy that will apply to your trades in the T. Rowe Price Funds as well as any other rules or conditions on transactions that may apply. If T. Rowe Price is unable to identify a transaction placed through a financial
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intermediary as exempt from the excessive trading policy, the 30-Day Purchase Block may apply.
Financial intermediaries, including retirement plans, may maintain their underlying accounts directly with the fund, although they often establish an omnibus account (one account with the fund that represents multiple underlying shareholder accounts) on behalf of their customers. When financial intermediaries establish omnibus accounts in the T. Rowe Price Funds, T. Rowe Price is not able to monitor the trading activity of the underlying shareholders. However, T. Rowe Price monitors aggregate trading activity at the financial intermediary (omnibus account) level in an attempt to identify activity that indicates potential excessive or short-term trading. If it detects such trading activity, T. Rowe Price may contact the financial intermediary to request personal identifying information and transaction histories for some or all underlying shareholders (including plan participants, if applicable) pursuant to a written agreement that T. Rowe Price has entered into with each financial intermediary. Any nonpublic personal information provided to the fund (for example, a shareholder’s taxpayer identification number or transaction records) is subject to the fund’s privacy policy. If T. Rowe Price believes that excessive or short-term trading has occurred and there is no exception for such trades under the funds’ Excessive and Short-Term Trading Policy as previously described, it will instruct the financial intermediary to impose restrictions to discourage such practices and take appropriate action with respect to the underlying shareholder, including restricting purchases for 30 calendar days or longer. Each financial intermediary has agreed to execute such instructions pursuant to a written agreement. There is no assurance that T. Rowe Price will be able to properly enforce its excessive trading policies for omnibus accounts. Because T. Rowe Price generally relies on financial intermediaries to provide information and impose restrictions for omnibus accounts, its ability to monitor and deter excessive trading will be dependent upon the intermediaries’ timely performance of their responsibilities.
For shares that are held in a retirement plan, generally the 30-Day Purchase Block applies only to shares redeemed by a participant-directed exchange to another fund. However, the 30-Day Purchase Block may apply to transactions other than exchanges depending on how shares of the plan are held at T. Rowe Price or the excessive trading policy applied by your plan’s recordkeeper.
T. Rowe Price may allow a financial intermediary, including a retirement plan, to maintain restrictions on trading in the T. Rowe Price Funds that differ from the 30-Day Purchase Block. An alternative excessive trading policy would be acceptable to T. Rowe Price if it believes that the policy would provide sufficient protection to the T. Rowe Price Funds and their shareholders that is consistent with the excessive trading policy adopted by the funds’ Boards.
There is no guarantee that T. Rowe Price will be able to identify or prevent all excessive or short-term trades or trading practices.
Unclaimed Accounts and Uncashed Checks
If your account has no activity for a certain period of time and/or mail sent to you from T. Rowe Price is deemed undeliverable, T. Rowe Price may be required to transfer (i.e., escheat)
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your account assets, including any assets related to uncashed checks to the appropriate state under its abandoned property laws. For IRA accounts escheated to a state under these abandoned property laws, the escheatment will be treated as a taxable distribution to you and federal and any applicable state income tax will be withheld. This may also apply to your Roth IRA as well (see the T. Rowe Price Traditional and Roth IRA Disclosure and Custodial Agreement and/or the T. Rowe Price SIMPLE IRA Disclosure Statement and Custodial Agreement for more information). To avoid such action, it is important to keep your account address up to date and periodically communicate with T. Rowe Price by contacting us or logging in to your account at least once every two years.
Delivery of Shareholder Documents
If two or more accounts own the same fund, share the same address, and T. Rowe Price reasonably believes that the two accounts are part of the same household or institution, we may economize on fund expenses by mailing only one shareholder report and prospectus for the fund. If you need additional copies or do not want your mailings to be “householded,” please call Shareholder Services.
T. Rowe Price can deliver account statements, transaction confirmations, prospectuses, tax forms, and shareholder reports electronically. If you are a registered user of troweprice.com, you can consent to the electronic delivery of these documents by logging in and changing your mailing preferences. You can revoke your consent at any time through troweprice.com, and we will begin to send paper copies of these documents within a reasonable time after receiving your revocation.
Signature Guarantees
A Medallion signature guarantee is designed to protect you and the T. Rowe Price Funds from fraud by verifying your signature.
A shareholder or financial intermediary may need to obtain a Medallion signature guarantee in certain situations, such as:
· Requests to wire redemption proceeds when bank account information is not already authorized and on file for an account;
· Remitting redemption proceeds to any person, address, or bank account not on file;
· Establishing certain services after an account is opened; or
· Changing the account registration or broker-dealer of record for an account.
Financial intermediaries should contact T. Rowe Price Financial Institution Services for specific requirements.
The signature guarantee must be obtained from a financial institution that is a participant in a Medallion signature guarantee program. You can obtain a Medallion signature guarantee from certain banks, savings institutions, broker-dealers, and other guarantors acceptable to T. Rowe Price. When obtaining a Medallion signature guarantee, please discuss with the guarantor the dollar amount of your proposed transaction. It is important that the level of coverage provided by the guarantor’s stamp covers the dollar amount of the transaction or it may be rejected. We
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cannot accept guarantees from notaries public or organizations that do not provide reimbursement in the case of fraud.
Fund Operations and Shareholder Services
T. Rowe Price and The Bank of New York Mellon, subject to the oversight of T. Rowe Price, each provide certain accounting services to the T. Rowe Price Funds. T. Rowe Price Services, Inc., acts as the transfer agent and dividend disbursing agent and provides shareholder and administrative services to the funds. T. Rowe Price Retirement Plan Services, Inc., provides recordkeeping, sub-transfer agency, and administrative services for certain types of retirement plans investing in the funds. These companies receive compensation from the funds for their services. The funds may also pay financial intermediaries for performing shareholder and administrative services for underlying shareholders in omnibus accounts. In addition, certain funds serve as an underlying fund in which some fund-of-funds products, the T. Rowe Price Spectrum and Retirement Funds, invest. Subject to approval by each applicable fund’s Board, each underlying fund bears its proportionate share of the direct operating expenses of the T. Rowe Price Spectrum and Retirement Funds. All of the fees previously discussed are included in a fund’s financial statements and, except for funds that have an all-inclusive management fee, are also reflected in the “Other expenses” line that appears in the table titled “Fees and Expenses of the Fund” in Section 1.
If you hold shares of a fund through a financial intermediary, you must contact your financial intermediary to determine the requirements for opening a new account and placing transactions. Otherwise, please contact T. Rowe Price as follows:
Web | |||
troweprice.com | For
the most complete source of T. Rowe Price news | ||
troweprice.com/paperless | To sign-up for e-delivery of your statements, confirmations, prospectuses, reports, or proxies | ||
Phone | |||
Shareholder Services: 1-800-225-5132 | To make a transaction, or for fund, account, and service information (for IRAs and nonretirement accounts) | ||
Investor Services: 1-800-638-5660 | To open an account (for IRAs and nonretirement accounts) | ||
Financial Institution Services: 1-800-638-8790 | For information and services for large institutional investors and financial intermediaries | ||
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Retirement Client Services: 1-800-492-7670 | For information and services for small business retirement plans (or consult your plan administrator) |
Select Client Services: 1-800-332-6161 | Complimentary
services and resources designed to help investors make informed investment decisions |
Brokerage: 1-800-225-7720 | If you hold your shares through a T. Rowe Price Brokerage account |
Tele*Access®: 1-800-638-2587 | To access information on fund performance, prices, account balances,
and your latest transactions 24 hours a day |
Hearing Impaired | Call the applicable number with a relay operator. Inquires may also be directed to info@troweprice.com. |
T. Rowe Price Addresses
Please be sure to use the correct address to avoid a delay in opening your account or processing your transaction. These addresses are subject to change at any time, so please check troweprice.com/contactus or call the appropriate telephone number to ensure that you use the correct mailing address.
Investors (IRAs and nonretirement accounts) opening a new account or making additional purchases by check should use the following addresses:
via U.S. mail T.
Rowe Price Account Services | via private carriers/overnight services T. Rowe Price Account Services |
Investors (IRAs and nonretirement accounts) requesting an exchange or redemption should use the following addresses:
via U.S. mail T.
Rowe Price Account Services | via private carriers/overnight services T. Rowe Price Account Services |
Investors in a small business retirement plan opening a new account, making a purchase by check, or placing an exchange or redemption should use the following addresses:
via U.S. mail T.
Rowe Price Retirement Client Services | via private carriers/overnight services T. Rowe Price |
Institutional investors (including financial intermediaries) opening a new account, making a
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purchase by check, or placing an exchange or redemption should use the following addresses:
via U.S. mail T. Rowe Price Financial Institution Services | via private carriers/overnight services T. Rowe Price Financial Institution Services |
Note: Your transaction will receive the share price for the business day that the request is received by T. Rowe Price or its agent prior to the close of the NYSE (normally 4 p.m. ET), which could differ from the day that the request is received at the post office box.
Each fund intends to qualify to be treated each year as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. In order to qualify, a fund must satisfy certain income, diversification, and distribution requirements. A regulated investment company is not subject to U.S. federal income tax at the portfolio level on income and gains from investments that are distributed to shareholders. However, if a fund were to fail to qualify as a regulated investment company and was ineligible to or otherwise did not cure such failure, the result would be fund-level taxation and, consequently, a reduction in income available for distribution to the fund’s shareholders.
To the extent possible, all net investment income and realized capital gains are distributed to shareholders.
Dividends and Other Distributions
Except for the Retirement Income 2020 Fund, dividend and capital gain distributions are reinvested in additional fund shares in your account unless you select another option. For the Retirement Income 2020 Fund, subject to certain exceptions, regularly scheduled monthly dividends may generally not be reinvested. Reinvesting distributions results in compounding, which allows you to receive dividends and capital gain distributions on an increasing number of shares.
Distributions not reinvested may be paid by check or transmitted to your bank account via Automated Clearing House or may be automatically invested into another fund account. For the Retirement Income 2020 Fund, regularly scheduled monthly dividends are generally not paid by check. If the U.S. Postal Service cannot deliver your check or if your check remains uncashed for six months, the fund reserves the right to reinvest your distribution check in your account at the net asset value on the day of the reinvestment and to reinvest all subsequent distributions in additional shares of the fund. Interest will not accrue on amounts represented by uncashed distributions or redemption checks.
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The following table provides details on dividend payments:
Dividend Payment Schedule | |
Fund | Dividends |
Money market funds | · Shares purchased via wire that are received by T. Rowe Price by noon ET begin to earn dividends on that day. Shares purchased via a wire received after noon ET and through other methods normally begin to earn dividends on the business day after payment is received by T. Rowe Price. · Dividends are declared daily and paid on the first business day of each month. |
Bond funds | · Shares normally begin to earn dividends on the business day after payment is received by T. Rowe Price. · Dividends are declared daily and paid on the first business day of each month. |
These stock funds only: · Balanced · Dividend Growth · Equity Income · Equity Index 500 · Global Real Estate · Growth & Income · Spectrum Conservative Allocation · Spectrum Moderate Allocation · Real Estate | · Dividends, if any, are declared and paid quarterly, in March, June, September, and December. · Must be a shareholder on the dividend record date. |
Other stock funds | · Dividends, if any, are declared and paid annually, generally in December. · Must be a shareholder on the dividend record date. |
Retirement Income 2020 | · Dividends are declared and normally paid in the middle of each month. |
Retirement
Balanced, Retirement I Balanced—I Class, and | · Shares normally begin to earn dividends on the business day after payment is received by T. Rowe Price. · Dividends are declared daily and paid on the first business day of each month. |
All other Retirement, Retirement I, Spectrum, and Target Funds | · Dividends, if any, are declared and paid annually, generally in December. · Must be a shareholder on the dividend record date. |
For funds that declare dividends daily, shares earn dividends through the date of a redemption (for redemptions from money market funds where the request is received prior to noon ET and proceeds are sent via wire, shares only earn dividends through the calendar day prior to the date of redemption). Shares redeemed on a Friday or prior to a holiday will continue to earn dividends until the next business day. Generally, if you redeem all of your shares at any time during the month, you will also receive all dividends earned through the date of redemption in the same check. When you redeem only a portion of your shares, all dividends accrued on those shares will be reinvested, or paid in cash, on the next dividend payment date. The funds
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do not pay dividends in fractional cents. Any dividend amount earned for a particular day on all shares held that is one-half of one cent or greater (for example, $0.016) will be rounded up to the next whole cent ($0.02), and any amount that is less than one-half of one cent (for example, $0.014) will be rounded down to the nearest whole cent ($0.01). Please note that if the dividend payable on all shares held is less than one-half of one cent for a particular day, no dividend will be earned for that day.
If you purchase and redeem your shares through a financial intermediary, consult your financial intermediary to determine when your shares begin and stop accruing dividends as the information previously described may vary.
Capital Gain Payments
A capital gain or loss is the difference between the purchase and sale price of a security. If a fund has net capital gains for the year (after subtracting any capital losses), they are usually declared and paid in December to shareholders of record on a specified date that month. If a second distribution is necessary, it is generally paid the following year. A fund may have to make additional capital gain distributions, if necessary, to comply with the applicable tax law. Capital gains are not expected from government or retail money market funds since they are managed to maintain a stable share price. However, if a money market fund unexpectedly has net capital gains for the year (after subtracting any capital losses), the capital gain may be declared and paid in December to shareholders of record.
Tax Information
In most cases, you will be provided information for your tax filing needs no later than mid-February.
If you invest in the fund through a tax-deferred account, such as an IRA or employer-sponsored retirement plan, you will not be subject to tax on dividends and distributions from the fund or the sale of fund shares if those amounts remain in the tax-deferred account. You may receive a Form 1099-R or other Internal Revenue Service forms, as applicable, if any portion of the account is distributed to you.
If you invest in the fund through a taxable account, you generally will be subject to tax when:
· You sell fund shares, including an exchange from one fund to another.
· The fund makes dividend or capital gain distributions.
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Additional information about the taxation of dividends for certain T. Rowe Price Funds is listed below:
Tax-Free and Municipal Funds |
· Regular monthly dividends (including those from the state-specific tax-free funds) are expected to be exempt from federal income taxes. |
· Exemption is not guaranteed since the fund has the right under certain conditions to invest in nonexempt securities. |
· Tax-exempt dividends paid to Social Security recipients may increase the portion of benefits that is subject to tax. |
· For state-specific funds, the monthly dividends you receive are expected to be exempt from state and local income tax of that particular state. For other funds, a small portion of your income dividend may be exempt from state and local income taxes. |
· If a fund invests in certain “private activity” bonds that are not exempt from the alternative minimum tax, shareholders who are subject to the alternative minimum tax must include income generated by those bonds in their alternative minimum tax calculation. The portion of a fund’s income dividend that should be included in your alternative minimum tax calculation, if any, will be reported to you by mid-February on Form 1099-DIV. |
For individual shareholders, a portion of ordinary dividends representing “qualified dividend income” received by the fund may be subject to tax at the lower rates applicable to long-term capital gains rather than ordinary income. You may report it as “qualified dividend income” in computing your taxes, provided you have held the fund shares on which the dividend was paid for more than 60 days during the 121-day period beginning 60 days before the ex-dividend date. Ordinary dividends that do not qualify for this lower rate are generally taxable at the investor’s marginal income tax rate. This includes the portion of ordinary dividends derived from interest, short-term capital gains, income and gains from derivatives, distributions from nonqualified foreign corporations, distributions from real estate investment trusts, and dividends received by the fund from stocks that were on loan. For taxable years ending after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026, you are generally allowed a deduction up to 20% on your qualified real estate investment trust (REIT) dividends. You may not take this deduction for a dividend on shares of a fund that have been held for less than 46 days during the 91-day period beginning on the date 45 days before the ex-dividend date. Little, if any, of the ordinary dividends paid by the bond funds or money market funds is expected to qualify for treatment as qualified dividend income or qualified REIT dividends.
For corporate shareholders, a portion of ordinary dividends may be eligible for the deduction for dividends received by corporations to the extent the fund’s income consists of dividends paid by U.S. corporations. Little, if any, of the ordinary dividends paid by the international stock funds, bond funds, or money market funds is expected to qualify for this deduction.
A 3.8% net investment income tax is imposed on net investment income, including interest, dividends, and capital gains of U.S. individuals with income exceeding $200,000 (or $250,000 if married filing jointly) and of estates and trusts.
If you hold your fund through a financial intermediary, the financial intermediary is responsible for providing you with any necessary tax forms. You should contact your financial
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intermediary for the tax information that will be sent to you and reported to the Internal Revenue Service.
Taxes on Fund Redemptions
When you sell shares in any fund, you may realize a gain or loss. An exchange from one fund to another fund in a taxable account is also a sale for tax purposes. As long as a money market fund maintains a stable share price of $1.00, a redemption or exchange to another fund will not result in a gain or loss for tax purposes. However, an exchange from one fund into a money market fund may result in a gain or loss on the fund from which shares were redeemed.
All or a portion of the loss realized from a sale or exchange of your fund shares may be disallowed under the “wash sale” rule if you purchase substantially identical shares within a 61-day period beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the date on which the shares are sold or exchanged. Shares of the same fund you acquire through dividend reinvestment are shares purchased for the purpose of the wash sale rule and may trigger a disallowance of the loss for shares sold or exchanged within the 61-day period of the dividend reinvestment. Any loss disallowed under the wash sale rule is added to the cost basis of the purchased shares.
T. Rowe Price (or your financial intermediary) will make available to you Form 1099-B, if applicable, no later than mid-February, providing certain information for each sale you made in the fund during the prior year. Unless otherwise indicated on your Form 1099-B, this information will also be reported to the Internal Revenue Service. For mutual fund shares acquired prior to 2012 in most accounts established or opened by exchange in 1984 or later, our Form 1099-B will provide you with the gain or loss on the shares you sold during the year based on the average cost single category method. This information on average cost and gain or loss from sale is not reported to the Internal Revenue Service. For these mutual fund shares acquired prior to 2012, you may calculate the cost basis using other methods acceptable to the Internal Revenue Service, such as specific identification.
For mutual fund shares acquired after 2011, federal income tax regulations require us to report the cost basis information on Form 1099-B using a cost basis method selected by the shareholder in compliance with such regulations or, in the absence of such selected method, our default method if you acquire your shares directly from T. Rowe Price. Our default method is average cost. For any fund shares acquired through a financial intermediary after 2011, you should check with your financial intermediary regarding the applicable cost basis method. You should note that the cost basis information reported to you may not always be the same as what you should report on your tax return because the rules applicable to the determination of cost basis on Form 1099-B may be different from the rules applicable to the determination of cost basis for reporting on your tax return. Therefore, you should save your transaction records to make sure the information reported on your tax return is accurate. T. Rowe Price and financial intermediaries are not required to issue a Form 1099-B to report sales of money market fund shares.
To help you maintain accurate records, T. Rowe Price will make available to you a confirmation promptly following each transaction you make (except for systematic purchases
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and systematic redemptions) and a year-end statement detailing all of your transactions in each fund account during the year. If you hold your fund through a financial intermediary, the financial intermediary is responsible for providing you with transaction confirmations and statements.
Taxes on Fund Distributions
T. Rowe Price (or your financial intermediary) will make available to you, as applicable, generally no later than mid-February, a Form 1099-DIV, or other Internal Revenue Service forms, as required, indicating the tax status of any income dividends, dividends exempt from federal income taxes, and capital gain distributions made to you. This information will be reported to the Internal Revenue Service. Taxable distributions are generally taxable to you in the year in which they are paid. A dividend declared in October, November, or December and paid in the following January is generally treated as taxable to you as if you received the distribution in December. Dividends from tax-free funds are generally expected to be tax-exempt for federal income tax purposes. Your bond fund and money market fund dividends for each calendar year will include dividends accrued up to the first business day of the next calendar year. Ordinary dividends and capital gain dividends may also be subject to state and local taxes. You will be sent any additional information you need to determine your taxes on fund distributions, such as the portion of your dividends, if any, that may be exempt from state and local income taxes.
Taxable distributions are subject to tax whether reinvested in additional shares or received in cash.
The tax treatment of a capital gain distribution is determined by how long the fund held the portfolio securities, not how long you held the shares in the fund. Short-term (one year or less) capital gain distributions are taxable at the same rate as ordinary income, and gains on securities held for more than one year are taxed at the lower rates applicable to long-term capital gains. If you realized a loss on the sale or exchange of fund shares that you held for six months or less, your short-term capital loss must be reclassified as a long-term capital loss to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributions received during the period you held the shares. For funds investing in foreign instruments, distributions resulting from the sale of certain foreign currencies, currency contracts, and the foreign currency portion of gains on debt instruments are taxed as ordinary income. Net foreign currency losses may cause monthly or quarterly dividends to be reclassified as returns of capital.
A fund’s distributions that have exceeded the fund’s earnings and profits for the relevant tax year may be treated as a return of capital to its shareholders. A return of capital distribution is generally nontaxable but reduces the shareholder’s cost basis in the fund, and any return of capital in excess of the cost basis will result in a capital gain.
The tax status of certain distributions may be recharacterized on year-end tax forms, such as your Form 1099-DIV. Distributions made by a fund may later be recharacterized for federal income tax purposes—for example, from taxable ordinary income dividends to returns of capital. A recharacterization of distributions may occur for a number of reasons, including the
INFORMATION ABOUT ACCOUNTS IN T. ROWE PRICE FUNDS | 53 |
recharacterization of income received from underlying investments, such as REITs, and distributions that exceed taxable income due to losses from foreign currency transactions or other investment transactions. Certain funds, including international bond funds and funds that invest significantly in REITs, are more likely to recharacterize a portion of their distributions as a result of their investments. The Retirement Income 2020 Fund is also more likely to have some or all of its distributions recharacterized as returns of capital because of the predetermined monthly distribution amount.
If the fund qualifies and elects to pass through nonrefundable foreign income taxes paid to foreign governments during the year, your portion of such taxes will be reported to you as taxable income. However, you may be able to claim an offsetting credit or deduction on your tax return for those amounts. There can be no assurance that a fund will meet the requirements to pass through foreign income taxes paid.
If you are subject to backup withholding, we will have to withhold a 24% backup withholding tax on distributions and, in some cases, redemption payments. You may be subject to backup withholding if we are notified by the Internal Revenue Service to withhold, you have failed one or more tax certification requirements, or our records indicate that your tax identification number is missing or incorrect. Backup withholding is not an additional tax and is generally available to credit against your federal income tax liability with any excess refunded to you by the Internal Revenue Service.
The following table provides additional details on distributions for certain funds:
Taxes on Fund Distributions |
Tax-Free and Municipal Funds |
· Gains realized on the sale of market discount bonds with maturities beyond one year may be treated as ordinary income and cannot be offset by other capital losses. · Payments received or gains realized on certain derivative transactions may result in taxable ordinary income or capital gains. · To the extent the fund makes such investments, the likelihood of a taxable distribution will be increased. |
Limited Duration Inflation Focused Bond and Inflation Protected Bond Funds |
· Inflation adjustments on Treasury inflation protected securities that exceed deflation adjustments for the year will be distributed as a short-term capital gain, resulting in ordinary income. · In computing the distribution amount, the funds cannot reduce inflation adjustments by short- or long-term capital losses from the sales of securities. · Net deflation adjustments for a year may result in all or a portion of dividends paid earlier in the year being treated as a return of capital. |
Retirement, Retirement I, Spectrum, and Target Funds |
· Distributions by the underlying funds and changes in asset allocations may result in taxable distributions of ordinary income or capital gains. |
Tax Consequences of Liquidity Fees
It is currently anticipated that shareholders of retail money market funds that impose a liquidity fee may generally treat the liquidity fee as offsetting the shareholder’s amount realized
T. ROWE PRICE | 54 |
on the redemption (thereby decreasing the shareholder’s gain, or increasing the shareholder’s loss, on the redeemed amount). A fund that imposes a liquidity fee anticipates using 100% of the fee to help repair a market-based net asset value per share that was below $1.00.
Because the retail money market funds use amortized cost to maintain a stable share price of $1.00, in the event that a liquidity fee is imposed, a fund may need to distribute to its remaining shareholders sufficient value to prevent the fund from breaking the buck on the upside (i.e., by rounding up to $1.01 in pricing its shares) if the imposition of a liquidity fee causes the fund’s market-based net asset value to reach $1.0050. To the extent that a fund has sufficient earnings and profits to support the distribution, the additional dividends would be taxable as ordinary income to shareholders and would be eligible for deduction by the fund. Any distribution in excess of the fund’s earnings and profits would be treated as a return of capital, which would reduce your cost basis in the fund shares.
Tax Consequences of Hedging
Entering into certain transactions involving options, futures, swaps, and forward currency exchange contracts may result in the application of the mark-to-market and straddle provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. These provisions could result in a fund being required to distribute gains on such transactions even though it did not close the contracts during the year or receive cash to pay such distributions. The fund may not be able to reduce its distributions for losses on such transactions to the extent of unrealized gains in offsetting positions.
Tax Effect of Buying Shares Before an Income Dividend or Capital Gain Distribution
If you buy shares shortly before or on the record date—the date that establishes you as the person to receive the upcoming distribution—you may receive a portion of the money you just invested in the form of a taxable distribution. Therefore, you may wish to find out a fund’s record date before investing. In addition, a fund’s share price may, at any time, reflect undistributed capital gains or income and unrealized appreciation, which may result in future taxable distributions. Such distributions can occur even in a year when the fund has a negative return.
T. Rowe Price Funds and their agents, in their sole discretion, reserve the following rights: (1) to waive or lower investment minimums; (2) to accept initial purchases by telephone; (3) to refuse any purchase or exchange order; (4) to cancel or rescind any purchase or exchange order placed through a financial intermediary no later than the business day after the order is received by the financial intermediary (including, but not limited to, orders deemed to result in excessive trading, market timing, or 5% ownership); (5) to cease offering fund shares at any time to all or certain groups of investors; (6) to freeze any account and suspend account services when notice has been received of a dispute regarding the ownership of the account, or a legal claim against an account, upon initial notification to T. Rowe Price of a shareholder’s
INFORMATION ABOUT ACCOUNTS IN T. ROWE PRICE FUNDS | 55 |
death until T. Rowe Price receives required documentation in correct form, or if there is reason to believe a fraudulent transaction may occur; (7) to otherwise modify the conditions of purchase and modify or terminate any services at any time; (8) to waive any wire, small account, maintenance, or fiduciary fees charged to a group of shareholders; (9) to act on instructions reasonably believed to be genuine; (10) to involuntarily redeem an account at the net asset value calculated the day the account is redeemed when permitted by law, including in cases of threatening conduct, or suspected fraudulent or illegal activity, or if the fund or its agent is unable, through its procedures, to verify the identity of the person(s) or entity opening an account; and (11) for money market funds, to suspend redemptions to facilitate an orderly liquidation.
The fund’s Statement of Additional Information, which contains a more detailed description of the fund’s operations, investment restrictions, policies and practices, has been filed with the SEC. The Statement of Additional Information is incorporated by reference into this prospectus, which means that it is legally part of this prospectus even if you do not request a copy. Further information about the fund’s investments, including a review of market conditions and the manager’s recent investment strategies and their impact on performance during the past fiscal year, is available in the annual and semiannual shareholder reports. These documents and updated performance information are available through troweprice.com. For inquiries about the fund and to obtain free copies of any of these documents, call 1-800-638-5660. If you invest in the fund through a financial intermediary, you should contact your financial intermediary for copies of these documents.
Fund reports and other fund information are available on the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s internet site at http://www.sec.gov. Copies of this information may be obtained, after paying a duplicating fee, by electronic request at publicinfo@sec.gov.
T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. |
1940 Act File No. 811-4998 | F118-040 5/1/20 |
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION |
This is the Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”) for all of the funds listed below. It is divided into two parts (Part I and Part II). Part I primarily contains information that is particular to each fund, while Part II contains information that generally applies to all of the mutual funds sponsored and managed by T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. (“Price Funds”).
The date of this Statement of Additional Information is May 1, 2020.
T. ROWE PRICE BALANCED FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Balanced Fund | RPBAX |
T. Rowe Price Balanced Fund—I Class | RBAIX |
T. ROWE PRICE BLUE CHIP GROWTH FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Blue Chip Growth Fund | TRBCX |
T. Rowe Price Blue Chip Growth Fund—Advisor Class | PABGX |
T. Rowe Price Blue Chip Growth Fund—I Class | TBCIX |
T. Rowe Price Blue Chip Growth Fund—R Class | RRBGX |
T. ROWE PRICE CAPITAL APPRECIATION FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Capital Appreciation Fund | PRWCX |
T. Rowe Price Capital Appreciation Fund—Advisor Class | PACLX |
T. Rowe Price Capital Appreciation Fund—I Class | TRAIX |
T. ROWE PRICE COMMUNICATIONS & TECHNOLOGY FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Communications & Technology Fund | PRMTX |
T. Rowe Price Communications & Technology Fund—I Class | TTMIX |
T. ROWE PRICE CORPORATE INCOME FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Corporate Income Fund | PRPIX |
T. Rowe Price Corporate Income Fund—I Class | TICCX |
T. ROWE PRICE CREDIT OPPORTUNITIES FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Credit Opportunities Fund | PRCPX |
T. Rowe Price Credit Opportunities Fund—Advisor Class | PAOPX |
T. Rowe Price Credit Opportunities Fund—I Class | TCRRX |
T. ROWE PRICE DIVERSIFIED MID-CAP GROWTH FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Diversified Mid-Cap Growth Fund | PRDMX |
T. Rowe Price Diversified Mid-Cap Growth Fund—I Class | RPTTX |
T. ROWE PRICE DIVIDEND GROWTH FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Dividend Growth Fund | PRDGX |
T. Rowe Price Dividend Growth Fund—Advisor Class | TADGX |
T. Rowe Price Dividend Growth Fund—I Class | PDGIX |
C00-042 5/1/20
T. ROWE PRICE EQUITY FUNDS, INC. (FORMERLY T. ROWE PRICE INSTITUTIONAL EQUITY FUNDS, INC.) | |
T. Rowe Price Institutional Large-Cap Core Growth Fund | TPLGX |
T. Rowe Price Institutional Mid-Cap Equity Growth Fund | PMEGX |
T. Rowe Price Institutional Small-Cap Stock Fund | TRSSX |
T. Rowe Price Large-Cap Growth Fund | TRGOX |
T. Rowe Price Large-Cap Growth Fund—I Class (formerly T. Rowe Price Institutional Large-Cap Growth Fund) | TRLGX |
T. Rowe Price Large-Cap Value Fund | TRLUX |
T. Rowe Price Large-Cap Value Fund—I Class (formerly T. Rowe Price Institutional Large-Cap Value Fund) | TILCX |
T. ROWE PRICE EQUITY INCOME FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Equity Income Fund | PRFDX |
T. Rowe Price Equity Income Fund—Advisor Class | PAFDX |
T. Rowe Price Equity Income Fund—I Class | REIPX |
T. Rowe Price Equity Income Fund—R Class | RRFDX |
T. ROWE PRICE FINANCIAL SERVICES FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Financial Services Fund | PRISX |
T. Rowe Price Financial Services Fund—I Class | TFIFX |
T. ROWE PRICE FLOATING RATE FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Floating Rate Fund | PRFRX |
T. Rowe Price Floating Rate Fund—Advisor Class | PAFRX |
T. Rowe Price Floating Rate Fund—I Class | TFAIX |
T. Rowe Price Floating Rate Fund—Z Class | TRIZX |
T. ROWE PRICE GLOBAL ALLOCATION FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Global Allocation Fund | RPGAX |
T. Rowe Price Global Allocation Fund—Advisor Class | PAFGX |
T. Rowe Price Global Allocation Fund—I Class | TGAFX |
T. ROWE PRICE GLOBAL FUNDS, INC. (FORMERLY INSTITUTIONAL INTERNATIONAL FUNDS, INC.) | |
T. Rowe Price Global Value Equity Fund | TRGVX |
T. Rowe Price Global Value Equity Fund—I Class (formerly T. Rowe Price Institutional Global Value Equity Fund) | PRIGX |
T. Rowe Price Institutional Africa & Middle East Fund | TRIAX |
T. Rowe Price Institutional Emerging Markets Bond Fund | TREBX |
T. Rowe Price Institutional Emerging Markets Equity Fund | IEMFX |
T. Rowe Price Institutional International Core Equity Fund | TRCEX |
T. Rowe Price Institutional International Disciplined Equity Fund | RPICX |
T. Rowe Price Institutional International Growth Equity Fund | PRFEX |
T. ROWE PRICE GLOBAL MULTI-SECTOR BOND FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Global Multi-Sector Bond Fund | PRSNX |
T. Rowe Price Global Multi-Sector Bond Fund—Advisor Class | PRSAX |
T. Rowe Price Global Multi-Sector Bond Fund—I Class | PGMSX |
T. ROWE PRICE GLOBAL REAL ESTATE FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Global Real Estate Fund | TRGRX |
T. Rowe Price Global Real Estate Fund—Advisor Class | PAGEX |
T. Rowe Price Global Real Estate Fund—I Class | TIRGX |
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T. ROWE PRICE GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Global Technology Fund | PRGTX |
T. Rowe Price Global Technology Fund—I Class | PGTIX |
T. ROWE PRICE GNMA FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price GNMA Fund | PRGMX |
T. Rowe Price GNMA Fund—I Class | PRXAX |
T. ROWE PRICE GOVERNMENT MONEY FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Government Money Fund | PRRXX |
T. Rowe Price Government Money Fund—I Class | TTGXX |
T. ROWE PRICE GROWTH & INCOME FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Growth & Income Fund | PRGIX |
T. Rowe Price Growth & Income Fund—I Class | TGTIX |
T. ROWE PRICE GROWTH STOCK FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Growth Stock Fund | PRGFX |
T. Rowe Price Growth Stock Fund—Advisor Class | TRSAX |
T. Rowe Price Growth Stock Fund—I Class | PRUFX |
T. Rowe Price Growth Stock Fund—R Class | RRGSX |
T. Rowe Price Growth Stock Fund—Z Class | TRJZX |
T. ROWE PRICE HEALTH SCIENCES FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Health Sciences Fund | PRHSX |
T. Rowe Price Health Sciences Fund—I Class | THISX |
T. ROWE PRICE HIGH YIELD FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price High Yield Fund | PRHYX |
T. Rowe Price High Yield Fund—Advisor Class | PAHIX |
T. Rowe Price High Yield Fund—I Class | PRHIX |
T. Rowe Price High Yield Fund—Z Class | TRKZX |
T. Rowe Price U.S. High Yield Fund | TUHYX |
T. Rowe Price U.S. High Yield Fund—Advisor Class | TUHAX |
T. Rowe Price U.S. High Yield Fund—I Class | TUHIX |
T. ROWE PRICE INDEX TRUST, INC. |
|
T. Rowe Price Equity Index 500 Fund | PREIX |
T. Rowe Price Equity Index 500 Fund—I Class | PRUIX |
T. Rowe Price Equity Index 500 Fund—Z Class | TRHZX |
T. Rowe Price Extended Equity Market Index Fund | PEXMX |
T. Rowe Price Mid-Cap Index Fund | — |
T. Rowe Price Mid-Cap Index Fund—I Class | — |
T. Rowe Price Mid-Cap Index Fund—Z Class | TRSZX |
T. Rowe Price Small-Cap Index Fund | — |
T. Rowe Price Small-Cap Index Fund—I Class | — |
T. Rowe Price Small-Cap Index Fund—Z Class | TRZIX |
T. Rowe Price Total Equity Market Index Fund | POMIX |
T. ROWE PRICE INFLATION PROTECTED BOND FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Inflation Protected Bond Fund | PRIPX |
T. Rowe Price Inflation Protected Bond Fund—I Class | TIIPX |
3
T. ROWE PRICE INSTITUTIONAL INCOME FUNDS, INC. |
|
T. Rowe Price Institutional Cash Reserves Fund | ICFXX |
T. Rowe Price Institutional Core Plus Fund | TICPX |
T. Rowe Price Institutional Floating Rate Fund | RPIFX |
T. Rowe Price Institutional Floating Rate Fund—F Class | PFFRX |
T. Rowe Price Institutional Floating Rate Fund—Z Class | TRAZX |
T. Rowe Price Institutional High Yield Fund | TRHYX |
T. Rowe Price Institutional High Yield Fund—Z Class | TRCZX |
T. Rowe Price Institutional Long Duration Credit Fund | RPLCX |
T. ROWE PRICE INTERMEDIATE TAX-FREE HIGH YIELD FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Intermediate Tax-Free High Yield Fund | PRIHX |
T. Rowe Price Intermediate Tax-Free High Yield Fund—Advisor Class | PRAHX |
T. Rowe Price Intermediate Tax-Free High Yield Fund—I Class | TFHAX |
T. ROWE PRICE INTERNATIONAL FUNDS, INC. |
|
T. Rowe Price Africa & Middle East Fund | TRAMX |
T. Rowe Price Africa & Middle East Fund—I Class | PRAMX |
T. Rowe Price Asia Opportunities Fund | TRAOX |
T. Rowe Price Asia Opportunities Fund—Advisor Class | PAAOX |
T. Rowe Price Asia Opportunities Fund—I Class | TRASX |
T. Rowe Price China Evolution Equity Fund | TCELX |
T. Rowe Price China Evolution Equity Fund—I Class | TRCLX |
T. Rowe Price Dynamic Credit Fund | RPIDX |
T. Rowe Price Dynamic Credit Fund—I Class | RPELX |
T. Rowe Price Dynamic Global Bond Fund | RPIEX |
T. Rowe Price Dynamic Global Bond Fund—Advisor Class | PAIEX |
T. Rowe Price Dynamic Global Bond Fund—I Class | RPEIX |
T. Rowe Price Dynamic Global Bond Fund—Z Class | TRDZX |
T. Rowe Price Emerging Europe Fund | TREMX |
T. Rowe Price Emerging Europe Fund—I Class | TTEEX |
T. Rowe Price Emerging Markets Bond Fund | PREMX |
T. Rowe Price Emerging Markets Bond Fund—Advisor Class | PAIKX |
T. Rowe Price Emerging Markets Bond Fund—I Class | PRXIX |
T. Rowe Price Emerging Markets Bond Fund—Z Class | TREZX |
T. Rowe Price Emerging Markets Corporate Bond Fund | TRECX |
T. Rowe Price Emerging Markets Corporate Bond Fund—Advisor Class | PACEX |
T. Rowe Price Emerging Markets Corporate Bond Fund—I Class | TECIX |
T. Rowe Price Emerging Markets Discovery Stock Fund | PRIJX |
T. Rowe Price Emerging Markets Discovery Stock Fund—Advisor Class | PAIJX |
T. Rowe Price Emerging Markets Discovery Stock Fund—I Class | REVIX |
T. Rowe Price Emerging Markets Discovery Stock Fund—Z Class | TRFZX |
T. Rowe Price Emerging Markets Local Currency Bond Fund | PRELX |
T. Rowe Price Emerging Markets Local Currency Bond Fund—Advisor Class | PAELX |
T. Rowe Price Emerging Markets Local Currency Bond Fund—I Class | TEIMX |
4
T. Rowe Price Emerging Markets Stock Fund | PRMSX |
T. Rowe Price Emerging Markets Stock Fund—I Class | PRZIX |
T. Rowe Price Emerging Markets Stock Fund—Z Class | TRGZX |
T. Rowe Price European Stock Fund | PRESX |
T. Rowe Price European Stock Fund—I Class | TEUIX |
T. Rowe Price Global Consumer Fund | PGLOX |
T. Rowe Price Global Growth Stock Fund | RPGEX |
T. Rowe Price Global Growth Stock Fund—Advisor Class | PAGLX |
T. Rowe Price Global Growth Stock Fund—I Class | RGGIX |
T. Rowe Price Global High Income Bond Fund | RPIHX |
T. Rowe Price Global High Income Bond Fund—Advisor Class | PAIHX |
T. Rowe Price Global High Income Bond Fund—I Class | RPOIX |
T. Rowe Price Global Industrials Fund | RPGIX |
T. Rowe Price Global Industrials Fund—I Class | TRGAX |
T. Rowe Price Global Stock Fund | PRGSX |
T. Rowe Price Global Stock Fund—Advisor Class | PAGSX |
T. Rowe Price Global Stock Fund—I Class | TRGLX |
T. Rowe Price International Bond Fund | RPIBX |
T. Rowe Price International Bond Fund—Advisor Class | PAIBX |
T. Rowe Price International Bond Fund—I Class | RPISX |
T. Rowe Price International Bond Fund—Z Class | TRLZX |
T. Rowe Price International Bond Fund (USD Hedged) | TNIBX |
T. Rowe Price International Bond Fund (USD Hedged)—Advisor Class | TTABX |
T. Rowe Price International Bond Fund (USD Hedged)—I Class | TNBMX |
T. Rowe Price International Bond Fund (USD Hedged)—Z Class | TRMZX |
T. Rowe Price International Disciplined Equity Fund | PRCNX |
T. Rowe Price International Disciplined Equity Fund—Advisor Class | PRNCX |
T. Rowe Price International Disciplined Equity Fund—I Class | RICIX |
T. Rowe Price International Discovery Fund | PRIDX |
T. Rowe Price International Discovery Fund—I Class | TIDDX |
T. Rowe Price International Stock Fund | PRITX |
T. Rowe Price International Stock Fund—Advisor Class | PAITX |
T. Rowe Price International Stock Fund—I Class | PRIUX |
T. Rowe Price International Stock Fund—R Class | RRITX |
T. Rowe Price International Stock Fund—Z Class | TRNZX |
T. Rowe Price International Value Equity Fund | TRIGX |
T. Rowe Price International Value Equity Fund—Advisor Class | PAIGX |
T. Rowe Price International Value Equity Fund—I Class | TRTIX |
T. Rowe Price International Value Equity Fund—R Class | RRIGX |
T. Rowe Price International Value Equity Fund—Z Class | TROZX |
T. Rowe Price Japan Fund | PRJPX |
T. Rowe Price Japan Fund—I Class | RJAIX |
T. Rowe Price Latin America Fund | PRLAX |
T. Rowe Price Latin America Fund—I Class | RLAIX |
5
T. Rowe Price New Asia Fund | PRASX |
T. Rowe Price New Asia Fund—I Class | PNSIX |
T. Rowe Price Overseas Stock Fund | TROSX |
T. Rowe Price Overseas Stock Fund—Advisor Class | PAEIX |
T. Rowe Price Overseas Stock Fund—I Class | TROIX |
T. Rowe Price Overseas Stock Fund—Z Class | TRZSX |
T. ROWE PRICE INTERNATIONAL INDEX FUND, INC. |
|
T. Rowe Price International Equity Index Fund | PIEQX |
T. ROWE PRICE LIMITED DURATION INFLATION FOCUSED BOND FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Limited Duration Inflation Focused Bond Fund | TRBFX |
T. Rowe Price Limited Duration Inflation Focused Bond Fund—I Class | TRLDX |
T. Rowe Price Limited Duration Inflation Focused Bond Fund—Z Class | TRPZX |
T. ROWE PRICE MID-CAP GROWTH FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Mid-Cap Growth Fund | RPMGX |
T. Rowe Price Mid-Cap Growth Fund—Advisor Class | PAMCX |
T. Rowe Price Mid-Cap Growth Fund—I Class | RPTIX |
T. Rowe Price Mid-Cap Growth Fund—R Class | RRMGX |
T. Rowe Price Mid-Cap Growth Fund—Z Class | TRQZX |
T. ROWE PRICE MID-CAP VALUE FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Mid-Cap Value Fund | TRMCX |
T. Rowe Price Mid-Cap Value Fund—Advisor Class | TAMVX |
T. Rowe Price Mid-Cap Value Fund—I Class | TRMIX |
T. Rowe Price Mid-Cap Value Fund—R Class | RRMVX |
T. Rowe Price Mid-Cap Value Fund—Z Class | TRTZX |
T. ROWE PRICE MULTI-SECTOR ACCOUNT PORTFOLIOS, INC. |
|
T. Rowe Price Emerging Markets Corporate Multi-Sector Account Portfolio | — |
T. Rowe Price Emerging Markets Local Multi-Sector Account Portfolio | — |
T. Rowe Price Floating Rate Multi-Sector Account Portfolio | — |
T. Rowe Price High Yield Multi-Sector Account Portfolio | — |
T. Rowe Price Investment-Grade Corporate Multi-Sector Account Portfolio | — |
T. Rowe Price Mortgage-Backed Securities Multi-Sector Account Portfolio | — |
T. ROWE PRICE MULTI-STRATEGY TOTAL RETURN FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Multi-Strategy Total Return Fund | TMSRX |
T. Rowe Price Multi-Strategy Total Return Fund—Advisor Class | TMSAX |
T. Rowe Price Multi-Strategy Total Return Fund—I Class | TMSSX |
T. ROWE PRICE NEW AMERICA GROWTH FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price New America Growth Fund | PRWAX |
T. Rowe Price New America Growth Fund—Advisor Class | PAWAX |
T. Rowe Price New America Growth Fund—I Class | PNAIX |
T. ROWE PRICE NEW ERA FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price New Era Fund | PRNEX |
T. Rowe Price New Era Fund—I Class | TRNEX |
6
T. ROWE PRICE NEW HORIZONS FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price New Horizons Fund | PRNHX |
T. Rowe Price New Horizons Fund—I Class | PRJIX |
T. Rowe Price New Horizons Fund—Z Class | TRUZX |
T. ROWE PRICE NEW INCOME FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price New Income Fund | PRCIX |
T. Rowe Price New Income Fund—Advisor Class | PANIX |
T. Rowe Price New Income Fund—I Class | PRXEX |
T. Rowe Price New Income Fund—R Class | RRNIX |
T. Rowe Price New Income Fund—Z Class | TRVZX |
T. ROWE PRICE QUANTITATIVE MANAGEMENT FUNDS, INC. |
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T. Rowe Price QM Global Equity Fund | TQGEX |
T. Rowe Price QM Global Equity Fund—Advisor Class | TQGAX |
T. Rowe Price QM Global Equity Fund—I Class | TQGIX |
T. Rowe Price QM U.S. Small & Mid-Cap Core Equity Fund | TQSMX |
T. Rowe Price QM U.S. Small & Mid-Cap Core Equity Fund—Advisor Class | TQSAX |
T. Rowe Price QM U.S. Small & Mid-Cap Core Equity Fund—I Class | TQSIX |
T. Rowe Price QM U.S. Small-Cap Growth Equity Fund | PRDSX |
T. Rowe Price QM U.S. Small-Cap Growth Equity Fund—Advisor Class | TQAAX |
T. Rowe Price QM U.S. Small-Cap Growth Equity Fund—I Class | TQAIX |
T. Rowe Price QM U.S. Value Equity Fund | TQMVX |
T. Rowe Price QM U.S. Value Equity Fund—Advisor Class | TQVAX |
T. Rowe Price QM U.S. Value Equity Fund—I Class | TQVIX |
T. ROWE PRICE REAL ASSETS FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Real Assets Fund | PRAFX |
T. Rowe Price Real Assets Fund—I Class | PRIKX |
T. Rowe Price Real Assets Fund—Z Class | TRZRX |
T. ROWE PRICE REAL ESTATE FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Real Estate Fund | TRREX |
T. Rowe Price Real Estate Fund—Advisor Class | PAREX |
T. Rowe Price Real Estate Fund—I Class | TIRRX |
T. ROWE PRICE RESERVE INVESTMENT FUNDS, INC. (“TRP RESERVE FUNDS”) |
|
T. Rowe Price Government Reserve Fund | — |
T. Rowe Price Short-Term Fund | — |
T. Rowe Price Short-Term Government Fund | — |
T. Rowe Price Treasury Reserve Fund | — |
T. ROWE PRICE RETIREMENT FUNDS, INC. (“RETIREMENT FUNDS”) |
|
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2005 Fund | TRRFX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2005 Fund—Advisor Class | PARGX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2005 Fund—R Class | RRTLX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2010 Fund | TRRAX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2010 Fund—Advisor Class | PARAX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2010 Fund—R Class | RRTAX |
7
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2015 Fund | TRRGX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2015 Fund—Advisor Class | PARHX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2015 Fund—R Class | RRTMX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2020 Fund | TRRBX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2020 Fund—Advisor Class | PARBX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2020 Fund—R Class | RRTBX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2025 Fund | TRRHX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2025 Fund—Advisor Class | PARJX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2025 Fund—R Class | RRTNX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2030 Fund | TRRCX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2030 Fund—Advisor Class | PARCX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2030 Fund—R Class | RRTCX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2035 Fund | TRRJX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2035 Fund—Advisor Class | PARKX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2035 Fund—R Class | RRTPX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2040 Fund | TRRDX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2040 Fund—Advisor Class | PARDX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2040 Fund—R Class | RRTDX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2045 Fund | TRRKX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2045 Fund—Advisor Class | PARLX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2045 Fund—R Class | RRTRX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2050 Fund | TRRMX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2050 Fund—Advisor Class | PARFX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2050 Fund—R Class | RRTFX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2055 Fund | TRRNX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2055 Fund—Advisor Class | PAROX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2055 Fund—R Class | RRTVX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2060 Fund | TRRLX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2060 Fund—Advisor Class | TRRYX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement 2060 Fund—R Class | TRRZX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement Balanced Fund | TRRIX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement Balanced Fund—Advisor Class | PARIX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement Balanced Fund—R Class | RRTIX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement I 2005 Fund—I Class | TRPFX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement I 2010 Fund—I Class | TRPAX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement I 2015 Fund—I Class | TRFGX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement I 2020 Fund—I Class | TRBRX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement I 2025 Fund—I Class | TRPHX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement I 2030 Fund—I Class | TRPCX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement I 2035 Fund—I Class | TRPJX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement I 2040 Fund—I Class | TRPDX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement I 2045 Fund—I Class | TRPKX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement I 2050 Fund—I Class | TRPMX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement I 2055 Fund—I Class | TRPNX |
8
T. Rowe Price Retirement I 2060 Fund—I Class | TRPLX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement Balanced I Fund—I Class | TRPTX |
T. Rowe Price Retirement Income 2020 Fund | TRLAX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2005 Fund | TRARX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2005 Fund—Advisor Class | PANRX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2005 Fund—I Class | TFRRX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2010 Fund | TRROX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2010 Fund—Advisor Class | PAERX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2010 Fund—I Class | TORFX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2015 Fund | TRRTX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2015 Fund—Advisor Class | PAHRX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2015 Fund—I Class | TTRTX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2020 Fund | TRRUX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2020 Fund—Advisor Class | PAIRX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2020 Fund—I Class | TTURX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2025 Fund | TRRVX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2025 Fund—Advisor Class | PAJRX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2025 Fund—I Class | TRVVX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2030 Fund | TRRWX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2030 Fund—Advisor Class | PAKRX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2030 Fund—I Class | TWRRX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2035 Fund | RPGRX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2035 Fund—Advisor Class | PATVX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2035 Fund—I Class | TPGPX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2040 Fund | TRHRX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2040 Fund—Advisor Class | PAHHX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2040 Fund—I Class | TRXRX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2045 Fund | RPTFX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2045 Fund—Advisor Class | PAFFX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2045 Fund—I Class | TRFWX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2050 Fund | TRFOX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2050 Fund—Advisor Class | PAOFX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2050 Fund—I Class | TOORX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2055 Fund | TRFFX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2055 Fund—Advisor Class | PAFTX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2055 Fund—I Class | TRPPX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2060 Fund | TRTFX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2060 Fund—Advisor Class | TRTGX |
T. Rowe Price Target 2060 Fund—I Class | TTOIX |
T. ROWE PRICE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Science & Technology Fund | PRSCX |
T. Rowe Price Science & Technology Fund—Advisor Class | PASTX |
T. Rowe Price Science & Technology Fund—I Class | TSNIX |
9
T. ROWE PRICE SHORT-TERM BOND FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Short-Term Bond Fund | PRWBX |
T. Rowe Price Short-Term Bond Fund—Advisor Class | PASHX |
T. Rowe Price Short-Term Bond Fund—I Class | TBSIX |
T. Rowe Price Ultra Short-Term Bond Fund | TRBUX |
T. Rowe Price Ultra Short-Term Bond Fund—I Class | TRSTX |
T. ROWE PRICE SMALL-CAP STOCK FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Small-Cap Stock Fund | OTCFX |
T. Rowe Price Small-Cap Stock Fund—Advisor Class | PASSX |
T. Rowe Price Small-Cap Stock Fund—I Class | OTIIX |
T. Rowe Price Small-Cap Stock Fund—Z Class | TRZZX |
T. ROWE PRICE SMALL-CAP VALUE FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Small-Cap Value Fund | PRSVX |
T. Rowe Price Small-Cap Value Fund—Advisor Class | PASVX |
T. Rowe Price Small-Cap Value Fund—I Class | PRVIX |
T. Rowe Price Small-Cap Value Fund—Z Class | TRZVX |
T. ROWE PRICE SPECTRUM FUND, INC. (“SPECTRUM FUNDS”) |
|
Spectrum Growth Fund | PRSGX |
Spectrum Income Fund | RPSIX |
Spectrum International Fund | PSILX |
T. ROWE PRICE SPECTRUM FUNDS II, INC. (“SPECTRUM FUNDS II”) (FORMERLY T. ROWE PRICE PERSONAL STRATEGY FUNDS, INC.) |
|
T. Rowe Price Spectrum Conservative Allocation Fund (formerly T. Rowe Price Personal Strategy Income Fund) | PRSIX |
T. Rowe Price Spectrum Conservative Allocation Fund—I Class (formerly T. Rowe Price Personal Strategy Income Fund—I Class) | PPIPX |
T. Rowe Price Spectrum Moderate Allocation Fund (formerly T. Rowe Price Personal Strategy Balanced Fund) | TRPBX |
T. Rowe Price Spectrum Moderate Allocation Fund—I Class (formerly T. Rowe Price Personal Strategy Balanced Fund—I Class) | TRPAX |
T. Rowe Price Spectrum Moderate Growth Allocation Fund (formerly T. Rowe Price Personal Strategy Growth Fund) | TRSGX |
T. Rowe Price Spectrum Moderate Growth Allocation Fund—I Class (formerly T. Rowe Price Personal Strategy Growth Fund—I Class) | TGIPX |
T. ROWE PRICE STATE TAX-FREE FUNDS, INC. |
|
T. Rowe Price California Tax-Free Bond Fund | PRXCX |
T. Rowe Price California Tax-Free Bond Fund—I Class | TCFEX |
T. Rowe Price California Tax-Free Money Fund | PCTXX |
T. Rowe Price California Tax-Free Money Fund—I Class | TCBXX |
T. Rowe Price Georgia Tax-Free Bond Fund | GTFBX |
T. Rowe Price Georgia Tax-Free Bond Fund—I Class | TBGAX |
T. Rowe Price Maryland Short-Term Tax-Free Bond Fund | PRMDX |
T. Rowe Price Maryland Short-Term Tax-Free Bond Fund—I Class | TRMUX |
T. Rowe Price Maryland Tax-Free Bond Fund | MDXBX |
T. Rowe Price Maryland Tax-Free Bond Fund—I Class | TFBIX |
T. Rowe Price Maryland Tax-Free Money Fund | TMDXX |
T. Rowe Price Maryland Tax-Free Money Fund—I Class | TWNXX |
10
T. Rowe Price New Jersey Tax-Free Bond Fund | NJTFX |
T. Rowe Price New Jersey Tax-Free Bond Fund—I Class | TRJIX |
T. Rowe Price New York Tax-Free Bond Fund | PRNYX |
T. Rowe Price New York Tax-Free Bond Fund—I Class | TRYIX |
T. Rowe Price New York Tax-Free Money Fund | NYTXX |
T. Rowe Price New York Tax-Free Money Fund—I Class | TRNXX |
T. Rowe Price Virginia Tax-Free Bond Fund | PRVAX |
T. Rowe Price Virginia Tax-Free Bond Fund—I Class | TFBVX |
T. ROWE PRICE SUMMIT FUNDS, INC. (“SUMMIT INCOME FUNDS”) |
|
T. Rowe Price Cash Reserves Fund | TSCXX |
T. ROWE PRICE SUMMIT MUNICIPAL FUNDS, INC. (“SUMMIT MUNICIPAL FUNDS”) |
|
T. Rowe Price Summit Municipal Income Fund | PRINX |
T. Rowe Price Summit Municipal Income Fund—Advisor Class | PAIMX |
T. Rowe Price Summit Municipal Income Fund—I Class | PRIMX |
T. Rowe Price Summit Municipal Intermediate Fund | PRSMX |
T. Rowe Price Summit Municipal Intermediate Fund—Advisor Class | PAIFX |
T. Rowe Price Summit Municipal Intermediate Fund—I Class | PRTMX |
T. Rowe Price Summit Municipal Money Market Fund | TRSXX |
T. ROWE PRICE TAX-EFFICIENT FUNDS, INC. (“TAX-EFFICIENT FUNDS”) |
|
T. Rowe Price Tax-Efficient Equity Fund | PREFX |
T. Rowe Price Tax-Efficient Equity Fund—I Class | TEEFX |
T. ROWE PRICE TAX-EXEMPT MONEY FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Tax-Exempt Money Fund | PTEXX |
T. Rowe Price Tax-Exempt Money Fund—I Class | TERXX |
T. ROWE PRICE TAX-FREE HIGH YIELD FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Tax-Free High Yield Fund | PRFHX |
T. Rowe Price Tax-Free High Yield Fund—Advisor Class | PATFX |
T. Rowe Price Tax-Free High Yield Fund—I Class | PTYIX |
T. ROWE PRICE TAX-FREE INCOME FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Tax-Free Income Fund | PRTAX |
T. Rowe Price Tax-Free Income Fund—Advisor Class | PATAX |
T. Rowe Price Tax-Free Income Fund—I Class | TFILX |
T. ROWE PRICE TAX-FREE SHORT-INTERMEDIATE FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Tax-Free Short-Intermediate Fund | PRFSX |
T. Rowe Price Tax-Free Short-Intermediate Fund—Advisor Class | PATIX |
T. Rowe Price Tax-Free Short-Intermediate Fund—I Class | TTSIX |
T. ROWE PRICE TOTAL RETURN FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Total Return Fund | PTTFX |
T. Rowe Price Total Return Fund—Advisor Class | PTATX |
T. Rowe Price Total Return Fund—I Class | PTKIX |
T. ROWE PRICE U.S. BOND ENHANCED INDEX FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price U.S. Bond Enhanced Index Fund | PBDIX |
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T. ROWE PRICE U.S. EQUITY RESEARCH FUND, INC. (FORMERLY T. ROWE PRICE CAPITAL OPPORTUNITY FUND, INC.) | |
T. Rowe Price U.S. Equity Research Fund (formerly T. Rowe Price Capital Opportunity Fund) | PRCOX |
T. Rowe Price U.S. Equity Research Fund—Advisor Class (formerly T. Rowe Price Capital Opportunity Fund—Advisor Class) | PACOX |
T. Rowe Price U.S. Equity Research Fund—I Class (formerly T. Rowe Price Capital Opportunity Fund—I Class) | PCCOX |
T. Rowe Price U.S. Equity Research Fund—R Class (formerly T. Rowe Price Capital Opportunity Fund—R Class) | RRCOX |
T. ROWE PRICE U.S. LARGE-CAP CORE FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price U.S. Large-Cap Core Fund | TRULX |
T. Rowe Price U.S. Large-Cap Core Fund—Advisor Class | PAULX |
T. Rowe Price U.S. Large-Cap Core Fund—I Class | RCLIX |
T. Rowe Price U.S. Large-Cap Core Fund—Z Class | TRZLX |
T. ROWE PRICE U.S. TREASURY FUNDS, INC. (“U.S. TREASURY FUNDS”) |
|
U.S. Treasury Intermediate Fund | PRTIX |
U.S. Treasury Intermediate Fund—I Class | PRKIX |
U.S. Treasury Long-Term Fund | PRULX |
U.S. Treasury Long-Term Fund—I Class | PRUUX |
U.S. Treasury Long-Term Fund—Z Class | TRZUX |
U.S. Treasury Money Fund | PRTXX |
U.S. Treasury Money Fund—I Class | TRGXX |
U.S. Treasury Money Fund—Z Class | TRZXX |
T. ROWE PRICE VALUE FUND, INC. | |
T. Rowe Price Value Fund | TRVLX |
T. Rowe Price Value Fund—Advisor Class | PAVLX |
T. Rowe Price Value Fund—I Class | TRPIX |
T. Rowe Price Value Fund—Z Class | TRZAX |
Mailing Address:
T. Rowe Price Investment Services, Inc.
100
East Pratt Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21202
1-800-638-5660
This SAI is not a prospectus but should be read in conjunction with the appropriate current fund prospectus, which may be obtained from T. Rowe Price Investment Services, Inc. (“Investment Services”).
Each fund’s financial statements for its most recent fiscal period and the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm are included in each fund’s annual or semiannual report and incorporated by reference into this SAI. China Evolution Equity Fund, China Evolution Equity Fund—I Class, Dynamic Credit Fund, Dynamic Credit Fund—I Class, Dynamic Global Bond Fund—Z Class, Emerging Markets Bond Fund—Z Class, Emerging Markets Discovery Stock Fund—Z Class, Emerging Markets Stock Fund—Z Class, Equity Index 500 Fund—Z Class, Floating Rate Fund—Z Class, Global Value Equity Fund (Investor Class), Growth Stock Fund—Z Class, High Yield Fund—Z Class, Institutional Floating Rate Fund—Z Class, Institutional High Yield Fund—Z Class, International Bond Fund (USD Hedged)—Z Class, International Stock Fund—Z Class, International Value Equity—Z Class, Large-Cap Growth Fund (Investor Class), Large-Cap Value Fund (Investor Class), Limited Duration Inflation Focused Bond Fund—Z Class, Mid-Cap Growth Fund—Z Class, Mid-Cap Index Fund—Z Class, Mid-Cap Value Fund—Z Class, New Horizons Fund—Z Class, New Income Fund—Z Class, Overseas Stock Fund—Z Class, Real Assets Fund—Z Class, Short-Term Government Fund, Small-Cap Stock Fund—Z Class, Small-Cap Value Fund—Z Class, U.S. Large-Cap Core Fund—Z Class, U.S. Treasury Long-Term
12
Fund—Z Class, U.S. Treasury Money Fund—Z Class, and Value Fund—Z Class, have not been in operation long enough to have complete financial statements.
If you would like a prospectus or an annual or semiannual shareholder report for a fund, please visit troweprice.com or call 1-800-638-5660 and it will be sent to you at no charge. Please read this material carefully.
13
PART I – TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Page
References to the following are as indicated:
Fitch Ratings, Inc. (“Fitch”)
Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (“Code”)
Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”)
Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (“1940 Act”)
Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”)
Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“1933 Act”)
Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”)
Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“1934 Act”)
S&P Global Ratings (“S&P”)
T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. (“T. Rowe Price” or “Price Associates”)
T. Rowe Price Hong Kong Limited (“Price Hong Kong”)
T. Rowe Price Japan, Inc. (“Price Japan”)
T. Rowe Price International Ltd (“T. Rowe Price International” or “Price International Ltd”)
T. Rowe Price Singapore Private Ltd. (“Price Singapore”)
While many Price Funds are offered in more than one share class, not all funds are offered in the share classes described below. The front cover of each Price Fund’s prospectus indicates which share classes are available for the fund.
Investor Class
The Investor Class is available to individual investors, institutions, and a wide variety of other types of investors. The Investor Class may be purchased directly through T. Rowe Price or through a financial intermediary. A Price Fund (other than an institutional fund) that does not indicate a specific share class after its name is considered to be the Investor Class of that fund.
I Class
The I Class generally requires a $1 million initial investment minimum, although the minimum generally is waived for financial intermediaries, retirement plans, and certain institutional client accounts for which T. Rowe Price or its affiliate has discretionary investment authority. I Class shares are generally designed to be sold to retirement plans, financial intermediaries, and other institutional investors, as well as individuals meeting the investment minimum or other specific criteria. The I Class may be purchased directly through T. Rowe Price or through a financial intermediary.
Advisor Class
The Advisor Class is designed to be sold through various financial intermediaries, such as broker-dealers, banks, insurance companies, retirement plan recordkeepers, and financial advisors. The Advisor Class must be purchased through an eligible intermediary (except for certain retirement plans held directly with T. Rowe Price). The Advisor Class requires an agreement between the financial intermediary and T. Rowe Price to be executed prior to investment.
R Class
The R Class is designed to be sold only through various third-party intermediaries that offer employer-sponsored defined contribution retirement plans and certain other accounts, including brokers, dealers, banks, insurance companies, retirement plan recordkeepers, and others. The R Class must be purchased through an eligible intermediary (except for
14
certain retirement plans held directly with T. Rowe Price). The R Class requires an agreement between the financial intermediary and T. Rowe Price to be executed prior to investment.
Institutional Class
Most of the T. Rowe Price institutional funds are available only in a single share class (referred to as the “Institutional Class”). The Institutional Class (other than their F Class shares) generally requires a $1,000,000 initial investment minimum, although the minimum may be waived for retirement plans, financial intermediaries maintaining omnibus accounts, and certain other accounts. The Institutional Class is designed for institutional investors, which typically include, but are not limited to: corporations, endowments and foundations, charitable trusts, investment companies and other pooled vehicles, defined benefit and defined contribution retirement plans, broker-dealers, registered investment advisers, banks and bank trust programs, and Section 529 college savings plans. Institutional funds may be purchased directly through T. Rowe Price or through a financial intermediary.
F Class
The F Class is a separate share class of certain institutional funds and is designed to be sold only through financial advisors and certain third-party intermediaries, including brokers, banks, insurance companies, retirement plan recordkeepers, and other financial intermediaries that provide various distribution and administrative services. F Class shares are not intended to be offered by intermediaries through a mutual fund “supermarket” platform. The F Class cannot be purchased directly through T. Rowe Price and must be purchased through an intermediary.
Z Class
The Z Class is only available to funds advised by T. Rowe Price and other advisory clients of T. Rowe Price or its affiliates that are subject to a contractual fee for investment management services. The Z Class does not impose sales charges and does not make any administrative fee payments or 12b-1 fee payments to financial intermediaries.
Mid-Cap Index Fund, Multi-Sector Account Portfolios, Small-Cap Index Fund, and TRP Reserve Funds
These funds are not available for direct purchase by members of the public. Shares of these funds may only be purchased by or on behalf of mutual funds, Section 529 college savings plans, or certain institutional client accounts for which T. Rowe Price or one of its affiliates has discretionary investment authority.
PART I
Below is a table showing the prospectus and shareholder report dates for each fund. Each prospectus and shareholder report includes information on all share classes available for a fund. The table also lists each fund’s category, which should be used to identify groups of funds that are referenced throughout this SAI. The prospectus date shown for each fund reflects the date that the prospectus will be annually updated once the fund has been in operation at its fiscal year-end.
Fund | Fund Category | Fiscal | Annual Report | Semiannual | Prospectus |
Africa & Middle East Fund | International Equity | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
Asia Opportunities Fund | International Equity | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
Balanced Fund | Asset Allocation | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Blue Chip Growth Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
California Tax-Free Bond Fund | State Tax-Free Bond | Feb 28 | Feb 28 | Aug 30 | July 1 |
California Tax-Free Money Fund | State Tax-Free Money | Feb 28 | Feb 28 | Aug 30 | July 1 |
Capital Appreciation Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Cash Reserves Fund | Taxable Money | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
China Evolution Equity Fund | International Equity | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
Communications & Technology Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Corporate Income Fund | Taxable Bond | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Credit Opportunities Fund | Taxable Bond | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Diversified Mid-Cap Growth Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Dividend Growth Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Dynamic Credit Fund | Taxable Bond | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Dynamic Global Bond Fund | Taxable Bond | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Emerging Europe Fund | International Equity | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
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Fund | Fund Category | Fiscal | Annual Report | Semiannual | Prospectus |
Emerging Markets Bond Fund | International Bond | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Emerging Markets Corporate Bond Fund | International Bond | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Emerging Markets Corporate Multi-Sector Account Portfolio | International Bond | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Emerging Markets Discovery Stock Fund | International Equity | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
Emerging Markets Local Currency Bond Fund | International Bond | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Emerging Markets Local Multi-Sector Account Portfolio | International Bond | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Emerging Markets Stock Fund | International Equity | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
Equity Income Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Equity Index 500 Fund | Index Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
European Stock Fund | International Equity | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
Extended Equity Market Index Fund | Index Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Financial Services Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Floating Rate Fund | Taxable Bond | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Floating Rate Multi-Sector Account Portfolio | Taxable Bond | Feb 28 | Feb 28 | Aug 30 | July 1 |
Georgia Tax-Free Bond Fund | State Tax-Free Bond | Feb 28 | Feb 28 | Aug 30 | July 1 |
Global Allocation Fund | Asset Allocation | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
Global Consumer Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Global Growth Stock Fund | Equity | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
Global High Income Bond Fund | Taxable Bond | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Global Industrials Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Global Multi-Sector Bond Fund | Taxable Bond | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Global Real Estate Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Global Stock Fund | Equity | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
Global Technology Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Global Value Equity Fund | Equity | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
GNMA Fund | Taxable Bond | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Government Money Fund | Taxable Money | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Government Reserve Fund | Taxable Money | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Growth & Income Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Growth Stock Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Health Sciences Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
High Yield Fund | Taxable Bond | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
High Yield Multi-Sector Account Portfolio | Taxable Bond | Feb 28 | Feb 28 | Aug 30 | July 1 |
Inflation Protected Bond Fund | Taxable Bond | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Institutional Africa & Middle East Fund | International Equity | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
Institutional Cash Reserves Fund | Taxable Money | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Institutional Core Plus Fund | Taxable Bond | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Institutional Emerging Markets Bond Fund | International Bond | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Institutional Emerging Markets Equity Fund | International Equity | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
Institutional Floating Rate Fund | Taxable Bond | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Institutional High Yield Fund | Taxable Bond | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Institutional International Core Equity Fund | International Equity | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
Institutional International Disciplined Equity Fund | International Equity | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
Institutional International Growth Equity Fund | International Equity | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
Institutional Large-Cap Core Growth Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
16
Fund | Fund Category | Fiscal | Annual Report | Semiannual | Prospectus |
Institutional Long Duration Credit Fund | Taxable Bond | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Institutional Mid-Cap Equity Growth Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Institutional Small-Cap Stock Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Intermediate Tax-Free High Yield Fund | Tax-Free Bond | Feb 28 | Feb 28 | Aug 30 | July 1 |
International Bond Fund | International Bond | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
International Bond Fund (USD Hedged) | International Bond | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
International Disciplined Equity Fund | International Equity | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
International Discovery Fund | International Equity | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
International Equity Index Fund | International Equity | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
International Stock Fund | International Equity | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
International Value Equity Fund | International Equity | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
Investment-Grade Corporate Multi-Sector Account Portfolio | Taxable Bond | Feb 28 | Feb 28 | Aug 30 | July 1 |
Japan Fund | International Equity | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
Latin America Fund | International Equity | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
Large-Cap Growth Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Large-Cap Value Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Limited Duration Inflation Focused Bond Fund | Taxable Bond | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Maryland Short-Term Tax-Free Bond Fund | State Tax-Free Bond | Feb 28 | Feb 28 | Aug 30 | July 1 |
Maryland Tax-Free Bond Fund | State Tax-Free Bond | Feb 28 | Feb 28 | Aug 30 | July 1 |
Maryland Tax-Free Money Fund | State Tax-Free Money | Feb 28 | Feb 28 | Aug 30 | July 1 |
Mid-Cap Growth Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Mid-Cap Index Fund | Index Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Mid-Cap Value Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Mortgage-Backed Securities Multi-Sector Account Portfolio | Taxable Bond | Feb 28 | Feb 28 | Aug 30 | July 1 |
Multi-Strategy Total Return Fund | Asset Allocation | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
New America Growth Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
New Asia Fund | International Equity | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
New Era Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
New Horizons Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
New Income Fund | Taxable Bond | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
New Jersey Tax-Free Bond Fund | State Tax-Free Bond | Feb 28 | Feb 28 | Aug 30 | July 1 |
New York Tax-Free Bond Fund | State Tax-Free Bond | Feb 28 | Feb 28 | Aug 30 | July 1 |
New York Tax-Free Money Fund | State Tax-Free Money | Feb 28 | Feb 28 | Aug 30 | July 1 |
Overseas Stock Fund | International Equity | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
QM Global Equity Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
QM U.S. Small & Mid-Cap Core Equity Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
QM U.S. Small-Cap Growth Equity Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
QM U.S. Value Equity Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Real Assets Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Real Estate Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Retirement 2005 Fund | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Retirement 2010 Fund | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Retirement 2015 Fund | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Retirement 2020 Fund | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Retirement 2025 Fund | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Retirement 2030 Fund | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Retirement 2035 Fund | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Retirement 2040 Fund | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Retirement 2045 Fund | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
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Fund | Fund Category | Fiscal | Annual Report | Semiannual | Prospectus |
Retirement 2050 Fund | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Retirement 2055 Fund | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Retirement 2060 Fund | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Retirement Balanced Fund | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Retirement 2005 Fund—I Class | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Retirement 2010 Fund—I Class | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Retirement 2015 Fund—I Class | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Retirement 2020 Fund—I Class | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Retirement 2025 Fund—I Class | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Retirement 2030 Fund—I Class | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Retirement 2035 Fund—I Class | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Retirement 2040 Fund—I Class | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Retirement 2045 Fund—I Class | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Retirement 2050 Fund—I Class | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Retirement 2055 Fund—I Class | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Retirement 2060 Fund—I Class | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Retirement Balanced Fund—I Class | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Retirement Income 2020 Fund | Asset Allocation | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Science & Technology Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Short-Term Fund | Taxable Bond | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Short-Term Bond Fund | Taxable Bond | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Short-Term Government Fund | Taxable Bond | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Small-Cap Index Fund | Index Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Small-Cap Stock Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Small-Cap Value Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Spectrum Conservative Allocation Fund | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Spectrum Growth Fund | Asset Allocation | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Spectrum Income Fund | Asset Allocation | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Spectrum International Fund | Asset Allocation | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Spectrum Moderate Allocation Fund | Asset Allocation | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Spectrum Moderate Growth Allocation Fund | Asset Allocation | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Summit Municipal Income Fund | Tax-Free Bond | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
Summit Municipal Intermediate Fund | Tax-Free Bond | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
Summit Municipal Money Market Fund | Tax-Free Money | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
Target 2005 Fund | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Target 2010 Fund | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Target 2015 Fund | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Target 2020 Fund | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Target 2025 Fund | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Target 2030 Fund | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Target 2035 Fund | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Target 2040 Fund | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Target 2045 Fund | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Target 2050 Fund | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Target 2055 Fund | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Target 2060 Fund | Asset Allocation | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Tax-Efficient Equity Fund | Equity | Feb 28 | Feb 28 | Aug 30 | July 1 |
Tax-Exempt Money Fund | Tax-Free Money | Feb 28 | Feb 28 | Aug 30 | July 1 |
Tax-Free High Yield Fund | Tax-Free Bond | Feb 28 | Feb 28 | Aug 30 | July 1 |
Tax-Free Income Fund | Tax-Free Bond | Feb 28 | Feb 28 | Aug 30 | July 1 |
Tax-Free Short-Intermediate Fund | Tax-Free Bond | Feb 28 | Feb 28 | Aug 30 | July 1 |
Total Equity Market Index Fund | Index Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Total Return Fund | Taxable Bond | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
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Fund | Fund Category | Fiscal | Annual Report | Semiannual | Prospectus |
Treasury Reserve Fund | Taxable Money | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
U.S. Bond Enhanced Index Fund | Index Bond | Oct 31 | Oct 31 | Apr 30 | March 1 |
U.S. Equity Research Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
U.S. High Yield Fund | Taxable Bond | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
U.S. Large-Cap Core Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
U.S. Treasury Intermediate Fund | Taxable Bond | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
U.S. Treasury Long-Term Fund | Taxable Bond | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
U.S. Treasury Money Fund | Taxable Money | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Ultra Short-Term Bond Fund | Taxable Bond | May 31 | May 31 | Nov 30 | Oct 1 |
Value Fund | Equity | Dec 31 | Dec 31 | June 30 | May 1 |
Virginia Tax-Free Bond Fund | State Tax-Free Bond | Feb 28 | Feb 28 | Aug 30 | July 1 |
The officers and directors of the Price Funds are listed on the following pages. Unless otherwise noted, the address of each officer and director is 100 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202.
Each fund is overseen by a Board of Directors (“Board”) that meets regularly to review a wide variety of matters affecting or potentially affecting the funds, including performance, investment programs, compliance matters, advisory fees and expenses, service providers, and business and regulatory affairs. The Boards elect the funds’ officers and are responsible for performing various duties imposed on them by the 1940 Act, the laws of Maryland, and other applicable laws. At least 75% of each Board’s members are considered to be independent, i.e, not “interested persons” as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act, of the Boards of T. Rowe Price and its affiliates. The directors who are also employees or officers of T. Rowe Price are considered to be inside or interested directors because of their relationships with T. Rowe Price and its affiliates. Each inside director and officer (except as indicated in the tables setting forth the directors’ and officers’ principal occupations during the past five years) has been an employee of T. Rowe Price or its affiliates for five or more years. The Boards held five regularly scheduled formal meetings during calendar year 2019. Although the Boards have direct responsibility over various matters (such as approval of advisory contracts and review of fund performance), each Board also exercises certain of its oversight responsibilities through several committees that it has established and which report back to the full Boards. The Boards believe that a committee structure is an effective means to permit directors to focus on particular operations or issues affecting the funds, including risk oversight. Each Board currently has three standing committees, a Joint Nominating and Governance Committee, a Joint Audit Committee, and an Executive Committee, which are described in greater detail in the following paragraphs.
Robert J. Gerrard, Jr., an independent director, serves as the Chairman of the Board of each Price Fund. The Chairman presides at all shareholder meetings, meetings of the Boards, and all executive sessions of the independent directors. He also reviews and provides guidance on Board meeting agendas and materials, and typically represents the independent directors in discussions with T. Rowe Price management. Each fund’s Board has determined that its leadership and committee structure is appropriate because the Board believes that it sets the proper tone for the relationship between the fund, on the one hand, and T. Rowe Price or its affiliates and the fund’s other principal service providers, on the other, and facilitates the exercise of the Board’s independent judgment in evaluating and managing the relationships. In addition, the structure efficiently allocates responsibility among committees and the full Board. The same independent directors currently serve on the Boards of all of the Price Funds. This approach is designed to provide effective governance by exposing the independent directors to a wider range of business issues and market trends, allowing the directors to better share their knowledge, background, and experience and permitting the Boards to operate more efficiently, particularly with respect to matters common to all Price Funds.
The Joint Nominating and Governance Committee consists of all of the independent directors of the funds, and is responsible for, among other things, seeking, reviewing, and selecting candidates to fill independent director vacancies on each fund’s Board; periodically evaluating the compensation payable to the independent directors; and performing certain functions with respect to the governance of the funds. The Chairman of the Board of the Price Funds serves as chairman of the committee. The committee will consider written recommendations from shareholders for possible nominees for independent directors. Nominees will be considered based on their ability to review critically, evaluate, question, and
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discuss information provided to them; to interact effectively with the funds’ management and counsel and the various service providers to the funds; and to exercise reasonable business judgment in the performance of their duties as directors. The Joint Nominating and Governance Committee seeks to ensure that the Board is comprised of independent directors who bring diverse perspectives to the Board, including diverse experiences, backgrounds, race, ethnicity, gender, qualifications, skills, thoughts, viewpoints, and other qualities. Nominees will also be considered based on their independence from T. Rowe Price and other principal service providers. Other than executive sessions in connection with Board meetings, the Joint Nominating and Governance Committee formally met one time in 2019.
The Joint Audit Committee consists of only independent directors. The current members of the committee are Teresa Bryce Bazemore, Ronald J. Daniels, Robert J. Gerrard, Jr., and John G. Schreiber. Ms. Bazemore serves as chairman of the committee and is considered an “audit committee financial expert,” as defined by the SEC. The Joint Audit Committee oversees the pricing processes for the Price Funds and holds three regular meetings during each fiscal year. Two of the meetings include the attendance of the independent registered public accounting firm of the Price Funds as the Joint Audit Committee reviews: (1) the services provided; (2) the findings of the most recent audits; (3) management’s response to the findings of the most recent audits; (4) the scope of the audits to be performed; (5) the accountants’ fees; (6) the qualifications, independence, and performance of the independent registered public accounting firm; and (7) any accounting questions relating to particular areas of the Price Funds’ operations, accounting service provider performance, or the operations of parties dealing with the Price Funds, as circumstances indicate. A third meeting is devoted primarily to a review of the risk management program of the funds’ investment adviser. The Joint Audit Committee met three times in 2019.
The Executive Committee, which consists of each fund’s interested directors, has been authorized by the Boards to exercise all powers of the Boards of the funds in the intervals between regular meetings of the Boards, except for those powers prohibited by statute from being delegated. All actions of the Executive Committee must be approved in advance by one independent director and reviewed after the fact by the full Board. The Executive Committee for each fund does not hold regularly scheduled meetings. The Executive Committee was not called upon to take any action on behalf of any funds during 2019.
From time to time, the independent directors may create a special committee (“Special Committee”) or an ad hoc working group comprised of independent directors, whose purpose is to review certain limited topics that require in-depth consideration outside of the Boards’ regular review.
Like other mutual funds, the Price Funds are subject to various risks, including investment, compliance, operational, and valuation risks, among others. The Boards oversee risk as part of their oversight of the funds. Risk oversight is addressed as part of various Board and committee activities. The Board, directly or through its committees, interacts with and reviews reports from, among others, the investment adviser or its affiliates, the funds’ Chief Compliance Officer, the funds’ independent registered public accounting firm, legal counsel, and internal auditors for T. Rowe Price or its affiliates, as appropriate, regarding risks faced by the funds and the risk management programs of the investment adviser and certain other service providers. Also, the Joint Audit Committee receives periodic reports from the Chief Risk Officer and members of the adviser’s Risk and Operational Steering Committee on the significant risks inherent to the adviser’s business, including aggregate investment risks, reputational risk, business continuity risk, technology and cyber-security risk, and operational risk. The actual day-to-day risk management functions with respect to the funds are subsumed within the responsibilities of the investment adviser, its affiliates that serve as investment subadvisers to the funds, and other service providers (depending on the nature of the risk) that carry out the funds’ investment management and business affairs. Although the risk management policies of T. Rowe Price and its affiliates, and the funds’ other service providers, are reasonably designed to be effective, those policies and their implementation vary among service providers over time, and there is no guarantee that they will always be effective.
Each director’s experience, qualifications, attributes, or skills, on an individual basis and in combination with those of the other directors, have led to the conclusion that each director should serve on the Boards of the Price Funds. Attributes common to all directors include the ability to review critically, evaluate, question, and discuss information provided to them; to interact effectively with the funds’ management and counsel and the various service providers to the funds; and to exercise reasonable business judgment in the performance of their duties as directors. In addition, the actual service and commitment of the directors during their tenure on the funds’ Boards is taken into consideration in concluding that each should continue to serve. A director’s ability to perform his or her duties effectively may have been attained through his or her educational background or professional training; business, consulting, public service, or academic positions; experience
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from service as a director of the Price Funds, public companies, nonprofit entities, or other organizations; or other experiences. Each director brings a diverse perspective to the Boards.
Set forth below is a brief discussion of the specific experience, qualifications, attributes, or skills of each current director, as well as former directors who served on the Board during 2019, that led to the conclusion that he or she should serve as a director.
Teresa Bryce Bazemore has more than 25 years of experience as a senior executive in the mortgage banking field, including building both mortgage insurance and services businesses. From July 2008 through April 2017, Ms. Bazemore served as the President of Radian Guaranty where she oversaw the strategic planning, business development, and operations of the mortgage insurance business line. Prior to Radian Guaranty, she was Senior Vice President, General Counsel, and Secretary for Nexstar Financial Corporation, and General Counsel of the mortgage banking line of business at Bank of America. Ms. Bazemore currently serves on the Board of Directors of Chimera Investment Corporation, Public Media Company (non-profit), University of Virginia Foundation (non-profit) and on the Advisory Board of the University of Virginia Center for Politics. She has been an independent director of the Price Funds since January 2018 and became the chairman of the Joint Audit Committee in August 2019.
Ronald J. Daniels is the 14th president of Johns Hopkins University, a position he has held since 2009. In that role, he serves as the chair of the Executive Committee of Johns Hopkins Medicine and is a professor in the Department of Political Science. Previously, he was provost and professor of law at the University of Pennsylvania and dean and James M. Tory Professor of Law at the University of Toronto. He has been an independent director of the Price Funds since January 2018 and he became a member of the Joint Audit Committee in August 2019.
Bruce W. Duncan has substantial experience in the field of commercial real estate. He currently serves as chairman of the Board of First Industrial Realty Trust, and he served as president and chief executive officer from January 2009 until September 2016 and chief executive officer until December 2016. In November 2018, Mr. Duncan became a senior advisor to KKR. In May 2016, Mr. Duncan became a member of the board of Boston Properties, and he is currently a member of the nominating and governance committee and is chairman of the compensation committee of Boston Properties. In September 2016, Mr. Duncan became a member of the board of Marriott International, Inc. and is currently a member of the audit committee of Marriott International, Inc. He has been an independent director of the Price Funds since October 2013; in September 2014, he became a member of the Joint Audit Committee until August 2019 and served as chairman of the Joint Audit Committee from July 2017 to August 2019.
Robert J. Gerrard, Jr. has served as Chairman of the Boards of all Price Funds since July 2018. He has been an independent director of certain Price Funds since 2012 (and all Price Funds since October 2013), and served as the Chairman of the Joint Audit Committee from September 2014 to July 2017. He became Chairman of the Price Funds in July 2018 and became a member of the Joint Audit Committee in August 2019. He has substantial legal and business experience in the industries relating to communications and interactive data services. He has served on the board and compensation committee for Syniverse Holdings and served as general counsel to Scripps Networks.
Paul F. McBride has served in various management and senior leadership roles with the Black & Decker Corporation and General Electric Company. He led businesses in the materials, industrial, and consumer durable segments, and has significant global experience. He serves on the advisory board of Vizzia Technologies as well as Gilman School and Bridges Baltimore. He has been an independent director of the Price Funds since October 2013 and served as a member of the Joint Audit Committee from September 2014 to August 2019.
David Oestreicher has served as an inside director of all Price Funds since July 2018. He is the chief legal counsel for T. Rowe Price and a member of the firm’s management committee. David serves as a member of the Board of Governors for the Investment Company Institute (ICI), and previously served as the chairman of the ICI’s international committee. He is on sabbatical from the Mutual Insurance Company Board of Governors, where he served as a member of its executive committee and chairman of its risk management committee. He also served on the board of the Investment Adviser Association and was a past chairman of its legal and regulatory committee. Before joining T. Rowe Price in 1997, Mr. Oestreicher was special counsel in the Division of Market Regulation with the SEC.
Cecilia E. Rouse has been an independent director of certain Price Funds since 2012 (and all Price Funds since October 2013) and served as a member of the Joint Audit Committee from September 2014 to August 2019. Dr. Rouse has extensive experience in the fields of higher education and economic research. She has served in a variety of roles at Princeton University, including as a dean, professor, and leader of economic research. She has also served on the boards of: MDRC, a
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non-profit education and social policy organization dedicated to improving programs and policies that affect the poor; the National Bureau of Economic Research, a private, non-profit, non-partisan organization dedicated to conducting economic research and to disseminating research findings among academics, public policy makers, and business professionals; the Council on Foreign Relations, a United States nonprofit think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international affairs; and The Pennington School, an independent co-educational school. She is, or has been, a member of numerous entities, including the American Economic Association, National Academy of Education, and the Association of Public Policy and Management Policy Council.
John G. Schreiber has been an independent director of the Price Funds for more than 20 years and served as a member of the Joint Audit Committee until September 2015. He has significant experience investing in real estate transactions and brings substantial financial services and investment management experience to the Boards. He is the president of Centaur Capital Partners, Inc. and a retired partner and co-founder of Blackstone Real Estate Advisors. He previously served as chairman and chief executive officer of JMB Urban Development Co. and executive vice president of JMB Realty Corporation. Mr. Schreiber currently serves on the boards of JMB Realty Corporation, Brixmor Property Group, Hilton Worldwide, and is a trustee of Loyola University of Chicago. He is a past board member of Urban Shopping Centers, Inc., Host Hotels & Resorts, Inc., The Rouse Company, General Growth Properties, AMLI Residential Properties Trust, Blackstone Mortgage Trust, Invitation Homes, and Hudson Pacific Properties.
Robert W. Sharps has been an inside director of the domestic equity and international Price Funds since April 2017 and was appointed as an inside director of all other Price Funds effective January 1, 2019. Mr. Sharps served as the co-head of Global Equities at T. Rowe Price until February 2018, at which point he became the Head of Investments. He has served as the Group Chief Investment Officer for T. Rowe Price since April 2017. He is also a member of the T. Rowe Price Management Committee, Management Compensation Committee, International Steering Committee, Equity Steering Committee, Asset Allocation Committee, Product Strategy Committee, and Fixed Income Steering Committee, and he serves as the chair of the Investment Management Steering Committee. Prior to joining T. Rowe Price in 1997, Mr. Sharps was a senior consultant at KPMG Peat Marwick. In addition to his various offices held with T. Rowe Price and its affiliates, Mr. Sharps is a Chartered Financial Analyst.
In addition, the following tables provide biographical information for the directors, along with their principal occupations and any directorships they have held of public companies and other investment companies during the past five years.
Independent Directors(a)
Name, Year of Birth, and Number | Principal
Occupation(s) | Directorships of Public |
Teresa Bryce Bazemore 1959 185 portfolios | President, Radian Guaranty (2008 to 2017); Chief Executive Officer, Bazemore Consulting LLC (2018 to present) | Chimera Investment Corporation (2017 to present); Federal Home Loan Bank of Pittsburgh (2017 to February 2019) |
Ronald J. Daniels 1959 185 portfolios | President, The Johns Hopkins University(b) and Professor, Political Science Department, The Johns Hopkins University (2009 to present) | Lyndhurst Holdings (2015 to present); BridgeBio Pharma, Inc. (2020 to present) |
Bruce W. Duncan 1951 185 portfolios | Chief Executive Officer and Director (January 2009 to December 2016), Chairman of the Board (January 2016 to present), and President (January 2009 to September 2016), First Industrial Realty Trust, owner and operator of industrial properties; Chairman of the Board (2005 to September 2016) and Director (1999 to September 2016), Starwood Hotels & Resorts, a hotel and leisure company; Member, Investment Company Institute Board of Governors (2017 to December 2019); Member, Independent Directors Council Governing Board (2017 to December 2019); Senior Advisor, KKR (November 2018 to present) | First Industrial Realty Trust (January 2016 to present); Starwood Hotels & Resorts (1999 to September 2016); Boston Properties (May 2016 to present); Marriott International, Inc. (September 2016 to present) |
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Name, Year of Birth, and Number | Principal
Occupation(s) | Directorships of Public |
Robert J. Gerrard, Jr. 1952 185 portfolios | Advisory Board Member, Pipeline Crisis/Winning Strategies, a collaborative working to improve opportunities for young African Americans (1997 to January 2016) Chairman of the Board, all funds (since July 2018) | None |
Paul F. McBride 1956 185 portfolios | Advisory Board Member, Vizzia Technologies (2015 to present); Board Member, Dunbar Armored (2012 to 2018) | None |
Cecilia E. Rouse, Ph.D. 1963 185 portfolios | Dean, Woodrow Wilson School (2012 to present); Professor and Researcher, Princeton University (1992 to present); Director, MDRC, a nonprofit education and social policy research organization (2011 to present); Member of National Academy of Education (2010 to present); Research Associate of Labor Studies Program at the National Bureau of Economic Research (2011 to 2015); Board Member of the National Bureau of Economic Research (2011 to present); Chair of Committee on the Status of Minority Groups in the Economic Profession of the American Economic Association (2012 to 2018); Vice President (2015 to 2016), Board Member, American Economic Association (2018 to present) | None |
John G. Schreiber 1946 185 portfolios | Owner/President, Centaur Capital Partners, Inc., a real estate investment company (1991 to present); Cofounder, Partner, and Cochairman of the Investment Committee, Blackstone Real Estate Advisors, L.P. (1992 to 2015); Director, Blackstone Mortgage Trust, a real estate finance company (2012 to 2016); Director and Chairman of the Board, Brixmor Property Group, Inc. (2013 to present); Director, Hilton Worldwide (2007 to present); Director, Hudson Pacific Properties (2014 to 2016); Director, Invitation Homes (2014 to 2017); Director, JMB Realty Corporation (1980 to present) | Blackstone Mortgage Trust (2012 to 2016); Hilton Worldwide (2007 to present); Brixmor Property Group, Inc. (2013 to present); Hudson Pacific Properties (2014 to 2016) |
(a) All information about the independent directors was current as of December 31, 2019, unless otherwise indicated, except for the number of portfolios overseen, which is current as of the date of this SAI.
(b) William J. Stromberg, President and Chief Executive Officer of T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. (the parent company of the Price Funds’ investment adviser), has served on the Board of Trustees of Johns Hopkins University since 2014.
Inside Directors(a)
The following persons are considered inside directors of the funds because they also serve as employees of T. Rowe Price or its affiliates. No more than two inside directors serve as directors of any fund.
The Boards invite nominations from the funds’ investment adviser for persons to serve as inside directors, and the Board reviews and approves these nominations. Each of the current inside directors is a senior executive officer of T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., as well as certain of their affiliates. David Oestreicher has served as inside director of all Price Funds since July 2018. Robert W. Sharps has served as inside director of the domestic fixed income Price Funds since January 1, 2019, and all other Price Funds since April 1, 2017. For each fund, the two inside directors serve as members of the fund’s Executive Committee. In addition, specific experience with respect to the inside directors’ occupations and directorships of public companies and other investment companies are set forth in the following table.
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Name, Year of Birth, and Number | Principal
Occupation(s) | Directorships of |
David Oestreicher 1967 185 portfolios | Chief Legal Officer, Vice President, and Secretary, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.; Director, Vice President, and Secretary, T. Rowe Price Investment Services, Inc., T. Rowe Price Retirement Plan Services, Inc., T. Rowe Price Services, Inc., and T. Rowe Price Trust Company; Vice President and Secretary, T. Rowe Price, Price Hong Kong, and T. Rowe Price International; Vice President, Price Japan and Price Singapore Principal Executive Officer and Executive Vice President, all funds | None |
Robert W. Sharps, CFA, CPA 1971 185 portfolios | Vice President and Director, T. Rowe Price; Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price Trust Company President, Equity Funds; Vice President, Blue Chip Growth Fund, Global Funds, Growth Stock Fund, International Funds, Multi-Strategy Total Return Fund, New America Growth Funds, Retirement Funds, Spectrum Funds, and Spectrum Funds II | None |
(a) All information about the inside directors was current as of December 31, 2019, unless otherwise indicated, except for the number of portfolios overseen, which is current as of the date of this SAI.
Funds-of-Funds Arrangements
The Board is responsible for overseeing the business and affairs of the T. Rowe Price Funds-of-Funds, which consist of the following: Spectrum Growth Fund, Spectrum Income Fund, and Spectrum International Fund (collectively, the “Spectrum Funds”); Retirement 2005 Fund, Retirement 2010 Fund, Retirement 2015 Fund, Retirement 2020 Fund, Retirement 2025 Fund, Retirement 2030 Fund, Retirement 2035 Fund, Retirement 2040 Fund, Retirement 2045 Fund, Retirement 2050 Fund, Retirement 2055 Fund, Retirement 2060 Fund, and Retirement Balanced Fund, and their respective share classes (collectively, the “RDFs”); Retirement I 2005 Fund, Retirement I 2010 Fund, Retirement I 2015 Fund, Retirement I 2020 Fund, Retirement I 2025 Fund, Retirement I 2030 Fund, Retirement I 2035 Fund, Retirement I 2040 Fund, Retirement I 2045 Fund, Retirement I 2050 Fund, Retirement I 2055 Fund, Retirement I 2060 Fund, and Retirement Balanced I Fund (collectively the, “Retirement I Funds”); Retirement Income 2020 Fund; and Target 2005 Fund, Target 2010 Fund, Target 2015 Fund, Target 2020 Fund, Target 2025 Fund, Target 2030 Fund, Target 2035 Fund, Target 2040 Fund, Target 2045 Fund, Target 2050 Fund, Target 2055 Fund, and Target 2060 Fund, and their respective share classes (collectively, the “TRFs”). The Spectrum Funds, RDFs, Retirement I Funds, Retirement Income 2020 Fund, and TRFs are referred to collectively as “Funds-of-Funds” and each fund individually as a “Fund-of-Funds,” and where the policies that apply to the RDFs, Retirement I Funds, Retirement Income 2020 Fund, and TRFs are identical, the RDFs, Retirement I Funds, Retirement Income 2020 Fund, and TRFs may be referred to collectively as “Target Date Funds.”
A majority of the directors of the Funds-of-Funds are independent of T. Rowe Price and its affiliates. However, the directors and officers of the Funds-of-Funds and certain directors and officers of T. Rowe Price and its affiliates also serve in similar positions with most of the underlying Price Funds. Thus, if the interests of the Funds-of-Funds and the underlying Price Funds were ever to become divergent, it is possible that a conflict of interest could arise and affect how this latter group of persons fulfill their fiduciary duties to the Funds-of-Funds and the underlying Price Funds. The directors of the Funds-of-Funds believe they have structured the Funds-of Funds to avoid these concerns. However, a situation could conceivably occur where proper action for the Funds-of-Funds could be adverse to the interests of an underlying Price Fund, or the reverse could occur. If such a possibility arises, the directors and officers of the affected funds and the directors and officers of T. Rowe Price will carefully analyze the situation and take all steps they believe reasonable to minimize and, where possible, eliminate the potential conflict.
In generally exercising their responsibilities for the Spectrum Funds, the Boards, among other things, will also refer to the policies, conditions, and guidelines included in an Exemptive Application (and accompanying Notice and Order) originally granted by the SEC in connection with the creation and operation of the Spectrum Funds (the “Exemptive Order”).
In connection with the Exemptive Order, the various Price Funds in which the Spectrum Funds invest (collectively, the “underlying Price Funds”) have entered into Special Servicing Agreements with T. Rowe Price and each respective
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Spectrum Fund in which they invest. The Special Servicing Agreements provide that each underlying Price Fund in which a Spectrum Fund invests will bear its proportionate share of the expenses of that Spectrum Fund if, and to the extent that, the underlying Price Fund’s savings from the operation of the Spectrum Fund exceeds these expenses. Pursuant to the Exemptive Order and Special Servicing Agreement, T. Rowe Price has agreed to bear any expenses of the Spectrum Fund that exceed the estimated savings to the underlying Price Funds. As a result, the Spectrum Funds do not pay an investment management fee and will effectively pay no operating expenses at the Spectrum Fund level, although shareholders of the Spectrum Funds will still indirectly bear their proportionate share of the expenses of each underlying Price Fund in which the Spectrum Funds invest. The RDFs, Retirement I Funds, Retirement Income 2020 Fund, and TRFs do not rely on this Exemptive Order or a Special Servicing Agreement since they do not pass-through their direct operating expenses to their underlying Price Funds.
Term of Office and Length of Time Served
The directors serve until retirement, resignation, or election of a successor. The following table shows the year from which each director has served on each fund’s Board (or that of the corporation of which the fund is a series of).
Corporation | Number of Portfolios | Independent Directors | ||||||
Bazemore | Daniels | Duncan | Gerrard | McBride | Rouse | Schreiber | ||
Balanced Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
Blue Chip Growth Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
Capital Appreciation Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
Communications & Technology Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
Corporate Income Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 1995 |
Credit Opportunities Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2014 | 2014 | 2014 | 2014 | 2014 |
Diversified Mid-Cap Growth Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2003 |
Dividend Growth Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
Equity Funds | 5 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
Equity Income Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
Financial Services Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
Floating Rate Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2011 |
Global Allocation Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 |
Global Funds | 7 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
Global Multi-Sector Bond Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2008 |
Global Real Estate Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2008 |
Global Technology Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
GNMA Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 1992 |
Government Money Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 1992 |
Growth & Income Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
Growth Stock Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
Health Sciences Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
High Yield Fund | 2 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 1992 |
Index Trust | 5 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
Inflation Protected Bond Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2002 |
25
Corporation | Number of Portfolios | Independent Directors | ||||||
Bazemore | Daniels | Duncan | Gerrard | McBride | Rouse | Schreiber | ||
Institutional Income Funds | 5 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2002 |
Intermediate Tax-Free High Yield Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2014 | 2014 | 2014 | 2014 | 2014 |
International Funds | 27 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
International Index Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
Limited Duration Inflation Focused Bond Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2006 |
Mid-Cap Growth Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
Mid-Cap Value Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
Multi-Sector Account Portfolios | 6 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2012 |
Multi-Strategy Total Return Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | 2017 | 2017 | 2017 | 2017 |
New America Growth Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
New Era Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
New Horizons Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
New Income Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 1992 |
Quantitative Management Funds | 4 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
Real Assets Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2010 |
Real Estate Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
TRP Reserve Funds | 4 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 1997 |
Retirement Funds | 39 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2002 |
Science & Technology Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
Short-Term Bond Fund | 2 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 1992 |
Small-Cap Stock Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
Small-Cap Value Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
Spectrum Funds | 3 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
Spectrum Funds II | 3 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
State Tax-Free Funds | 10 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 1992 |
Summit Income Funds | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 1993 |
Summit Municipal Funds | 3 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 1993 |
Tax-Efficient Funds | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
Tax-Exempt Money Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 1992 |
Tax-Free High Yield Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 1992 |
Tax-Free Income Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 1992 |
Tax-Free Short-Intermediate Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 1992 |
Total Return Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2016 | 2016 | 2016 | 2016 | 2016 |
U.S. Bond Enhanced Index Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2000 |
U.S. Equity Research Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
26
Corporation | Number of Portfolios | Independent Directors | ||||||
Bazemore | Daniels | Duncan | Gerrard | McBride | Rouse | Schreiber | ||
U.S. Large-Cap Core Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2009 |
U.S. Treasury Funds | 3 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 2013 | 1992 |
Value Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2001 |
Corporation | Number of Portfolios | Inside Directors | ||||||
Oestreicher | Sharps | |||||||
Balanced Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
Blue Chip Growth Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
Capital Appreciation Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
Communications & Technology Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
Corporate Income Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
Credit Opportunities Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
Diversified Mid-Cap Growth Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
Dividend Growth Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
Equity Funds | 5 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
Equity Income Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
Financial Services Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
Floating Rate Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
Global Allocation Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
Global Funds | 7 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
Global Multi-Sector Bond Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
Global Real Estate Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
Global Technology Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
GNMA Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
Government Money Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
Growth & Income Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
Growth Stock Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
Health Sciences Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
High Yield Fund | 2 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
Index Trust | 5 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
Inflation Protected Bond Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
Institutional Income Funds | 5 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
Intermediate Tax-Free High Yield Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
International Funds | 27 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
International Index Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
Limited Duration Inflation Focused Bond Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
Mid-Cap Growth Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
Mid-Cap Value Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2017 |
27
Corporation | Number of Portfolios | Inside Directors | ||||||
Oestreicher | Sharps | |||||||
Multi-Sector Account Portfolios | 6 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
Multi-Strategy Total Return Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
New America Growth Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
New Era Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
New Horizons Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
New Income Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
Quantitative Management Funds | 4 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
Real Assets Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
Real Estate Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
TRP Reserve Funds | 4 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
Retirement Funds | 39 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
Science & Technology Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
Short-Term Bond Fund | 2 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
Small-Cap Stock Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
Small-Cap Value Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
Spectrum Funds | 3 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
Spectrum Funds II | 3 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
State Tax-Free Funds | 10 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
Summit Income Funds | 1 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
Summit Municipal Funds | 3 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
Tax-Efficient Funds | 1 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
Tax-Exempt Money Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
Tax-Free High Yield Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
Tax-Free Income Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
Tax-Free Short-Intermediate Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
Total Return Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
U.S. Bond Enhanced Index Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
U.S. Equity Research Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
U.S. Large-Cap Core Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||
U.S. Treasury Funds | 3 | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
Value Fund | 1 | 2018 | 2017 |
28
Below is a table that sets forth certain information, as of December 31, 2019, concerning each person deemed to be an officer of the Price Funds.
Officers
Fund | Name | Position Held |
All funds | David Oestreicher | Director, Principal Executive Officer, and Executive Vice President |
Alan S. Dupski | Principal Financial Officer, Vice President, and Treasurer | |
John R. Gilner | Chief Compliance Officer | |
Darrell N. Braman | Vice President and Secretary | |
Gary J. Greb | Vice President | |
Paul J. Krug | Vice President | |
Megan Warren | Vice President | |
Shannon Hofher Rauser | Assistant Secretary |
Below is a table that sets forth certain information, organized by fund, concerning each person deemed to be an officer of each fund. Information is provided as of March 31, 2020.
Fund | Name | Position Held | |||
Balanced Fund | Charles M. Shriver | Co-President | |||
|
|
| Toby M. Thompson | Co-President | |
|
|
| Kimberly E. DeDominicis | Vice President | |
|
|
| Mark S. Finn | Vice President | |
|
|
| Robert M. Larkins | Vice President | |
|
|
| Wyatt A. Lee | Vice President | |
|
|
| Raymond A. Mills | Vice President | |
|
|
| Sebastien Page | Vice President | |
|
|
| Larry J. Puglia | Vice President | |
|
|
| Guido F. Stubenrauch | Vice President | |
|
|
| Mark J. Vaselkiv | Vice President | |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
29
Fund | Name | Position Held | ||
Blue Chip Growth Fund | Larry J. Puglia | President | ||
|
|
| Jason R. Adams | Vice President |
|
|
| Ziad Bakri | Vice President |
|
|
| Peter J. Bates | Vice President |
|
|
| Eric L. DeVilbiss | Vice President |
|
|
| Greg Dunham | Vice President |
|
|
| Paul D. Greene II | Vice President |
|
|
| Ryan S. Hedrick | Vice President |
|
|
| Thomas J. Huber | Vice President |
|
|
| George A. Marzano | Vice President |
|
|
| Vivek Rajeswaran | Vice President |
|
|
| David L. Rowlett | Vice President |
|
|
| Robert W. Sharps | Vice President |
|
|
| Taymour R. Tamaddon | Vice President |
|
|
| Alan Tu | Vice President |
|
|
| Justin P. White | Vice President |
|
|
| Rouven J. Wool-Lewis | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
Capital Appreciation Fund | David R. Giroux | President | ||
|
|
| Shawn T. Driscoll | Vice President |
|
|
| Jon M. Friar | Vice President |
|
|
| Paul D. Greene II | Vice President |
|
|
| Nina P. Jones | Vice President |
|
|
| Vidya Kadiyam | Vice President |
|
|
| Paul M. Massaro | Vice President |
|
|
| Sudhir Nanda | Vice President |
|
|
| Adam Poussard | Vice President |
|
|
| Jeffrey Rottinghaus | Vice President |
|
|
| Farris G. Shuggi | Vice President |
|
|
| Gabriel Solomon | Vice President |
|
|
| Taymour R. Tamaddon | Vice President |
|
|
| Tamara P. Wiggs | Vice President |
|
|
| John M. Williams | Vice President |
|
|
| Ashley R. Woodruff | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
30
Fund | Name | Position Held | |||
Communications & Technology Fund | James Stillwagon (a) | President | |||
|
|
| Paul Y. Cho | Vice President | |
|
|
| Greg Dunham | Vice President | |
|
|
| David J. Eiswert | Vice President | |
|
|
| Joseph B. Fath | Vice President | |
Paul D. Greene II | Vice President | ||||
|
|
| Jacqueline L. Liu | Vice President | |
|
|
| Jennifer Martin | Vice President | |
|
|
| Daniel Martino | Vice President | |
|
|
| Philip A. Nestico | Vice President | |
|
|
| Verena E. Wachnitz | Vice President | |
|
|
| Justin P. White | Vice President | |
|
|
| Christopher S. Whitehouse | Vice President | |
|
|
| Ernest C. Yeung | Vice President | |
|
|
| Wenli Zheng | Vice President | |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
| |
Corporate Income Fund | Steve Boothe | Co-President | |||
|
|
| Lauren T. Wagandt | Co-President | |
|
|
| Michael P. Daley | Vice President | |
|
|
| Michael J. Grogan | Vice President | |
|
|
| Michael Lambe | Vice President | |
|
|
| Matthew Lawton | Vice President | |
|
|
| Samy B. Muaddi | Vice President | |
|
|
| Alexander S. Obaza | Vice President | |
|
|
| Miso Park | Vice President | |
|
|
| Theodore E. Robson | Vice President | |
|
|
| Elliot J. Shue | Vice President | |
|
|
| Jeanny Silva | Vice President | |
|
|
| Scott D. Solomon | Vice President | |
|
|
| Robert D. Thomas | Vice President | |
|
|
| Wesley Ross Trowbridge | Vice President | |
|
|
| Bineesha Wickremarachchi | Vice President | |
|
|
| J. Howard Woodward | Vice President | |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
| |
Credit Opportunities Fund | Rodney M. Rayburn | President | |||
|
|
| Jason A. Bauer | Vice President | |
|
|
| Carson R. Dickson | Vice President | |
|
|
| Daniel Fox | Vice President | |
|
|
| Michael T. Hyland | Vice President | |
|
|
| Brian A. Rubin | Vice President | |
|
|
| Reena Tilva | Vice President | |
|
|
| Michael J. Trivino | Vice President | |
|
|
| David A. Yatzeck | Vice President | |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
31
Fund | Name | Position Held | ||
Diversified Mid-Cap Growth Fund | Donald J. Peters | President | ||
|
|
| Donald J. Easley | Executive Vice President |
|
|
| Jason R. Adams | Vice President |
|
|
| Kennard W. Allen | Vice President |
|
|
| Brian W.H. Berghuis | Vice President |
|
|
| Anne Daub | Vice President |
|
|
| Eric L. DeVilbiss | Vice President |
|
|
| Matt Mahon | Vice President |
|
|
| Sudhir Nanda | Vice President |
|
|
| Christian M. O’Neill | Vice President |
|
|
| John F. Wakeman | Vice President |
|
|
| Ashley R. Woodruff | Vice President |
|
|
| Rouven J. Wool-Lewis | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
Dividend Growth Fund | Thomas J. Huber | President | ||
|
|
| Jason R. Adams | Vice President |
|
|
| Peter J. Bates | Vice President |
|
|
| Andrew S. Davis | Vice President |
|
|
| Jon M. Friar | Vice President |
|
|
| Ryan S. Hedrick | Vice President |
|
|
| Jeffrey Rottinghaus | Vice President |
|
|
| Weijie Si | Vice President |
|
|
| Gabriel Solomon | Vice President |
|
|
| John M. Williams | Vice President |
|
|
| Jon D. Wood | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
Equity Funds | Robert W. Sharps | President | ||
|
| Institutional Large-Cap Core Growth Fund | Francisco M. Alonso | Executive Vice President |
|
| Institutional Mid-Cap Equity Growth Fund | Brian W.H. Berghuis | Executive Vice President |
|
| Institutional Small-Cap Stock Fund | Mark S. Finn | Executive Vice President |
|
| Large-Cap Growth Fund | Ann M. Holcomb | Executive Vice President |
|
| Large-Cap Value Fund | John D. Linehan | Executive Vice President |
|
|
| Heather K. McPherson | Executive Vice President |
|
|
| Joshua Nelson | Executive Vice President |
|
|
| Jason B. Polun | Executive Vice President |
|
|
| Larry J. Puglia | Executive Vice President |
|
|
| Taymour R. Tamaddon | Executive Vice President |
|
|
| Thomas H. Watson | Executive Vice President |
|
|
| Curt J. Organt | Vice President |
|
|
| Ken D. Uematsu | Vice President |
|
|
| J. David Wagner | Vice President |
|
|
| John F. Wakeman | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
32
Fund | Name | Position Held | |||
Equity Income Fund | John D. Linehan | President | |||
|
|
| Jason R. Adams | Vice President | |
|
|
| Vinit Agrawal | Vice President | |
|
|
| Mark S. Finn | Vice President | |
|
|
| Ryan S. Hedrick | Vice President | |
|
|
| Jon R. Hussey | Vice President | |
|
|
| Shinwoo Kim | Vice President | |
|
|
| Matt Mahon | Vice President | |
|
|
| Daniel Martino | Vice President | |
|
|
| George A. Marzano | Vice President | |
|
|
| Heather K. McPherson | Vice President | |
|
|
| Melanie A. Rizzo | Vice President | |
|
|
| Farris G. Shuggi | Vice President | |
|
|
| Matthew J. Snowling | Vice President | |
|
|
| Preeta Ragavan | Vice President | |
|
|
| James Stillwagon | Vice President | |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
| |
Financial Services Fund | Gabriel Solomon | President | |||
|
|
| Jon B. Casper | Vice President | |
|
|
| Vincent M. DeAugustino | Vice President | |
|
|
| Christopher T. Fortune | Vice President | |
|
|
| Jon M. Friar | Vice President | |
|
|
| Nina P. Jones | Vice President | |
|
|
| Takanori Kobayashi | Vice President | |
|
|
| Gregory Locraft | Vice President | |
|
|
| Joseph R. Mlinac | Vice President | |
|
|
| Matthew J. Snowling | Vice President | |
|
|
| Mitchell J.K. Todd | Vice President | |
|
|
| Susan G. Troll | Vice President | |
|
|
| Zenon Voyiatzis | Vice President | |
|
|
| Tamara P. Wiggs | Vice President | |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
| |
Floating Rate Fund | Paul M. Massaro | President | |||
|
|
| Jason A. Bauer | Vice President | |
|
|
| Brian E. Burns | Vice President | |
|
|
| Michael F. Connelly | Vice President | |
|
|
| Stephen M. Finamore | Vice President | |
|
|
| Justin T. Gerbereux | Vice President | |
|
|
| David R. Giroux | Vice President | |
|
|
| Michael J. McGonigle | Vice President | |
|
|
| Brian A. Rubin | Vice President | |
|
|
| Michael J. Trivino | Vice President | |
|
|
| Mark J. Vaselkiv | Vice President | |
|
|
| Rebecca Willey | Assistant Vice President | |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
| |
Global Funds | Christopher D. Alderson | President | |||
|
| Global Value Equity Fund | Oliver D.M. Bell | Executive Vice President | |
|
| Institutional Africa & Middle East Fund | R. Scott Berg | Executive Vice President |
33
Fund | Name | Position Held | ||
|
| Institutional Emerging Markets Bond Fund | Richard N. Clattenburg | Executive Vice President |
|
| Institutional Emerging Markets Equity Fund | Michael J. Conelius | Executive Vice President |
|
| Institutional International Core Equity Fund | David J. Eiswert | Executive Vice President |
|
| Institutional International Disciplined Equity Fund | Sebastien Mallet | Executive Vice President |
|
| Institutional International Growth Equity Fund | Raymond A. Mills | Executive Vice President |
|
| Joshua Nelson | Executive Vice President | |
|
|
| Jason Nogueira | Executive Vice President |
|
|
| Gonzalo Pangaro | Executive Vice President |
|
|
| Federico Santilli | Executive Vice President |
|
|
| Ulle Adamson | Vice President |
|
|
| Roy H. Adkins | Vice President |
|
|
| Kennard W. Allen | Vice President |
|
|
| Paulina Amieva | Vice President |
|
|
| Malik S. Asif | Vice President |
|
|
| Ziad Bakri | Vice President |
|
|
| Harishankar Balkrishna | Vice President |
|
|
| Sheena L. Barbosa | Vice President |
|
|
| Peter J. Bates | Vice President |
|
|
| Steve Boothe | Vice President |
|
|
| Peter I. Botoucharov | Vice President |
|
|
| Tala Boulos | Vice President |
|
|
| Carolyn Hoi Che Chu | Vice President |
|
|
| Archibald Ciganer | Vice President |
|
|
| Richard de los Reyes | Vice President |
|
|
| Iona Dent | Vice President |
|
|
| Maria Elena Drew | Vice President |
|
|
| Shawn T. Driscoll | Vice President |
|
|
| Bridget A. Ebner | Vice President |
|
|
| Mark S. Finn | Vice President |
|
|
| Aaron Gifford | Vice President |
|
|
| Paul D. Greene II | Vice President |
|
|
| Benjamin Griffiths | Vice President |
|
|
| Richard L. Hall | Vice President |
|
|
| Amanda B. Hall | Vice President |
|
|
| Nabil Hanano | Vice President |
|
|
| Jeffrey Holford | Vice President |
|
|
| Stefan Hubrich | Vice President |
|
|
| Arif Husain | Vice President |
|
|
| Randal S. Jenneke | Vice President |
|
|
| Nina P. Jones | Vice President |
|
|
| Yoichiro Kai | Vice President |
|
|
| Jai Kapadia | Vice President |
|
|
| Andrew J. Keirle | Vice President |
|
|
| Christopher J. Kushlis | Vice President |
|
|
| Mark J. Lawrence | Vice President |
|
|
| Johannes Loefstrand | Vice President |
|
|
| Anh Lu | Vice President |
|
|
| Jennifer Martin | Vice President |
34
Fund | Name | Position Held | ||
|
|
| Daniel Martino | Vice President |
|
|
| Eric C. Moffett | Vice President |
|
|
| Tobias F. Mueller | Vice President |
|
|
| Sudhir Nanda | Vice President |
|
|
| Kenneth A. Orchard | Vice President |
|
|
| Oluwaseun A. Oyegunle | Vice President |
|
|
| Sebastian Schrott | Vice President |
|
|
| Robert W. Sharps | Vice President |
|
|
| Bin Shen | Vice President |
|
|
| John C.A. Sherman | Vice President |
|
|
| Gabriel Solomon | Vice President |
|
|
| Scott D. Solomon | Vice President |
|
|
| Joshua K. Spencer | Vice President |
|
|
| Taymour R. Tamaddon | Vice President |
|
|
| Dean Tenerelli | Vice President |
|
|
| Eric L. Veiel | Vice President |
|
|
| Rupinder Vig | Vice President |
|
|
| Zenon Voyiatzis | Vice President |
|
|
| Verena E. Wachnitz | Vice President |
|
|
| Dai Wang | Vice President |
|
|
| Christopher S. Whitehouse | Vice President |
|
|
| Marta Yago | Vice President |
|
|
| Ernest C. Yeung | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
Global Allocation Fund | Charles M. Shriver | Co-President | ||
|
|
| Toby M. Thompson | Co-President |
|
|
| Stephen L. Bartolini | Vice President |
|
|
| Robert L. Harlow | Vice President |
|
|
| Stefan Hubrich | Vice President |
|
|
| Robert M. Larkins | Vice President |
|
|
| Sean P. McWilliams | Vice President |
|
|
| Robert A. Panariello | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
35
Fund | Name | Position Held | ||
Global Multi-Sector Bond Fund | Kenneth A. Orchard | President | ||
|
|
| Steve Boothe | Vice President |
|
|
| Christopher P. Brown, Jr. | Vice President |
|
|
| Michael J. Conelius | Vice President |
|
|
| Michael F. Connelly | Vice President |
|
|
| Michael Della Vedova | Vice President |
|
|
| Quentin S. Fitzsimmons | Vice President |
|
|
| Arif Husain | Vice President |
|
|
| Keir R. Joyce | Vice President |
|
|
| Andrew J. Keirle | Vice President |
|
|
| Samy B. Muaddi | Vice President |
|
|
| Saurabh Sud | Vice President |
|
|
| Ju Yen Tan | Vice President |
|
|
| Susan G. Troll | Vice President |
|
|
| J. Howard Woodward | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
Global Real Estate Fund | Nina P. Jones | President | ||
|
|
| Harishankar Balkrishna | Vice President |
|
|
| Richard N. Clattenburg | Vice President |
|
|
| Jai Kapadia | Vice President |
|
|
| Takanori Kobayashi | Vice President |
|
|
| Robert J. Marcotte | Vice President |
|
|
| Raymond A. Mills | Vice President |
|
|
| Philip A. Nestico | Vice President |
|
|
| Dante Pearson | Vice President |
|
|
| Preeta Ragavan | Vice President |
|
|
| Pavel Vedrov | Vice President |
|
|
| Marta Yago | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
Global Technology Fund | Alan Tu | President | ||
|
|
| Kennard W. Allen | Vice President |
|
|
| Christopher W. Carlson | Vice President |
|
|
| Greg Dunham | Vice President |
|
|
| David J. Eiswert | Vice President |
|
|
| Paul D. Greene II | Vice President |
|
|
| Jacqueline L. Liu | Vice President |
|
|
| Jennifer Martin | Vice President |
|
|
| Heather K. McPherson | Vice President |
|
|
| Tobias F. Mueller | Vice President |
|
|
| Dominic Rizzo | Vice President |
|
|
| Emily C. Scudder | Vice President |
|
|
| Joshua K. Spencer | Vice President |
|
|
| Anthony B. Wang | Vice President |
|
|
| Thomas H. Watson | Vice President |
|
|
| Alison Mei Ling Yip | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
36
Fund | Name | Position Held | ||
GNMA Fund | Keir R. Joyce | President | ||
|
|
| Joseph Anastasio | Vice President |
|
|
| Anil K. Andhavarapu | Vice President |
|
|
| Brian J. Brennan | Vice President |
|
|
| Christopher P. Brown, Jr. | Vice President |
|
|
| Ramon R. de Castro | Vice President |
|
|
| Steven M. Kohlenstein | Vice President |
|
|
| Alan D. Levenson | Vice President |
|
|
| Reilly Kevin McCarthy | Assistant Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
Government Money Fund | Joseph K. Lynagh | President | ||
|
|
| Colin T. Bando | Vice President |
|
|
| M. Helena Condez | Vice President |
|
|
| Stephanie A. Gentile | Vice President |
|
|
| Alan D. Levenson | Vice President |
|
|
| Cheryl A. Mickel | Vice President |
|
|
| Chen Shao | Vice President |
|
|
| Jeanny Silva | Vice President |
|
|
| Douglas D. Spratley | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
Growth & Income Fund | Jeffrey Rottinghaus | President | ||
|
|
| Peter J. Bates | Vice President |
|
|
| Andrew S. Davis | Vice President |
|
|
| Shawn T. Driscoll | Vice President |
|
|
| Joseph B. Fath | Vice President |
|
|
| Mark S. Finn | Vice President |
|
|
| Paul D. Greene II | Vice President |
|
|
| Ryan S. Hedrick | Vice President |
|
|
| Heather K. McPherson | Vice President |
|
|
| Jason Nogueira | Vice President |
|
|
| David L. Rowlett | Vice President |
|
|
| Gabriel Solomon | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
Growth Stock Fund | Joseph B. Fath | President | ||
|
|
| Andrew S. Davis | Vice President |
|
|
| Eric L. DeVilbiss | Vice President |
|
|
| Shawn T. Driscoll | Vice President |
|
|
| Greg Dunham | Vice President |
|
|
| David J. Eiswert | Vice President |
|
|
| Jon M. Friar | Vice President |
|
|
| Paul D. Greene II | Vice President |
|
|
| Daniel Martino | Vice President |
|
|
| David L. Rowlett | Vice President |
|
|
| Robert W. Sharps | Vice President |
|
|
| Taymour R. Tamaddon | Vice President |
|
|
| Justin P. White | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
37
Fund | Name | Position Held | ||
Health Sciences Fund | Ziad Bakri | President | ||
|
|
| Anne Daub | Vice President |
|
|
| Melissa C. Gallagher | Vice President |
|
|
| John Hall | Vice President |
|
|
| Jeffrey Holford | Vice President |
|
|
| Rachel D. Jonas | Vice President |
|
|
| Adam Poussard | Vice President |
|
|
| Taymour R. Tamaddon | Vice President |
|
|
| Jon D. Wood | Vice President |
|
|
| Rouven J. Wool-Lewis | Vice President |
|
|
| Nina Xu | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
High Yield Fund | Andrew C. McCormick | President | ||
|
| High Yield Fund (a) | Kevin P. Loome | Executive Vice President |
|
| U.S. High Yield Fund (b) | Rodney M. Rayburn | Executive Vice President |
|
|
| Mark J. Vaselkiv | Executive Vice President |
|
|
| Jason A. Bauer | Vice President |
|
|
| Michael F. Connelly | Vice President |
|
|
| Michael Della Vedova | Vice President |
|
|
| Charles Devereux | Vice President |
|
|
| Carson R. Dickson | Vice President |
|
|
| Devon Everhart | Vice President |
|
|
| Matthew Fanandakis | Vice President |
|
|
| Stephen M. Finamore | Vice President |
|
|
| Daniel Fox | Vice President |
|
|
| Justin T. Gerbereux | Vice President |
|
|
| Gregg Gola | Vice President |
|
|
| Michael T. Hyland | Vice President |
|
|
| Paul M. Massaro | Vice President |
|
|
| Brian A. Rubin | Vice President |
|
|
| Reena Tilva | Vice President |
|
|
| Michael J. Trivino | Vice President |
|
|
| Douglas Zinser | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
Index Trust | Alexa M. Gagliardi | President | ||
|
| Equity Index 500 Fund | E. Frederick Bair | Vice President |
|
| Extended Equity Market Index Fund | Neil Smith | Vice President |
|
| Mid-Cap Index Fund | Craig A. Thiese | Vice President |
|
| Small-Cap Index Fund | Michael T. Wehn | Vice President |
|
| Total Equity Market Index Fund |
|
|
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
38
Fund | Name | Position Held
| ||||||||||||||
Inflation Protected Bond Fund | Stephen L. Bartolini | President | ||||||||||||||
|
|
| Michael K. Sewell | Executive Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Brian J. Brennan | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Geoffrey M. Hardin | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Alan D. Levenson | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Michael F. Reinartz | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Christopher J. Temple | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Susan G. Troll | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
| ||||||||||||
Institutional Income Funds | Paul M. Massaro | President | ||||||||||||||
|
| Institutional Cash Reserves Fund | Brian J. Brennan | Executive Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
| Institutional Core Plus Fund | Robert M. Larkins | Executive Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
| Institutional Floating Rate Fund | Joseph K. Lynagh | Executive Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
| Institutional High Yield Fund | Rodney M. Rayburn | Executive Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
| Institutional Long Duration Credit Fund | Colin T. Bando | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Stephen L. Bartolini | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Jason A. Bauer | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Steve Boothe | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Christopher P. Brown, Jr. | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Brian E. Burns | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| M. Helena Condez | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Michael J. Conelius | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Michael F. Connelly | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Michael P. Daley | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Stephen M. Finamore | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Stephanie A. Gentile | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Justin T. Gerbereux | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| David R. Giroux | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Michael J. Grogan | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Keir R. Joyce | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Michael Lambe | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Matthew Lawton | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Yongheon Lee | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Alan D. Levenson | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Michael J. McGonigle | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Cheryl A. Mickel | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Samy B. Muaddi | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Alexander S. Obaza | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Miso Park | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Theodore E. Robson | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Brian A. Rubin | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Chen Shao | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Jeanny Silva | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Douglas D. Spratley | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Ju Yen Tan | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Christopher J. Temple | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Michael J. Trivino | Vice President | ||||||||||||
|
|
| Susan G. Troll | Vice President |
39
Fund | Name | Position Held | ||
|
|
| Lauren T. Wagandt | Vice President |
|
|
| Bineesha Wickremarachchi | Vice President |
|
|
| J. Howard Woodward | Vice President |
|
|
| Rebecca Willey | Assistant Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
Intermediate Tax-Free High Yield Fund | James M. Murphy | President | ||
|
|
| R. Lee Arnold, Jr. | Executive Vice President |
|
|
| Colin T. Bando | Vice President |
|
|
| Daniel Chihorek | Vice President |
|
|
| Sarah J. Engle | Vice President |
|
|
| Dylan Jones | Vice President |
|
|
| Marcy M. Lash | Vice President |
|
|
| Konstantine B. Mallas | Vice President |
|
|
| Hugh D. McGuirk | Vice President |
|
|
| Linda A. Murphy | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
International Funds | Christopher D. Alderson | President | ||
|
| Africa & Middle East Fund | Jason R. Adams | Executive Vice President |
Asia Opportunities Fund | Ulle Adamson | Executive Vice President | ||
|
| Dynamic Credit Fund | Peter J. Bates | Executive Vice President |
|
| Dynamic Global Bond Fund | Oliver D.M. Bell | Executive Vice President |
|
| Emerging Europe Fund | R. Scott Berg | Executive Vice President |
|
| Emerging Markets Bond Fund | Archibald Ciganer | Executive Vice President |
|
| Emerging Markets Corporate Bond Fund | Richard N. Clattenburg | Executive Vice President |
|
| Emerging Markets Discovery Stock Fund | Michael J. Conelius | Executive Vice President |
|
| Emerging Markets Local Currency Bond Fund | Michael Della Vedova | Executive Vice President |
|
| Emerging Markets Stock Fund | David J. Eiswert | Executive Vice President |
|
| European Stock Fund | Arif Husain | Executive Vice President |
|
| Global Consumer Fund | Andrew J. Keirle | Executive Vice President |
|
| Global Growth Stock Fund | Anh Lu | Executive Vice President |
|
| Global High Income Bond Fund | Raymond A. Mills | Executive Vice President |
|
| Global Industrials Fund | Eric C. Moffett | Executive Vice President |
|
| Global Stock Fund | Samy B. Muaddi | Executive Vice President |
|
| International Bond Fund | Joshua Nelson | Executive Vice President |
|
| International Bond Fund (USD Hedged) | Jason Nogueira | Executive Vice President |
|
| International Disciplined Equity Fund | Kenneth A. Orchard | Executive Vice President |
|
| International Discovery Fund | Gonzalo Pangaro | Executive Vice President |
|
| International Stock Fund | Federico Santilli | Executive Vice President |
|
| International Value Equity Fund | Saurabh Sud | Executive Vice President |
|
| Japan Fund | Dean Tenerelli | Executive Vice President |
|
| Latin America Fund | Justin Thomson | Executive Vice President |
|
| New Asia Fund | Mark J. Vaselkiv | Executive Vice President |
|
| Overseas Stock Fund | Verena E. Wachnitz | Executive Vice President |
|
| Ernest C. Yeung | Executive Vice President | |
|
|
| Mariel Abreu | Vice President |
|
|
| Roy H. Adkins | Vice President |
|
|
| Syed H. Ali | Vice President |
|
|
| Kennard W. Allen | Vice President |
40
Fund | Name | Position Held | ||
|
|
| Paulina Amieva | Vice President |
|
|
| Malik S. Asif | Vice President |
|
|
| Ziad Bakri | Vice President |
|
|
| Harishankar Balkrishna | Vice President |
|
|
| Sheena L. Barbosa | Vice President |
|
|
| Jason A. Bauer | Vice President |
|
|
| Luis M. Baylac | Vice President |
|
|
| Timothy F. Bei | Vice President |
|
|
| Steve Boothe | Vice President |
|
|
| Peter I. Botoucharov | Vice President |
|
|
| Tala Boulos | Vice President |
|
|
| Christopher P. Brown, Jr. | Vice President |
|
|
| Sheldon Chan | Vice President |
|
|
| Andrew Chang | Vice President |
|
|
| William Chen | Vice President |
|
|
| Carolyn Hoi Che Chu | Vice President |
|
|
| Michael F. Connelly | Vice President |
|
|
| Andrew S. Davis | Vice President |
|
|
| Richard de los Reyes | Vice President |
|
|
| Iona Dent | Vice President |
|
|
| Maria Elena Drew | Vice President |
|
|
| Shawn T. Driscoll | Vice President |
|
|
| Bridget A. Ebner | Vice President |
|
|
| Dawei Feng | Vice President |
|
|
| Ryan W Ferro | Vice President |
|
|
| Mark S. Finn | Vice President |
|
|
| Quentin S. Fitzsimmons | Vice President |
|
|
| Melissa C. Gallagher | Vice President |
|
|
| Justin T. Gerbereux | Vice President |
|
|
| Aaron Gifford | Vice President |
|
|
| Vishnu V. Gopal | Vice President |
|
|
| Joel Grant | Vice President |
|
|
| Paul D. Greene II | Vice President |
|
|
| Benjamin Griffiths | Vice President |
|
|
| Gianluca Guicciardi | Vice President |
|
|
| Richard L. Hall | Vice President |
|
|
| Nabil Hanano | Vice President |
|
|
| Daniel B. Hirsch | Vice President |
|
|
| Jeffrey Holford | Vice President |
|
|
| Stefan Hubrich | Vice President |
|
|
| Hiromasa Ikeda | Vice President |
|
|
| Tetsuji Inoue | Vice President |
|
|
| Michael D. Jacobs | Vice President |
|
|
| Randal S. Jenneke | Vice President |
|
|
| Prashant G. Jeyaganesh | Vice President |
|
|
| Nina P. Jones | Vice President |
|
|
| Yoichiro Kai | Vice President |
|
|
| Jacob H. Kann | Vice President |
41
Fund | Name | Position Held | ||
|
|
| Jai Kapadia | Vice President |
|
|
| Takanori Kobayashi | Vice President |
|
|
| Christopher J. Kushlis | Vice President |
|
|
| Shengrong Lau | Vice President |
|
|
| Mark J. Lawrence | Vice President |
|
|
| Jacqueline L. Liu | Vice President |
|
|
| Johannes Loefstrand | Vice President |
|
|
| Sebastien Mallet | Vice President |
|
|
| Jennifer Martin | Vice President |
|
|
| Ryan Martyn | Vice President |
|
|
| Jihong Min | Vice President |
|
|
| Ivan Morozov | Vice President |
|
|
| Tobias F. Mueller | Vice President |
|
|
| Philip A. Nestico | Vice President |
|
|
| Michael Niedzielski | Vice President |
|
|
| Sridhar Nishtala | Vice President |
|
|
| Curt J. Organt | Vice President |
|
|
| Paul T. O’Sullivan | Vice President |
|
|
| Oluwaseun A. Oyegunle | Vice President |
|
|
| Vivek Rajeswaran | Vice President |
|
|
| Todd Reese | Vice President |
|
|
| Melanie A. Rizzo | Vice President |
|
|
| David L. Rowlett | Vice President |
|
|
| Nikolaj Schmidt | Vice President |
|
|
| Sebastian Schrott | Vice President |
|
|
| Robert W. Sharps | Vice President |
|
|
| Bin Shen | Vice President |
|
|
| John C.A. Sherman | Vice President |
|
|
| Gabriel Solomon | Vice President |
|
|
| Scott D. Solomon | Vice President |
|
|
| Joshua K. Spencer | Vice President |
|
|
| David Stanley | Vice President |
|
|
| Taymour R. Tamaddon | Vice President |
|
|
| Ju Yen Tan | Vice President |
|
|
| Sin Dee Tan | Vice President |
|
|
| Siby Thomas | Vice President |
|
|
| Rupinder Vig | Vice President |
|
|
| Willem Visser | Vice President |
|
|
| Kes Visuvalingam | Vice President |
|
|
| Chris Vost | Vice President |
|
|
| Zenon Voyiatzis | Vice President |
|
|
| David J. Wallack | Vice President |
|
|
| Dai Wang | Vice President |
|
|
| Hiroshi Watanabe | Vice President |
|
|
| Clive M. Williams | Vice President |
|
|
| J. Howard Woodward | Vice President |
|
|
| Marta Yago | Vice President |
|
|
| Benjamin T. Yeagle | Vice President |
42
Fund | Name | Position Held | |||
|
|
| Alison Mei Ling Yip | Vice President | |
|
|
| Eric Yuan | Vice President | |
|
|
| Wenli Zheng | Vice President | |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
| |
International Index Fund | Neil Smith | President | |||
|
| International Equity Index Fund | E. Frederick Bair | Vice President | |
|
|
| Alexa M. Gagliardi | Vice President | |
|
|
| Craig A. Thiese | Vice President | |
|
|
| Ken D. Uematsu | Vice President | |
|
|
| Michael T. Wehn | Vice President | |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
| |
Limited Duration Inflation Focused Bond Fund | Stephen L. Bartolini | President | |||
|
|
| Michael K. Sewell | Executive Vice President | |
|
|
| Brian J. Brennan | Vice President | |
|
|
| Jerome A. Clark | Vice President | |
|
|
| Geoffrey M. Hardin | Vice President | |
|
|
| Wyatt A. Lee | Vice President | |
|
|
| Michael F. Reinartz | Vice President | |
|
|
| Christopher J. Temple | Vice President | |
|
|
| Susan G. Troll | Vice President | |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
| |
Mid-Cap Growth Fund | Brian W.H. Berghuis | President | |||
|
|
| John F. Wakeman | Executive Vice President | |
|
|
| Kennard W. Allen | Vice President | |
|
|
| Ziad Bakri | Vice President | |
|
|
| Shawn T. Driscoll | Vice President | |
|
|
| Donald J. Easley | Vice President | |
|
|
| Joseph B. Fath | Vice President | |
|
|
| Robert J. Marcotte | Vice President | |
|
|
| Jason Nogueira | Vice President | |
|
|
| Vivek Rajeswaran | Vice President | |
|
|
| Joshua K. Spencer | Vice President | |
|
|
| Justin P. White | Vice President | |
|
|
| Ashley R. Woodruff | Vice President | |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
43
Fund | Name | Position Held | ||
Mid-Cap Value Fund | David J. Wallack | President | ||
|
|
| Heather K. McPherson | Executive Vice President |
|
|
| Christopher W. Carlson | Vice President |
|
|
| Richard de los Reyes | Vice President |
|
|
| Vincent M. DeAugustino | Vice President |
|
|
| Mark S. Finn | Vice President |
|
|
| Ryan S. Hedrick | Vice President |
|
|
| Nina P. Jones | Vice President |
|
|
| Melanie A. Rizzo | Vice President |
|
|
| Gabriel Solomon | Vice President |
|
|
| J. David Wagner | Vice President |
|
|
| Justin P. White | Vice President |
|
|
| John M. Williams | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
Multi-Sector Account Portfolios | Andrew C. McCormick | President | ||
|
| Emerging Markets Corporate Multi-Sector Account Portfolio | Steve Boothe | Executive Vice President |
|
| Emerging Markets Local Multi-Sector Account Portfolio | Keir R. Joyce | Executive Vice President |
|
| Floating Rate Multi-Sector Account Portfolio | Andrew J. Keirle | Executive Vice President |
|
| High Yield Multi-Sector Account Portfolio | Paul M. Massaro | Executive Vice President |
|
| Investment-Grade Corporate Multi-Sector Account Portfolio | Samy B. Muaddi | Executive Vice President |
|
| Mortgage-Backed Securities Multi-Sector Account Portfolio | Mark J. Vaselkiv | Executive Vice President |
|
|
| Mariel Abreu | Vice President |
|
|
| Roy H. Adkins | Vice President |
|
|
| Joseph Anastasio | Vice President |
|
|
| Anil K. Andhavarapu | Vice President |
|
|
| Stephen L. Bartolini | Vice President |
|
|
| Jason A. Bauer | Vice President |
|
|
| Peter I. Botoucharov | Vice President |
|
|
| Tala Boulos | Vice President |
|
|
| Brian J. Brennan | Vice President |
|
|
| Christopher P. Brown, Jr. | Vice President |
|
|
| Brian E. Burns | Vice President |
|
|
| Sheldon Chan | Vice President |
|
|
| Carolyn Hoi Che Chu | Vice President |
|
|
| Michael J. Conelius | Vice President |
|
|
| Michael F. Connelly | Vice President |
|
|
| Michael P. Daley | Vice President |
|
|
| Ramon R. de Castro | Vice President |
|
|
| Stephen M. Finamore | Vice President |
|
|
| Justin T. Gerbereux | Vice President |
|
|
| Aaron Gifford | Vice President |
|
|
| David R. Giroux | Vice President |
|
|
| Michael J. Grogan | Vice President |
|
|
| Richard L. Hall | Vice President |
|
|
| Arif Husain | Vice President |
|
|
| Keir R. Joyce | Vice President |
|
|
| Steven M. Kohlenstein | Vice President |
|
|
| Christopher J. Kushlis | Vice President |
44
Fund | Name | Position Held | ||
|
|
| Michael Lambe | Vice President |
|
|
| Alan D. Levenson | Vice President |
|
|
| Michael J. McGonigle | Vice President |
|
|
| Ivan Morozov | Vice President |
|
|
| Alexander S. Obaza | Vice President |
|
|
| Kenneth A. Orchard | Vice President |
|
|
| Miso Park | Vice President |
|
|
| Theodore E. Robson | Vice President |
|
|
| Brian A. Rubin | Vice President |
|
|
| Michael K. Sewell | Vice President |
|
|
| Jeanny Silva | Vice President |
|
|
| David Stanley | Vice President |
|
|
| Ju Yen Tan | Vice President |
|
|
| Siby Thomas | Vice President |
|
|
| Robert D. Thomas | Vice President |
|
|
| Michael J. Trivino | Vice President |
|
|
| Wesley Ross Trowbridge | Vice President |
|
|
| Willem Visser | Vice President |
|
|
| Lauren T. Wagandt | Vice President |
|
|
| Bineesha Wickremarachchi | Vice President |
|
|
| J. Howard Woodward | Vice President |
|
|
| Rebecca Willey | Assistant Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
Multi-Strategy Total Return Fund | Richard de los Reyes | Co-President | ||
|
|
| Stefan Hubrich | Co-President |
|
|
| David R. Giroux | Vice President |
|
|
| Arif Husain | Vice President |
|
|
| John D. Linehan | Vice President |
|
|
| Sebastien Page | Vice President |
|
|
| Robert W. Sharps | Vice President |
|
|
| Justin Thomson | Vice President |
|
|
| Mark J. Vaselkiv | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
New America Growth Fund | Justin P. White | President | ||
|
|
| Jason R. Adams | Vice President |
|
|
| Ziad Bakri | Vice President |
|
|
| Brian W.H. Berghuis | Vice President |
|
|
| Eric L. DeVilbiss | Vice President |
|
|
| Shawn T. Driscoll | Vice President |
|
|
| David L. Rowlett | Vice President |
|
|
| Taymour R. Tamaddon | Vice President |
|
|
| Craig A. Thiese | Vice President |
|
|
| Thomas H. Watson | Vice President |
|
|
| Ashley R. Woodruff | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
45
Fund | Name | Position Held | ||
New Era Fund | Shawn T. Driscoll | President | ||
|
|
| Richard de los Reyes | Vice President |
|
|
| Donald J. Easley | Vice President |
|
|
| Mark S. Finn | Vice President |
|
|
| Ryan S. Hedrick | Vice President |
|
|
| Jon R. Hussey | Vice President |
|
|
| Shinwoo Kim | Vice President |
|
|
| Matt Mahon | Vice President |
|
|
| Ryan Martyn | Vice President |
|
|
| Heather K. McPherson | Vice President |
|
|
| Christian M. O’Neill | Vice President |
|
|
| John C. Qian | Vice President |
|
|
| Vivek Rajeswaran | Vice President |
|
|
| Thomas A. Shelmerdine | Vice President |
|
|
| Craig A. Thiese | Vice President |
|
|
| David J. Wallack | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
New Horizons Fund | Joshua K. Spencer | President | ||
|
|
| Francisco M. Alonso | Vice President |
|
|
| Ziad Bakri | Vice President |
|
|
| Brian W.H. Berghuis | Vice President |
|
|
| Christopher W. Carlson | Vice President |
|
|
| Eric L. DeVilbiss | Vice President |
|
|
| Greg Dunham | Vice President |
|
|
| Jon M. Friar | Vice President |
|
|
| Curt J. Organt | Vice President |
|
|
| Alexander P. Roik | Vice President |
|
|
| Justin Thomson | Vice President |
|
|
| Alan Tu | Vice President |
|
|
| J. David Wagner | Vice President |
|
|
| Ashley R. Woodruff | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
New Income Fund | Stephen L. Bartolini | President | ||
|
|
| Steve Boothe | Vice President |
|
|
| Brian J. Brennan | Vice President |
|
|
| Christopher P. Brown, Jr. | Vice President |
|
|
| Geoffrey M. Hardin | Vice President |
|
|
| Robert M. Larkins | Vice President |
|
|
| Matthew Lawton | Vice President |
|
|
| Alan D. Levenson | Vice President |
|
|
| Susan G. Troll | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
46
Fund | Name | Position Held | ||
Quantitative Management Funds | Sudhir Nanda | President | ||
|
| QM Global Equity Fund | Prashant G. Jeyaganesh | Executive Vice President |
|
| QM U.S. Small & Mid-Cap Core Equity Fund | Farris G. Shuggi | Executive Vice President |
|
| QM U.S. Small-Cap Growth Equity Fund | George Gao | Vice President |
|
| QM U.S. Value Equity Fund | Vidya Kadiyam | Vice President |
|
|
| Navneesh Malhan | Vice President |
|
|
| Rinald Murataj | Vice President |
|
|
| Jordan S. Pryor | Vice President |
|
|
| Erik M. von Heijne | Vice President |
|
|
| Anthony Zhu | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
Real Assets Fund | Richard Coghlan | Co-President | ||
|
|
| Christopher Faulkner-MacDonagh | Co-President |
|
|
| E. Frederick Bair | Vice President |
|
|
| Stephen L. Bartolini | Vice President |
|
|
| Richard de los Reyes | Vice President |
|
|
| Shawn T. Driscoll | Vice President |
|
|
| Matthew A. Howell | Vice President |
|
|
| Nina P. Jones | Vice President |
|
|
| Sebastien Page | Vice President |
|
|
| Robert A. Panariello | Vice President |
|
|
| Charles M. Shriver | Vice President |
|
|
| J. Zachary Wood | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
Real Estate Fund | Nina P. Jones | President | ||
|
|
| Thomas J. Huber | Vice President |
|
|
| Philip A. Nestico | Vice President |
|
|
| Dante Pearson | Vice President |
|
|
| Jane K. Rivers | Vice President |
|
|
| Theodore E. Robson | Vice President |
|
|
| Weijie Si | Vice President |
|
|
| Brian Solomon | Vice President |
|
|
| Preeta Ragavan | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
TRP Reserve Investment Funds | Joseph K. Lynagh | President | ||
|
| Government Reserve Fund | Colin T. Bando | Vice President |
|
| Short-Term Fund | M. Helena Condez | Vice President |
|
| Short-Term Government Fund | Stephanie A. Gentile | Vice President |
|
| Treasury Reserve Fund | Alan D. Levenson | Vice President |
|
|
| Cheryl A. Mickel | Vice President |
|
|
| Chen Shao | Vice President |
|
|
| Jeanny Silva | Vice President |
|
|
| Douglas D. Spratley | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
47
Fund | Name | Position Held | |||
Retirement Funds | Jerome A. Clark | Co-President | |||
|
| Retirement 2005 Fund | Kimberly E. DeDominicis | Co-President | |
|
| Retirement 2010 Fund | Andrew G. Jacobs Van Merlen | Co-President | |
|
| Retirement 2015 Fund | Wyatt A. Lee | Co-President | |
|
| Retirement 2020 Fund | Christopher D. Alderson | Vice President | |
|
| Retirement 2025 Fund | Francisco M. Alonso | Vice President | |
|
| Retirement 2030 Fund | Mark S. Finn | Vice President | |
|
| Retirement 2035 Fund | David R. Giroux | Vice President | |
|
| Retirement 2040 Fund | Arif Husain | Vice President | |
|
| Retirement 2045 Fund | Sebastien Page | Vice President | |
|
| Retirement 2050 Fund | Robert A. Panariello | Vice President | |
|
| Retirement 2055 Fund | Robert W. Sharps | Vice President | |
|
| Retirement 2060 Fund | Charles M. Shriver | Vice President | |
|
| Retirement Balanced Fund | Guido F. Stubenrauch | Vice President | |
|
| Retirement I 2005 Fund—I Class | Justin Thomson | Vice President | |
|
| Retirement I 2010 Fund—I Class | James A. Tzitzouris Jr. | Vice President | |
|
| Retirement I 2015 Fund—I Class | Mark J. Vaselkiv | Vice President | |
|
| Retirement I 2020 Fund—I Class |
|
| |
|
| Retirement I 2025 Fund—I Class |
|
| |
|
| Retirement I 2030 Fund—I Class |
|
| |
|
| Retirement I 2035 Fund—I Class |
|
| |
|
| Retirement I 2040 Fund—I Class |
|
| |
|
| Retirement I 2045 Fund—I Class |
|
| |
|
| Retirement I 2050 Fund—I Class |
|
| |
|
| Retirement I 2055 Fund—I Class |
|
| |
|
| Retirement I 2060 Fund—I Class |
|
| |
|
| Retirement Balanced I Fund—I Class |
|
| |
|
| Retirement Income 2020 Fund |
|
| |
|
| Target 2005 Fund |
|
| |
|
| Target 2010 Fund |
|
| |
|
| Target 2015 Fund |
|
| |
|
| Target 2020 Fund |
|
| |
|
| Target 2025 Fund |
|
| |
|
| Target 2030 Fund |
|
| |
|
| Target 2035 Fund |
|
| |
|
| Target 2040 Fund |
|
| |
|
| Target 2045 Fund |
|
| |
|
| Target 2050 Fund |
|
| |
|
| Target 2055 Fund |
|
| |
|
| Target 2060 Fund |
|
| |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
48
Fund | Name | Position Held | ||
Science & Technology Fund | Kennard W. Allen | President | ||
|
|
| Brian W.H. Berghuis | Vice President |
|
|
| Greg Dunham | Vice President |
|
|
| David J. Eiswert | Vice President |
|
|
| Paul D. Greene II | Vice President |
|
|
| Jacqueline L. Liu | Vice President |
|
|
| Tobias F. Mueller | Vice President |
|
|
| Dominic Rizzo | Vice President |
|
|
| Emily C. Scudder | Vice President |
|
|
| Joshua K. Spencer | Vice President |
|
|
| Alan Tu | Vice President |
|
|
| Anthony B. Wang | Vice President |
|
|
| Thomas H. Watson | Vice President |
|
|
| Alison Mei Ling Yip | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
Short-Term Bond Fund | Cheryl A. Mickel | President | ||
|
| Short-Term Bond Fund | Joseph K. Lynagh | Executive Vice President |
|
| Ultra Short-Term Bond Fund | Michael F. Reinartz | Executive Vice President |
|
|
| Stephen L. Bartolini | Vice President |
|
|
| Jason T. Collins | Vice President |
|
|
| M. Helena Condez | Vice President |
|
|
| Michael P. Daley | Vice President |
|
|
| Levent Demirekler | Vice President |
|
|
| Stephanie A. Gentile | Vice President |
|
|
| Charles B. Hill | Vice President |
|
|
| Keir R. Joyce | Vice President |
|
|
| Steven M. Kohlenstein | Vice President |
|
|
| Alexander S. Obaza | Vice President |
|
|
| Chen Shao | Vice President |
|
|
| Tyrone Smith | Vice President |
|
|
| Douglas D. Spratley | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
Small-Cap Stock Fund | Francisco M. Alonso | President | ||
|
|
| Andrew S. Davis | Vice President |
|
|
| Christopher T. Fortune | Vice President |
|
|
| John Hall | Vice President |
|
|
| Ryan S. Hedrick | Vice President |
|
|
| Robert J. Marcotte | Vice President |
|
|
| Curt J. Organt | Vice President |
|
|
| Charles G. Pepin | Vice President |
|
|
| Robert T. Quinn, Jr. | Vice President |
|
|
| Alexander P. Roik | Vice President |
|
|
| Joshua K. Spencer | Vice President |
|
|
| J. David Wagner | Vice President |
|
|
| Rouven J. Wool-Lewis | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
49
Fund | Name | Position Held | |||
Small-Cap Value Fund | J. David Wagner | President | |||
|
|
| Francisco M. Alonso | Vice President | |
|
|
| Christopher T. Fortune | Vice President | |
|
|
| Ryan S. Hedrick | Vice President | |
|
|
| Jon R. Hussey | Vice President | |
|
|
| Curt J. Organt | Vice President | |
|
|
| Robert T. Quinn, Jr. | Vice President | |
|
|
| Vivek Rajeswaran | Vice President | |
|
|
| Alexander P. Roik | Vice President | |
|
|
| Farris G. Shuggi | Vice President | |
|
|
| Preeta Ragavan | Vice President | |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
| |
Spectrum Funds | Charles M. Shriver | Co-President | |||
|
| Spectrum Growth Fund | Toby M. Thompson | Co-President | |
|
| Spectrum Income Fund | Christopher D. Alderson | Vice President | |
|
| Spectrum International Fund | Francisco M. Alonso | Vice President | |
|
|
| Stephen L. Bartolini | Vice President | |
|
|
| Kimberly E. DeDominicis | Vice President | |
|
|
| Mark S. Finn | Vice President | |
|
|
| David R. Giroux | Vice President | |
|
|
| Arif Husain | Vice President | |
|
|
| Wyatt A. Lee | Vice President | |
|
|
| Sebastien Page | Vice President | |
|
|
| Robert A. Panariello | Vice President | |
|
|
| Robert W. Sharps | Vice President | |
|
|
| Guido F. Stubenrauch | Vice President | |
|
|
| Justin Thomson | Vice President | |
|
|
| Mark J. Vaselkiv | Vice President | |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
50
Fund | Name | Position Held | ||
Spectrum Funds II | Charles M. Shriver | Co-President | ||
|
| Spectrum Conservative Allocation Fund | Toby M. Thompson | Co-President |
|
| Spectrum Moderate Allocation Fund | Christopher D. Alderson | Vice President |
|
| Spectrum Moderate Growth Allocation Fund | Francisco M. Alonso | Vice President |
|
|
| E. Frederick Bair | Vice President |
|
|
| Jerome A. Clark | Vice President |
|
|
| Kimberly E. DeDominicis | Vice President |
|
|
| Mark S. Finn | Vice President |
|
|
| David R. Giroux | Vice President |
|
|
| Arif Husain | Vice President |
|
|
| Wyatt A. Lee | Vice President |
|
|
| Raymond A. Mills | Vice President |
|
|
| Sebastien Page | Vice President |
|
|
| Robert A. Panariello | Vice President |
|
|
| Larry J. Puglia | Vice President |
|
|
| Robert W. Sharps | Vice President |
|
|
| Guido F. Stubenrauch | Vice President |
|
|
| Justin Thomson | Vice President |
|
|
| Mark J. Vaselkiv | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
State Tax-Free Funds | Hugh D. McGuirk | President | ||
|
| California Tax-Free Bond Fund | Austin Applegate | Executive Vice President |
|
| California Tax-Free Money Fund | Charles B. Hill | Executive Vice President |
|
| Georgia Tax-Free Bond Fund | Joseph K. Lynagh | Executive Vice President |
|
| Maryland Short-Term Tax-Free Bond Fund | Konstantine B. Mallas | Executive Vice President |
|
| Maryland Tax-Free Bond Fund | Colin T. Bando | Vice President |
|
| Maryland Tax-Free Money Fund | Daniel Chihorek | Vice President |
|
| New Jersey Tax-Free Bond Fund | M. Helena Condez | Vice President |
|
| New York Tax-Free Bond Fund | Sarah J. Engle | Vice President |
|
| New York Tax-Free Money Fund | Alisa Fiumara-Yoch | Vice President |
|
| Virginia Tax-Free Bond Fund | Stephanie A. Gentile | Vice President |
|
|
| Dylan Jones | Vice President |
|
|
| Marcy M. Lash | Vice President |
|
|
| Alan D. Levenson | Vice President |
|
|
| James T. Lynch | Vice President |
|
|
| Linda A. Murphy | Vice President |
|
|
| James M. Murphy | Vice President |
|
|
| Chen Shao | Vice President |
|
|
| Jeanny Silva | Vice President |
|
|
| Douglas D. Spratley | Vice President |
|
|
| Timothy G. Taylor | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
51
Fund | Name | Position Held | ||
Summit Income Funds | Joseph K. Lynagh | President | ||
|
| Cash Reserves Fund | Colin T. Bando | Vice President |
|
|
| M. Helena Condez | Vice President |
|
|
| Stephanie A. Gentile | Vice President |
|
|
| Alan D. Levenson | Vice President |
|
|
| Cheryl A. Mickel | Vice President |
|
|
| Chen Shao | Vice President |
|
|
| Jeanny Silva | Vice President |
|
|
| Douglas D. Spratley | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
Summit Municipal Funds | Hugh D. McGuirk | President | ||
|
| Summit Municipal Income Fund | Charles B. Hill | Executive Vice President |
|
| Summit Municipal Intermediate Fund | Joseph K. Lynagh | Executive Vice President |
|
| Summit Municipal Money Market Fund | Konstantine B. Mallas | Executive Vice President |
|
|
| Austin Applegate | Vice President |
|
|
| R. Lee Arnold, Jr. | Vice President |
|
|
| Colin T. Bando | Vice President |
|
|
| Daniel Chihorek | Vice President |
|
|
| M. Helena Condez | Vice President |
|
|
| Sarah J. Engle | Vice President |
|
|
| Stephanie A. Gentile | Vice President |
|
|
| Dylan Jones | Vice President |
|
|
| Marcy M. Lash | Vice President |
|
|
| Alan D. Levenson | Vice President |
|
|
| James T. Lynch | Vice President |
|
|
| Cheryl A. Mickel | Vice President |
|
|
| Linda A. Murphy | Vice President |
|
|
| James M. Murphy | Vice President |
|
|
| Chen Shao | Vice President |
|
|
| Jeanny Silva | Vice President |
|
|
| Douglas D. Spratley | Vice President |
|
|
| Robert D. Thomas | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
Tax-Efficient Funds | Donald J. Peters | President | ||
|
| Tax-Efficient Equity Fund | Kennard W. Allen | Vice President |
|
|
| Ziad Bakri | Vice President |
|
|
| Andrew S. Davis | Vice President |
|
|
| Greg Dunham | Vice President |
|
|
| Donald J. Easley | Vice President |
|
|
| Weijie Si | Vice President |
|
|
| Matthew J. Snowling | Vice President |
|
|
| Alan Tu | Vice President |
|
|
| Mark R. Weigman | Vice President |
|
|
| Nina Xu | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
52
Fund | Name | Position Held | ||
Tax-Exempt Money Fund | Joseph K. Lynagh | President | ||
|
|
| Colin T. Bando | Vice President |
|
|
| M. Helena Condez | Vice President |
|
|
| Stephanie A. Gentile | Vice President |
|
|
| Alan D. Levenson | Vice President |
|
|
| Chen Shao | Vice President |
|
|
| Jeanny Silva | Vice President |
|
|
| Douglas D. Spratley | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
Tax-Free High Yield Fund | James M. Murphy | President | ||
|
|
| R. Lee Arnold, Jr. | Executive Vice President |
|
|
| Colin T. Bando | Vice President |
|
|
| Daniel Chihorek | Vice President |
|
|
| Sarah J. Engle | Vice President |
|
|
| Charles B. Hill | Vice President |
|
|
| Marcy M. Lash | Vice President |
|
|
| Konstantine B. Mallas | Vice President |
|
|
| Hugh D. McGuirk | Vice President |
|
|
| Linda A. Murphy | Vice President |
|
|
| Timothy G. Taylor | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
Tax-Free Income Fund | Konstantine B. Mallas | President | ||
|
|
| R. Lee Arnold, Jr. | Vice President |
|
|
| Sarah J. Engle | Vice President |
|
|
| Charles B. Hill | Vice President |
|
|
| Marcy M. Lash | Vice President |
|
|
| James T. Lynch | Vice President |
|
|
| Hugh D. McGuirk | Vice President |
|
|
| James M. Murphy | Vice President |
|
|
| Timothy G. Taylor | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
Tax-Free Short-Intermediate Fund | Charles B. Hill | President | ||
|
|
| Austin Applegate | Vice President |
|
|
| Alisa Fiumara-Yoch | Vice President |
|
|
| Dylan Jones | Vice President |
|
|
| Marcy M. Lash | Vice President |
|
|
| Joseph K. Lynagh | Vice President |
|
|
| James T. Lynch | Vice President |
|
|
| Hugh D. McGuirk | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
53
Fund | Name | Position Held | ||
Total Return Fund | Christopher P. Brown, Jr. | President | ||
|
|
| Stephen L. Bartolini | Vice President |
|
|
| Jason A. Bauer | Vice President |
|
|
| Brian J. Brennan | Vice President |
|
|
| Oliver Gjoneski | Vice President |
|
|
| Robert M. Larkins | Vice President |
|
|
| Yongheon Lee | Vice President |
|
|
| Kenneth A. Orchard | Vice President |
|
|
| Saurabh Sud | Vice President |
|
|
| Christopher J. Temple | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
U.S. Bond Enhanced Index Fund | Robert M. Larkins | President | ||
|
|
| Stephen L. Bartolini | Vice President |
|
|
| Brian J. Brennan | Vice President |
|
|
| Christopher P. Brown, Jr. | Vice President |
|
|
| Amit S. Deshpande | Vice President |
|
|
| Yongheon Lee | Vice President |
|
|
| Lauren T. Wagandt | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
U.S. Equity Research Fund | Ann M. Holcomb | Co-President | ||
|
|
| Joshua Nelson | Co-President |
|
|
| Jason B. Polun | Co-President |
|
|
| Thomas H. Watson | Co-President |
|
|
| Kennard W. Allen | Vice President |
|
|
| Peter J. Bates | Vice President |
|
|
| Christopher W. Carlson | Vice President |
|
|
| Ira W. Carnahan | Vice President |
|
|
| Donald J. Easley | Vice President |
|
|
| Joseph B. Fath | Vice President |
|
|
| Mark S. Finn | Vice President |
|
|
| Jon M. Friar | Vice President |
|
|
| Paul D. Greene II | Vice President |
|
|
| Ryan S. Hedrick | Vice President |
|
|
| Jason Nogueira | Vice President |
|
|
| Jeffrey Rottinghaus | Vice President |
|
|
| Matthew J. Snowling | Vice President |
|
|
| Ken D. Uematsu | Vice President |
|
|
| John F. Wakeman | Vice President |
|
|
| Justin P. White | Vice President |
|
|
| Rouven J. Wool-Lewis | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
54
Fund | Name | Position Held | ||
U.S. Large-Cap Core Fund | Jeffrey Rottinghaus | President | ||
|
|
| Peter J. Bates | Vice President |
|
|
| Andrew S. Davis | Vice President |
|
|
| Shawn T. Driscoll | Vice President |
|
|
| Joseph B. Fath | Vice President |
|
|
| Mark S. Finn | Vice President |
|
|
| Paul D. Greene II | Vice President |
|
|
| Ryan S. Hedrick | Vice President |
|
|
| Heather K. McPherson | Vice President |
|
|
| Jason Nogueira | Vice President |
|
|
| David L. Rowlett | Vice President |
|
|
| Gabriel Solomon | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
U.S. Treasury Funds | Brian J. Brennan | President | ||
|
| U.S. Treasury Intermediate Fund | Joseph K. Lynagh | Executive Vice President |
|
| U.S. Treasury Long-Term Fund | Colin T. Bando | Vice President |
|
| U.S. Treasury Money Fund | Stephen L. Bartolini | Vice President |
|
|
| M. Helena Condez | Vice President |
|
|
| Stephanie A. Gentile | Vice President |
|
|
| Geoffrey M. Hardin | Vice President |
|
|
| Keir R. Joyce | Vice President |
|
|
| Alan D. Levenson | Vice President |
|
|
| Cheryl A. Mickel | Vice President |
|
|
| Michael K. Sewell | Vice President |
|
|
| Chen Shao | Vice President |
|
|
| Jeanny Silva | Vice President |
|
|
| Douglas D. Spratley | Vice President |
|
|
| Christopher J. Temple | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
55
Fund | Name | Position Held | ||
Value Fund | Mark S. Finn | President | ||
|
|
| Peter J. Bates | Vice President |
|
|
| Jason A. Bauer | Vice President |
|
|
| Andrew S. Davis | Vice President |
|
|
| Vincent M. DeAugustino | Vice President |
|
|
| Joel Grant | Vice President |
|
|
| Ryan S. Hedrick | Vice President |
|
|
| Jon R. Hussey | Vice President |
|
|
| John D. Linehan | Vice President |
|
|
| Daniel Martino | Vice President |
|
|
| Heather K. McPherson | Vice President |
|
|
| Christian M. O’Neill | Vice President |
|
|
| Weijie Si | Vice President |
|
|
| Tamara P. Wiggs | Vice President |
|
|
| Jon D. Wood | Vice President |
|
|
| (For remaining officers, refer to the “All funds” table) |
|
(a) Effective April 1, 2020, James Stillwagon became the President of the fund.
(b) Certain officers of the corporation do not serve as officers with respect to the fund; the High Yield Fund’s officers are Andrew C. McCormick, Jason A. Bauer, Michael F. Connelly, Michael Della Vedova, Carson R. Dickson, Stephen M. Finamore, Daniel Fox, Justin T. Gerbereux, Michael T. Hyland, Paul M. Massaro, Rodney M. Rayburn, Brian A. Rubin, Reena Tilva, Michael J. Trivino, and Mark J. Vaselkiv.
(c) Certain officers of the corporation do not serve as officers with respect to the fund; the U.S. High Yield Fund’s officers are Andrew C. McCormick, Charles Devereux, Devon Everhart, Matthew Fanandakis, Gregg Gola, Kevin P. Loome, and Douglas Zinser.
Below is a table that sets forth certain information, as of March 31, 2020, regarding each person deemed to be an officer of the Price Funds.
Officers
Name, Year of Birth, and
Principal Occupation(s) | Position(s) Held With Fund(s) | |
Mariel Abreu, 1981 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, International Funds and Multi-Sector Account Portfolios | |
Jason R. Adams, 1979 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Executive Vice President, International Funds; Vice President, Blue Chip Growth Fund, Diversified Mid-Cap Growth Fund, Dividend Growth Fund, Equity Income Fund, and New America Growth Fund | |
Ulle Adamson, CFA, 1979 Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price International | Executive Vice President, International Funds; Vice President, Global Funds | |
Roy H. Adkins, 1970 Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price International | Vice President, Global Funds, International Funds, and Multi-Sector Account Portfolios | |
Vinit Agrawal, 1987 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Equity Income Fund | |
Christopher D. Alderson, 1962 Director and Vice President, T. Rowe Price International; Vice President, Price Hong Kong, Price Singapore, and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | President, Global Funds and International Funds; Vice President, Retirement Funds, Spectrum Funds, and Spectrum Funds II | |
Syed H. Ali, 1970 Vice President, Price Hong Kong, Price Singapore, and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, International Funds | |
Kennard W. Allen, 1977 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | President, Science & Technology Fund; Vice President, Diversified Mid-Cap Growth Fund, Global Funds, Global Technology Fund, International Funds, Mid-Cap Growth Fund, Tax-Efficient Funds, and U.S. Equity Research Fund |
56
Name, Year
of Birth, and Principal Occupation(s) | Position(s) Held With Fund(s) | |
Francisco M. Alonso, 1978 Vice President, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., and T. Rowe Price Trust Company | President, Small-Cap Stock Fund; Executive Vice President, Equity Funds; Vice President, New Horizons Fund, Retirement Funds, Small-Cap Value Fund, Spectrum Funds, and Spectrum Funds II | |
Paulina Amieva, 1981 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Global Funds and International Funds | |
Joseph Anastasio, 1986 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.; formerly Vice President, RC Capital Markets (to 2018); Vice President, Nomura Securities International (to 2017) | Vice President, GNMA Fund and Multi-Sector Account Portfolios | |
Anil K. Andhavarapu, 1980 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, GNMA Fund and Multi-Sector Account Portfolios | |
Austin Applegate, 1974 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Executive Vice President, State Tax-Free Funds; Vice President, Summit Municipal Funds, and Tax-Free Short-Intermediate Fund | |
R. Lee Arnold, Jr., CFA, CPA, 1970 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Executive Vice President, Intermediate Tax-Free High Yield Fund and Tax-Free High Yield Fund; Vice President, Summit Municipal Funds and Tax-Free Income Fund | |
Malik S. Asif, 1981 Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price International | Vice President, Global Funds and International Funds | |
E. Frederick Bair, CFA, CPA, 1969 Vice President, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., and T. Rowe Price Trust Company | Vice President, Index Trust, International Index Fund, Real Assets Fund, and Spectrum Funds II | |
Ziad Bakri, M.D., CFA, 1980 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | President, Health Sciences Fund; Vice President, Blue Chip Growth Fund, Global Funds, International Funds, Mid-Cap Growth Fund, New America Growth Fund, New Horizons Fund, and Tax-Efficient Funds | |
Harishankar Balkrishna, 1983 Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price International | Vice President, Global Funds, Global Real Estate Fund, and International Funds | |
Colin T. Bando, CFA, 1987 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Government Money Fund, Institutional Income Funds, Intermediate Tax-Free High Yield Fund, Reserve Investment Funds, State Tax-Free Funds, Summit Income Funds, Summit Municipal Funds, Tax-Exempt Money Fund, Tax-Free High Yield Fund, and U.S. Treasury Funds | |
Sheena L. Barbosa, 1983 Vice President, Price Hong Kong and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Global Funds and International Funds | |
Stephen L. Bartolini, CFA, 1977 Vice President, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., and T. Rowe Price Trust Company | President, Inflation Protected Bond Fund, Limited Duration Inflation Focused Bond Fund, and New Income Fund; Vice President, Global Allocation Fund, Institutional Income Funds, Multi-Sector Account Portfolios, Real Assets Fund, Short-Term Bond Fund, Spectrum Funds, Total Return Fund, U.S. Bond Enhanced Index Fund, and U.S. Treasury Funds | |
Peter J. Bates, CFA, 1974 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Executive Vice President, International Funds; Vice President, Blue Chip Growth Fund, Dividend Growth Fund, Global Funds, Growth & Income Fund, U.S. Equity Research Fund, U.S. Large-Cap Core Fund, and Value Fund | |
Jason A. Bauer, 1979 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Credit Opportunities Fund, Floating Rate Fund, High Yield Fund (serves only with respect to the High Yield Fund), Institutional Income Funds, International Funds, Multi-Sector Account Portfolios, Total Return Fund, and Value Fund | |
Luis M. Baylac, 1982 Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price International | Vice President, International Funds | |
Timothy F. Bei, 1973 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, International Funds | |
Oliver D.M. Bell, 1969 Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price International | Executive Vice President, Global Funds and International Funds |
57
Name, Year
of Birth, and Principal Occupation(s) | Position(s) Held With Fund(s) | |
R. Scott Berg, CFA, 1972 Vice President, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., and T. Rowe Price Trust Company. | Executive Vice President, Global Funds and International Funds | |
Brian W.H. Berghuis, CFA, 1958 Vice President, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., and T. Rowe Price Trust Company | President, Mid-Cap Growth Fund; Executive Vice President, Equity Funds; Vice President, Diversified Mid-Cap Growth Fund, New America Growth Fund, New Horizons Fund, and Science & Technology Fund | |
Steve Boothe, CFA, 1977 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Co-President, Corporate Income Fund; Executive Vice President, Multi-Sector Account Portfolios; Vice President, Global Funds, Global Multi-Sector Bond Fund, Institutional Income Funds, International Funds, and New Income Fund | |
Peter I. Botoucharov, 1965 Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price International | Vice President, Global Funds, International Funds, and Multi-Sector Account Portfolios | |
Tala Boulos, 1984 Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price International | Vice President, Global Funds, International Funds, and Multi-Sector Account Portfolios | |
Darrell N. Braman, 1963 Vice President, Price Hong Kong, Price Singapore, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., T. Rowe Price International, T. Rowe Price Investment Services, Inc., and T. Rowe Price Services, Inc. | Vice President and Secretary, all funds | |
Brian J. Brennan, CFA, 1964 Vice President, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., T. Rowe Price International, and T. Rowe Price Trust Company | President, U.S. Treasury Funds; Executive Vice President, Institutional Income Funds; Vice President, GNMA Fund, Inflation Protected Bond Fund, Limited Duration Inflation Focused Bond Fund, Multi-Sector Account Portfolios, New Income Fund, Total Return Fund, and U.S. Bond Enhanced Index Fund | |
Christopher P. Brown, Jr., CFA, 1977 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | President, Total Return Fund; Vice President, Global Multi-Sector Bond Fund, GNMA Fund, Institutional Income Funds, International Funds, Multi-Sector Account Portfolios, New Income Fund, and U.S. Bond Enhanced Index Fund | |
Brian E. Burns, 1960 Vice President, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., and T. Rowe Price Trust Company | Vice President, Floating Rate Fund, Institutional Income Funds, and Multi-Sector Account Portfolios | |
Christopher W. Carlson, 1967 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Global Technology Fund, Mid-Cap Value Fund, New Horizons Fund, and U.S. Equity Research Fund | |
Ira W. Carnahan, 1963 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, U.S. Equity Research Fund | |
Jon B. Casper, 1989 Vice President, T. Rowe Price; formerly student, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania (to 2016) | Vice President, Financial Services Fund | |
Sheldon Chan, 1981 Vice President, Price Hong Kong and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, International Funds and Multi-Sector Account Portfolios | |
Andrew Chang, 1983 Vice President, Price Singapore and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, International Funds | |
William Chen, 1979 Vice President, Price Hong Kong; formerly Greater China TMT and Automation Analyst, J.P. Morgan Asset Mgmt (to 2018) | Vice President, International Funds | |
Daniel Chihorek, 1984 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.; formerly Vice President, Municipal Research Analyst, GW&K Investment Management (to 2018) | Vice President, Intermediate Tax-Free High Yield Fund, State Tax-Free Funds, Summit Municipal Funds, and Tax-Free High Yield Fund | |
Paul Y. Cho, 1986 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Communications & Technology Fund | |
Carolyn Hoi Che Chu, 1974 Vice President, Price Hong Kong and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Global Funds, International Funds, and Multi-Sector Account Portfolios | |
Archibald Ciganer, CFA, 1976 Director and Vice President, Price Japan; Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Executive Vice President, International Funds; Vice President, Global Funds |
58
Name, Year
of Birth, and Principal Occupation(s) | Position(s) Held With Fund(s) | |
Jerome A. Clark, CFA, 1961 Vice President, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., T. Rowe Price Investment Services, Inc., and T. Rowe Price Trust Company | Co-President, Retirement Funds; Vice President, Limited Duration Inflation Focused Bond Fund and Spectrum Funds II | |
Richard N. Clattenburg, CFA, 1979 Vice President, Price Singapore, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., T. Rowe Price International, and T. Rowe Price Trust Company | Executive Vice President, Global Funds and International Funds; Vice President, Global Real Estate Fund | |
Richard A. Coghlan, PhD., 1961 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Co-President, Real Assets Fund | |
Jason T. Collins, CFA 1971 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Short-Term Bond Fund | |
M. Helena Condez, 1962 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Government Money Fund, Institutional Income Funds, TRP Reserve Funds, Short-Term Bond Fund, State Tax-Free Funds, Summit Income Funds, Summit Municipal Funds, Tax-Exempt Money Fund, and U.S. Treasury Funds | |
Michael J. Conelius, CFA, 1964 Vice President, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., T. Rowe Price International, and T. Rowe Price Trust Company | Executive Vice President, Global Funds and International Funds; Vice President, Global Multi-Sector Bond Fund, Institutional Income Funds, and Multi-Sector Account Portfolios | |
Michael F. Connelly, CFA, 1977 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Floating Rate Fund, Global Multi-Sector Bond Fund, High Yield Fund (serves only with respect to the High Yield Fund), Institutional Income Funds, International Funds, and Multi-Sector Account Portfolios | |
Michael P. Daley, 1981 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Corporate Income Fund, Institutional Income Funds, Multi-Sector Account Portfolios, and Short-Term Bond Fund | |
Anne Daub, 1973 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.; formerly Senior Analyst, Soros Fund Management LLC (to 2018); Senior Analyst, Citadel LLC (to 2017); Senior Analyst, Visium Asset Management LP (2016) | Vice President, Diversified Mid-Cap Growth Fund and Health Sciences Fund | |
Andrew S. Davis, 1978 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Dividend Growth Fund, Growth & Income Fund, Growth Stock Fund, International Funds, Small-Cap Stock Fund, Tax-Efficient Funds, U.S. Large-Cap Core Fund, and Value Fund | |
Vincent M. DeAugustino, 1983 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Financial Services Fund, Mid-Cap Value Fund, and Value Fund | |
Ramon R. de Castro, 1966 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, GNMA Fund and Multi-Sector Account Portfolios | |
Kimberly E. DeDominicis, 1976 Vice President, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., and T. Rowe Price International | Co-President, Retirement Funds, Vice President, Balanced Fund, Spectrum Funds, and Spectrum Funds II | |
Richard de los Reyes, 1975 Vice President, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., and T. Rowe Price Trust Company | Co-President, Multi-Strategy Total Return Fund; Vice President, Global Funds, International Funds, Mid-Cap Value Fund, New Era Fund, and Real Assets Fund | |
Michael Della Vedova, 1969 Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price International | Executive Vice President, International Funds; Vice President, Global Multi-Sector Bond Fund and High Yield Fund (serves only with respect to the High Yield Fund) | |
Levent Demirekler, CFA, 1974 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Short-Term Bond Fund | |
Iona Dent, CFA, 1991 Employee, T. Rowe Price; formerly Associate, Equity Research, Deutsche Bank (to 2018) | Vice President, Global Funds and International Funds | |
Amit S. Deshpande, CFA, FRM, 1972 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.; formerly Head of Investment Risk, Charles Schwab Investment Management (to 2017) | Vice President, U.S. Bond Enhanced Index Fund | |
Charles Devereux, 1969 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.; formerly Head Analyst, Henderson Global Investors (to 2017) | Vice President, High Yield Fund (serves only with respect to the U.S. High Yield Fund) | |
Eric L. DeVilbiss, CFA, 1983 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Blue Chip Growth Fund, Diversified Mid-Cap Growth Fund, Growth Stock Fund, New America Growth Fund, and New Horizons Fund |
59
Name, Year
of Birth, and Principal Occupation(s) | Position(s) Held With Fund(s) | |
Carson R. Dickson, CFA, CPA, 1976 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Credit Opportunities Fund and High Yield Fund (serves only with respect to the High Yield Fund) | |
Maria Elena Drew, 1973 Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price International; formerly Executive Director, Goldman Sachs Asset Management (to 2017) | Vice President, Global Funds and International Funds | |
Shawn T. Driscoll, 1975 Vice President, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., and T. Rowe Price Trust Company | President, New Era Fund; Vice President, Capital Appreciation Fund, Global Funds, Growth & Income Fund, Growth Stock Fund, International Funds, Mid-Cap Growth Fund, New America Growth Fund, Real Assets Fund, and U.S. Large-Cap Core Fund | |
Greg Dunham, CFA, 1974 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group | Vice President, Blue Chip Growth Fund, Communications & Technology Fund, Global Technology Fund, Growth Stock Fund, New Horizons Fund, Science & Technology Fund, and Tax-Efficient Funds | |
Alan S. Dupski, CPA, 1982 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.; formerly, Assistant Chief Accountant, Division of Investment Management, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (to 2015) | Principal Financial Officer, Vice President, and Treasurer, all funds | |
Donald J. Easley, CFA, 1971 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Executive Vice President, Diversified Mid-Cap Growth Fund; Vice President, Mid-Cap Growth Fund, New Era Fund, Tax-Efficient Funds, and U.S. Equity Research Fund | |
Bridget A. Ebner, 1970 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Global Funds and International Funds | |
David J. Eiswert, CFA, 1972 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Executive Vice President, Global Funds and International Funds; Vice President, Communications & Technology Fund, Global Technology Fund, Growth Stock Fund, and Science & Technology Fund | |
Sarah J. Engle, 1979 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Intermediate Tax-Free High Yield Fund, State Tax-Free Funds, Summit Municipal Funds, Tax-Free High Yield Fund, and Tax-Free Income Fund | |
Devon Everhart, CFA, 1977 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.; formerly Senior Research Analyst, Henderson Global Investors (to 2017) | Vice President, High Yield Fund (serves only with respect to the U.S. High Yield Fund) | |
Matthew Fanandakis, CFA, 1983 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.; formerly Fixed Income Research Analyst, Henderson Global Investors (to 2017) | Vice President, High Yield Fund (serves only with respect to the U.S. High Yield Fund) | |
Joseph B. Fath, CPA, 1971 Vice President, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., and T. Rowe Price Trust Company | President, Growth Stock Fund; Vice President, Communications & Technology Fund, Growth & Income Fund, Mid-Cap Growth Fund, U.S. Equity Research Fund, and U.S. Large-Cap Core Fund | |
Christopher Faulkner-MacDonagh, 1969 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Co-President, Real Assets Fund | |
Dawei Feng, 1979 Vice President, Price Hong Kong and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.; formerly Head of China consumer in Equity Research, Credit Lyonnais Asia-Pacific (to 2018) | Vice President, International Funds | |
Ryan W. Ferro, 1985 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, International Funds | |
Stephen M. Finamore, CFA, 1976 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Floating Rate Fund, High Yield Fund (serves only with respect to the High Yield Fund), Institutional Income Funds, and Multi-Sector Account Portfolios | |
Mark S. Finn, CFA, CPA, 1963 Vice President, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., and T. Rowe Price Trust Company | President, Value Fund; Executive Vice President, Equity Funds; Vice President, Balanced Fund, Equity Income Fund, Global Funds, Growth & Income Fund, International Funds, Mid-Cap Value Fund, New Era Fund, Retirement Funds, Spectrum Funds, Spectrum Funds II, U.S. Equity Research Fund, and U.S. Large-Cap Core Fund | |
60
Name, Year
of Birth, and Principal Occupation(s) | Position(s) Held With Fund(s) | |
Quentin S. Fitzsimmons, 1968 Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price International; formerly Portfolio Manager, Royal Bank of Scotland Group (to 2015) | Vice President, Global Multi-Sector Bond Fund and International Funds | |
Alisa Fiumara-Yoch, CFA, 1974 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, State Tax-Free Funds and Tax-Free Short-Intermediate Fund | |
Christopher T. Fortune, 1973 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Financial Services Fund, Small-Cap Stock Fund, and Small-Cap Value Fund | |
Daniel Fox, CFA, 1985 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Credit Opportunities Fund and High Yield Fund (serves only with respect to the High Yield Fund) | |
Jon M. Friar, 1982 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Capital Appreciation Fund, Dividend Growth Fund, Financial Services Fund, Growth Stock Fund, New Horizons Fund, and U.S. Equity Research Fund | |
Alexa M. Gagliardi, 1988 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Trust Company | President, Index Trust; Vice President, International Index Fund | |
Melissa C. Gallagher, 1974 Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price International | Vice President, Health Sciences Fund and International Funds | |
George Gao, 1979 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Quantitative Management Funds | |
Stephanie A. Gentile, CFA, 1956 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Government Money Fund, Institutional Income Funds, TRP Reserve Funds, Short-Term Bond Fund, State Tax-Free Funds, Summit Income Funds, Summit Municipal Funds, Tax-Exempt Money Fund, and U.S. Treasury Funds | |
Justin T. Gerbereux, CFA, 1975 Vice President, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., and T. Rowe Price Trust Company | Vice President, Floating Rate Fund, High Yield Fund (serves only with respect to the High Yield Fund), Institutional Income Funds, International Funds, and Multi-Sector Account Portfolios | |
Aaron Gifford, CFA, 1987 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.; formerly Strategist, Morgan & Stanley & Co. LLC (to 2017) | Vice President, Global Funds, International Funds, and Multi-Sector Account Portfolios | |
John R. Gilner, 1961 Chief Compliance Officer and Vice President, T. Rowe Price; Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price Investment Services, Inc. | Chief Compliance Officer, all funds | |
David R. Giroux, CFA, 1975 Vice President, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., and T. Rowe Price Trust Company | President, Capital Appreciation Fund; Vice President, Floating Rate Fund, Institutional Income Funds, Multi-Sector Account Portfolios, Multi-Strategy Total Return Fund, Retirement Funds, Spectrum Funds, and Spectrum Funds II | |
Oliver Gjoneski, 1983 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Total Return Fund | |
Gregg Gola, CFA, 1965 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.; formerly Trader and Analyst, Henderson Global Investors (to 2017) | Vice President, High Yield Fund (serves only with respect to the U.S. High Yield Fund) | |
Vishnu V. Gopal, 1979 Vice President, Price Hong Kong and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, International Funds | |
Joel Grant, 1978 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, International Funds and Value Fund | |
Gary J. Greb, 1961 Vice President, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price International, and T. Rowe Trust Company | Vice President, all funds | |
Paul D. Greene II, 1978 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Blue Chip Growth Fund, Capital Appreciation Fund, Communications & Technology Fund, Global Funds, Global Technology Fund, Growth & Income Fund, Growth Stock Fund, International Funds, Science & Technology Fund, U.S. Equity Research Fund, and U.S. Large-Cap Core Fund | |
Benjamin Griffiths, CFA, 1977 Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price International | Vice President, Global Funds and International Funds | |
Michael J. Grogan, CFA, 1971 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group Inc. | Vice President, Corporate Income Fund, Institutional Income Funds, and Multi-Sector Account Portfolios |
61
Name, Year
of Birth, and Principal Occupation(s) | Position(s) Held With Fund(s) | |
Gianluca Guicciardi, 1983 Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price International | Vice President, International Funds | |
Amanda B. Hall, CFA, 1985 Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price International | Vice President, Global Funds | |
John Hall, 1977 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Health Sciences Fund and Small-Cap Stock Fund | |
Richard L. Hall, 1979 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group Inc. | Vice President, Global Funds, International Funds, and Multi-Sector Account Portfolios | |
Nabil Hanano, CFA, 1984 Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price International | Vice President, Global Funds and International Funds | |
Geoffrey M. Hardin, 1971 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Inflation Protected Bond Fund, Limited Duration Inflation Focused Bond Fund, New Income Fund, and U.S. Treasury Funds | |
Robert L. Harlow, CAIA, CFA, 1986 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Global Allocation Fund | |
Ryan S. Hedrick, CFA, 1980 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group Inc. | Vice President, Blue Chip Growth Fund, Dividend Growth Fund, Equity Income Fund, Growth & Income Fund, Mid-Cap Value Fund, New Era Fund, Small-Cap Stock Fund, Small-Cap Value Fund, U.S. Equity Research Fund, U.S. Large-Cap Core Fund, and Value Fund | |
Charles B. Hill, CFA, 1961 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | President, Tax-Free Short-Intermediate Fund; Executive Vice President, State Tax-Free Funds and Summit Municipal Funds; Vice President, Short-Term Bond Fund, Tax-Free High Yield Fund, and Tax-Free Income Fund | |
Daniel B. Hirsch, CFA, 1985 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, International Funds | |
Ann M. Holcomb, CFA, 1972 Vice President, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., and T. Rowe Price Trust Company | Co-President, U.S. Equity Research Fund; Executive Vice President, Equity Funds | |
Jeffrey Holford, Ph.D., ACA, 1972 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.; formerly Managing Director, Jeffries Financial Group (to 2018) | Vice President, Global Funds, Health Sciences Fund, and International Funds | |
Matthew A. Howell, IMC, 1974 Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price International | Vice President, Real Assets Fund | |
Thomas J. Huber, CFA, 1966 Vice President, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., and T. Rowe Price Trust Company | President, Dividend Growth Fund; Vice President, Blue Chip Growth Fund and Real Estate Fund | |
Stefan Hubrich, Ph.D., CFA, 1974 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Co-President, Multi-Strategy Total Return Fund; Vice President, Global Allocation Fund, Global Funds, and International Funds | |
Arif Husain, CFA, 1972 Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price International | Executive Vice President, International Funds; Vice President, Global Funds, Global Multi-Sector Bond Fund, Multi-Sector Account Portfolios, Multi-Strategy Total Return Fund, Retirement Funds, Spectrum Funds, and Spectrum Funds II | |
Jon R. Hussey, CFA, 1982 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.; formerly student, University of Chicago Booth School of Business (to 2016) | Vice President, Equity Income Fund, New Era Fund, Small-Cap Value Fund, and Value Fund | |
Michael T. Hyland, 1979 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Credit Opportunities Fund and High Yield Fund (serves only with respect to the High Yield Fund) | |
Hiromasa Ikeda, 1971 Vice President, Price Hong Kong and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, International Funds | |
Tetsuji Inoue, 1971 Vice President, Price Hong Kong, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., and T. Rowe Price International | Vice President, International Funds | |
Michael D. Jacobs, 1971 Vice President, Price Japan, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., and T. Rowe Price International | Vice President, International Funds |
62
Name, Year
of Birth, and Principal Occupation(s) | Position(s) Held With Fund(s) | |
Andrew G. Jacobs van Merlen, 1978 Vice President, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., and T. Rowe Price International | Co-President, Retirement Funds | |
Randal S. Jenneke, 1971 Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Global Funds and International Funds | |
Prashant G. Jeyaganesh, 1983 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Executive Vice President, Quantitative Management Funds; Vice President, International Funds | |
Rachel D. Jonas, 1983 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.; formerly Analyst, Sands Capital Management (to 2016) | Vice President, Health Sciences Fund | |
Dylan Jones, CFA, 1971 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Intermediate Tax-Free High Yield Fund, State Tax-Free Funds, Summit Municipal Funds, and Tax-Free Short-Intermediate Fund | |
Nina P. Jones, CPA, 1980 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | President, Global Real Estate Fund and Real Estate Fund; Vice President, Capital Appreciation Fund, Financial Services Fund, Global Funds, International Funds, Mid-Cap Value Fund, and Real Assets Fund | |
Keir R. Joyce, CFA, 1972 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | President, GNMA Fund; Executive Vice President and Vice President, Multi-Sector Account Portfolios; Vice President, Global Multi-Sector Bond Fund, Institutional Income Funds, Short-Term Bond Fund, and U.S. Treasury Funds | |
Vidya Kadiyam, 1980 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Capital Appreciation Fund and Quantitative Management Funds | |
Yoichiro Kai, 1973 Vice President, Price Singapore, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price International | Vice President, Global Funds and International Funds | |
Jacob H. Kann, CFA, 1987 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, International Funds | |
Jai Kapadia, 1982 Vice President, Price Hong Kong and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Global Funds, Global Real Estate Fund, and International Funds | |
Andrew J. Keirle, 1974 Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price International | Executive Vice President, International Funds and Multi-Sector Account Portfolios; Vice President, Global Funds and Global Multi-Sector Bond Fund | |
Shinwoo Kim, 1977 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Equity Income Fund and New Era Fund | |
Takanori Kobayashi, 1981 Vice President, Price Japan, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., and T. Rowe Price International; formerly Research Analyst, Allianz Global Investors (to 2017) | Vice President, Financial Services Fund, Global Real Estate Fund, and International Funds | |
Steven M. Kohlenstein, CFA, 1987 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, GNMA Fund, Multi-Sector Account Portfolios, and Short-Term Bond Fund | |
Paul J. Krug, CPA, 1964 Vice President, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., and T. Rowe Price Trust Company | Vice President, all funds | |
Christopher J. Kushlis, CFA, 1976 Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price International | Vice President, Global Funds, International Funds, and Multi-Sector Account Portfolios | |
Michael Lambe, CFA, 1977 Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price International | Vice President, Corporate Income Fund, Institutional Income Funds, and Multi-Sector Account Portfolios | |
Robert M. Larkins, CFA, 1973 Vice President, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., and T. Rowe Price Trust Company | President, U.S. Bond Enhanced Index Fund; Executive Vice President, Institutional Income Funds; Vice President, Balanced Fund, Global Allocation Fund, New Income Fund, and Total Return Fund | |
Marcy M. Lash, 1963 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Intermediate Tax-Free High Yield Fund, State Tax-Free Funds, Summit Municipal Funds, Tax-Free High Yield Fund, Tax-Free Income Fund, and Tax-Free Short-Intermediate Fund | |
Shengrong Lau, 1982 Vice President, Price Singapore and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, International Funds |
63
Name, Year
of Birth, and Principal Occupation(s) | Position(s) Held With Fund(s) | |
Mark J. Lawrence, 1970 Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price International | Vice President, Global Funds and International Funds | |
Matthew Lawton, CFA, 1983 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Corporate Income Fund, Institutional Income Funds, and New Income Fund | |
Wyatt A. Lee, CFA, 1971 Vice President, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., and T. Rowe Price Trust Company | Co-President, Retirement Funds; Vice President, Balanced Fund, Limited Duration Inflation Focused Bond Fund, Spectrum Funds, and Spectrum Funds II | |
Yongheon Lee, 1975 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Institutional Income Funds, Total Return Fund, and U.S. Bond Enhanced Index Fund | |
Alan D. Levenson, Ph.D., 1958 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, GNMA Fund, Government Money Fund, Inflation Protected Bond Fund, Institutional Income Funds, Multi-Sector Account Portfolios, New Income Fund, TRP Reserve Funds, State Tax-Free Funds, Summit Income Funds, Summit Municipal Funds, Tax-Exempt Money Fund, and U.S. Treasury Funds | |
John D. Linehan, CFA, 1965 Vice President, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., and T. Rowe Price Trust Company | President, Equity Income Fund; Executive Vice President, Equity Funds; Vice President, Multi-Strategy Total Return Fund and Value Fund | |
Jacqueline L. Liu, 1979 Vice President, Price Hong Kong and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Communications & Technology Fund, Global Technology Fund, International Funds, and Science & Technology Fund | |
Gregory Locraft, 1971 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Financial Services Fund | |
Johannes Loefstrand, 1988 Vice President, and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price International | Vice President, Global Funds and International Funds | |
Kevin P. Loome, CFA, 1967 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.; formerly Head of U.S. Credit, Henderson Global Investors (to 2017) | Executive Vice President, High Yield Fund (serves only with respect to the U.S. High Yield Fund) | |
Anh Lu, 1968 Vice President, Price Hong Kong and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Executive Vice President, International Funds; Vice President, Global Funds | |
Joseph K. Lynagh, CFA, 1958 Vice President, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., and T. Rowe Price Trust Company | President, Government Money Fund, TRP Reserve Funds, Summit Income Funds, and Tax-Exempt Money Fund; Executive Vice President, Institutional Income Funds, Short-Term Bond Fund, State Tax-Free Funds, Summit Municipal Funds, and U.S. Treasury Funds; Vice President, Tax-Free Short-Intermediate Fund | |
James T. Lynch, CFA, 1983 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, State Tax-Free Funds, Summit Municipal Funds, Tax-Free Income Fund, and Tax-Free Short-Intermediate Fund | |
Matt Mahon, 1985 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. formerly student, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania (to 2016) | Vice President, Diversified Mid-Cap Growth Fund, Equity Income Fund, and New Era Fund | |
Navneesh. Malhan, CFA, 1980 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Quantitative Management Funds | |
Konstantine B. Mallas, 1963 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | President, Tax-Free Income Fund; Executive Vice President, State Tax-Free Funds and Summit Municipal Funds; Vice President, Intermediate Tax-Free High Yield Fund and Tax-Free High Yield Fund | |
Sebastien Mallet, 1974 Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price International | Executive Vice President, Global Funds; Vice President, International Funds | |
Robert J. Marcotte, 1962 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Global Real Estate Fund, Mid-Cap Growth Fund, and Small-Cap Stock Fund | |
Jennifer Martin, 1972 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Communications & Technology Fund, Global Funds, Global Technology Fund, and International Funds | |
Daniel Martino, CFA, 1974 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Communications & Technology Fund, Equity Income Fund, Global Funds, Growth Stock Fund, and Value Fund | |
Ryan Martyn, 1979 Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price International | Vice President, International Funds and New Era Fund |
64
Name, Year
of Birth, and Principal Occupation(s) | Position(s) Held With Fund(s) | |
George A. Marzano, 1980 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Blue Chip Growth Fund and Equity Income Fund | |
Paul M. Massaro, CFA, 1975 Vice President, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., and T. Rowe Price Trust Company | President, Floating Rate Fund and Institutional Income Funds; Executive Vice President, Multi-Sector Account Portfolios; Vice President, Capital Appreciation Fund and High Yield Fund (serves only with respect to the High Yield Fund) | |
Reilly Kevin McCarthy, 1991 Assistant Vice President, T. Rowe Price | Assistant Vice President, GNMA Fund | |
Andrew C. McCormick, 1960 Vice President, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., and T. Rowe Price Trust Company | President, High Yield Fund and Multi-Sector Account Portfolios | |
Michael J. McGonigle, 1966 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Floating Rate Fund, Institutional Income Funds, and Multi-Sector Account Portfolios | |
Hugh D. McGuirk, CFA, 1960 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | President, State Tax-Free Funds and Summit Municipal Funds; Vice President, Intermediate Tax-Free High Yield Fund, Tax-Free High Yield Fund, Tax-Free Income Fund, and Tax-Free Short-Intermediate Fund | |
Heather K. McPherson, CPA, 1967 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Executive Vice President, Equity Funds and Mid-Cap Value Fund; Vice President, Equity Income Fund, Global Technology Fund, Growth & Income Fund, New Era Fund, U.S. Large-Cap Core Fund, and Value Fund | |
Sean P. McWilliams, 1988 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Global Allocation Fund | |
Cheryl A. Mickel, CFA, 1967 Director and Vice President, T. Rowe Price Trust Company; Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | President, Short-Term Bond Fund; Vice President, Government Money Fund, Institutional Income Funds, TRP Reserve Funds, Summit Income Funds, Summit Municipal Funds, and U.S. Treasury Funds | |
Raymond A. Mills, Ph.D., CFA, 1960 Vice President, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., T. Rowe Price International, and T. Rowe Price Trust Company | Executive Vice President, Global Funds and International Funds; Vice President, Balanced Fund, Global Real Estate Fund, and Spectrum Funds II | |
Jihong Min, 1979 Vice President, Price Singapore and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, International Funds | |
Joseph R. Mlinac, CFA, 1983 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Financial Services Fund | |
Eric C. Moffett, 1974 Vice President, Price Hong Kong and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Executive Vice President, International Funds; Vice President, Global Funds | |
Ivan Morozov, CFA, 1987 Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price International | Vice President, International Funds and Multi-Sector Account Portfolios | |
Samy B. Muaddi, CFA, 1984 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Executive Vice President, International Funds and Multi-Sector Account Portfolios; Vice President, Corporate Income Fund, Global Multi-Sector Bond Fund, and Institutional Income Funds | |
Tobias F. Mueller, CFA, 1980 Vice President, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and T. Rowe Price International | Vice President, Global Funds, Global Technology Fund, International Funds, and Science & Technology Fund | |
Rinald Murataj, Ph.D., 1989 Employee, T. Rowe Price; formerly student and Alpha Researcher, Cornell University (to 2018) | Vice President, Quantitative Management Funds | |
James M. Murphy, CFA, 1967 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | President, Intermediate Tax-Free High Yield Fund and Tax-Free High Yield Fund; Vice President, State Tax-Free Funds, Summit Municipal Funds, and Tax-Free Income Fund | |
Linda A. Murphy, 1959 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | Vice President, Intermediate Tax-Free High Yield Fund, State Tax-Free Funds, Summit Municipal Funds, and Tax-Free High Yield Fund | |
Sudhir Nanda, Ph.D., CFA, 1959 Vice President, T. Rowe Price and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. | President, Quantitative Management Funds; Vice President, Capital Appreciation Fund, Diversified Mid-Cap Growth Fund, and Global Funds | |
Joshua Nelson, 1977 Vice President, T. Rowe Price, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., T. Rowe Price International, and T. Rowe Price Trust Company | Co-President, U.S. Equity Research Fund; Executive Vice President, Equity Funds, Global Funds, and International Funds | |
65
Name, Year of Birth, and Principal Occupation(s) |