UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

☒ Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019

or

☐ Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the transition period from _____________ to _____________.

Commission file Number 0-15536

CODORUS VALLEY BANCORP, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

	Pennsylvania		23-2428543
(State or other jurisdiction of		(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)		Identification No.)

105 Leader Heights Road, P.O. Box 2887, York, Pennsylvania 17405

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (717) 747-1519

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class		Name of each exchange on which registered
	Common Stock, $2.50 par value		NASDAQ Global Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☐ Yes   ☒ No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15 (d) of the Act. ☐ Yes   ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☒
Non-accelerated filer ☐	Smaller Reporting Company ☒
Emerging Growth Company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No

The aggregate market value of Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc.’s voting stock held by non-affiliates was approximately $209,224,729 as of June 30, 2019.

As of February 26, 2020, Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc. had 9,762,682 shares of common stock outstanding, par value $2.50 per share.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Part III incorporates certain information by reference to the registrant’s Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 19, 2020.

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Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc.

Form 10-K Index

		Page
	Part I
Item
1.	Business	3
1A.	Risk factors	11
1B.	Unresolved staff comments	25
2.	Properties	25
3.	Legal proceedings	25
4.	Mine safety disclosures	25
	Part II
Item
5.	Market for registrant’s common equity, related shareholder matters and issuer purchases of equity securities	26
6.	Selected financial data	29
7.	Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations	30
7A.	Quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk	58
8.	Management report on internal control over financial reporting	59
	Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	60
	Financial statements and supplementary data	62
9.	Changes in and disagreements with accountants on accounting and financial disclosure	110
9A.	Controls and procedures	110
9B.	Other information	110
	Part III
Item
10.	Directors, executive officers and corporate governance	111
11.	Executive compensation	111
12.	Security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management and related shareholder matters	111
13.	Certain relationships and related transactions, and director independence	111
14.	Principal accounting fees and services	111
	Part IV
Item
15.	Exhibits and financial statement schedules	112
	Signatures	113

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PART I

Item 1: Business

Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc. (“Codorus Valley” or the “Corporation”) is a Pennsylvania business corporation, incorporated on October 7, 1986. On March 2, 1987, Codorus Valley became a bank holding company under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended. PeoplesBank, A Codorus Valley Company (“PeoplesBank”) is its wholly owned bank subsidiary. The Corporation’s business consists primarily of managing PeoplesBank, and its principal source of income is dividends received from PeoplesBank. The Corporation also wholly-owns one non-bank subsidiary, SYC Realty Co., Inc., a subsidiary for holding certain foreclosed assets pending liquidation. On December 31, 2019, Codorus Valley had total consolidated assets of $1.89 billion, total deposits and other liabilities of $1.70 billion, and total shareholders’ equity of $191,168,000.

Bank Subsidiary

PeoplesBank, organized in 1934, is a Pennsylvania chartered bank that offers a full range of consumer, business, wealth management, and mortgage services at financial centers located in communities throughout South Central Pennsylvania and Central Maryland. In addition to the twenty-five full service financial centers there are twelve financial centers located primarily within retirement communities that provide a full suite of services on a limited basis. It was announced in late 2019 that five of the financial centers located within retirement communities would be closing by late April 2020. PeoplesBank, with origins dating back to 1864, is focused on acquiring and nurturing financial relationships with small and mid-sized businesses. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insures the deposits of PeoplesBank to the maximum extent provided by law. On December 31, 2019, PeoplesBank had total gross loans of $1.51 billion, excluding loans held for sale, and total deposits of $1.59 billion. PeoplesBank had the second largest share of deposits in York County, Pennsylvania, with deposits totaling 15.6 percent of the market as of June 30, 2019, the latest available measurement date.

PeoplesBank is not dependent on deposits of, or exposed to a loan concentration to, a single client, or a small group of clients. Therefore, the loss of a single client, or a small client group, would not have a material adverse effect on the financial condition of PeoplesBank. At December 31, 2019, the largest indebtedness of a single PeoplesBank client was approximately $22,550,000 or 1.5 percent of the total loan portfolio, which was within PeoplesBank’s regulatory lending limit of $32,173,000.

Most of the Corporation’s business is with clients located within South Central Pennsylvania, principally York and Lancaster Counties and North Central Maryland, principally Harford County, Baltimore County and Baltimore City. Although this market area may pose a concentration risk geographically, we believe that the diverse local economies and our detailed knowledge of the client base lessens this risk. At December 31, 2019, the Corporation had three industry concentrations that exceeded 10 percent of the total loan portfolio: residential real estate investor represented 16.5 percent of the portfolio; commercial real estate investor represented 13.8 percent of the portfolio; and builder and developer represented 10.6 percent of the portfolio. At December 31, 2018, the Corporation had three industry concentrations that exceeded 10 percent of the total loan portfolio: residential real estate investor represented 15.6 percent of the portfolio; commercial real estate investor represented 14.2 percent of the portfolio; and builder and developer represented 10.4 percent of the portfolio. Loans to borrowers within these industries are usually collateralized by real estate.

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Nonbank Subsidiaries of PeoplesBank

PeoplesBank had five wholly-owned nonbank subsidiaries as of December 31, 2019, that were consolidated for financial reporting purposes.

Codorus Valley Financial Advisors, Inc. d/b/a PeoplesWealth Advisors, a subsidiary that sells non-deposit investment products, began operations in January 2000, and previously operated as SYC Insurance Services, Inc. until the change to the current name in December 2005.

SYC Settlement Services, Inc. is a subsidiary that has provided real estate settlement services since January 1999 and is in the process of being dissolved. A final tax return is expected to be filed as of December 31, 2019.

Periodically, PeoplesBank creates nonbank subsidiaries for the purpose of temporarily holding certain foreclosed assets pending liquidation. On December 31, 2019, one of three of these foreclosed asset subsidiaries was active.

Nonbank Subsidiaries of Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc.

In 2006, Codorus Valley formed CVB Statutory Trust No. 2, a wholly-owned special purpose subsidiary whose sole purpose was to facilitate a pooled trust preferred debt issuance of $7,217,000. In 2004, Codorus Valley formed CVB Statutory Trust No. 1 to facilitate a pooled trust preferred debt issuance of $3,093,000. The Corporation owns 100 percent of the common stock of these nonbank subsidiaries, which are not consolidated for financial reporting purposes. These obligations are reported as junior subordinated debt on the Corporation’s balance sheet.

In 1991, SYC Realty Co., Inc. was incorporated as a wholly owned subsidiary of Codorus Valley, and originally commenced operations in October 1995. Codorus Valley created this nonbank subsidiary primarily for the purpose of holding certain foreclosed properties obtained by PeoplesBank pending liquidation of those properties. SYC Realty was inactive during the entire reporting period of 2019.

Employees

At year-end 2019, PeoplesBank employed 327 full-time employees and 36 part-time employees, which equated to approximately 350 full-time equivalent employees. Employees are not covered by a collective bargaining agreement, and PeoplesBank considers its relations with employees to be satisfactory.

Segment Reporting

Management has determined that it operates in only one segment, community banking. The Corporation’s non-banking activities are not significant to the consolidated financial statements.

Competition

The banking industry in PeoplesBank’s service area, South Central Pennsylvania (principally, York and Lancaster Counties), and North Central Maryland (principally, Baltimore County, Baltimore City and Harford County), is highly competitive. PeoplesBank competes through service and price, and by leveraging its hometown image. It competes with commercial banks and other financial service providers, such as thrifts, credit unions, consumer finance companies, investment firms and mortgage companies. Some financial service providers operating in PeoplesBank’s service area operate on a national and regional scale and possess resources that are greater than PeoplesBank’s.

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Supervision and Regulation

The Corporation is subject to extensive regulation under federal and Pennsylvania banking laws, regulations and policies, including prescribed standards relating to capital, earnings, dividends, the repurchase or redemption of shares, loans or extensions of credit to affiliates and insiders, internal controls, information systems, internal audit processes, loan documentation, credit underwriting, asset growth, impaired assets, and loan-to-value ratios. The bank regulatory framework is intended primarily for the protection of depositors, federal deposit insurance funds and the banking systems as a whole, and not for the protection of security holders.

The following summary sets forth certain of the material elements of the regulatory framework applicable to bank holding companies and their bank subsidiaries and provides certain specific information about Codorus Valley and PeoplesBank. It does not describe all of the provisions of the statutes, regulations and policies that are identified. To the extent that the following information describes statutory and regulatory provisions, it is qualified in its entirety by express reference to each of the particular statutory and regulatory provisions. A change in applicable statutes, regulations or regulatory policy may have a material effect on the business of the Corporation.

Bank Holding Company Regulations

Codorus Valley is registered as a bank holding company, and is subject to regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“Federal Reserve”), under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended. The Bank Holding Company Act requires bank holding companies to file periodic reports with, and subjects them to examination by, the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve has issued regulations under the Bank Holding Company Act that require a bank holding company to serve as a source of financial and managerial strength to its subsidiary banks. As a result, the Federal Reserve may require Codorus Valley to use its resources to provide adequate capital funds to PeoplesBank during periods of financial stress or adversity.

The Bank Holding Company Act prohibits Codorus Valley from acquiring direct or indirect control of more than 5 percent of the outstanding voting stock of any bank, or substantially all of the assets of any bank, or merging with another bank holding company, without the prior approval of the Federal Reserve. The Pennsylvania Department of Banking and Securities must also approve certain similar transactions. Pennsylvania law permits Pennsylvania bank holding companies to control an unlimited number of banks.

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The Bank Holding Company Act restricts Codorus Valley to activities that the Federal Reserve has found to be closely related to banking, and which are expected to produce benefits for the public that will outweigh any potentially adverse effects. Therefore, the Bank Holding Company Act prohibits Codorus Valley from engaging in most nonbanking businesses, or acquiring ownership or control of more than 5 percent of the outstanding voting stock of any company engaged in a nonbanking business, unless the Federal Reserve has determined that the nonbanking business is closely related to banking. Under the Bank Holding Company Act, the Federal Reserve may require a bank holding company to end a nonbanking business if it constitutes a serious risk to the financial soundness and stability of any bank subsidiary of the bank holding company.

The Federal Reserve Act imposes restrictions on a subsidiary bank of a bank holding company, such as PeoplesBank. The restrictions affect extensions of credit to the bank holding company and its subsidiaries, investments in the stock or other securities of the bank holding company and its subsidiaries, and taking such stock or securities as collateral for loans.

The Federal Reserve Act and Federal Reserve regulations also place limitations and reporting requirements on extensions of credit by a bank to the principal shareholders of its parent holding company, among others, and to related interests of such principal shareholders. In addition, such legislation and regulation may affect the terms upon which any person becoming a principal shareholder of a holding company may obtain credit from banks with which the subsidiary bank maintains a correspondent relationship.

PeoplesBank and the banking industry, in general, are affected by the monetary and fiscal policies of the U.S. Treasury and government agencies, including the Federal Reserve. Through open market securities transactions, and changes in its federal funds and discount rates and reserve requirements, the Federal Reserve exerts considerable influence over the cost and availability of funds for lending and investment.

Regulation of PeoplesBank

PeoplesBank is a Pennsylvania chartered bank that is not a member of the Federal Reserve System, and its deposits are insured (up to applicable limits) by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). Accordingly, PeoplesBank’s primary federal regulator is the FDIC, and PeoplesBank is subject to the extensive regulation and examination by the FDIC and the Pennsylvania Department of Banking and Securities.

State and federal banking laws and regulations govern such things as: the scope of a bank’s business; permissible investments; the reserves against deposits a bank must maintain; the types and terms of loans a bank may make and the collateral it may take; the activities of a bank with respect to mergers and consolidations; the establishment of branches; and the sale of non-deposit investment products by the bank and its subsidiaries.

As the primary federal regulator of PeoplesBank, the FDIC regularly examines banks in such areas as capital, asset quality, management, earnings, liquidity and sensitivity to market risk and other aspects of operations and requires that PeoplesBank furnish annual and quarterly reports. Examinations by the FDIC are designed for the protection of PeoplesBank’s depositors rather than Codorus Valley’s shareholders. The FDIC provides deposit insurance to banks, which covers all deposit accounts. The standard maximum insurance amount is $250,000 per depositor.

Effective January 1, 2012, PeoplesBank became subject to FDIC regulation 363.3(b), which requires depository institutions with total assets of $1 billion or more to engage an independent public accountant to examine, attest to, and report on the assertion of management concerning the institution’s internal control structure and procedures for financial reporting.

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The Pennsylvania Insurance Department, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) control and supervise the licensing and activities of employees engaged in the sale of non-deposit investment products.

Federal Deposit Insurance and Premiums

PeoplesBank pays deposit insurance premiums to the FDIC based on a risk-based assessment formula established by the FDIC for Deposit Insurance Fund (DIF) member institutions. Institutions are classified into one of four risk categories and pay premiums according to perceived risk to the FDIC’s DIF. PeoplesBank has consistently been a risk category I institution, the least risky category. Institutions in risk categories II, III and IV are assessed premiums at progressively higher rates.

In February 2011, the FDIC announced its final rule pertaining to, among other things, changes in the computation of risk-based insurance premiums as mandated by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. The final rule, which took effect April 1, 2011, changed the assessment base from domestic deposits to average assets minus average tangible equity, i.e., Tier 1 capital, and lowered assessment rates. For insured member institutions below $10 billion in total assets, the four risk categories framework mentioned earlier continues to apply. For the least risky category I institutions, such as PeoplesBank, the assessment rate range of 7 to 24 basis points on domestic deposits decreased to 2.5 to 9 basis points on total average assets minus average tangible equity. The final rule eliminated risk categories for large institutions with total assets of $10 billion or more. Instead, their assessment rates are now calculated using a scorecard that combines regulatory ratings and certain forward financial measures to assess the risk a large institution poses to the DIF.

On April 26, 2016, the FDIC adopted a rule amending small institution pricing for deposit insurance, which is effective the quarter after the Reserve Ratio reaches 1.15 percent. The reserve ratio reached 1.15 percent effective June 30, 2016, so the lower rates became effective July 1, 2016. The initial base assessment rates for all insured institutions were reduced from 5 to 35 basis points to 3 to 30 basis points. Total base assessment rates after possible adjustments were reduced from 2.5 to 45 basis points to 1.5 to 40 basis points. For insured institutions under $10 billion in total assets, the new pricing system eliminates all risk categories and uses the Financial Ratios Method to determine assessment rates. CAMELS composite ratings are used to set minimum and maximum assessment rates for an institution. In addition, the new pricing system revises the Financial Ratios Method so that it is based on a statistical method eliminating the probability of failure over three years; and updates the financial measures used in the financial Ratios Method so the measures are consistent with the statistical method. Generally, the change in the assessment methodology by the FDIC lowered deposit insurance premiums for community banks like PeoplesBank.

On January 24, 2019, the FDIC provided preliminary notification of small bank assessment credits. On September 30, 2018, the Deposit Insurance Fund (DIF) reserve ratio reached 1.36 percent. Because the reserve ratio exceeded 1.35 percent, small banks were awarded assessment credits for the portion of their assessments that contributed to the growth in the reserve ratio from 1.15 percent to 1.35 percent, to be applied when the reserve ratio is at least 1.38 percent. The DIF reserve ratio as of June 30, 2019 was 1.40 percent. Because the reserve ratio exceeded the 1.38 percent, small bank assessment credits were applied beginning with the invoice payment for the second quarter assessment period of 2019. The small bank assessment credits issued to the Corporation were fully utilized as of December 31, 2019.

Dividend Restrictions

The Corporation is a legal entity separate and distinct from PeoplesBank. Declaration and payment of cash dividends by the Corporation depends upon cash dividend payments to the Corporation by PeoplesBank, which is the Corporation’s primary source of revenue and cash flow. Accordingly, the right of the Corporation, and consequently the right of our creditors and shareholders, to participate in any distribution of the assets or earnings of any subsidiary is necessarily subject to the prior claims of creditors of the subsidiary, except to the extent that claims of the Corporation in its capacity as a creditor may be recognized.

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As a Pennsylvania chartered bank, PeoplesBank is subject to regulatory restrictions on the payment and amounts of dividends under the Pennsylvania Banking Code of 1965, as amended. Further, the ability of banking subsidiaries to pay dividends is also subject to their profitability, financial condition, capital expenditures and other cash flow requirements.

The payment of dividends by PeoplesBank and the Corporation may also be affected by other factors, such as the requirement to maintain adequate capital above regulatory guidelines. The federal banking agencies have indicated that paying dividends that deplete a depository institution’s capital base to an inadequate level would be an unsafe and unsound banking practice. Under the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991, a depository institution may not pay any dividend if payment would cause it to become undercapitalized or if it is already undercapitalized. Moreover, the federal agencies have issued policy statements that provide that bank holding companies and insured banks should generally only pay dividends out of current operating earnings. Federal banking regulators have the authority to prohibit banks and bank holding companies from paying a dividend if the regulators deem such payment to be an unsafe and unsound practice. More information about dividend restrictions and capital requirements can be found in Note 9 – Regulatory Matters, to the consolidated financial statements.

Other Laws and Regulations Affecting the Corporation and PeoplesBank

May 2018 Banking Reform Legislation On May 24, 2018, the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act (the “Regulatory Relief Act”), amended certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, as well as certain other statutes administered by the federal banking agencies Some of the key provisions of the Regulatory Relief Act as it relates to community banks and bank holding companies include: (i) designating mortgages held in portfolio and “qualified mortgages” for banks with less than $10 billion in assets, subject to certain documentation and product limitations; (ii) exempting banks with less than $10 billion in assets (and total trading assets and trading liabilities of 5% or less of total assets) from Volcker Rule requirements relating to proprietary trading; (iii) simplifying capital calculations for banks with less than $10 billion in assets by requiring federal banking agencies to establish a community bank leverage ratio of tangible equity to average consolidated assets of not less than 8% or more than 10%, and provide that banks that maintain tangible equity in excess of such ratio will be deemed to be in compliance with risk-based capital and leverage requirements; (iv) assisting smaller banks with obtaining stable funding by providing an exception for reciprocal deposits from FDIC restrictions on acceptance of brokered deposits; (v) raising the eligibility for use of short-form Call Reports from $1 billion to $5 billion in assets; (vi) clarifying definitions pertaining to high volatility commercial real estate loans (HVCRE), which requires higher capital allocations, so that only loans with increased risk are subject to higher risk weightings; and (vii) changing the eligibility for use of the small bank holding company policy statement from institutions with under $1 billion in assets to institutions with under $3 billion in assets.

Section 201 of the Regulatory Relief Act directed the federal banking agencies to develop a community bank leverage ratio (“CBLR”) of not less than 8% and not more than 10% for qualifying community banks and bank holding companies with total consolidated assets of less than $10 billion. Qualifying community banking organizations that exceed the CBLR level established by the agencies, and that elect to be covered by the CBLR framework, will be considered to have met: (i) the generally applicable leverage and risk-based capital requirements under the banking agencies’ capital rules; (ii) the capital ratio requirements necessary to be considered “well capitalized” under the banking agencies’ prompt corrective action framework in the case of insured depository institutions; and (iii) any other applicable capital or leverage requirements.

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On September 17, 2019, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Board, and the FDIC adopted a rule to implement the provisions of Section 201 of the Regulatory Relief Act. Under the rule, a qualifying community banking organization would be defined as a deposit institution or depository institution holding company with less than $10 billion in assets and specified limited amounts of off-balance sheet exposures, trading assets and liabilities, mortgage servicing assets, and certain temporary difference deferred tax assets. A qualifying community banking organization would be permitted to elect the CBLR framework if its CBLR is greater than 9%. The rule also addresses opting in and opting out of the CBLR framework by a community banking organization, the treatment of a community banking organization that falls below the CBLR requirements, and the effect of various CBLR levels for purposes of the prompt corrective action categories applicable to insured depository institutions. Advanced approaches banking organizations (generally, institutions with $250 billion or more in consolidated assets) are not eligible to use the CBLR framework.

The Company continues to analyze the changes implemented by the Regulatory Relief Act, including the CBLR framework included in the recently adopted rule. The Company does not believe, however, that such changes will materially impact the Company’s business, operations, or financial results.

Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act) In July 2010, the Dodd-Frank Act was enacted to improve accountability and transparency in the financial system, to attempt to end “too big to fail” pertaining to large, troubled financial institutions, to protect the American taxpayer by ending governmental bailouts, to protect consumers from abusive financial services practices, and for other purposes. The Dodd-Frank Act is broad and complex legislation that puts in place a sweeping new financial services regime that will have significant regulatory and legal consequences for banks now and for years to come. The effects of the Dodd-Frank Act on the financial services industry will depend, in large part, upon the extent to which regulators exercise the authority granted to them under the Dodd-Frank Act and the approaches taken in implementing regulations. Additional uncertainty regarding the effect of the Dodd-Frank Act exists due to the potential for additional legislative changes to the Dodd-Frank Act. The Corporation, like all financial institutions, has been and will continue to be impacted by the Dodd-Frank Act in the areas of corporate governance, deposit insurance assessments, capital requirements, risk management, stress testing, and regulation under consumer protection laws.

Among other things, the Dodd-Frank Act:

● Provides extensive authority to the federal bank regulatory agencies and, in particular, the Federal Reserve, to take proactive steps to reduce or eliminate threats to the safety of the financial system, impose strict controls on large bank holding companies ($50 billion or more) and nonbank financial companies to limit their risk, and take direct control of troubled financial companies considered systemically significant;

● Increases bank supervision by restructuring the supervision of holding companies and depository institutions; establishes the equivalent of a prompt corrective action program for large bank holding companies; requires that capital requirements for holding companies be at least as strict as capital requirements for depository institutions; disallows new issuances of trust preferred securities from qualifying for Tier 1 capital treatment; directs federal bank regulators to develop specific capital requirements for holding companies and depository institutions that address activities that pose risk to the financial system, such as significant activities in higher risk areas, or concentrations in assets whose reported values are based on models;

● Established the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau as an independent entity within the Federal Reserve System that has assumed responsibility for supervision and enforcement of most consumer protection laws, and has authority to supervise, examine and take enforcement action with respect to depository institutions with more than $10 billion in assets and nonbank mortgage industry participants and other designated nonbank providers of consumer financial services;

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● Places certain limitations on investment and other activities by depository institutions, holding companies and their affiliates. Expands the coverage of Section 23A of the Federal Reserve Act to include the credit exposure related to additional transactions, including derivatives; and

● Significantly increases the regulation of residential mortgage lending and servicing by banks and nonbanks by requiring, among other things, mortgage originators to ensure that the consumer will have the capacity to repay the loan; and requires mortgage loan securitizers to retain a certain amount of risk, unless the mortgages conform to the new regulatory standards as qualified residential mortgages.

Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (“SOA”) was signed into law in July 2002 and applies to all companies, both U.S. and non-U.S, that file periodic reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The stated goals of the SOA were to increase corporate responsibility, to provide for enhanced penalties for accounting and auditing improprieties at publicly traded companies and to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures pursuant to the securities laws. The SEC is responsible for establishing rules to implement various provisions of the SOA. The SOA includes specific disclosure requirements and corporate governance rules, requires the SEC and securities exchanges to adopt extensive additional disclosure, corporate governance and other related rules and mandates further studies of certain issues by the SEC. The SOA represents significant regulation of the accounting profession and corporate governance practices, such as the relationship between a board of directors and management and between a board of directors and its committees. Section 404 of the SOA requires publicly held companies to document, test and certify that their internal control systems over financial reporting are effective.

Effective December 31, 2014, the Corporation is subject to the independent attestation requirement under Section 404 of the SOA. PeoplesBank remains subject to independent auditor attestation under FDIC regulation 363.3(b), which is a similar independent attestation requirement to Section 404 of the SOA.

USA Patriot Act of 2001 In October of 2001, the USA Patriot Act of 2001 was enacted to strengthen U.S. law enforcement’s and the intelligence communities’ abilities to work cohesively to combat terrorism on a variety of fronts. The Patriot Act contains sweeping anti-money laundering and financial transparency laws and imposes various regulations on financial institutions, including standards for verifying client identification at account opening, and rules to promote cooperation among financial institutions, regulators and law enforcement entities in identifying parties that may be involved in terrorism or money laundering.

Future Laws and Regulations

Periodically, various federal and state legislation is proposed that could result in additional regulation of, and restrictions on, the business of Codorus Valley and PeoplesBank. It cannot be predicted whether such legislation will be adopted or, if adopted, how such legislation would affect the business of Codorus Valley and its subsidiaries. As a consequence of the extensive regulation of commercial banking activities in the United States, Codorus Valley’s and PeoplesBank’s business is particularly susceptible to being affected by federal legislation and regulations. The general cost of compliance with numerous federal and state laws and regulations has had, and in the future may have, a negative impact on Codorus Valley’s results of operations.

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Other Information

This Annual Report on Form 10-K is filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Copies of this document, the Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, amendments to those reports and other filings by Codorus Valley with the SEC may be obtained electronically at PeoplesBank’s website at www.peoplesbanknet.com (select “Your Life” or “Your Business”, then select “Investor Relations”, then select “Filings”, then select “Documents”), or the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Copies can also be obtained without charge by writing to: Treasurer, Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc., 105 Leader Heights Road, York, PA 17403.

Where we have included web addresses in this report, such as the Corporation’s web address, we have included these web addresses as inactive text references only. Except as specifically incorporated by reference into this report, information on those websites is not part hereof.

Item 1A: Risk Factors

Before investing in our common stock, you should carefully consider the risks described below, in addition to the other information contained in this report and in our other filings with the SEC. Unless the context otherwise requires, references to “we,” “us,” “our,” “Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc.,” “Codorus Valley” or the “Corporation” refer to Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc. and its direct or indirect owned subsidiaries, and references to the “Bank” refer to PeoplesBank, a Codorus Valley Company, the wholly-owned banking subsidiary of the Corporation.

The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones facing the Corporation. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are not aware of or focused on, or that we currently deem immaterial, may also impact our business and results of operations. If any of these known or unknown risks or uncertainties actually occurs, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. If this were to happen, the market price of our common stock could decline significantly, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Weakness in the economy may materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our results of operations are materially affected by conditions in the economy generally, which continue to be uncertain and include uneven economic growth, accompanied by low interest rates. Dramatic declines in the housing market following the 2008 financial crisis, with falling home prices and increasing foreclosures and unemployment, resulted in significant write-downs of asset values by financial institutions. While conditions have improved, a return to a recessionary or excessive inflationary economy could result in financial stress on our borrowers that would adversely affect consumer confidence, a reduction in general business activity and increased market volatility. The resulting economic pressure on consumers and businesses and the lack of confidence in the financial markets could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and stock price. Our ability to properly assess the creditworthiness of our clients and to estimate the losses inherent in our credit exposure would be made more complex by these difficult market and economic conditions. Accordingly, if market conditions worsen, we may experience increases in foreclosures, delinquencies, write-offs and client bankruptcies, as well as more restricted access to funds.

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Deterioration in our local and regional economy or real estate market may adversely affect our business.

Substantially all of our business is with clients located within South Central Pennsylvania, principally York and Lancaster Counties and North Central Maryland, principally Harford County, Baltimore County and Baltimore City. As a result of this geographic concentration, our results depend largely on economic conditions in these and surrounding areas. Deterioration in economic conditions in these markets could:

● increase loan delinquencies;

● increase problem assets and foreclosures;

● increase claims and lawsuits;

● decrease the demand for our products and services; and

● decrease the value of collateral for loans, especially real estate, in turn reducing clients’ borrowing power, the value of assets associated with nonperforming loans and collateral coverage.

Generally, we make loans to small and mid-sized businesses whose success depends on the regional economy. These businesses generally have fewer financial resources in terms of capital or borrowing capacity than larger entities. Adverse economic and business conditions in our market area could reduce our growth rate, affect our borrowers’ ability to repay their loans and, consequently, adversely affect our financial condition and performance. For example, we place substantial reliance on real estate as collateral for our loan portfolio. A sharp downturn in real estate values in our market area could leave many of our loans inadequately collateralized. If we are required to liquidate the collateral securing a loan to satisfy the debt during a period of reduced real estate values, our earnings could be adversely affected.

If our allowance for loan and lease losses is not sufficient to cover actual loan and lease losses, our earnings would decrease.

We are exposed to the risk that our borrowers may default on their obligations. To absorb probable, incurred loan and lease losses that we may realize, we recognize an allowance for loan and lease losses based on, among other things, national and regional economic conditions, historical loss experience, and delinquency trends. However, we cannot estimate loan and lease losses with certainty, and we cannot assure you that charge-offs in future periods will not exceed the allowance for loan and lease losses. If charge-offs exceed our allowance, our earnings would decrease. In addition, regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, review our allowance for loan and lease losses and may require additions to the allowance based on their judgment about information available to them at the time of their examination. Factors that require an increase in our allowance for loan and lease losses, such as a prolonged economic downturn or continued weakening in general economic conditions such as inflation, recession, unemployment or other factors beyond our control, could reduce our earnings.

Our exposure to credit risk, which is heightened by our focus on commercial lending, could adversely affect our earnings and financial condition.

There are certain risks inherent in making loans. These risks include interest rate changes over the time period in which loans may be repaid, risks resulting from changes in the economy, risks inherent in dealing with borrowers and, in the case of a loan backed by collateral, risks resulting from uncertainties about the future value of the collateral if a disposition is necessary.

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Commercial loans, including commercial real estate, are generally viewed as having a higher credit risk than residential real estate or consumer loans because they usually involve larger loan balances to a single borrower and are more susceptible to a risk of default during an economic downturn. Our consolidated commercial lending operations include commercial, financial and agricultural lending, real estate construction lending, and commercial mortgage lending. Construction financing typically involves a higher degree of credit risk than commercial mortgage lending. Risk of loss on a construction loan depends largely on the accuracy of the initial estimate of the property’s value at completion of construction compared to the estimated cost (including interest) of construction. If the estimated property value proves to be inaccurate, the loan may be inadequately collateralized.

Because our loan portfolio contains a significant number of commercial real estate, commercial and industrial loans, and construction loans, the deterioration of these loans may cause a significant increase in nonperforming loans. An increase in nonperforming loans could cause an increase in loan related legal fees and expenses, loan charge-offs and a corresponding increase in the provision for loan losses, which could adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.

We depend primarily on net interest income for our earnings, and changes in interest rates could adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.

Our ability to make a profit, like that of most financial institutions, substantially depends upon our net interest income, which is the difference between the interest income earned on interest earning assets, such as loans and investment securities, and the interest expense paid on interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings. Changes in interest rates can increase or reduce net interest income and net income.

Different types of assets and liabilities may react differently, and at different times, to changes in market interest rates. When interest-bearing liabilities mature or reprice more quickly than interest-earning assets in a period, an increase in market rates of interest could reduce net interest income. When interest-earning assets mature or reprice more quickly than interest-bearing liabilities, falling interest rates could reduce net interest income. Changes in market interest rates are affected by many factors beyond our control, including inflation, unemployment, money supply, international events, and events in the United States and other financial markets.

We attempt to manage risk from changes in market interest rates, in part, by controlling the mix of interest rate sensitive assets and interest rate sensitive liabilities. However, interest rate risk management techniques are not exact and a rapid increase or decrease in interest rates could adversely affect our financial performance. In the event that one or more of these factors were to result in a decrease in our net interest income, we do not have significant sources of fee income to make up for decreases in net interest income.

The planned phasing out of LIBOR as a financial benchmark presents risks to the financial instruments originated or held by the Corporation.

The London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) is the reference rate used for many of the Corporation’s transactions, including variable and adjustable rate loans and borrowings. However, a reduced volume of interbank unsecured term borrowing, coupled with recent legal and regulatory proceedings related to rate manipulation by certain financial institutions, has led to international reconsideration of LIBOR as a financial benchmark. The United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”), which regulates the process for establishing LIBOR, announced in July 2017 that the sustainability of LIBOR cannot be guaranteed. Accordingly, the FCA intends to stop persuading, or compelling, banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR after 2021.

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Regulators, industry groups and certain communities (e.g., the Alternative Reference Rates Committee) have, among other things, published recommended fallback language LIBOR-linked financial instruments, identified recommended alternatives for certain LIBOR rates (e.g., the Secured Overnight Financing Rate as the recommended alternative to U.S. Dollar LIBOR), and proposed implementations of the recommended alternatives in floating rate instruments. At this time, it is not possible to predict whether these recommendations and proposals will be broadly accepted, whether they will continue to evolve, and what the effect of their implantation may be on the markets for floating rate financial instruments. The uncertainty surrounding potential reforms, including the use of alternative reference rates and changes to the methods and processes used to calculate rates, may have an adverse effect on the trading market for LIBOR-based securities, loan yields, and the amount received and paid on derivative contracts and other financial instruments. In addition, the implementation of LIBOR reform proposals may result in increased compliance and operational costs.

We operate in a highly regulated environment and may be adversely affected by changes in laws and regulations.

The banking industry is heavily regulated, and such regulations are intended primarily for the protection of depositors and the federal deposit insurance fund, not shareholders. As a bank holding company, we are subject to regulation by the Federal Reserve. Our bank subsidiary is also regulated by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or FDIC, and is subject to regulation by the Pennsylvania Department of Banking and Securities and recently, by regulations promulgated by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) as to consumer financial services and products. These regulations affect lending practices, capital structure, investment practices, dividend policy, and growth. In addition, we have non-bank operating subsidiaries from which we derive income. One of these non-bank subsidiaries, Codorus Valley Financial Advisors, Inc. d/b/a PeoplesWealth Advisors, engages in providing investment management and insurance brokerage services, industries that are also heavily regulated on both a state and federal level. In addition, newly enacted and amended laws, regulations, and regulatory practices affecting the financial service industry may result in higher capital requirements, higher insurance premiums and limit the manner in which we may conduct our business. Such changes may adversely affect us, including our ability to offer new products and services, obtain financing, attract deposits, make loans and leases and achieve satisfactory spreads, and may also result in the imposition of additional costs on us. As a public corporation, we are also subject to the corporate governance standards set forth in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as any applicable rules or regulations promulgated by the SEC and The NASDAQ Global Market.

Compliance with such current and potential regulation and scrutiny may significantly increase our costs, impede the efficiency of our internal business processes, affect retention of key personnel, require us to increase our regulatory capital, require us to invest significant management attention and resources and limit our ability to pursue business opportunities in an efficient manner.

Additional requirements imposed by the Dodd-Frank Act could increase our costs of operations.

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, or the Dodd-Frank Act, has significantly changed the current bank regulatory structure and affected the lending, deposit, investment, trading and operating activities of financial institutions and their holding companies. The Dodd-Frank Act requires various federal agencies to adopt a broad range of new rules and regulations, and to prepare numerous studies and reports for Congress. The federal agencies are given significant discretion in drafting the implementing rules and regulations, and consequently, some of the details and impact of the Dodd-Frank Act may not yet be known. Our operating and compliance costs have materially increased and it is expected that the legislation and implementing regulations will continue to increase our operating and compliance costs.

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The Dodd-Frank Act created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, or CFPB, as an independent bureau of the Federal Reserve with broad powers to supervise and enforce consumer protection laws. In addition, the CFPB has rule-making authority for a wide range of consumer protection laws that apply to all banks and savings institutions, including the authority to prohibit “unfair, deceptive or abusive” acts and practices. The CFPB’s qualified mortgage rule, or “QM Rule,” became effective on January 10, 2014. The QM Rule is designed to clarify how lenders can manage the potential legal liability under the Dodd-Frank Act, which would hold lenders accountable for insuring a borrower’s ability to repay a mortgage. Loans that meet the definition of “qualified mortgage” will be presumed to have complied with the new ability-to-repay standard. The QM Rule and similar rules could limit the Bank’s ability to make certain types of loans or loans to certain borrowers, or could make it more expensive and time-consuming to make these loans, which could limit the Bank’s growth or profitability.

The Dodd-Frank Act requires publicly traded companies to give stockholders a non-binding vote on executive compensation and so-called “golden parachute” payments. It also provides that the listing standards of the national securities exchanges shall require listed companies to implement and disclose “clawback” policies mandating the recovery of incentive compensation paid to executive officers in connection with accounting restatements. The Dodd-Frank Act also directs the Federal Reserve to promulgate rules prohibiting excessive compensation paid to bank holding company executives. Compliance with these rules will likely increase our overall regulatory compliance costs and may have an adverse effect on our ability to recruit and retain executive officers for the Company and the Bank. 

We recently became subject to more stringent capital requirements.

The Dodd-Frank Act required the federal banking agencies to establish minimum leverage and risk-based capital requirements for insured banks and their holding companies. The federal banking agencies issued a joint final rule, or the Final Capital Rule, that implements the Basel III capital standards and establishes the minimum capital levels required under the Dodd-Frank Act. Certain capital requirements mandated by the Final Capital Rule became effective January 1, 2015. The Final Capital Rule establishes a minimum common equity Tier I capital ratio of 6.5 percent of risk-weighted assets for a “well capitalized” institution and increases the minimum Tier I capital ratio for a “well capitalized” institution from 6 percent to 8 percent. Additionally, the Final Capital Rule requires an institution to maintain a 2.5 percent common equity Tier I capital conservation buffer over the 6.5 percent minimum risk-based capital requirement for “adequately capitalized” institutions, or face restrictions on the ability to pay dividends, discretionary bonuses, and engage in share repurchases. For bank holding companies under $15 billion in assets as of December 31, 2009, the Final Capital Rule permanently grandfathers trust preferred securities issued before May 19, 2010, subject to a limit of 25 percent of Tier I capital. The Final Capital Rule increases the required capital for certain categories of assets, including high-volatility construction real estate loans and certain exposures related to securitizations; however, the Final Capital Rule retains the current capital treatment of residential mortgages. Implementation of these standards, or any other new regulations, may adversely affect our ability to pay dividends, or require us to reduce business levels or raise capital, including in ways that may adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.

The soundness of other financial services institutions may adversely affect our credit risk.

Our ability to engage in funding transactions could be adversely affected by the actions and failure of other financial institutions. Financial services institutions are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty, or other relationships. We have exposure to many different industries and counterparties, and we routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including brokers and dealers, commercial banks, investment banks, mutual funds, and other institutional clients. As a result, defaults by, or even questions or rumors about, one or more financial services institutions, or the financial services industry generally, have led to market-wide liquidity problems and could lead to losses or defaults by us or other institutions. Many of these transactions expose us to operational and credit risk in the event of default of our counterparty or client. In addition, our credit risk may be exacerbated when the collateral held by us cannot be realized upon or is liquidated at prices not sufficient to recover the full amount of the loan or derivative exposure due us. Losses related to these credit risks could materially and adversely affect our results of operations or earnings.

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We are required to make a number of judgments in applying accounting policies and different estimates and assumptions in the application of these policies could result in a decrease in capital and/or other material changes to our reports of financial condition and results of operations.

Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change relate to the determination of the allowance for loan losses and reserve for unfunded lending commitments, the effectiveness of derivatives and other hedging activities, and the fair value of certain financial instruments (securities, derivatives, and privately held investments), income tax assets or liabilities (including deferred tax assets and any related valuation allowance), and share-based compensation. While we have identified those accounting policies that are considered critical and have procedures in place to facilitate the associated judgments, different assumptions in the application of these policies could result in a decrease to net income and, possibly, capital and may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

From time to time, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, and the SEC change the financial accounting and reporting guidance that governs the preparation of our financial statements. These changes are beyond our control, can be difficult to predict, and could materially impact how we report our financial condition and results of operations. We could be required to apply new or revised guidance retrospectively, which may result in the revision of prior financial statements by material amounts. The implementation of new or revised guidance could result in material adverse effects to our reported capital.

We may elect or need to seek additional capital in the future, but that capital may not be available when needed.

We are required by federal and state regulatory authorities to maintain adequate levels of capital to support our operations. In the future, we may elect or need to raise additional capital. Our ability to raise additional capital, if needed, will depend on conditions in the capital markets at that time, which are outside our control, and on our financial performance. Accordingly, we cannot assure you of our ability to raise additional capital if needed on acceptable terms. If we cannot raise additional capital when needed, our ability to expand our operations through internal growth or acquisitions could be materially impaired.

Risks associated with system failures, interruptions, or breaches of security could negatively affect our earnings. Information technology systems are critical to our business.

We use various technology systems to manage our client relationships, general ledger, securities investments, deposits, and loans. Business disruptions can occur due to forces beyond our control such as severe weather, power or telecommunications loss, accidents, cyberattacks, terrorism, health emergencies, the spread of infectious diseases or pandemics. We have established policies and procedures to prevent or limit the impact of system failures, interruptions, and security breaches (including privacy breaches and cyber-attacks), but such events may still occur or may not be adequately addressed if they do occur. In addition, any compromise of our systems could deter clients from using our products and services. Although we take protective measures, the security of our computer systems, software, and networks may be vulnerable to breaches, unauthorized access, misuse, computer viruses, or other malicious code and cyber-attacks that could have an impact on information security.

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In addition, we outsource a significant amount of our data processing to certain third-party providers. If these third-party providers encounter difficulties, or if we have difficulty communicating with them, our ability to adequately process and account for transactions could be affected, and our business operations could be adversely affected. While we have selected these third party vendors carefully, we do not control their actions. Any problems caused by these third parties, including as a result of their not providing us their services for any reason or their performing their services poorly, could adversely affect our ability to deliver products and services to our clients or otherwise conduct our business efficiently and effectively. Replacing these third party vendors could also entail significant delay and expense. Threats to information security also exist in the processing of client information through various other vendors and their personnel.

There have been increasing efforts on the part of third parties, including through cyber-attacks, to breach data security at financial institutions or with respect to financial transactions. There have been several recent instances involving financial services and consumer-based companies reporting the unauthorized disclosure of client or customer information or the destruction or theft of corporate data. In addition, because the techniques used to cause such security breaches change frequently, often are not recognized until launched against a target and may originate from less regulated and remote areas around the world, we may be unable to proactively address these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. The ability of our clients to bank remotely, including online and through mobile devices, requires secure transmission of confidential information and increases the risk of data security breaches.

The occurrence of any system failures, interruption, or breach of security could damage our reputation and result in a loss of clients and business thereby subjecting us to additional regulatory scrutiny, or could expose us to litigation and possible financial liability. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our controls and procedures may fail or could be circumvented.

Management regularly reviews and updates our internal controls, disclosure controls and procedures, and corporate governance policies and procedures in order to ensure accurate financial control and reporting. Any system of controls, no matter how well designed and operated, can only provide reasonable, not absolute assurance that the objectives of the system are met. Any failure or circumvention of our controls and/or procedures could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operation and financial condition.

We may incur fines, penalties and other negative consequences from regulatory violations, possibly even inadvertent or unintentional violations.

We maintain systems and procedures designed to ensure that we comply with applicable laws and regulations. However, some legal/regulatory frameworks provide for the imposition of fines or penalties for noncompliance even though the noncompliance was inadvertent or unintentional and even though there was in place at the time systems and procedures designed to ensure compliance. For example, we are subject to regulations issued by the Office of Foreign Assets Control, or OFAC, that prohibit financial institutions from participating in the transfer of property belonging to the governments of certain foreign countries and designated nationals of those countries. OFAC may impose penalties for inadvertent or unintentional violations even if reasonable processes are in place to prevent the violations. There may be other negative consequences resulting from a finding of noncompliance, including restrictions on certain activities. Such a finding may also damage our reputation as described below and could restrict the ability of institutional investment managers to invest in our securities.

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The inability to hire or retain key personnel could adversely affect our business.

Our success is dependent upon our ability to attract and retain highly skilled individuals. We face intense competition from various other financial institutions, as well as from non-bank providers of financial services, such as credit unions, brokerage firms, insurance agencies, consumer finance companies and government organizations, for the attraction and retention of key personnel, specifically those who generate and maintain our client relationships and serve in other key operation positions in the areas of finance, credit oversight and administration, and wealth management. These competitors may offer greater compensation and benefits, which could result in the loss of potential and/or existing substantial client relationships and may adversely affect our ability to compete effectively. The unexpected loss of services of one or more of these or other key personnel could have a material adverse impact on our business because of their skills, knowledge of the markets in which we operate, years of industry experience and the difficulty of promptly finding qualified replacement personnel.

Damage to our reputation could significantly harm our business, including our competitive position and business prospects.

We are dependent on our reputation within our market area, as a trusted and responsible financial corporation, for all aspects of our relationships with clients, employees, vendors, third-party service providers, and others, with whom we conduct business or potential future business. Our ability to attract and retain clients and employees could be adversely affected if our reputation is damaged. Our actual or perceived failure to address various issues could give rise to reputational risk that could cause harm to us and our business prospects. These issues also include, but are not limited to, legal and regulatory requirements; properly maintaining client and employee personal information; record keeping; money-laundering; sales and trading practices; ethical issues; appropriately addressing potential conflicts of interest; and the proper identification of the legal, reputational, credit, liquidity and market risks inherent in our products. Failure to appropriately address any of these issues could also give rise to additional regulatory restrictions and legal risks, which could, among other consequences, increase the size and number of litigation claims and damages asserted or subject us to enforcement actions, fines and penalties and incur related costs and expenses.

We continually encounter technological change, and we may have fewer resources than our competitors to continue to invest in technological improvements, which could reduce our ability to effectively compete.

Our future success depends, in part, on our ability to effectively embrace technological efficiencies to better serve clients and reduce costs. Many of our competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements. There can be no assurance that we will be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services, which could reduce our ability to effectively compete. Failure to keep pace with technological change could potentially have an adverse effect on our business operations and financial condition.

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Competition from other financial institutions in originating loans, attracting deposits and providing various financial services may adversely affect our profitability.

Our banking subsidiary faces substantial competition in originating loans, both commercial and consumer. This competition comes principally from other banks, savings institutions, mortgage banking companies, and other lenders. Many of our competitors enjoy advantages over us, including greater financial resources and higher lending limits, a wider geographic presence, more accessible branch office locations, the ability to offer a wider array of services or more favorable pricing alternatives, as well as lower origination and operating costs. This competition could reduce our net income by decreasing the number and size of loans that our banking subsidiary originates and the interest rates it may charge on these loans.

In attracting business and consumer deposits, our bank subsidiary faces substantial competition from other insured depository institutions such as banks, savings institutions and credit unions, as well as institutions offering uninsured investment alternatives, including money market funds. Many of our competitors enjoy advantages over us, including greater financial resources, more aggressive marketing campaigns and better brand recognition and more branch locations. These competitors may offer higher interest rates than we do, which could decrease the deposits that we attract or require us to increase our rates to retain existing deposits or attract new deposits. Increased deposit competition could adversely affect our ability to generate the funds necessary for lending operations. As a result, we may need to seek other sources of funds that may be more expensive to obtain and could increase our cost of funds.

Our banking and non-banking subsidiaries also compete with non-bank providers of financial services, such as brokerage firms, consumer finance companies, credit unions, insurance companies and governmental organizations which may offer more favorable terms. Some of our non-bank competitors are not subject to the same extensive regulations that govern our banking operations. As a result, such non-bank competitors may have advantages over our banking and non-banking subsidiaries in providing certain products and services. This competition may reduce or limit our margins on banking and non-banking services, reduce our market share, and adversely affect our earnings and financial condition.

We may not be able to successfully maintain and manage our growth.

We continue to execute on our acquisition and organic branching initiatives, which are intended to develop our branch infrastructure in a manner more consistent with the expansion of lending markets and to fill in and grow our branch footprint. As we continue to grow through our acquisitions, branching and other strategic initiatives, we cannot be certain as to our ability to manage increased levels of assets and liabilities. We may be required to make additional investments in equipment and personnel to manage higher asset levels and loans balances, which may adversely impact our efficiency ratio, earnings and shareholder returns.

The financial impact and difficulties in integrating future acquisitions could adversely affect our business.

The efficient and effective integration of any businesses we acquire into our organization is critical to the financial success of an acquisition transaction. Any future acquisitions involve numerous risks, including difficulties in integrating the culture, operations, technologies and personnel of the acquired companies, the diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns and the potential loss of clients. Failure to successfully integrate the operations of any future acquisitions could also harm our business, results of operations and cash flows.

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Risks Related to Our Common Stock

The market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly, and this may make it difficult for you to resell shares of common stock owned by you at times or at prices you find attractive.

The market price of our common stock on the NASDAQ Global Market constantly changes. We expect that the market price of our common stock will continue to fluctuate and there can be no assurance about the market prices for our common stock.

Stock price volatility may make it difficult for you to resell your common stock when you want and at prices you find attractive. Our stock price may fluctuate significantly as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. These factors include, among others:

● actual or anticipated variations in quarterly results of operations or quality of our assets;

● recommendations by securities analysts;

● operating and stock price performance of other companies that investors deem comparable to us;

● any failure to pay dividends on our common stock or a reduction in cash dividends;

● continued levels of loan quality and volume origination;

● the adequacy of loan loss reserves;

● the willingness of clients to substitute competitors’ products and services for our products and services and vice versa, based on price, quality, relationship or otherwise;

● interest rate, market and monetary fluctuations;

● declines in the fair value of our available-for-sale securities that are deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired;

● the timely development of competitive new products and services by us and the acceptance of such products and services by clients;

● changes in consumer spending and saving habits relative to the financial services we provide;

● relationships with major clients;

● our ability to continue to grow our business internally and through acquisition and successful integration of new or acquired entities while controlling costs;

● news reports relating to trends, concerns and other issues in the financial services industry, including the failures of other financial institutions in the current economic downturn;

● perceptions in the marketplace regarding us and/or our competitors;

● rapidly changing technology, or new technology used, or services offered, by competitors;

● deposit flows;

● changes in accounting principles, policies and guidelines;

● significant acquisitions or business combinations, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments by or involving us or our competitors;

● failure to integrate acquisitions or realize anticipated benefits from acquisitions;

● changes in and compliance with laws and government regulations of federal, state and local agencies;

● effects of climate change;

● geopolitical conditions such as acts or threats of terrorism or military conflicts;

● natural disasters or severe weather conditions;

● health emergencies, the spread of infectious diseases or pandemics;

● cyber breaches or breaches of physical premises, including data centers;

● failure to retain or attract key personnel;

● operating results that vary from the expectations of management, analysts and investors;

● future sales of our equity or equity-related securities;

● the credit, mortgage and housing markets, the markets for securities relating to mortgages or housing, and developments with respect to financial institutions generally; and

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● the relatively low trading volume of our common stock.

General market fluctuations, industry factors and general economic and political conditions and events, such as economic slowdowns or recessions, interest rate changes or credit loss trends, could also cause our stock price to decrease regardless of operating results as evidenced by the current volatility and disruption of capital and credit markets.

The trading volume of our common stock may not provide adequate liquidity for investors and is less than that of other financial services companies.

Our common stock is listed under the symbol “CVLY” on the NASDAQ Global Market. The average daily trading volume for shares of our common stock is less than larger financial institutions. As a result, sales of our common stock may place significant downward pressure on the market price of our common stock. Furthermore, it may be difficult for holders to resell their shares at prices they find attractive, or at all.

We may issue additional common stock or other equity securities in the future which could dilute the ownership interest of existing shareholders.

In order to maintain our capital at desired or regulatory-required levels or to replace existing capital, we may be required to issue additional shares of common stock, or securities convertible into, exchangeable for or representing rights to acquire shares of common stock. Generally, we are not restricted from issuing such additional shares. We may sell any shares that we issue at prices below the current market price of our common stock, and the sale of these shares may significantly dilute shareholder ownership. We could also issue additional shares in connection with acquisitions of other financial institutions or in connection with our equity compensation plans. Additional equity offerings may dilute the holdings of our existing shareholders or reduce the market price of our common stock, or both.

Offerings of debt and/or preferred equity securities may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

We may attempt to increase our capital resources or, if our or our subsidiary bank’s capital ratios fall below the required minimums, we could be forced to raise additional capital by making additional offerings of debt or preferred equity securities, including medium-term notes, trust preferred securities, senior or subordinated notes and preferred stock. Upon liquidation, holders of our debt securities and shares of preferred stock and lenders with respect to other borrowings are likely to receive distributions of our available assets prior to the holders of our common stock. Additional equity offerings may dilute the holdings of our existing shareholders or reduce the market price of our common stock, or both. Holders of our common stock are not entitled to preemptive rights or other protections against dilution.

Our board of directors is authorized to issue one or more classes or series of preferred stock from time to time without any action on the part of the shareholders. Our board of directors also has the power, without shareholder approval, to set the terms of any such classes or series of preferred stock that may be issued, including voting rights, dividend rights, and preferences over our common stock with respect to dividends or upon our dissolution, winding up and liquidation and other terms. If we issue preferred stock in the future that has a preference over our common stock with respect to the payment of dividends or upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, or if we issue preferred stock with voting rights that dilute the voting power of our common stock, the rights of holders of our common stock or the market price of our common stock could be adversely affected.

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Our common stock is subordinate to our existing and future indebtedness and preferred stock, and effectively subordinated to all the indebtedness and other non-common equity claims against our subsidiaries.

Shares of our common stock are equity interests in us and do not constitute indebtedness. As such, shares of our common stock rank junior to all of our indebtedness and to other non-equity claims against us and our assets available to satisfy claims against us, including in our liquidation. Additionally, holders of our common stock could be subject to the prior dividend and liquidation rights of holders of our preferred stock. Furthermore, our right to participate in a distribution of assets upon any of our subsidiaries’ liquidation or reorganization is subject to the prior claims of that subsidiary’s creditors.

We may attempt to increase our capital resources or, if our or the Bank’s capital ratios fall below the required minimums, we could be forced to raise additional capital by making additional offerings of debt or preferred equity securities, including medium-term notes, trust-preferred securities, senior or subordinated notes and preferred stock. Upon liquidation, holders of our debt securities and shares of preferred stock and lenders with respect to other borrowings are likely to receive distributions of our available assets prior to the holders of our common stock.

We are currently authorized to issue up to 30,000,000 shares of common stock of which 9,755,976 shares were outstanding as of December 31, 2019, and up to 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock, none of which were outstanding as of December 31, 2019. Our board of directors has authority, without action or vote of the shareholders of common stock, to issue all or part of the authorized but unissued shares. Authorized but unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock could be issued on terms or in circumstances that could dilute the interests of other shareholders.

Regulatory and contractual restrictions may limit or prevent us from paying dividends or repurchasing, or we may choose not to pay dividends on or repurchase, our common stock.

The Company is an entity separate and distinct from its principal subsidiary, PeoplesBank, and we derive substantially all of our revenue in the form of dividends from that subsidiary. Accordingly, we are and will be dependent upon dividends from PeoplesBank to pay the principal of and interest on our indebtedness, to satisfy our other cash needs and to pay dividends on our common and preferred stock. The Bank’s ability to pay dividends is subject to its ability to earn net income and to meet certain regulatory requirements. In the event PeoplesBank is unable to pay dividends to us, we may not be able to pay dividends on our common or preferred stock. Also, our right to participate in a distribution of assets upon a subsidiary’s liquidation or reorganization is subject to the prior claims of the subsidiary’s creditors, including those of its depositors.

As described below in the next risk factor, the terms of our outstanding junior subordinated debt securities prohibit us from paying dividends on or repurchasing our common stock at any time when we have elected to defer the payment of interest on such debt securities or certain events of default under the terms of those debt securities have occurred and are continuing. These restrictions could have a negative effect on the value of our common stock. Moreover, holders of our common stock are entitled to receive dividends only when, as and if declared by our board of directors.

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Although we have historically paid cash dividends on our common stock, we are not required to do so and our board of directors could reduce, suspend or eliminate our common stock cash dividend in the future. No determination has been made by our board of directors regarding whether or what amount of dividends will be paid in future quarters. Additionally, there can be no assurance that regulatory approval will be granted by the Federal Reserve Board to pay dividends. Future payment of cash dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will be dependent upon our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements and such other factors as the board may deem relevant and will be subject to applicable federal and state laws that impose restrictions on our and our bank subsidiary’s ability to pay dividends, as well as guidance issued from time to time by regulatory authorities.

Under guidance issued by the Federal Reserve, as a bank holding company we are to consult the Federal Reserve before declaring dividends and are to strongly consider eliminating, deferring, or reducing dividends we pay to our shareholders if (1) our net income available to shareholders for the past four quarters, net of dividends previously paid during that period, is not sufficient to fully fund the dividends, (2) our prospective rate of earnings retention is not consistent with our capital needs and overall current and prospective financial condition, or (3) we will not meet, or are in danger of not meeting, our minimum regulatory capital adequacy ratios.

If we defer payments of interest on our outstanding junior subordinated debt securities or if certain defaults relating to those debt securities occur, we will be prohibited from declaring or paying dividends or distributions on, and from making liquidation payments with respect to, our common stock.

As of December 31, 2019, we had $10,310,000 outstanding aggregate principal amount of junior subordinated debt securities issued in connection with the sale of trust preferred securities by certain of our subsidiaries that are statutory business trusts. We have also guaranteed those trust preferred securities. There are currently two separate series of these junior subordinated debt securities outstanding, each series having been issued under a separate indenture and with a separate guarantee. Each of these indentures, together with the related guarantee, prohibits us, subject to limited exceptions, from declaring or paying any dividends or distributions on, or redeeming, repurchasing, acquiring or making any liquidation payments with respect to, any of our capital stock at any time when (i) there shall have occurred and be continuing an event of default under the indenture or any event, act or condition that with notice or lapse of time or both would constitute an event of default under the indenture; or (ii) we are in default with respect to payment of any obligations under the related guarantee; or (iii) we have deferred payment of interest on the junior subordinated debt securities outstanding under that indenture. In that regard, we are entitled, at our option but subject to certain conditions, to defer payments of interest on the junior subordinated debt securities of each series from time to time for up to five years.

Events of default under each indenture generally consist of our failure to pay interest on the junior subordinated debt securities outstanding under that indenture under certain circumstances, our failure to pay any principal of or premium on such junior subordinated debt securities when due, our failure to comply with certain covenants under the indenture, and certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or liquidation relating to us or the Bank.

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As a result of these provisions, if we were to elect to defer payments of interest on any series of junior subordinated debt securities, or if any of the other events described in clause (i) or (ii) of the first paragraph of this risk factor were to occur, we would be prohibited from declaring or paying any dividends on our common stock, from redeeming, repurchasing or otherwise acquiring any of our common stock, and from making any payments to holders of our common stock in the event of our liquidation, which would likely have a material adverse effect on the market value of our common stock. Moreover, without notice to or consent from the holders of our common stock, we may issue additional series of junior subordinated debt securities in the future with terms similar to those of our existing junior subordinated debt securities or enter into other financing agreements that limit our ability to purchase or to pay dividends or distributions on our capital stock, including our common stock.

Our common stock is not insured by any governmental entity.

Our common stock is not a deposit account or other obligation of any bank and, therefore, is not insured against loss by the FDIC, any other deposit insurance fund, any other governmental entity or by any other public or private entity. Investment in our common stock is inherently risky for the reasons described in this “Risk Factors” section and elsewhere in this document and our other filings with the SEC, and is subject to the same market forces that affect the price of common stock in any company. As a result, if you acquire our common stock, you may lose some or all of your investment.

Anti-takeover provisions and restrictions on ownership could negatively impact our shareholders.

Provisions of federal and Pennsylvania law and our amended and restated articles of incorporation and bylaws could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of us or have the effect of discouraging a third party from attempting to acquire control of us. These provisions could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us even if an acquisition might be in the best interest of our shareholders. In addition, the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, or the BHCA, requires any bank holding company to obtain the approval of the Federal Reserve prior to acquiring more than 5 percent of our outstanding common stock. Any person other than a bank holding company is required to obtain prior approval of the Federal Reserve to acquire 10 percent or more of our outstanding common stock under the Change in Bank Control Act. Any holder of 25 percent or more of our outstanding common stock, other than an individual, is subject to regulation as a bank holding company under the BHCA.

Our articles of incorporation and bylaws contain certain provisions that may have the effect of deterring or discouraging an attempt to take control of the Company. Among other things, these provisions:

● empower our board of directors, without shareholder approval, to issue shares of our preferred stock the terms of which, including voting power, are set by our board;

● divide our board of directors into three classes serving staggered three year terms;

● authorize our board of directors to oppose a tender or other offer for the Company’s securities if the board determines that such an offer should be rejected;

● require the affirmative vote of holders of at least 75 percent of the outstanding shares of our common stock to approve merger, consolidation, liquidation or dissolution of the Company, or any sale or other disposition of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company, excepting transactions described above that are approved by at least 80 percent of the members of the Board of Directors, where such transactions shall only require shareholder approval by a majority of the votes cast at the shareholders meeting;

● eliminate cumulative voting in the election of directors; and

● require advance notice of nominations for the election of directors and the presentation of shareholder proposals at meetings of shareholders. 

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Item 1B: Unresolved Staff Comments

Not applicable.

Item 2: Properties

Codorus Valley owns the Codorus Valley Corporate Center (“Corporate Center”), located at 105 Leader Heights Road, York, PA 17403, subject to a first lien held by ACNB Bank. The first lien held by ACNB Bank supports a $3,000,000 line of credit. No draws have been made on the line and on December 31, 2019, the balance was zero. This facility serves as the corporate headquarters and is approximately 40,000 square feet, a portion of which is leased to third-parties. The Corporate Center is adjacent to PeoplesBank’s Data Operations Center and the Leader Heights financial center and is approximately one half mile from PeoplesBank’s Administrative Services Centers.

PeoplesBank owns and leases properties in York, Cumberland and Lancaster Counties, Pennsylvania and Baltimore and Harford Counties and Baltimore City in Maryland as shown below.

	Owned	Leased	Total
Pennsylvania
Financial Centers	10	10	20
Limited Service Facilities	-	12	12
Administrative Services Centers	1	1	2
Other Properties(1)	2	1	3
Maryland
Financial Centers	4	1	5
Other Properties(2)	-	2	2

⁽¹⁾ The other properties located in Pennsylvania consists of a maintenance facility for storage of maintenance equipment, a 3-building complex purchased in 2019 for future back office operations expansion and the leased building for the new Lancaster City Connection Center scheduled to open in 2020.

⁽²⁾ The other properties located in Maryland consist of a facility formerly used as an administrative office for Madison Federal Savings Bank, acquired as a result of the merger completed on January 16, 2015 and a Loan Production Office.

Item 3: Legal Proceedings

In the opinion of management, there are no legal proceedings pending against Codorus Valley or any of its subsidiaries which are expected to have a material impact upon the financial position and/or operating results of the Corporation. Management is not aware of any adverse proceedings known or contemplated by governmental authorities.

Item 4: Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5: Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc. stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol CVLY. Codorus Valley had approximately 2,787 holders of record as of February 26, 2020. The closing price per share of Codorus Valley’s common stock on February 26, 2020, was $21.10. The following table sets forth high and low sales prices and dividends paid per common share for Codorus Valley as reported by NASDAQ during the periods indicated. All amounts reflect the impact of the common stock dividends distributed by the Corporation.

	2019						2018
					Dividends						Dividends
Quarter	High		Low		Per Share		High		Low		Per Share
First	$	23.07	$	18.71	$	0.152	$	26.97	$	22.52	$	0.141
Second		22.35		19.30	$	0.152		28.11		24.96	$	0.141
Third		23.46		19.30	$	0.152		30.34		26.85	$	0.141
Fourth		23.60		20.69	$	0.152		29.03		19.30	$	0.141

Dividend Policy

Codorus Valley has a long history of paying quarterly cash dividends on its common stock. Codorus Valley presently expects to pay future cash dividends; however, the payment of such dividends will depend primarily upon the earnings of its subsidiary, PeoplesBank. Management anticipates that substantially all of the funds available for the payment of cash dividends by Codorus Valley will be derived from dividends paid to it by PeoplesBank. The payment of cash dividends is also subject to restrictions on dividends and capital requirements as reported in Note 9-Regulatory Matters in the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

The following table provides information about options outstanding and securities available for future issuance under the Corporation’s 2001 Employee Stock Bonus Plan, 2007 Long Term Incentive Plan, 2007 Employee Stock Purchase Plan and 2017 Long Term Incentive Plan, as adjusted for stock dividends distributed.

	Equity Compensation Plan Information
				Number of securities
	Number of securities			remaining available for future
	to be issued upon		Weighted-average	issuance under equity
	exercise of outstanding		exercise price of	compensation plans
	options, warrants, and		outstanding options,	(excluding securities
Plan Category	rights		warrants and rights	reflected in the first column)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders	201,030	$	15.25	474,511	(1)
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders	0		0	21,117	(2)
Total	201,030	$	15.25	495,628

(1) Includes 163,118 shares available for issuance under the 2007 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.

(2) Shares available for issuance under the 2001 Employee Stock Bonus Plan that provides for shares of common stock to employees as performance-based compensation.  For a description of this plan, see Note 12 - Stock-Based Compensation, to the consolidated financial statements.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

The Corporation has a Share Repurchase Program (the “Program”), authorized in 2018, which permits the purchase of up to a maximum of 4.9 percent of the outstanding shares of the Corporation’s common stock at a price per share no greater than 150 percent of the latest quarterly published book value. The Corporation’s Board of Directors, under the Program, approved the repurchase of shares of its common stock in an aggregate amount of up to $5 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Corporation did not acquire any of its common stock under the current repurchase program. Details for repurchases under the current repurchase program for the year ended December 31, 2019 are as follows:

					Total Number of		Approximate Dollar
					Shares Purchased as		Value of Shares that
	Total Number				Part of Publicly		May Yet Be Purchased
	of Shares		Average Price		Announced Plans		Under the Plans or
Period	Purchased		Paid per Share		or Programs		Programs
April 1 - 30, 2019		0	$	0		0	$	5,000,000
May 1 - 31, 2019		0	$	0		0	$	5,000,000
June 1 - 30, 2019		35,600	$	21.41		35,600	$	4,237,804
July 1 - 31, 2019		30,100	$	22.93		30,100	$	3,547,610
August 1 - 31, 2019		40,500	$	22.23		40,500	$	2,647,348
September 1 - 30, 2019		50,600	$	23.29		50,600	$	1,468,921
October 1 - 31, 2019		65,794	$	22.23		65,794	$	0

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Performance Graph

The following five-year performance graph compares the cumulative total shareholders return (including reinvestment of dividends) on Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc.’s common stock to the S&P 500 Index and the ABA Community Bank NASDAQ Index. The stock performance graph assumes that $100 was invested on December 31, 2014, and the cumulative return is measured as of each subsequent fiscal year end.

	Period Ending
Index	12/31/14		12/31/15		12/31/16		12/31/17		12/31/18		12/31/19
Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc.	$	100.00	$	111.21	$	168.28	$	173.34	$	143.42	$	167.86
S&P 500		100.00		101.38		113.51		138.29		132.23		173.86
ABA Community Bank Index(1)		100.00		107.45		146.12		147.19		122.73		147.67

⁽¹⁾ The ABA Community Bank Index is a market capitalization-weighted index, including banks and thrifts or their holding companies listed on The NASDAQ Stock Market as selected by the American Bankers Association (ABA).

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Item 6: Selected financial data

Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc.
	2019			2018			2017			2016			2015
Summary of operations (in thousands)
Interest income	$	85,317		$	80,321		$	70,415		$	62,230		$	56,002
Interest expense		21,378			16,401			10,868			8,649			8,174
Net interest income		63,939			63,920			59,547			53,581			47,828
Provision for loan losses		2,450			2,700			4,175			3,000			3,500
Noninterest income		13,912			13,314			11,522			10,030			9,047
Noninterest expense		51,729			49,810			44,986			41,623			37,427
Income before income taxes		23,672			24,724			21,908			18,988			15,948
Provision for income taxes		5,025			5,182			9,904			5,886			4,813
Net income		18,647			19,542			12,004			13,102			11,135
Preferred stock dividends		0			0			0			16			120
Net income available to common shareholders	$	18,647		$	19,542		$	12,004		$	13,086		$	11,015
Per common share
(adjusted for stock dividends)
Net income, basic	$	1.89		$	1.98		$	1.22		$	1.35		$	1.45
Net income, diluted	$	1.88		$	1.96		$	1.21		$	1.34		$	1.44
Cash dividends paid	$	0.608		$	0.564		$	0.468		$	0.427		$	0.400
Stock dividends distributed		5	%		5	%		5	%		5	%		5	%
Book value	$	19.59		$	18.01		$	16.72		$	15.88		$	15.21
Tangible book value (1)	$	19.36		$	17.78		$	16.49		$	15.65		$	14.97
Cash dividend payout ratio		32.4	%		28.3	%		38.0	%		32.0	%		27.2	%
Weighted average shares outstanding		9,863,332			9,857,559			9,779,816			9,694,739			7,588,531
Weighted average diluted shares outstanding		9,929,659			9,953,229			9,894,628			9,777,719			7,670,268
Profitability ratios
Return on average shareholders’ equity (ROE)		9.98	%		11.42	%		7.40	%		8.47	%		8.94	%
Return on average assets (ROA)		1.01	%		1.11	%		0.72	%		0.88	%		0.82	%
Net interest margin (tax equivalent basis)		3.66	%		3.84	%		3.84	%		3.89	%		3.79	%
Efficiency ratio		65.93	%		63.95	%		62.07	%		64.09	%		64.60	%
Net overhead ratio		2.05	%		2.08	%		2.03	%		2.15	%		2.12	%
Capital ratios (consolidated)
Common equity tier 1 ratio		12.64	%		12.15	%		11.58	%		11.88	%		12.56	%
Tier 1 risk-based capital		13.31	%		12.83	%		12.29	%		12.66	%		14.49	%
Total risk-based capital		14.56	%		14.08	%		13.48	%		13.81	%		15.60	%
Average shareholders’ equity to average assets		10.12	%		9.75	%		9.79	%		10.44	%		9.15	%
Summary of financial condition at year-end (in thousands)
Investment securities (including restricted bank stock)	$	164,226		$	155,515		$	164,902		$	201,665		$	218,498
Loans (including loans held for sale)		1,516,938			1,489,807			1,401,479			1,272,319			1,123,775
Assets		1,886,545			1,807,480			1,709,205			1,611,587			1,456,334
Deposits		1,590,564			1,495,280			1,384,507			1,264,177			1,094,149
Borrowings		89,557			122,332			150,805			181,947			194,820
Equity		191,168			178,746			164,219			154,957			159,141
Other data
Full service financial centers		25			26			26			26			24
Number of employees (full-time equivalents)		350			348			326			306			282
Wealth Management assets, market value (in thousands)	$	899,876		$	725,087		$	711,161		$	562,865		$	514,728

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(1) The following tables provides the reconciliation of tangible book value, which is a non-GAAP Financial Measure, for the dates indicated:

(dollars in thousands)	2019			2018			2017			2016			2015
Total Shareholders’ Equity	$	191,168		$	178,746		$	164,219		$	154,957		$	159,141
Less: Preferred Stock		0			0			0			0			(12,000	)
Less: Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets		(2,312	)		(2,316	)		(2,321	)		(2,327	)		(2,333	)
Tangible Shareholders’ Equity	$	188,856		$	176,430		$	161,898		$	152,630		$	144,808
Common Shares Outstanding		9,756			9,924			9,819			9,755			9,672
Book Value	$	19.59		$	18.01		$	16.72		$	15.88		$	15.21
Book Value	$	19.59		$	18.01		$	16.72		$	15.88		$	15.21
Effect of Intangible Assets		(0.23	)		(0.23	)		(0.23	)		(0.23	)		(0.24	)
Tangible Book Value	$	19.36		$	17.78		$	16.49		$	15.65		$	14.97

Item 7: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Management’s discussion and analysis of the significant changes in the results of operations, capital resources and liquidity presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc. (“Codorus Valley” or the “Corporation”), a bank holding company, and its wholly owned subsidiary, PeoplesBank, A Codorus Valley Company (“PeoplesBank”), are provided below. Codorus Valley’s consolidated financial condition and results of operations consist almost entirely of PeoplesBank’s financial condition and results of operations. Current performance does not guarantee and may not be indicative of similar performance in the future.

Forward-looking Statements

Management of the Corporation has made forward-looking statements in this Form 10-K. These forward-looking statements may be subject to risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements include information concerning possible or assumed future results of operations of the Corporation and its subsidiaries. When words such as “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” or similar expressions are used in this Form 10-K, management is making forward-looking statements.

Note that many factors, some of which are discussed elsewhere in this report and in the documents that are incorporated by reference, could affect the future financial results of the Corporation and its subsidiaries, both individually and collectively, and could cause those results to differ materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements contained or incorporated by reference in this Form 10-K. These factors include, but are not limited to, the following:

● Operating, legal and regulatory risks;

● Credit risk, including an increase in nonperforming assets requiring loss provisions and the incurrence of carrying costs related to nonperforming assets;

● Interest rate fluctuations which could increase our cost of funds or decrease our yield on earning assets and therefore reduce our net interest income;

● Declines in the market value of investment securities considered to be other-than-temporary;

● Unavailability of capital when needed or availability at less than favorable terms;

● Unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential client or customer information, whether through a breach of our computer systems or otherwise, may adversely affect the Corporation’s operations, net income or reputation;

● Inability to achieve merger-related synergies, and difficulties in integrating the business and operations of acquired institutions;

● A prolonged economic downturn or excessive inflation;

30

● Political and competitive forces affecting banking, securities, asset management and credit services businesses;

● Occurrence of natural or man-made disasters or calamities, including health emergencies, the spread of infectious diseases or pandemics;

● The effects of and changes in the rate of FDIC premiums, including special assessments;

● Future legislative or administrative changes to U.S. governmental capital programs;

● Future changes in federal or state tax laws or tax rates;

● Enacted financial reform legislation, e.g., Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, may have a significant impact on the Corporation’s business and results of operations; and

● The risk that management’s analyses of these risks and forces could be incorrect and/or that the strategies developed to address them could be unsuccessful.

The Corporation undertakes no obligation to publicly revise or update these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances that arise after the date of this report.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Disclosure of Codorus Valley’s significant accounting policies is included in Note 1 in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K. Some of these policies require management to make significant judgments, estimates and assumptions that have a material impact on the carrying value of certain assets and liabilities. Management makes significant estimates in determining the allowance for loan losses, valuation of foreclosed real estate, and evaluation of other-than-temporary impairment losses of securities.

Management considers a variety of factors in establishing allowance for loan losses such as current economic conditions, diversification of the loan portfolio, delinquency statistics, results of internal loan reviews, financial and managerial strength of borrowers, adequacy of collateral, (if collateral dependent, or present value of future cash flows) and other relevant factors. There is also the potential for adjustment to the allowance for loan losses as a result of regulatory examinations.

Foreclosed real estate is initially recorded at fair value minus estimated costs to sell at the date of foreclosure, establishing a new cost basis. Appraisals are generally used to determine fair value. After foreclosure, management reviews valuations at least quarterly and adjusts the asset to the lower of cost or fair value minus estimated costs to sell. Estimates related to the value of collateral can have a significant impact on whether or not management continues to accrue income on delinquent and impaired loans and on the amounts at which foreclosed real estate is recorded on the statement of financial condition.

31

The Corporation records its available-for-sale securities portfolio at fair value. Fair values for these securities are determined based on methodologies in accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 820. Fair values for debt securities are volatile and may be influenced by any number of factors, including market interest rates, prepayment speeds, discount rates, credit ratings and yield curves. Fair values for debt securities are based on quoted market prices, where available. If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on the quoted prices of similar instruments or an estimate of fair value by using a range of fair value estimates in the market place as a result of the illiquid market specific to the type of security. When the fair value of a debt security is below its amortized cost and depending on the length of time the condition exists and the extent the fair value is below amortized cost, additional analysis is performed to determine whether an other-than-temporary impairment condition exists. Debt securities are analyzed quarterly for possible other-than-temporary impairment. The analysis considers whether the Corporation has the intent to sell its debt securities prior to market recovery or maturity and whether it is more likely than not that the Corporation will be required to sell its debt securities prior to market recovery or maturity. Often, information available to conduct these assessments is limited and rapidly changing, making estimates of fair value subject to judgment. If actual information or conditions are different than estimated, the extent of the impairment of the debt security may be different than previously estimated, which could have a material effect on the Corporation’s results of operations and financial condition.

Management discussed the development and selection of critical accounting estimates and related Management Discussion and Analysis disclosures with the Audit Committee. There were no material changes made to the critical accounting estimates during the periods presented within this report. Additional information is contained in Management’s Discussion and Analysis regarding critical accounting estimates, including the provision and allowance for loan losses located on pages 39 and 54 of this report.

32

FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS

Executive Summary

The Corporation’s net income available to common shareholders (earnings) was $18,647,000 for the full year 2019, compared to $19,542,000 of earnings in 2018, a decrease of $895,000 or 5 percent. The lower net income was primarily the result of higher noninterest expense in 2019 as compared to 2018. Personnel costs increased in 2019 due to executive level positions being vacant in the first half of 2018. In addition, a write down on foreclosed real estate during the fourth quarter 2019 resulted in increased noninterest expense for the year 2019.

● Net interest income for 2019 increased $19,000 or less than 1 percent when compared to 2018, primarily due to an increase in the volume and rate on commercial loans, offset by a corresponding increase in the rate on interest-bearing deposits.

● Net interest margin (tax-equivalent basis) for 2019 was 3.66 percent, compared to 3.84 percent for 2018. The Corporation continues to have success in growing lower cost core deposits, while maintaining reasonable yields on new loan growth in a highly competitive environment. The average yield on earning assets increased to 4.88 percent in 2019 as compared to 4.82 percent in 2018 and the cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased to 1.54 percent in 2019, as compared to 1.24 percent in 2018.

● The loan loss provision for 2019 was $2,450,000, a decrease of $250,000 compared to 2018. The decreased loan loss provision was the result of a decrease of $718,000 in the unallocated portion of the loan loss provision, offset by modest net loan growth and a minimal increase in total nonperforming assets compared to 2018. The provision for both periods supported adequate allowance for loan loss coverage considering several factors, including the Corporation’s growth in commercial loans. The allowance as a percentage of total loans was 1.40 percent at December 31, 2019, and 1.29 percent at December 31, 2018.

● Noninterest income, excluding gains on sales of investment securities, for the year ended December 31, 2019, totaled $13,921,000 representing an increase of $607,000 or 5 percent compared to noninterest income of $13,314,000 for 2018. Specific noninterest income increases included trust and investment services fees, income from mutual fund, annuity and insurance sales, service charges on deposits, income from bank owned life insurance and other income. Loss on sales of investment securities totaled $9,000 for 2019 compared to no gain or loss on sales of investment securities in 2018.

● Noninterest expense for the year ended 2019, totaled $51,729,000 representing an increase of $1,919,000 or 4 percent compared to $49,810,000 for 2018. Higher costs associated with personnel, occupancy, furniture and equipment, marketing, external data processing, other expense and foreclosed real estate, including provision for losses, accounted for the majority of the increase. Personnel costs increased in 2019 due to executive level positions being vacant in the first half of 2018. In addition, a write down on foreclosed real estate during the fourth quarter 2019 resulted in increased noninterest expense for the year 2019.

● The provision for income taxes for 2019 totaled $5,025,000 which was $157,000 or 3 percent below the provision for income taxes for 2018 of $5,182,000. The decrease was due to lower income before taxes for 2019 compared to 2018.

● Earnings per share were $1.89 basic and $1.88 diluted for 2019 compared to $1.98 basic and $1.96 diluted for 2018. The decrease in earnings per share for the year was primarily the result of the aforementioned lower net income in 2019.

On December 31, 2019, total assets were approximately $1.89 billion, representing a 4 percent increase compared to December 31, 2018. The growth for 2019 occurred primarily in the commercial loan portfolio and cash and cash equivalents which was funded primarily by an increase in deposits and offset by a reduction in long-term debt.

33

The Corporation’s capital level remained sound as evidenced by capital ratios that exceed current regulatory requirements for well capitalized institutions.

The closing price for the Corporation’s common stock (NASDAQ: CVLY) was $23.03 per share on December 31, 2019, compared to $20.24 per share on December 31, 2018, as adjusted. Cash dividends paid on common shares for the year 2019 totaled $0.608 per share, as adjusted for stock dividends, representing an increase of $0.044 or 8 percent above the cash dividends of $0.564, as adjusted, paid for the year 2018. Also, the Corporation distributed a 5 percent common stock dividend on December 10, 2019. The Selected Financial Data schedule, located on page 29 of this report, provides a summary of operations and performance metrics for the past five years in a comparative format.

Year Ended December 31, 2019 vs. Year Ended December 31, 2018

The full year 2019 net income available to shareholders of $18,647,000 represents a decrease of $895,000 compared to the full year 2018 earnings of $19,542,000. Earnings per share were $1.89 basic and $1.88 diluted for 2019 compared to $1.98 basic and $1.96 diluted for 2018. The decrease in net income and earnings per share for the year was primarily the result of higher noninterest expense in 2019 as compared to 2018. Personnel costs increased in 2019 due to executive level positions being vacant in the first half of 2018. In addition, a write down on foreclosed real estate during the fourth quarter 2019 resulted in increased noninterest expense for the year 2019.

Net interest income, which totaled $63,939,000 for the year ended December 31, 2019, represented an increase of $19,000 or less than 1 percent above net interest income of $63,920,000 for 2018. The slight change in net interest income was primarily due to an increase in the volume and rate on commercial loans, offset by a corresponding increase in the rate on interest bearing deposits.

The loan loss provision for 2019 was $2,450,000, a decrease of $250,000 compared to a provision of $2,700,000 for 2018. The decreased loan loss provision was the result of a decrease of $718,000 in the unallocated portion of the loan loss provision, offset by modest net loan growth and a minimal increase in total nonperforming assets compared to 2018. The allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total period-end loans was 1.40 percent and 1.29 percent as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The provision for loan losses for both periods supported adequate allowance for loan loss coverage considering several factors, including the size, composition, and risks to the loan portfolio, the level of specific reserves, and realized net charge-offs.

Noninterest income, excluding gains on sales of investment securities, for the year ended December 31, 2019, totaled $13,921,000 representing an increase of $607,000 or 5 percent compared to noninterest income of $13,314,000 for 2018. Specific noninterest income increases included trust and investment services fees, income from mutual fund, annuity and insurance sales, service charges on deposits, income from bank owned life insurance and other income. Loss on sales of investment securities totaled $9,000 for 2019 compared to no gain or less on sales of investment securities for 2018.

Noninterest expense for the year ended December 31, 2019, totaled $51,729,000 representing an increase of $1,919,000 or 4 percent compared to $49,810,000 for 2018. Higher costs associated with personnel, occupancy, furniture and equipment, marketing, external data processing, other expense and foreclosed real estate, accounted for the majority of the increase. The primary driver of the aforementioned increase in noninterest expense was higher personnel costs due to lower executive level vacancy rates and a write down on foreclosed real estate during the fourth quarter 2019.

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The provision for income taxes for 2019 totaled $5,025,000 which was $157,000 or 3 percent below the provision for income taxes for 2018 of $5,182,000. The decrease was due to lower income before taxes for 2019 compared to 2018.

On December 31, 2019, total assets were $1.89 billion, representing a 4 percent increase compared to total assets of $1.81 billion as of December 31, 2018. Asset growth for 2019 occurred primarily in the commercial loan portfolio and cash and cash equivalents which was funded primarily by an increase in deposits and offset by a reduction in long-term debt.

The growth in core deposits included a $9,302,000 increase in the average balance of noninterest bearing deposits for 2019 compared to 2018. Growing core deposits remains a particular focus of the Corporation because the rates paid for such deposits are low, transactional activity on these deposits are a source of fee income, and a core deposit relationship provides the opportunity to cross-sell other financial products and services. The Corporation excludes time deposits in its definition of core deposits.

Cash dividends paid on common shares for the year 2019 totaled $0.608 per share, as adjusted for stock dividends, representing an increase of $0.044 or 8 percent above the cash dividends of $0.564, as adjusted, paid for the year 2018.

The Corporation distributed a 5 percent common stock dividend on December 10, 2019, the same common stock dividend percentage that was distributed in December 2018.

The Corporation’s capital level remained sound as evidenced by capital ratios that exceed current regulatory requirements for well capitalized institutions. Table 9 - Capital Ratios, following, shows that both the Corporation and PeoplesBank were well capitalized for all periods presented.

Year Ended December 31, 2018 vs. Year Ended December 31, 2017

The full year 2018 net income available to common shareholders of $19,542,000 represents an increase of $7,538,000 compared to the full year 2017 earnings of $12,004,000. Earnings per share were $1.98 basic and $1.96 diluted for 2018 compared to $1.22 basic and $1.21 diluted for 2017. The increase in net income and earnings per share for the year was partially the result of a $2,755,000 reduction in the net deferred tax asset value at December 31, 2017 due to the new corporate tax rate of 21 percent enacted on December 22, 2017 as part of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act that became effective January 1, 2018.

Net interest income, which totaled $63,920,000 for the year ended December 31, 2018, represented an increase of $4,373,000 or 7 percent above net interest income of $59,547,000 for 2017. The growth in net interest income reflects the increased volume of interest-earning assets, primarily commercial loans; however, the additional interest income from this new loan volume was partially offset by increased costs associated with the growth in core deposits and an increase in volume and rates paid for time deposits and an increase in rates paid for long-term borrowings.

The loan loss provision for 2018 totaled $2,700,000, a decrease of $1,475,000 compared to the loan loss provision of $4,175,000 for 2017. The change in provision for 2018 was primarily due to specific loan loss reserves assigned during 2018 compared to a larger amount of aggregate net charge-offs and specific loan loss reserves in the prior year. The allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total period-end loans was 1.29 percent and 1.19 percent as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The provision for loan losses for both period supported adequate allowance for loan loss coverage considering several factors, including the size, composition and risks to the loan portfolio, the level of specific reserves, and realized net charge-offs.

Noninterest income, excluding gains on sales of investment securities, for the year ended December 31, 2018, totaled $13,314,000 representing an increase of $1,871,000 or 16 percent compared to noninterest income of $11,443,000 for 2017. Specific noninterest income increases included trust and investment service fees, income from mutual fund, annuity and insurance sales, service charges on deposits, gains on sales of loans held for sale and other income. There were no gains on sales of investment securities for 2018 compared to $79,000 in 2017.

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Noninterest expense for the year ended December 31, 2018, totaled $49,810,000 representing an increase of $4,824,000 or 11 percent compared to $44,986,000 for 2017. Higher costs associated with personnel, professional and legal, debit card processing, external data processing, charitable contributions and foreclosed real estate, accounted for the majority of the increase. The primary driver of the aforementioned increase in noninterest expense was the expansion of our business and consumer banking in and support services for our Maryland and Pennsylvania markets. The increase was partially offset by a decrease in telecommunications expense.

The provision for income taxes for 2018 totaled $5,182,000 which was $4,772,000 or 48 percent below the provision for income taxes for 2017 of $9,904,000. The decrease was due to a $2,755,000 reduction in the net deferred tax asset value at December 31, 2017 due to the new corporate tax rate of 21 percent enacted on December 22, 2017 as part of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act that became effective January 1, 2018 and an overall higher tax rate in 2017, offset by a $2,816,000 increase in pre-tax net income.

On December 31, 2018, total assets were $1.81 billion, representing a 6 percent increase compared to total assets of $1.71 billion as December 31, 2017. Asset growth for 2018 occurred primarily in the commercial loan portfolio and was funded primarily by an increase in deposits.

The growth in core deposits included a $31,419,000 increase in the average balance of noninterest bearing deposits for 2018 as compared to 2017. Growing core deposits remains a particular focus of the Corporation because the rates paid for such deposits are low, transactional activity on these deposits are a source of fee income, and a core deposit relationship provides the opportunity to cross-sell other financial products and services. The Corporation excludes time deposits in its definition of core deposits.

Cash dividends paid on common shares for the year 2018 totaled $0.564 per share, as adjusted for stock dividends, representing an increase of $0.096 or 21 percent above the cash dividends of $0.468, as adjusted, paid for the year 2017.

The Corporation distributed a 5 percent common stock dividend on December 11, 2018, the same common stock dividend percentage that was distributed in December 2017.

The Corporation’s capital level remained sound as evidenced by capital ratios that exceed current regulatory requirements for well capitalized institutions. Table 9 - Capital Ratios, following, shows that both the Corporation and PeoplesBank were well capitalized for all periods presented.

INCOME STATEMENT ANALYSIS

Net Interest Income

The Corporation’s principal source of revenue is net interest income, which is the difference between (i) interest income on earning assets, primarily loans and investment securities, and (ii) interest expense incurred on deposits and borrowed funds. Fluctuations in net interest income are caused by changes in both interest rates, and the volume and composition of interest rate sensitive assets and liabilities. Unless otherwise noted, this section discusses interest income and interest expense amounts as reported in the Consolidated Statements of Income, which are not presented on a tax equivalent basis.

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Net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2019, was $63,939,000, an increase of $19,000 or less than 1 percent above the full year 2018 net interest income. The increase was supported by a 5 percent increase in the average volume of interest-earning assets, primarily commercial loans. The additional interest income from the increased loan volume was partially offset by the costs associated with the growth in core deposits and an increase in volume and rates paid for interest bearing demand deposits, time deposits and long-term borrowings. The net interest margin, which reflects net interest income on a tax-equivalent basis as a percentage of average interest-earning assets, was 3.66 percent for 2019, compared to 3.84 percent for 2018.

Interest income for the full year 2019 totaled $85,317,000, an increase of $4,996,000 or 6 percent above 2018. The increase in total interest income was driven by a growth in the average volume and rate of loans which was partially offset by a decrease in the average volume of tax-exempt investment securities and tax-exempt loans. Interest earning assets averaged $1.75 billion and yielded 4.88 percent (tax equivalent basis) for 2019, compared to $1.67 billion and a tax-equivalent yield of 4.82 percent, respectively, for 2018.

Interest expense for the full year 2019 totaled $21,378,000, an increase of $4,977,000 or 30 percent above 2018. The increase in total interest expense was primarily driven by an increase in rate in core deposits (the Corporation defines core deposits as demand, savings, and money market deposits), time deposits and long-term borrowings. Interest expense on deposits increased $5,156,000 or 38 percent for 2019 compared to 2018 and was primarily attributed to the increases in rates paid on interest bearing core deposits and time deposits. The average volume of interest bearing core deposits was $762,723,000 for the full year 2019, a $34,440,000 or 5 percent increase above the average volume for 2018. Interest expense on long-term debt decreased $162,000 or 6 percent for 2019. The average rate paid on long-term borrowings in 2019 of 2.48 percent, reflected a 16 percent increase from the average rate paid of 2.14 percent in 2018. Long-term debt is primarily comprised of advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Pittsburgh, with intermediate term bullet maturities that supplement deposit funding and provide a partial funding hedge against rising market interest rates.

Tables 1 and 2, following, are presented on a tax-equivalent basis to make it easier to compare taxable and tax-exempt assets. Interest on tax-exempt assets (which include securities issued by, or loans made to, state and local governments) is adjusted based upon a 21 percent federal income tax rate in 2019 and 2018 compared to a 35 percent rate for 2017.

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Table 1-Average Balances and Interest Rates (tax equivalent basis)
				2019							2018							2017
	Average				Yield/			Average				Yield/			Average				Yield/
(dollars in thousands)	Balance		Interest		Rate			Balance		Interest		Rate			Balance		Interest		Rate
Assets
Interest bearing deposits with banks	$	92,436	$	1,960		2.12	%	$	53,522	$	1,053		1.97	%	$	34,050	$	379		1.11	%
Investment securities:
Taxable		130,687		3,348		2.56			113,703		2,745		2.41			131,999		2,809		2.13
Tax-exempt		29,387		846		2.88			46,376		1,309		2.82			55,565		1,855		3.34
Total investment securities		160,074		4,194		2.62			160,079		4,054		2.53			187,564		4,664		2.49
Loans:
Taxable (1)		1,488,922		78,984		5.30			1,445,572		75,024		5.19			1,335,264		65,501		4.91
Tax-exempt		10,704		428		4.00			15,264		558		3.66			17,611		750		4.26
Total loans		1,499,626		79,412		5.30			1,460,836		75,582		5.17			1,352,875		66,251		4.90
Total earning assets		1,752,136		85,566		4.88			1,674,437		80,689		4.82			1,574,489		71,294		4.53
Other assets (2)		93,462							80,769							81,534
Total assets	$	1,845,598						$	1,755,206						$	1,656,023
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Deposits:
Interest bearing demand	$	677,083	$	8,037		1.19	%	$	640,813	$	6,366		0.99	%	$	582,389	$	2,841		0.49	%
Savings		85,640		85		0.10			87,470		87		0.10			85,925		86		0.10
Time		511,940		10,587		2.07			454,608		7,100		1.56			426,189		5,211		1.22
Total interest bearing deposits		1,274,663		18,709		1.47			1,182,891		13,553		1.15			1,094,503		8,138		0.74
Short-term borrowings		7,892		42		0.53			10,104		59		0.58			38,988		316		0.81
Long-term debt		106,133		2,627		2.48			130,611		2,789		2.14			132,200		2,414		1.83
Total interest bearing liabilities		1,388,688		21,378		1.54			1,323,606		16,401		1.24			1,265,691		10,868		0.86
Noninterest bearing deposits		257,995							248,693							217,274
Other liabilities		12,107							11,795							10,837
Shareholders’ equity		186,808							171,112							162,221
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	1,845,598						$	1,755,206						$	1,656,023
Net interest income (tax equivalent basis)			$	64,188						$	64,288						$	60,426
Net interest margin (3)						3.66	%						3.84	%						3.84	%
Tax equivalent adjustment				(249)							(368)							(879)
Net interest income			$	63,939						$	63,920						$	59,547

(1) Average balance includes average nonaccrual loans of $23,626,000 in 2019, $6,414,000 in 2018, and $5,095,000 in 2017. Interest includes net loan fees of $3,175,000 in 2019, $3,209,000 in 2018, and $2,995,000 in 2017.

(2) Average balance includes average bank owned life insurance, foreclosed real estate and unrealized holding gains (losses) on investment securities.

(3) Net interest income (tax equivalent basis) annualized as a percent of average interest earning assets.

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Table 2-Rate/Volume Analysis of Changes in Net Interest Income (tax equivalent basis)
	2019 vs. 2018									2018 vs. 2017
	Increase (decrease) due									Increase (decrease) due
	to change in									to change in
(dollars in thousands)		Volume			Rate			Net			Volume			Rate			Net
Interest Income
Interest bearing deposits with banks	$	765		$	142		$	907		$	217		$	457		$	674
Investment securities:
Taxable		303			300			603			(384	)		320			(64	)
Tax-exempt		(479	)		16			(463	)		(306	)		(240	)		(546	)
Loans:
Taxable		1,454			2,506			3,960			5,430			4,093			9,523
Tax-exempt		(167	)		37			(130	)		(100	)		(92	)		(192	)
Total interest income		1,876			3,001			4,877			4,857			4,538			9,395
Interest Expense
Deposits:
Interest bearing demand		408			1,263			1,671			291			3,234			3,525
Savings		(2	)		0			(2	)		1			0			1
Time		896			2,591			3,487			348			1,541			1,889
Short-term borrowings		(15	)		(1	)		(16	)		(259	)		2			(257	)
Long-term debt		(485	)		323			(162	)		(27	)		402			375
Total interest expense		802			4,176			4,978			354			5,179			5,533
Net interest income	$	1,074		$	(1,175	)	$	(101	)	$	4,503		$	(641	)	$	3,862

Changes which are due to both volume and rate are allocated in proportion to their relationship to the amount of change attributed directly to volume or rate.  

Provision for Loan Losses

The provision for loan losses is an expense charged to earnings to cover estimated losses attributable to uncollectable loans. The provision reflects management’s judgment of an appropriate level for the allowance for loan losses. The Risk Management section of this report, including Table 10 – Nonperforming Assets, Table 11 – Analysis of Allowance for Loan Losses, and Table 12 – Allocation of Allowance for Loan Losses, provides detailed information about the allowance for loan losses, the loan loss provision, and credit risk.

For the year 2019, the provision for loan losses was $2,450,000, which was $250,000 or 9 percent lower, compared to a provision of $2,700,000 in 2018. The decreased provision for loan losses was the result of a decrease of $718,000 in the unallocated portion of the loan loss provision, offset by modest net loan growth and a minimal increase in total nonperforming assets compared to prior years. The provision for both periods supported adequate allowance for loan loss coverage, including the Corporation’s growth in commercial loans, and the Corporation’s analysis of the adequacy of the allowance based upon the size, composition, and risks to the loan portfolio, the level of specific reserves, and realized net charge-offs.

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Noninterest Income

The following table presents the components of total noninterest income for each of the past three years.

Table 3 - Noninterest income
(dollars in thousands)	2019			2018		2017
Trust and investment services fees	$	3,598		$	3,218	$	2,889
Income from mutual fund, annuity and insurance sales		1,055			1,031		821
Service charges on deposit accounts		4,845			4,732		4,164
Income from bank owned life insurance		1,252			972		1,028
Other income		1,965			1,650		1,107
Net gain on sales of loans held for sale		1,206			1,711		1,434
(Loss) gain on sales of securities		(9	)		0		79
Total noninterest income	$	13,912		$	13,314	$	11,522

For the year 2019, the overall $598,000 or 4 percent increase in total noninterest income, compared to the year 2018, was primarily the result of increases across all categories with the exception of net gain on sales of loans held for sale and loss on sales of securities. The discussion that follows addresses changes in selected categories of noninterest income.

Trust and investment services fees—The upward trend in trust and investment services fee income over the three year period presented was due to growth in trust assets under management from both new accounts, and appreciation in the market value of managed accounts, upon which some fees are based.

Income from mutual fund, annuity and insurance sales— Income from mutual fund, annuity and insurance sales increased due to higher volume of assets under management over the last three year period. The non-deposit investment products are sold by PeoplesBank’s subsidiaries Codorus Valley Financial Advisors, Inc. d/b/a PeoplesWealth Advisors.

Service charges on deposit accounts—For the year 2019, the $113,000 or 2 percent increase in service charge income compared to the year 2018 was due to an increase in the volume of demand deposit accounts subject to fees and debit card transactions. For the year 2018, service charge income increased $568,000 or 14 percent as compared to the year 2017.

Income from bank owned life insurance (BOLI)—For the year 2019, the $280,000 or 29 percent increase in income from BOLI compared to 2018 was primarily due to additional investments totaling $6,836,000 during 2019. For the year 2018, the $56,000 or 5 percent decrease in income from BOLI compared to 2017 was primarily due to a lower return on investments.

Other income—For the year 2019, the $315,000 or 19 percent increase in other income compared to the year 2018 was primarily due to an increase in credit card merchant fees, loan servicing fees and letter of credit fees. For the year 2018, the $543,000 or 49 percent increase in other income compared to the year 2017 was also primarily due to an increase in credit card merchant fees, loan servicing fees and letter of credit fees.

Net gain on sales of loans held for sale—For the year 2019, the $505,000 or 30 percent decrease in net gain on sales of loans held for sale compared to the year 2018 was primarily due to a decrease in volume of loans selling the guaranteed portion of secondary-market qualified loans originated through programs with the Small Business Administration. Previously, there had been an upward trend in net gains from the sale of loans held for sale primarily due to a favorable trend in sales of fixed-rate residential mortgage loans and selling the guaranteed portion of secondary-market qualified loans originated through programs with the Small Business Administration.

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Net (loss) gain on sales of securities—For the year 2019, the Corporation realized $9,000 in losses on sales of securities compared to $0 in 2018 and gains of $79,000 for the year 2017. Securities sold included those where market pricing for certain instruments provided a favorable total return upon the sales and reinvestment of proceeds, versus holding the respective securities to maturity. In addition, sales provided cash to meet short-term liquidity needs.

Noninterest Expense

The following table presents the components of total noninterest expense for each of the past three years.

Table 4 - Noninterest expense
(dollars in thousands)	2019		2018		2017
Personnel	$	30,224	$	29,410	$	26,045
Occupancy of premises, net		3,637		3,457		3,305
Furniture and equipment		3,174		3,044		2,851
Postage, stationery and supplies		720		734		765
Professional and legal		946		922		823
Marketing		1,785		1,589		1,572
FDIC insurance		473		702		723
Debit card processing		1,258		1,302		1,071
Charitable donations		1,657		2,131		1,368
Telecommunications		501		627		813
External data processing		2,473		2,144		1,690
Foreclosed real estate including provision for (recovery of) losses		776		66		(21	)
Other		4,105		3,682		3,981
Total noninterest expense	$	51,729	$	49,810	$	44,986

Total noninterest expense for the year 2019 increased $1,919,000 or 4 percent above the year 2018, reflecting the overall expansion of our business and consumer banking and support services for our Maryland and Pennsylvania markets. The discussion that follows addresses changes in selected noninterest expenses.

Personnel—The upward trend in personnel expense was due largely to an increase in wage and benefit costs resulting from planned staff additions to support our expanded business and consumer banking services in Maryland and Pennsylvania. The increase for the year 2019 compared to the year 2018 of $814,000 or 3 percent, was lower than previous comparable periods due to a high vacancy rate for executive level positions in 2018.

Occupancy of premises, net— Occupancy of premises expense is comprised of rent, depreciation, maintenance, insurance, real estate taxes and utilities. The level of expense can vary annually based upon franchise expansion, repairs and maintenance, and normal business growth.

Furniture and equipment—The upward trend in furniture and equipment expense was in alignment with the increased personnel expense, as additional furniture, computer hardware and software (and related depreciation and maintenance expenses) were incurred to support business expansion and staff growth.

Postage, stationary and supplies—The level of postage, stationary and supplies can vary based on growth in loan and deposit customers, franchise expansion, postage rate changes, and marketing promotions.

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Professional and legal—The level of professional and legal expense can fluctuate annually based on the varying needs for legal, accounting and consulting services, which is driven in part by the level of routine lawsuits in the ordinary course of business and the number and complexity of corporate initiatives.

Marketing— The overall upward trend in marketing expense reflects an increased operating budget to support normal business growth, and corporate initiatives such as branding, product advertising and internal promotions. For the year 2019, the $196,000 or 12 percent increase in marketing compared to the year 2018 was primarily due to market research to support a brand refresh initiative in 2020.

FDIC insurance—FDIC insurance fluctuations are a result of growth in assets and changes in financial ratios and other factors which are used to calculate the assessment multiplier. For the year 2019, the $229,000 or 33 percent decrease was primarily the result of assessment credits issued by the FDIC.

Debit card processing—For the year 2019, the $44,000 or 3 percent decrease in debit card processing expense was primarily due to a change in vendor which reduced the costs per transaction. Prior year showed an upward trend, reflecting a continual increase in debit card transaction volume, due primarily to the increased number of demand deposit accounts and debit cards.

Charitable donations—The level of charitable donations can fluctuate annually due to the timing of payment and the availability of the state tax credits. Some donations to nonprofit organizations qualify for related state tax credits that typically range from 50 to 90 percent of the amount donated, effectively lowering the cost of the donation. PeoplesBank uses state tax credits from donations to reduce its Pennsylvania bank shares tax expense which is included in other expenses as well as Maryland corporate income tax. In 2018 the Corporation established a charitable foundation, accounting for $560,000 of the increase as compared to 2017. In 2019 the donation to the charitable foundation was lower, resulting in a $474,000 decrease in charitable donation expense.

Telecommunications— Although network capacity, the number of facilities, and personnel continue to increase, telecommunication decreased 20 percent in 2019, as compared to 2018 and decreased 23 percent, as compared to 2017, as the result of a contract re-negotiation.

External data processing—The upward trend in external data processing from 2017 to 2019 reflects increased reliance on outsourcing transaction processing to specialized vendors, which is typically performed on their hosted and secure websites, thereby increasing the Corporation’s data processing efficiency. Additional expenditures related to expansion in the electronic banking services offered to our client base, and charges for higher transaction volume from normal business growth.

Foreclosed real estate including provision for (recovery of) losses—For the year 2019, the $710,000 increase was primarily the result of a write down on foreclosed real estate during the fourth quarter 2019. For the year 2017, there was a recovery of a prior year provision.

Other expense —Other expense, comprised of many underlying expenses, increased $423,000 or 11 percent in 2019 as compared to 2018 reflecting increased expenses associated with miscellaneous loan expenses and impaired loans. In 2018, other expense decreased $299,000 or 8 percent as compared to 2017 reflecting reduced costs associated with miscellaneous loan expenses and impaired loans.

Provision for Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes for 2019 totaled $5,025,000, which was $157,000 or 3 percent below the provision for income taxes for 2018 of $5,182,000. The decrease was due to lower net income before taxes in 2019 compared to 2018. For 2019 and 2018, the Corporation’s incremental statutory federal income tax rate was 21 percent; however, the Corporation’s effective income tax rate was approximately 21.3 percent for 2019, compared to 21.0 percent for 2018. The effective tax rate differs from the statutory tax rate due to the impact and volume of tax-exempt income, including income from bank owned life insurance and certain municipal securities and loans and the new corporate tax rate.

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BALANCE SHEET REVIEW

Interest Bearing Deposits with Banks

Interest bearing deposits with banks totaled $110,742,000 on December 31, 2019, compared to $69,103,000 on December 31, 2018. The balance increased as a result of the strong growth in deposits offset by loan growth, principally commercial loans and a reduction in long-term debt.

Investment Securities (Available-for-Sale)

The Corporation’s entire investment securities portfolio is classified available-for-sale, and is comprised of interest-earning debt securities (see Table 5 below). Investment securities serve as an important source of liquidity, and provide stable interest income revenue supplementary to the larger loan portfolio. The securities also serve as collateral for public and trust deposits, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, and to support borrowing capacity. The investment securities portfolio is managed to comply with the Corporation’s Investment Securities Policy, and accounted for in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 320. Decisions to purchase or sell securities are based on an assessment of current economic and financial conditions, including the interest rate environment, the demand for loans, liquidity and income requirements.

The following table shows the amortized cost and fair value, by type of debt security, for three year-end periods:

Table 5-Investment Securities
	December 31,
		2019				2018				2017
	Amortized		Fair		Amortized		Fair		Amortized		Fair
(dollars in thousands)	Cost		Value		Cost		Value		Cost		Value
Debt securities:
U.S. Treasury notes	$	9,834	$	9,953	$	19,780	$	19,003	$	14,758	$	14,071
U.S. agency		15,000		14,923		16,000		15,063		18,015		17,303
U.S. agency mortgage-backed, residential		106,799		108,155		75,446		74,555		75,204		75,175
State and municipal		26,385		26,644		41,184		40,972		51,827		52,042
Total debt securities	$	158,018	$	159,675	$	152,410	$	149,593	$	159,804	$	158,591

At December 31, 2019, the fair value of securities, available-for-sale, totaled $159,675,000, an increase compared to the fair value of the investment securities portfolio balance of $149,593,000 at December 31, 2018.

Securities available-for-sale are generally comprised of high quality debt instruments. On January 1, 2013, Section 939(a) of the Dodd-Frank Act became effective changing the definition of investment grade by removing reliance on credit ratings by national statistical rating organizations. Investment credit assessment, under the revised definition, requires an active review by the Corporation (i.e., pre-purchase and post-purchase credit risk analysis) of the underlying obligor to determine that the obligor has an adequate capacity to meet its financial commitments, and more specifically, that the risk of default is low, and that full and timely repayment of principal and interest is expected. Obligations of the U.S. government and U.S. government sponsored enterprises are not subject to the due diligence requirement. However, the Corporation’s municipal securities, and any corporate securities that may be acquired in the future, are subject to the new requirement.

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As shown in Table 5, above, the Corporation holds investments in the obligations of states and municipalities. Municipalities have many options for meeting their debt obligations, including decreasing costs and service levels, imposing taxes and fees and selling assets. In many cases, municipal debt issues are insured or, in the case of school districts of selected states, backed by specific reserves, which provide additional layers of protection to the investor. Access to the credit market and a good credit rating are high priorities enabling a municipality to meet its current and future funding needs at a reasonable interest cost. For these reasons, defaults on municipal bonds are unusual. The majority of municipal bonds in the Corporation’s portfolio are general obligation bonds, which can draw upon multiple sources of revenue, including taxes, for payment. Only a few bonds are revenue bonds, which are dependent upon a single revenue stream for payment, but such bonds are for critical services such as water and sewer. Many of the municipal holdings are also insured or backed by specific school district loss reserves. Based on the results of an independent credit review of the Bank’s entire municipal bond portfolio as performed in 2019, and recent bond ratings by national statistical rating organizations, we believe that the municipal investments held by PeoplesBank are investment grade.

The table below shows that the available-for-sale securities portfolio had an overall yield of 2.64 percent on December 31, 2019:

Table 6-Securities Maturity Schedule (amortized cost basis)
	December 31, 2019
	Maturity Distribution
				One			Five
	One year			through			through			After			Total
(dollars in thousands)	or less			five years			ten years			ten years			Amount			Yield(1)
Debt securities:
U.S. Treasury notes	$	4,997		$	0		$	4,837		$	0		$	9,834			2.42	%
U.S. agency		0			10,000			5,000			0			15,000			1.90	%
U.S. agency mortgage-backed, residential (2)		298			85,600			11,315			9,586			106,799			2.68	%
State and municipal		2,024			9,193			15,168			0			26,385			3.01	%
Total debt securities	$	7,319		$	104,793		$	36,320		$	9,586		$	158,018			2.64	%
Yield (1)		2.73	%		2.56	%		2.71	%		3.25	%		2.64	%

(1) Weighted average yields (tax equivalent basis) were calculated on the amortized cost basis.

(2) U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities are included in the maturity categories based on average expected life.

The portfolio yield as of December 31, 2019, reflected in the table above, is higher than the 2.58 percent securities portfolio yield as of December 31, 2018. Generally, higher yielding securities, as compared to the yields in maturing and called securities, were purchased in 2019. Purchases included the reinvestment of cash flows from maturities, calls and principal repayments on mortgage-backed bonds, during a year of increasing market investment interest rates. More information about investment securities is provided in Note 3-Securities, to the consolidated financial statements.

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Restricted Investment in Bank Stocks

At December 31, 2019, the Corporation held approximately $4,551,000 in restricted common stock, compared to $5,922,000 at year-end 2018. Investment in restricted stock is a condition of obtaining credit from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Pittsburgh (FHLBP) and the Atlantic Community Bankers Bank, which is a subsidiary of Atlantic Community Bancshares, Inc. (ACBI). Accordingly, changes in the level of restricted stock are the result of member capital requirements and borrowing levels from the FHLBP as described within the Long-term Debt section of this report. Of the total investment as of December 31, 2019, approximately $4,476,000 consisted of stock issued by the FHLBP, with the remainder being restricted stock issued by ACBI. Information about restricted investment in bank stocks, including impairment considerations, is provided in Note 1–Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements.

Loans Held for Sale

On December 31, 2019, loans held for sale were approximately $11,803,000, which consists of $5,065,000 residential mortgage loans and $6,738,000 of Small Business Administration (SBA) loans compared to $4,127,000 at year-end 2018, which consists of $516,000 residential mortgage loans and $3,611,000 of Small Business Administration (SBA) loans. For both years, PeoplesBank’s mortgage banking production focused on originating and selling secondary-market qualifying residential mortgage loans.

Loans

On December 31, 2019, total loans, net of deferred fees, totaled approximately $1.51 billion, compared to $1.49 billion at year end 2018, an increase of $19,455,000 or 1 percent above total loans as of year-end 2018. The increase consisted of increased commercial loans of $4,797,000 or 0.4 percent and increased consumer loans of $14,658,000 or 7 percent which reflected continued loan demand in our markets, and our continued ability to expand existing relationships with creditworthy borrowers, and acquire new loan business, based on our reputation for client service and competitive prices and terms.

The average yield (tax-equivalent basis) earned on total loans was 5.30 percent for the full year 2019, as compared to 5.17 percent for the year 2018. Slowly rising market interest rates and strong competition in our markets resulted in continuing pricing pressures on new loan and refinancing activities. The composition of the Corporation’s loan portfolio, by industry class, at December 31, 2019 and 2018 is provided in Note 4–Loans in the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

The following table presents the general composition of total loans for five year-end periods:

Table 7-Loan Portfolio Composition
	December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2019		%	2018		%	2017		%	2016		%	2015		%
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	1,125,295	74.7	$	1,124,833	75.7	$	1,013,428	72.4	$	924,729	72.8	$	802,436	71.5
Real estate-construction and land development		159,312	10.6		154,977	10.4		184,402	13.2		148,635	11.7		133,978	11.9
Total commercial related loans		1,284,607	85.3		1,279,810	86.1		1,197,830	85.6		1,073,364	84.5		936,414	83.4
Real estate - residential mortgages		94,868	6.3		83,977	5.7		79,325	5.6		73,496	5.8		70,094	6.2
Consumer and home equity		125,660	8.4		121,893	8.2		122,609	8.8		123,911	9.7		116,703	10.4
Total consumer related loans		220,528	14.7		205,870	13.9		201,934	14.4		197,407	15.5		186,797	16.6
Total loans	$	1,505,135	100.0	$	1,485,680	100.0	$	1,399,764	100.0	$	1,270,771	100.0	$	1,123,211	100.0

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The table below shows at December 31, 2019, the commercial loan portfolio was comprised of approximately $807,721,000 or 63 percent in fixed rate loans, and $476,886,000 or 37 percent in floating rate loans. This compares to $832,146,000 or 65 percent in fixed rate loans, and $447,664,000 or 35 percent in floating rate loans, for the year ended December 31, 2018. Floating rate loans reprice periodically with changes in the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) Prime Rate, or LIBOR.

Table 8-Selected Loan Maturities and Interest Rate Sensitivity
	December 31, 2019
	Maturity Distribution
				One
		One year		through		After
(dollars in thousands)		or less		five years		five years		Total
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	429,114	$	418,972	$	277,209	$	1,125,295
Real estate-construction and land development		76,095		50,360		32,857		159,312
Total commercial related loans	$	505,209	$	469,332	$	310,066	$	1,284,607
Fixed interest rates	$	111,532	$	411,794	$	284,395	$	807,721
Floating interest rates		393,677		57,538		25,671		476,886
Total commercial related loans	$	505,209	$	469,332	$	310,066	$	1,284,607

During 2019, in terms of dollars and percentages more floating rate commercial loans were originated although a majority of the commercial portfolio is fixed rate loans with maturities ranging from five to ten years. Although the commercial loan portfolio’s fixed rate volume and longer maturities increase risk if interest rates rise, management has implemented interest rate risk mitigation strategies which include maintaining a shorter duration in the Corporation’s investment portfolio, and lengthening fixed rate liabilities, principally borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Pittsburgh. In addition, commercial loans are generally structured whereby there is an initial fixed rate period, typically five years, and then adjust based upon a predetermined index if a new fixed rate is not renegotiated. Approximately 49 percent of the loans identified as fixed interest rates above are set to adjust during the term of the loan. Additional loan information can be found in Note 4–Loans, in the notes to the consolidated financial statements, and within the Risk Management section of this report.

Premises and Equipment

On December 31, 2019, premises and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation, totaled approximately $25,967,000, as compared to $24,724,000 on December 31, 2018. The increase was a result of new purchases of $3,103,000, offset by depreciation and disposals on existing premises and equipment of $2,994,000. Financing leases which are now included as part of premises and equipment on the consolidated balance sheets had a balance of $1,134,000 on December 31, 2019.

Other Assets

On December 31, 2019, other assets totaled approximately $63,567,000, compared to $57,495,000 of other assets as of December 31, 2018. Other assets were primarily comprised of investments in bank owned life insurance (BOLI), foreclosed real estate, accrued interest receivable, and deferred tax assets.

Investments in life insurance relates to a select group of employees and directors whereby PeoplesBank is the owner and beneficiary of the policies. These investments, carried at the cash surrender value of the underlying policies, totaled $45,647,000 at year-end 2019, compared to $37,585,000 at year-end 2018. PeoplesBank purchased $6,836,000 of BOLI during 2019. The selection of the underlying BOLI insurers is based primarily on the respective insurers’ high credit rating and reputation, and competitive tax-exempt yield. The Corporation also seeks to maintain a reasonable diversification among insurers supporting the BOLI portfolio. The level of the Corporation’s BOLI investment was approximately 23 percent of PeoplesBank’s Tier 1 capital, excluding net unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities, at December 31, 2019, which is within the regulatory guideline of 25 percent of Tier 1 capital.

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Other assets also include foreclosed real estate, net of allowance, totaling $797,000 at year-end 2019, compared to $1,755,000 at year-end 2018. The $958,000 decrease was the result of the sale of three properties of $315,000 and write downs of $643,000 in 2019. Foreclosed real estate is discussed in the Nonperforming Assets section of this report.

Also included with other assets is $5,016,000 of accrued interest receivable on loans and investment securities, and $4,115,000 of net deferred tax assets. Additional information about these assets can be found in Note 1–Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the notes to the consolidated financial statements under the appropriate subheadings.

Funding

Deposits

Deposits are the Corporation’s principal source of funding for earning assets. The average rate paid on interest-bearing deposits was 1.47 percent for the year 2019 as compared to 1.15 percent for the year 2018.

On December 31, 2019, deposits totaled $1.59 billion, which represented a $95,284,000 or 6 percent increase compared to the level at year-end 2018. The increase, primarily associated with noninterest and interest bearing demand and time deposits, reflects several rate promotions offered throughout the year on time deposits. Core deposits, consisting of demand, money market and savings, in aggregate, increased $17,149,000 or 2 percent and time deposits (i.e. CDs) increased $78,135,000 or 17 percent. Of the total $542,911,000 of time deposits as of December 31, 2019, the balance of certificates of deposit with a balance of less than $100,000 totaled $303,527,000, $100,000 to $250,000 totaled $175,477,000 and $250,000 or more totaled $63,907,000. Time deposits totaling $290,035,000 or 53 percent of the total at year-end 2019 will mature in 2020.

On December 31, 2019, the balance of certificates of deposit with a balance of $100,000 and above was $239,384,000. Of this total, $18,033,000 mature within three months, $34,317,000 mature after three months but within six months, $78,991,000 mature after six months but within twelve months, and the remaining $108,043,000 mature beyond twelve months. The composition of the Corporation’s deposit portfolio at December 31, 2019 is provided in Note 7-Deposits, in the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Short-term Borrowings

Short-term borrowings consist of securities sold under agreements to repurchase (repo agreements), federal funds purchased, and other borrowings as described more fully in Note 8-Short-term Borrowings and Long-term Debt, to the consolidated financial statements. On December 31, 2019, short-term borrowings totaled $7,925,000, as compared to the $7,022,000 as of December 31, 2018. The balance on December 31, 2019, consisted of $7,925,000 of repurchase agreements and no other short-term borrowings as compared to the balance of $7,022,000 at year-end 2018 consisting of repurchase agreements and no other short-term borrowings. The increase in the balance of repurchase agreements was a result of a shifting in balances out of deposit products while other short-term borrowings remained the same as cash flow from investments and deposits were ample to fund loan growth and maintain adequate liquidity.

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Long-term Debt

Long-term debt is a secondary funding source to deposits for asset growth. On December 31, 2019, long-term debt totaled $81,632,000, compared to $115,310,000 at year-end 2018. The decrease was the result of the repayment of matured advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Pittsburgh (FHLBP).

Generally, funds for the payment of long-term debt come from operations. On December 31, 2019, total unused credit with the FHLBP was approximately $445,067,000. Obligations to the FHLBP are secured by FHLBP stock and qualifying collateral, principally real estate secured loans. A listing of outstanding long-term debt obligations is provided in Note 8-Short-term Borrowings and Long-term Debt, in the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Shareholders’ Equity and Capital Adequacy

Shareholders’ equity, or capital, enables the Corporation to maintain asset growth and absorb losses. Capital adequacy can be affected by a multitude of factors, including profitability, new stock issuances, corporate expansion, balance sheet growth, dividend policy, and regulatory mandates.

Total shareholders’ equity was $191,168,000 on December 31, 2019, an increase of approximately $12,422,000 or 7 percent, compared to $178,746,000 at year-end 2018. The increase was primarily the result of the Corporation’s $18,647,000 in net income available for shareholders less $6,017,000 of dividends paid to shareholders for 2019 and $4,993,000 of treasury stock purchased. Information pertaining to stock of the Corporation is disclosed in Note 10–Shareholders’ Equity, in the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Dividends on Stock

The Corporation typically pays cash dividends on its stock on a quarterly basis. The Board of Directors determines the dividend rate after considering the Corporation’s capital requirements, current and projected net income, and other factors. Annual cash dividends per share for the year 2019 totaled $0.608 per share, as adjusted for stock dividends, representing an increase of $0.044 or 8 percent above the cash dividends of $0.564, as adjusted, paid for the year 2018.

Periodically, the Corporation distributes stock dividends on its stock. On December 10, 2019, the Corporation distributed a 5 percent stock dividend to shareholders of record at the close of business on October 22, 2019. A 5 percent stock dividend was also distributed in December 2018.

Compensation Plans

As disclosed in this report, the Corporation maintains various employee and director benefit plans that could result in the issuance of its stock or affect its earnings. Information regarding these plans can be found in Note 11-Benefit Plans and Note 12-Stock-Based Compensation, in the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Capital Ratios

The Corporation and PeoplesBank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by banking regulators that involve quantitative guidelines and qualitative judgments. Quantitative measures established by regulators pertain to minimum capital ratios, as set forth in Table 9 below. The table provides a comparison of the Corporation’s and PeoplesBank’s risk-based capital ratios and leverage ratios to the minimum regulatory requirement for the periods indicated.

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Table 9-Capital Ratios
	Ratios						Federal Minimum						Federal			Capital (2)
	at December 31,						Required (1)						Well			at December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2019			2018			2019			2018			Capitalized			2019		2018
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital
(as a percentage of risk weighted assets)
Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc. (consolidated)		12.64	%		12.15	%		7.000	%		6.375	%		n/a	%	$	190,312	$	178,656
PeoplesBank		12.88			12.58			7.000			6.375			6.50			193,421		184,420
Tier 1 risk-based capital
(as a percentage of risk weighted assets)
Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc. (consolidated)		13.31	%		12.83	%		8.500	%		7.875	%		n/a	%	$	200,312	$	188,656
PeoplesBank		12.88			12.58			8.500			7.875			8.00			193,421		184,420
Total risk-based capital
(as a percentage of risk weighted assets)
Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc. (consolidated)		14.56	%		14.09	%		10.500	%		9.875	%		n/a	%	$	219,154	$	207,040
PeoplesBank		14.13			13.83			10.500			9.875			10.00			212,220		202,757
Leverage
(Tier 1 capital as a percentage of average total assets)
Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc. (consolidated)		10.71	%		10.46	%		4.00	%		4.00	%		n/a	%	$	200,312	$	188,656
PeoplesBank		10.36			10.25			4.00			4.00			5.00			193,421		184,420

(1) Minimum amounts and ratios as of December 31, 2018 include the full phase in of the capital conservation buffer of 2.5 percent required by the Basel III framework.  The conservation buffer was phased in over a four year period beginning January 1, 2016, with the full 2.5 percent required as of January 1, 2019.

(2) Net unrealized gains and losses on securities available-for-sale, net of taxes, are disregarded for capital ratio computation purposes in accordance with federal regulatory banking guidelines.

On July 2, 2013, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System finalized its rule implementing the Basel III regulatory capital framework, which the FDIC adopted on July 9, 2013. Under the rule, minimum requirements will increase both the quantity and quality of capital held by banking organizations. Consistent with the Basel III framework, the rule includes a new minimum ratio of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of 4.5 percent, and a common equity Tier 1 conservation buffer of 2.5 percent of risk-weighted assets, that will apply to all supervised financial institutions. The rule also raises the minimum ratio of Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets from 4 percent to 6 percent, and includes a minimum leverage ratio of 4 percent for all banking organizations. The new rule also increases the risk weights for past-due loans, certain commercial real estate loans, and some equity exposures, and makes selected other changes in risk weights and credit conversion factors. The rule for smaller, less complex institutions, including the Corporation and PeoplesBank, became effective January 1, 2015.

The new rule provides that, in order to avoid restrictions on capital distributions, including dividend payments and certain discretionary bonus payments to executive officers, a banking organization must hold the 2.5 percent capital conservation buffer, which was phased in over a four year period beginning January 1, 2016, with the full 2.5 percent required as of January 1, 2019.

The transition schedule for new ratios, including the capital conservation buffer, is as follows:

	As of January 1:
	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019
Minimum common equity Tier 1 capital ratio	4.5%	4.5%	4.5%	4.5%	4.5%
Common equity Tier 1 capital conservation buffer	N/A	0.625%	1.25%	1.875%	2.5%
Minimum common equity Tier 1 capital ratio plus capital conservation buffer	4.5%	5.125%	5.75%	6.375%	7.0%
Phase-in of most deductions from common equity Tier 1 capital	40%	60%	80%	100%	100%
Minimum Tier 1 capital ratio	6.0%	6.0%	6.0%	6.0%	6.0%
Minimum Tier 1 capital ratio plus capital conservation buffer	N/A	6.625%	7.25%	7.875%	8.5%
Minimum total capital ratio	8.0%	8.0%	8.0%	8.0%	8.0%
Minimum total capital ratio plus capital conservation buffer	N/A	8.625%	9.25%	9.875%	10.5%

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As fully phased in, a banking organization with a buffer greater than 2.5 percent would not be subject to limits on dividend payments or discretionary bonus payments; however, a banking organization with a buffer less than 2.5 percent would be subject to increasingly stringent limitations as the buffer approaches zero. The new rule also prohibits a banking organization from making dividend payments or discretionary bonus payments if its eligible retained income is negative in that quarter and its capital conservation buffer ratio was less than 2.5 percent as of the beginning of that quarter. Eligible net income is defined as net income for the 4 calendar quarters preceding the current calendar quarter, net of any distributions and associated tax effects not already reflected in net income. A summary of payout restrictions based on the capital conservation buffer is as follows:

Capital Conservation Buffer  (as a % of risk-weighted assets)	Maximum Payout  (as a % of eligible retained income)
Greater than 2.5%	No payout limitation applies
≤2.5% and >1.875%	60%
≤1.875% and >1.25%	40%
≤1.25% and >0.625%	20%
≤0.625%	0%

The Corporation’s regulatory capital position at December 31, 2019 and 2018, as reflected in Table 9 above, reflects compliance with the new rule requirements that became effective January 1, 2015. The Corporation plans to manage its capital to ensure continued compliance.

Risk Management

The Corporation’s Enterprise Risk Management Committee (“Committee”) meets at least quarterly and includes members of senior management and at least one independent director. The objective of the Committee is to identify and manage risk inherent in the operations of the Corporation and its affiliates. While the Committee’s risk review is broad in scope, its primary responsibility is to develop, implement and monitor compliance with formal risk management policies and procedures.

Credit Risk Management

Credit risk represents the possibility that a loan client, counterparty or issuer may not perform in accordance with contractual terms, posing one of the most significant risks of loss to the Corporation. Accordingly, the Corporation emphasizes the management of credit risk. To support this objective, a lending policy framework has been established which management believes is sound given the nature and scope of our operations. This framework includes seven basic policy parameters that guide the lending process and minimize risk:

● The Corporation follows detailed written lending policies and procedures.

● Lending authority is granted commensurate with dollar amount, loan type, level of risk, and loan officer experience.

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● Loan review committees function at both the senior lending officer level and the Board level to review and approve loans that exceed pre-established dollar thresholds and/or meet other criteria.

● The Corporation lends mainly within its primary geographical market area, including York County and Lancaster County, Pennsylvania and Harford County, Baltimore County and Baltimore City, Maryland. Although this focus may pose a geographical concentration risk, the diverse local economies and employee knowledge of our clients lessens this risk.

● The loan portfolio is diversified to prevent dependency upon a single client or small group of related clients.

● The Corporation does not participate in the subprime lending market, nor does it invest in securities backed by subprime mortgages.

● The Corporation does not lend to foreign countries or persons residing therein.

The Corporation uses loan-to-value ratios (“LTV ratios”) for loan underwriting, establishing generally acceptable ratios of the loan amount to the value of the collateral securing the loan, to minimize the risk of future loss from the loan portfolio. At December 31, 2019, the LTV ratios listed below were in effect.

	LTV ratio %
	Owner	Non-owner
Loan type	Occupied	Occupied
Residential, owner occupied 1-4 units, tax assessment (PA)	90	80
Residential, owner occupied 1-4 units, tax assessment (MD)	90	90
Residential, owner occupied 1-4 units, certified appraisal	80	75
Residential construction - spec	N/A	70
Residential construction - presold	N/A	80
Residential rehab for resale	N/A	70
Agricultural	80	75
Residential (5 or more units)	75	75
Commercial	80	75
Raw Land	60	60
Approved, but unimproved land	65	65
Approved and improved land	70	70
Industrial	70	65
Hotels/motels and mobile home parks	N/A	65
Special/Limited use properties	50	50

An acceptable valuation is required on all real estate secured loans. Generally, an appraisal performed by an independent licensed appraiser is required for real estate secured loans under any of the following conditions:

● loan amount is above $250,000;

● or if the LTV is above 75 percent for commercial non-owner occupied property;

● or if the LTV is above 80 percent for commercial owner occupied property;

● or if the loan amount is greater than 90 percent of the tax assessed value for owner-occupied residential real estate in Pennsylvania;

● or if the loan amount is greater than 90 percent of the tax assessed value for owner-occupied residential real estate in Maryland;

● or if an existing appraisal is more than two years old (unless there was a material change in market conditions or the physical aspects of the property).

Exceptions to LTV ratios and the use of a licensed appraiser are sometimes made by management or the Board of Directors when there are compensating factors.

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One component of the internal credit risk review is the identification and management of industry concentrations, defined as greater than 10 percent of the total loan portfolio. As of December 31, 2019, the Corporation had three industry concentrations that exceeded 10 percent of the total loan portfolio: residential real estate investor represented 16.5 percent of the portfolio; commercial real estate investor represented 13.8 percent of the portfolio; and builder and developer represented 10.6 percent of the portfolio. As of December 31, 2018, the Corporation had the same three industry concentrations that exceeded 10 percent of the total loan portfolio: residential real estate investor, which represented 15.6 percent of the portfolio; commercial real estate investor, which represented 14.2 percent of the portfolio; and builder & developer, which represented 10.4 percent of the portfolio. Loans to borrowers within these industries are usually collateralized by real estate.

In addition to a comprehensive lending policy, numerous internal reviews of loan and foreclosed real estate portfolios occur throughout the year. These portfolios, or selected accounts therein, are also examined periodically by the Corporation’s or PeoplesBank’s regulators.

Nonperforming Assets

Table 10 – Nonperforming Assets, below, presents a five-year history of asset categories posing the greatest risk of loss and related ratios.

Table 10-Nonperforming Assets
	December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2019			2018			2017			2016			2015
Nonaccrual loans	$	24,696		$	20,058		$	5,052		$	3,114		$	3,045
Nonaccrual loans, troubled debt restructurings		54			930			0			0			188
Accruing loans that are contractually past due 90 days or more as to principal and interest		280			2,128			76			733			484
Total nonperforming loans		25,030			23,116			5,128			3,847			3,717
Foreclosed real estate, net of allowance		797			1,755			216			2,705			2,913
Total nonperforming assets	$	25,827		$	24,871		$	5,344		$	6,552		$	6,630
Accruing troubled debt restructurings	$	1,596		$	3,098		$	3,344		$	3,664		$	3,903
Total period-end loans, net of deferred fees	$	1,505,135		$	1,485,680		$	1,399,764		$	1,270,771		$	1,123,211
Allowance for loan losses (ALL)	$	21,066		$	19,144		$	16,689		$	14,992		$	12,704
ALL as a % of total period-end loans		1.40	%		1.29	%		1.19	%		1.18	%		1.13	%
Net charge-offs as a % of average total loans		0.04	%		0.02	%		0.18	%		0.06	%		0.19	%
ALL as a % of nonperforming loans		84.16	%		82.81	%		325.48	%		389.69	%		341.78	%
Nonperforming loans as a % of total period-end loans		1.66	%		1.56	%		0.37	%		0.30	%		0.33	%
Nonperforming assets as a % of total period-end loans and net foreclosed real estate		1.72	%		1.67	%		0.38	%		0.51	%		0.59	%
Nonperforming assets as a % of total period-end assets		1.37	%		1.38	%		0.31	%		0.41	%		0.46	%
Nonperforming assets as a % of total period-end shareholders’ equity		13.51	%		13.91	%		3.25	%		4.23	%		4.17	%

For the year 2018 there was a $19.5 million increase in nonperforming assets, primarily related to the identification of a likely deterioration within eight credit relationships that had a loan balance of $16.9 million, of which one relationship represents $9.4 million. For the year 2019 there was a $956,000 increase in nonperforming assets. The Corporation expanded its legal department in 2019 to include a part-time dedicated workout officer. The continuous collection efforts coordinated by the Corporation’s General Counsel, recoveries from borrower payments and foreclosed real estate sales, the establishment of valuation allowances for selective accounts, and if necessary, loan charge-offs have been critical to managing the level of nonperforming assets. Management believes that specific reserves assigned within the allowance for loan losses for each credit is sufficient at December 31, 2019 and the bank is not experiencing a change in the portfolio’s credit quality. In monitoring and managing nonperforming assets, we remain concerned about the impact of changing economic conditions, and the potential for adverse real estate market value changes, and the corresponding effects on commercial borrowers.

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Nonperforming assets are reviewed by management on a monthly basis. We generally rely on appraisals performed by independent licensed appraisers to determine the value of real estate collateral for impaired collateral-dependent loans. Generally, an appraisal is performed when: (i) an account reaches 90 days past due, unless a certified appraisal was completed within the past twelve months; (ii) market values have changed significantly; (iii) the condition of the property has changed significantly; or (iv) the existing appraisal is outdated based upon regulatory or policy requirements. In instances where the value of the collateral is less than the net carrying amount of the loan, a specific loss allowance is established for the difference by recording a loss provision to the income statement. When it is probable that some portion or all of the loan balance will not be collected, that amount is charged off as loss against the allowance.

As of December 31, 2019, the nonperforming loan portfolio balance totaled $25,030,000, compared to $23,116,000 at year-end 2018. Nonperforming loans consist of nonaccrual loans and accruing loans 90 days or more past due. The Corporation generally places a loan on nonaccrual status and ceases accruing interest income (i.e., recognizes interest income on a cash basis as long as the loan is sufficiently collateralized) when loan payment performance is unsatisfactory and the loan is past due 90 days or more. Loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest represent loans that are contractually past due, but are well collateralized and in the process of collection. A loan is returned to interest accruing status when we determine that circumstances have improved to the extent that all of the principal and interest amounts contractually due are current for at least six consecutive payments and future payments are reasonably assured. As of December 31, 2019, the nonaccrual loan portfolio balance totaled $24,750,000, compared to $20,988,000 at year-end 2018. The increase in nonaccrual loans resulted from loans totaling $10,336,000 being placed on nonaccrual status, which was offset by reductions totaling $6,574,000 primarily the result of principal repayments and charge-offs. For both periods, the nonperforming loan portfolio balance was comprised primarily of collateralized commercial loans. For 2019, the gross interest income that would have been recorded if the nonaccrual loans had been current in accordance with their original terms and current throughout the period was approximately $1,915,000. The amount of interest income on those nonaccrual loans that was included in net income for 2019 was approximately $203,000. The interest income recognized on impaired loans in Note 4–Loans, in the notes to the consolidated financial statements, is a higher amount because it includes interest income on all impaired loans, which includes nonaccrual loans, from the time the loan was impaired.

Foreclosed real estate represents real estate acquired to satisfy debts owed to PeoplesBank and is included in the Other Assets category on the Corporation’s balance sheet. The carrying amount of foreclosed real estate as of December 31, 2019, net of allowance, totaled $797,000, a decrease of $958,000 or 55 percent, compared to $1,755,000 at year-end 2018. The decrease is attributable to the sale of three properties and two write downs.

Troubled debt restructurings pertain to loans whose terms have been modified to include a concession that we would not ordinarily consider due to the debtor’s financial difficulties. Concessions granted under a troubled debt restructuring typically involve a reduction of interest rate lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk, the deferral of payments or extension of the stated maturity date. Troubled debt restructurings are evaluated for impairment if they have been restructured during the most recent calendar year, or if they cease to perform in accordance with the modified terms. As of December 31, 2019, the accruing troubled debt restructuring portfolio balance totaled $1,596,000, compared to $3,098,000 at year-end 2018. The decrease was the result of principal payments made on loans within the troubled debt restructuring portfolio.

At December 31, 2019, there were $25,383,000 in additional potential problem loans being closely monitored by management. These additional potential problem loans consist of loans classified as substandard, reflecting an increased risk of the borrowers’ ability to comply with present repayment terms. These loans are not classified as nonperforming and are not disclosed in Table 10. Comparatively, we were monitoring $23,997,000 of potential problem loans at December 31, 2018.

53 

Allowance for Loan Losses

Although the Corporation believes that it maintains sound credit policies, certain loans deteriorate and must be charged off as losses. The allowance for loan losses is maintained to absorb losses inherent in the portfolio. The allowance is increased by provisions charged to expense and is reduced by loan charge-offs, net of recoveries. The allowance is based upon management’s continuous evaluation of the loan portfolio coupled with a formal review of adequacy on a quarterly basis, which is subject to review and approval by the Board. An overview of the methodology and key factors that we use in evaluating the adequacy of the allowance and loan impairment is provided in Note 1-Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

The allowance for loan losses consists primarily of three components: (i) specific allowances for individually impaired commercial loans; (ii) allowances calculated for pools of loans; and (iii) an unallocated component, which reflects the margin of imprecision inherent in the assumptions that underlie the evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance. The Corporation uses an internal risk rating system to evaluate individual loans. Loans are segmented into industry groups or pools with similar characteristics, and an allowance for loan losses is allocated to each segment based on quantitative factors such as recent loss history (two-year rolling average of net charge-offs) and qualitative factors, such as the results of internal and external credit reviews, changes in the size and composition of the loan portfolio, adequacy of collateral, and general economic conditions. Determining the level of the allowance for probable loan losses at any given period is subjective, particularly during deteriorating or uncertain economic periods, and requires that we make estimates using assumptions. There is also the potential for adjustment to the allowance as a result of regulatory examinations.

An analysis of the activity in the allowance for loan losses over a five-year period is presented in Table 11 - Analysis of Allowance for Loan Losses, below. A more detailed analysis of the allowance for the current year is provided in Note 5 –Allowance for Loan Losses in the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

The allowance for loan losses was $21,066,000 or 1.40 percent of total loans, on December 31, 2019, compared to $19,144,000 and 1.29 percent, respectively, on December 31, 2018. While the $1,922,000 or 10 percent increase in the allowance from December 31, 2018 to December 31, 2019 was generally consistent with the additional $3,741,000 related allowance established for impaired loans and the $18,887,000 increase in loan balances individually evaluated for impairment over the same 12 month period, the bank analyzed the increase of loans designated as impaired, including those identified as nonaccrual or contractually past due. In addition, adjustments were made to applicable qualitative factors in the calculation of the reserve. The increase is primarily related to specific credits and not believed to be an indication of a larger deterioration trend within overall credit quality.

Based on our comprehensive analysis of the loan portfolio, and recognizing other relevant considerations including expected continued loan growth, continued uncertainty on certain larger criticized assets as legal and collection efforts continue, and the unknown impact of future accounting and regulatory requirements related to the determination of the allowance for loan losses, we believe that the allowance for loan losses was adequate at December 31, 2019.

54 

Table 11 -Analysis of Allowance for Loan Losses

(dollars in thousands)	2019			2018			2017			2016			2015
Balance - beginning of year	$	19,144		$	16,689		$	14,992		$	12,704		$	11,162
Provision charged to operating expense		2,450			2,700			4,175			3,000			3,500
Loans charged off:
Commercial, financial and agricultural		410			146			858			771			1,151
Real estate - construction and land development		0			0			1,474			0			497
Real estate - residential mortgages		0			10			0			79			40
Consumer and home equity		309			326			305			116			337
Total loans charged off		719			482			2,637			966			2,025
Recoveries:
Commercial, financial and agricultural		75			168			101			193			21
Real estate - construction and land development		0			18			30			0			0
Real estate - residential mortgages		0			10			5			1			21
Consumer and home equity		116			41			23			60			25
Total recoveries		191			237			159			254			67
Net charge-offs		528			245			2,478			712			1,958
Balance - end of year	$	21,066		$	19,144		$	16,689		$	14,992		$	12,704
Ratios:
Net charge-offs as a % of average total loans		0.04	%		0.02	%		0.18	%		0.06	%		0.19	%
Allowance for loan losses as a % of total period-end loans		1.40	%		1.29	%		1.19	%		1.18	%		1.13	%
Allowance for loan losses as a % of nonperforming loans		84.16	%		82.81	%		325.48	%		389.69	%		341.78	%

Table 12 - Allocation of Allowance for Loan Losses, below, presents a comparison of the allocation of the allowance for loan losses by major loan category for five year-end periods. While the Corporation attributes a portion of the allowance to individual loans and groups of loans that it evaluates and determines to be impaired, the allowance is available to cover all charge-offs that arise from the loan portfolio.

Table 12-Allocation of Allowance for Loan Losses 

	December 31,
	2019				2018				2017				2016				2015
			% Total				% Total				% Total				% Total				% Total
(dollars in thousands)	Amount		Loans		Amount		Loans		Amount		Loans		Amount		Loans		Amount		Loans
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	18,274		74.7	$	15,055		75.7	$	10,730		72.4	$	10,390		72.8	$	8,801		71.5
Real estate - construction and land development		2,263		10.6		2,835		10.4		3,388		13.2		2,384		11.7		1,934		11.9
Total commercial related		20,537		85.3		17,890		86.1		14,118		85.6		12,774		84.5		10,735		83.4
Real estate - residential mortgages		158		6.3		126		5.7		108		5.6		85		5.8		67		6.2
Consumer and home equity		370		8.4		409		8.2		283		8.8		372		9.7		422		10.4
Total consumer related		528		14.7		535		13.9		391		14.4		457		15.5		489		16.6
Unallocated		1		n/a		719		n/a		2,180		n/a		1,761		n/a		1,480		n/a
Total	$	21,066		100.0	$	19,144		100.0	$	16,689		100.0	$	14,992		100.0	$	12,704		100.0

Affecting our estimation of the allowance for loan and lease losses are several considerations that are not specifically measureable through either specific loan impairment analyses, or portfolio-based historical losses. For example, we believe that we could face increasing credit risks and uncertainties, not yet reflected in current leading indicators, associated with prolonged low economic growth, or potential recessionary business conditions for certain industries or the broad economy, or the erosion of real estate values, any or all of which can adversely affect our borrowers’ ability to service their loans.

55 

Additionally, we have experienced continued strong commercial loan growth, including growth in newer markets where we have less of a loss history. Also, we recognize the inherent imprecision in any methodology for estimating specific and general loan losses, including the unpredictable timing and amounts of charge-offs and related historical loss averages, and specific-credit or broader portfolio future cash flow value and collateral valuation uncertainties which could negatively impact unimpaired portfolio loss factors. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2019, we maintained less than 1 percent unallocated portion of the allowance for loan losses, a decrease from a 4 percent unallocated portion of the allowance as of December 31, 2018.

Liquidity

Maintaining adequate liquidity provides the Corporation with the ability to meet financial obligations to depositors, loan clients, employees, and shareholders on a timely and cost effective basis in the normal course of business. Additionally, it provides funds for growth and business opportunities as they arise. Liquidity is generated from transactions relating to both the Corporation’s assets and liabilities. The primary sources of asset liquidity are scheduled investment security maturities and cash inflows, funds received from client loan payments and, to a lesser degree, asset sales. The primary sources of liability liquidity are deposit growth, short-term borrowings and long-term debt. The Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, included in this report, present the changes in cash from operating, investing and financing activities. At year-end 2019, we believe our liquidity was adequate based upon the potential liquidation of unpledged available-for-sale securities with a fair value totaling approximately $31,248,000 and available credit from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Pittsburgh totaling approximately $445,067,000. The Corporation’s loan-to-deposit ratio was approximately 95 and 99 percent as of year-end 2019 and 2018 respectively. The ratio decreased with period end deposit growth higher than loan growth in 2019.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Corporation’s financial statements do not reflect various commitments that are made in the normal course of business, which may involve some liquidity risk. These commitments consist primarily of commitments to grant new loans, unfunded commitments under existing loan facilities, and letters of credit issued under the same standards as on-balance sheet instruments. Financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk are disclosed in Note 14-Commitments to Extend Credit, to the consolidated financial statements, and totaled $498,932,000 at December 31, 2019, compared to $442,269,000 at December 31, 2018. Generally, these commitments have fixed expiration dates or termination clauses and are for specific purposes. Accordingly, many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn and, therefore, generally do not present significant liquidity risk to the Corporation or PeoplesBank.

56 

Contractual Obligations

The following table presents the amount and timing of payments due under long-term contractual obligations.

Table 13-Contractual Obligations

			December 31, 2019
			Payments due by period
				Less than		1-3		3-5		More than
(dollars in thousands)		Total		1 year		years		years		5 years
Long-term debt	$	80,310	$	35,000	$	35,000	$	0	$	10,310
Operating leases		3,429		767		1,251		904		507
Financing leases		2,042		74		150		150		1,668
Time deposits		542,911		290,035		226,288		26,017		571
Supplemental retirement plans		8,794		185		757		887		6,965
Purchase obligations		8,572		2,154		4,074		2,344		0
Naming rights		885		295		590		0		0
Deferred compensation		208		0		0		10		198
Total	$	647,151	$	328,510	$	268,110	$	30,312	$	20,219

Impact of Inflation and Changing Prices

The majority of assets and liabilities of a financial institution are monetary in nature and therefore, differ greatly from most commercial and industrial companies that have significant investments in fixed assets or inventories. However, inflation may impact the growth of total assets in the banking industry and the resulting need to increase equity capital at higher than normal rates in order to maintain an appropriate equity-to-assets ratio. Inflation may also significantly affect noninterest expenses, which tend to rise during periods of general inflation. The level of inflation can be measured by the change in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for all urban consumers (December vs. December). The change in the CPI for 2019 and 2018 was 2.3 percent, compared to 1.9 percent for 2017.

Management believes that the most significant impact on financial results is the Corporation’s ability to react to changes in market interest rates. Management strives to structure the balance sheet to increase net interest income by managing interest rate sensitive assets and liabilities to reprice in response to changes in market interest rates. Additionally, management is focused on increasing fee income, an income component that is less sensitive to changes in market interest rates.

57 

Item 7A: Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

The most significant market risk to which the Corporation is exposed is interest rate risk. The primary business of the Corporation and the composition of its balance sheet consist of investments in interest earning assets (primarily loans and securities) which are funded by interest bearing liabilities (deposits and borrowings), all of which have varying levels of sensitivity to changes in market interest rates. Changes in rates also have an impact on the Corporation’s liquidity position and could affect its ability to meet obligations and continue to grow.

The Corporation employs various management techniques to minimize its exposure to interest rate risk. An Asset Liability Management Committee, consisting of key financial and senior management personnel, meets on a regular basis. The Committee is responsible for reviewing the interest rate sensitivity and liquidity positions of the Corporation, reviewing projected sources and uses of funds, approving asset and liability management policies, monitoring economic conditions, and overseeing the formulation and implementation of strategies regarding balance sheet positions.

Simulation of net interest income is performed for the next twelve-month period. A variety of interest rate scenarios are used to measure the effects of sudden and gradual movements upward and downward in the yield curve. These results are compared to the results obtained in a flat or unchanged interest rate scenario. Simulation of net interest income is used primarily to measure the Corporation’s short-term earnings exposure to rate movements. A “shock” is an immediate upward or downward movement of interest rates. The shocks do not take into account changes in client behavior that could result in changes to mix and/or volumes in the balance sheet, nor do they account for competitive pricing over the forward 12-month period. The Corporation applies these interest rate “shocks” to its financial instruments up and down 100, 200, 300, and 400 basis points. A 300 and 400 basis point decrease in interest rates is not simulated at this time due to the historically low interest rate environment.

The following table summarizes the expected impact of interest rate shocks on net interest income as well as the Corporation’s policy limits at each level. All scenarios were within policy limits at December 31, 2019.

Change in Interest Rates	Annual Change in Net			% Change in Net			% Change
(basis points)	Interest Income (in thousands)			Interest Income			Policy Limit
+100	$	3,605			5.58	%		(5.00	)%
(100)	$	(3,152	)		(4.88	)%		(5.00	)%
+200	$	6,831			10.57	%		(15.00	)%
(200)	$	(6,551	)		(10.14	)%		(15.00	)%
+300	$	9,967			15.43	%		(25.00	)%
+400	$	13,031			20.17	%		(35.00	)%

58 

Management Report on Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting

The Corporation carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Corporation’s management, including the Corporation’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in SEC Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e). Based upon the evaluation, the Corporation’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2019, the Corporation’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective. Disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Corporation’s reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.

The management of the Corporation is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The Corporation’s internal control system is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness of future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management assessed the effectiveness of the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, using the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Based on this assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2019, the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting is effective based on those criteria.

The effectiveness of the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting has been audited by BDO USA, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included herein.

/s/ Larry J. Miller	/s/ Larry D. Pickett
Larry J. Miller	Larry D. Pickett, CPA
(Principal Executive Officer)	(Principal Financial and Accounting
Chairman, President	Officer) Treasurer, and
and Chief Executive Officer	Assistant Secretary
March 11, 2020	March 11, 2020

59 

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Board of Directors and Shareholders 

Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc. 

York, Pennsylvania

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc. (the “Corporation”) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, cash flows, and changes in shareholders’ equity, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Corporation and subsidiaries at December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) and our report dated March 11, 2020, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Corporation’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Corporation in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

We have served as the Corporation’s auditor since 2013.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 

March 11, 2020

60 

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Board of Directors and Shareholders 

Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc. 

York, Pennsylvania

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc.’s (the “Corporation’s”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the “COSO criteria”). In our opinion, the Corporation maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated balance sheets of the Corporation as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, cash flows, and changes in shareholders’ equity for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes and our report dated March 11, 2020, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Corporation’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management Report on Internal Controls over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Corporation in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit of internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. 

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 

March 11, 2020

61 

Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 

Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc. 

Consolidated Balance Sheets

	December 31,			December 31,
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)	2019			2018
Assets
Interest bearing deposits with banks	$	110,742		$	69,103
Cash and due from banks		20,849			27,679
Total cash and cash equivalents		131,591			96,782
Securities, available-for-sale		159,675			149,593
Restricted investment in bank stocks, at cost		4,551			5,922
Loans held for sale		11,803			4,127
Loans (net of deferred fees of $3,463 - 2019 and $3,722 - 2018)		1,505,135			1,485,680
Less-allowance for loan losses		(21,066	)		(19,144	)
Net loans		1,484,069			1,466,536
Premises and equipment, net		25,967			24,724
Operating leases right-of-use assets		3,021			0
Goodwill		2,301			2,301
Other assets		63,567			57,495
Total assets	$	1,886,545		$	1,807,480
Liabilities
Deposits
Noninterest bearing	$	273,968		$	252,777
Interest bearing		1,316,596			1,242,503
Total deposits		1,590,564			1,495,280
Short-term borrowings		7,925			7,022
Long-term debt		81,632			115,310
Operating leases liabilities		3,184			0
Other liabilities		12,072			11,122
Total liabilities		1,695,377			1,628,734
Shareholders’ equity
Preferred stock, par value $2.50 per share; 1,000,000 shares authorized;  shares issued and outstanding: 0 at December 31, 2019 and 0 at December 31, 2018		0			0
Common stock, par value $2.50 per share; 30,000,000 shares authorized; shares issued and outstanding: 9,755,976 at December 31, 2019 and 9,924,124 at December 31, 2018		24,390			23,629
Additional paid-in capital		140,450			134,506
Retained earnings		25,019			22,837
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		1,309			(2,226	)
Total shareholders’ equity		191,168			178,746
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	1,886,545		$	1,807,480

See accompanying notes.

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Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc. 

Consolidated Statements of Income

	Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)	2019			2018		2017
Interest income
Loans, including fees	$	79,327		$	75,471	$	65,996
Investment securities:
Taxable		2,972			2,330		2,496
Tax-exempt		682			1,051		1,231
Dividends		376			416		313
Other		1,960			1,053		379
Total interest income		85,317			80,321		70,415
Interest expense
Deposits		18,709			13,553		8,138
Federal funds purchased and other short-term borrowings		42			59		316
Long-term debt		2,627			2,789		2,414
Total interest expense		21,378			16,401		10,868
Net interest income		63,939			63,920		59,547
Provision for loan losses		2,450			2,700		4,175
Net interest income after provision for loan losses		61,489			61,220		55,372
Noninterest income
Trust and investment services fees		3,598			3,218		2,889
Income from mutual fund, annuity and insurance sales		1,055			1,031		821
Service charges on deposit accounts		4,845			4,732		4,164
Income from bank owned life insurance		1,252			972		1,028
Other income		1,965			1,650		1,107
Net gain on sales of loans held for sale		1,206			1,711		1,434
(Loss) gain on sales of securities		(9	)		0		79
Total noninterest income		13,912			13,314		11,522
Noninterest expense
Personnel		30,224			29,410		26,045
Occupancy of premises, net		3,637			3,457		3,305
Furniture and equipment		3,174			3,044		2,851
Postage, stationery and supplies		720			734		765
Professional and legal		946			922		823
Marketing		1,785			1,589		1,572
FDIC insurance		473			702		723
Debit card processing		1,258			1,302		1,071
Charitable donations		1,657			2,131		1,368
Telecommunications		501			627		813
External data processing		2,473			2,144		1,690
Foreclosed real estate including provision for (recovery of) losses		776			66		(21	)
Other		4,105			3,682		3,981
Total noninterest expense		51,729			49,810		44,986
Income before income taxes		23,672			24,724		21,908
Provision for income taxes		5,025			5,182		9,904
Net income		18,647			19,542		12,004
Net income per share, basic	$	1.89		$	1.98	$	1.22
Net income per share, diluted	$	1.88		$	1.96	$	1.21

See accompanying notes.

63 

Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc. 

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

	Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2019		2018			2017
Net income	$	18,647	$	19,542		$	12,004
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Securities available for sale:
Net unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the period (net of tax expense (benefit) of $937, ($336), and $181, respectively)		3,528		(1,268	)		384
Reclassification adjustment for losses (gains) included in net income (net of tax (benefit) expense of ($2), $0, and $28, respectively) (a) (b)		7		0			(51	)
Net unrealized  gains (losses)		3,535		(1,268	)		333
Comprehensive income	$	22,182	$	18,274		$	12,337

(a) Amounts are included in (loss) gain on sales of securities on the Consolidated Statements of Income within noninterest income.

(b) Income tax amounts are included in provision for income taxes on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

See accompanying notes.

64 

Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc. 

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

	Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2019			2018			2017
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income	$	18,647		$	19,542		$	12,004
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operations:
Depreciation/amortization		2,645			2,423			2,357
Net amortization of premiums on securities		375			422			667
Amortization of deferred loan origination fees and costs		(1,480	)		(1,554	)		(1,640	)
Net amortization of operating lease right of use assets		760			0			0
Net amortization of finance lease right of use assets		177			0			0
Repayment of lease obligations		(882	)		0			0
Provision for loan losses		2,450			2,700			4,175
Provision for losses on foreclosed real estate		643			0			(47	)
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense		(595	)		(34	)		3,287
Increase in bank owned life insurance		(1,252	)		(972	)		(1,028	)
Originations of mortgage loans held for sale		(43,284	)		(35,537	)		(39,687	)
Originations of SBA loans held for sale		(6,951	)		(13,932	)		(5,316	)
Proceeds from sales of mortgage loans held for sale		39,368			36,602			40,203
Proceeds from sales of SBA loans held for sale		4,120			11,781			5,416
Gain on sales of mortgage loans held for sale		(911	)		(905	)		(1,039	)
Gain on sales of SBA loans held for sale		(295	)		(806	)		(395	)
Loss (gain) on disposal of premises and equipment		350			(11	)		(9	)
Gain on lease write off		(8	)		0			0
Loss (gain) on sales of securities available-for-sale		9			0			(79	)
Loss (gain) on sales of foreclosed real estate		0			2			(11	)
Stock-based compensation		666			697			752
Decrease (increase) in interest receivable		536			(584	)		(520	)
Decrease (increase)  in other assets		573			(423	)		(1,593	)
Increase in interest payable		6			210			176
Increase (decrease) in other liabilities		969			1,329			(984	)
Net cash provided by operating activities		16,636			20,950			16,689
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of securities, available-for-sale		(124,463	)		(22,663	)		(13,546	)
Maturities, repayments and calls of securities, available-for-sale		98,727			29,635			43,900
Sales of securities, available-for-sale		19,745			0			5,692
Redemption of restricted investment in bank stock		1,371			389			615
Net increase in loans made to customers		(18,503	)		(86,316	)		(127,509	)
Purchases of premises and equipment		(3,103	)		(2,754	)		(2,157	)
Investment in bank owned life insurance		(6,836	)		(7	)		(4,007	)
Proceeds from sales of foreclosed real estate		315			168			454
Net cash used in investing activities		(32,747	)		(81,548	)		(96,558	)
Cash flows from financing activities
Net increase in demand and savings deposits		17,149			92,018			100,994
Net increase in time deposits		78,135			18,755			19,336
Net increase (decrease) in short-term borrowings		903			(13,473	)		(36,142	)
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt		0			30,000			20,000
Repayment of long-term debt		(35,040	)		(45,000	)		(15,000	)
Cash dividends paid to shareholders		(6,017	)		(5,539	)		(4,559	)
Proceeds from treasury stock reissuance		334			0			0
Payment of taxes related to stock withheld		(88	)		(158	)		(163	)
Treasury stock repurchased		(4,993	)		0			0
Proceeds from issuance of stock		550			1,272			914
Cash paid in lieu of fractional shares		(13	)		(19	)		(19	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		50,920			77,856			85,361
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		34,809			17,258			5,492
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year		96,782			79,524			74,032
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	131,591		$	96,782		$	79,524

See accompanying notes.

65 

Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc. 

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

									Accumulated
			Additional						Other
	Common		Paid-in			Retained			Comprehensive			Treasury
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)	Stock		Capital			Earnings			(Loss) Income			Stock			Total
Balance, January 1, 2017	$	21,067	$	106,102		$	28,909		$	(1,121	)	$	0		$	154,957
Net income							12,004									12,004
Impact of change in enacted tax rate							170			(170	)					0
Other comprehensive income, net of tax										333						333
Common stock cash dividends ($0.468 per share, adjusted)							(4,559	)								(4,559	)
5% common stock dividend, 422,439 shares at fair value		1,049		12,510			(13,664	)					86			(19	)
Stock-based compensation including related tax benefit				752												752
Forfeiture and withheld shares of restricted stock				4									(163	)		(159	)
Issuance and reissuance of common stock including related tax benefit:
16,553 shares under the dividend reinvestment and stock purchase plan		40		403									22			465
11,857 shares under the employee stock option plan		28		153									14			195
10,732 shares under employee stock purchase plan		20		189									41			250
24,431 shares of stock-based compensation awards		61		(61	)											0
Balance, December 31, 2017	$	22,265	$	120,052		$	22,860		$	(958	)	$	0		$	164,219
Net income							19,542									19,542
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax										(1,268	)					(1,268	)
Common stock cash dividends ($0.564 per share, adjusted)							(5,539	)								(5,539	)
5% common stock dividend, 447,092 shares at fair value		1,118		12,889			(14,026	)								(19	)
Stock-based compensation				697												697
Forfeiture and withheld shares of restricted stock				5									(158	)		(153	)
Issuance and reissuance of common stock:
19,614 shares under the dividend reinvestment and stock purchase plan		44		445									57			546
47,164 shares under the employee stock option plan		110		319									76			505
10,607 shares under employee stock purchase plan		20		171									25			216
29,062 shares of stock-based compensation awards		72		(72	)											0
Balance, December 31, 2018	$	23,629	$	134,506		$	22,837		$	(2,226	)	$	0		$	178,746
Adoption of ASC topic 842 (leases)							(199	)								(199	)
Net income							18,647									18,647
Other comprehensive income, net of tax										3,535						3,535
Common stock cash dividends ($0.608 per share, adjusted)							(6,017	)								(6,017	)
5% common stock dividend, 463,193 shares at fair value		656		5,049			(10,249	)					4,531			(13	)
Stock-based compensation				666												666
Repurchased stock - 222,594 shares													(4,993	)		(4,993	)
Forfeiture and withheld shares of restricted stock				7									(95	)		(88	)
Issuance and reissuance of common stock:
26,061 shares under the dividend reinvestment and stock purchase plan		42		393									145			580
10,321 shares under the employee stock option plan				(160	)								219			59
13,127 shares under employee stock purchase plan		12		54									179			245
21,033 shares of stock-based compensation awards		51		(65	)								14			0
Balance, December 31, 2019	$	24,390	$	140,450		$	25,019		$	1,309		$	0		$	191,168

See accompanying notes.

66 

Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc. 

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

NOTE 1-Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation 

Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc. (“Corporation” or “Codorus Valley”) is a one-bank holding company headquartered in York, Pennsylvania that provides a full range of banking services through its subsidiary, PeoplesBank, A Codorus Valley Company (“PeoplesBank” or “Bank”). PeoplesBank operates two wholly-owned subsidiaries as of December 31, 2019. The subsidiaries consist of Codorus Valley Financial Advisors, Inc. d/b/a Peoples Wealth Advisors, which sells non-deposit investment products and SYC Settlement Services, Inc., which provides real estate settlement services. In addition, PeoplesBank may periodically create nonbank subsidiaries for the purpose of temporarily holding foreclosed properties pending the liquidation of these properties. PeoplesBank operates under a state charter and is subject to regulation by the Pennsylvania Department of Banking and Securities, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The Corporation is subject to regulation by the Federal Reserve Board and the Pennsylvania Department of Banking and Securities.

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Codorus Valley and its wholly-owned bank subsidiary, PeoplesBank, and a wholly-owned nonbank subsidiary, SYC Realty Company, Inc. SYC Realty was inactive during the reportable period of 2019. The accounts of CVB Statutory Trust No. 1 and No. 2 are not included in the consolidated financial statements as discussed in Note 8 – Short-term Borrowings and Long-term Debt. All significant intercompany account balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The accounting and reporting policies of Codorus Valley and subsidiaries conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and have been followed on a consistent basis.

Reclassifications 

Certain amounts in the 2017 consolidated financial statements and notes have been reclassified to conform to the 2018 presentation.

Investment Securities  

The classification of securities is determined at the time of acquisition and is reevaluated at each reporting date. Securities classified as available-for-sale are debt securities that the Corporation intends to hold for an indefinite period of time, but not necessarily to maturity. Any decision to sell a security classified as available-for-sale would be based on various factors, including significant movements in interest rates, changes in maturity mix of assets and liabilities, income or liquidity needs, regulatory considerations and other factors. Debt securities available-for-sale are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity. Premiums and discounts are recognized in interest income using the interest method over the estimated life of the security. Realized gains and losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities are computed on the basis of specific identification of the adjusted cost of each security and are shown net as a separate line item in the statement of income.

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Declines in the fair value of available-for-sale securities below their cost that are deemed to be other-than-temporary are reflected in earnings as realized losses. In estimating other-than-temporary impairment losses, management must first assess whether (a) it has the intent to sell the security and (b) it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security prior to its anticipated recovery. These steps are done before assessing whether the cost basis of the investment will be recovered. The assessment of the probability of recovery would consider, among other things, the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost and the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer. More information about investment securities is provided in Note 3 – Securities.

Restricted Investment in Bank Stocks 

Restricted stock, which represents required investments in the common stock of correspondent banks, is carried at cost and, as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 consisted primarily of the common stock of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Pittsburgh (FHLBP) and, to a lesser degree, Atlantic Community Bancshares, Inc. (ACBI), the parent company of Atlantic Community Bankers Bank (ACBB). Under the FHLBP’s Capital Plan, PeoplesBank is required to maintain a minimum member stock investment, both as a condition of becoming and remaining a member and as a condition of obtaining borrowings from the FHLBP. The FHLBP uses a formula to determine the minimum stock investment, which is based on the volume of loans outstanding, unused borrowing capacity and other factors.

The FHLBP paid dividends during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. The FHLBP restricts the repurchase of the excess capital stock of member banks. The amount of excess capital stock that can be repurchased from any member is currently the lesser of five percent of the member’s total capital stock outstanding or its excess capital stock outstanding.

Management evaluates the restricted stock for impairment in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 942. Management’s determination of whether these investments are impaired is based on their assessment of the ultimate recoverability of their cost rather than by recognizing temporary declines in value. Using the FHLBP as an example, the determination of whether a decline affects the ultimate recoverability of cost is influenced by criteria such as: (1) the significance of the decline in net assets of the FHLBP as compared to the capital stock amount for the FHLBP and the length of time this situation has persisted; (2) commitments by the FHLBP to make payments required by law or regulation and the level of such payments in relation to the operating performance of the FHLBP; and (3) the impact of legislative and regulatory changes on institutions and, accordingly, on the customer base of the FHLBP. Management believes no impairment charge was necessary related to the restricted stock during the periods ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.

Loans Held for Sale 

Loans held for sale are comprised of residential mortgage loans and the guaranteed portion of secondary-market qualified Small Business Administration loans. Loans held for sale are reported at the lower of cost or fair value, as determined by the aggregate commitments from investors or current investor yield requirements. The amount by which cost exceeds fair value, if any, is accounted for as a valuation allowance and is charged to expense in the period of the change. The Company generally sells the guaranteed portion of its SBA loans to a third party and retains the servicing, holding the nonguaranteed portion in its portfolio. Gains or losses recognized on the sale of mortgage loans and loans guaranteed by the Small Business Administration loans are recognized based on the difference between the selling price and the carrying value of the related loan and are recorded in noninterest income.

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Loans 

Loans receivable that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff, are stated at their outstanding unpaid principal balances less amounts charged off, net of an allowance for loan losses and any deferred fees or costs. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Generally, loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized as an adjustment of the yield (interest income) over the contractual life of the loan. The loans receivable portfolio is segmented into commercial and consumer loans. Commercial loans consist of the following industry classes: builder & developer, commercial real estate investor, residential real estate investor, hotel/motel, wholesale & retail, agriculture, manufacturing and all other. Consumer loans consist of the following classes: residential mortgage, home equity and all other.

Generally, for all classes of loans receivable, the accrual of interest is discontinued when the contractual payment of principal or interest has become 90 days past due or management has serious doubts about further collectability of principal or interest, even though the loan is currently performing. A loan may remain on accrual status if it is in the process of collection and is either guaranteed or well secured. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, unpaid interest credited to income in the current year is reversed and unpaid interest accrued in prior years is charged against the allowance for loan losses. Interest received on nonaccrual loans, including impaired loans, generally is either applied against principal or reported as interest income, according to the Corporation’s judgment as to the collectability of principal. Generally, loans are restored to accrual status when the obligation is brought current, has performed in accordance with the contractual terms for a reasonable period of time, generally six months, and the ultimate collectability of the total contractual principal and interest is no longer in doubt. The past due status of all classes of loans receivable is determined based on contractual due dates for loan payments.

Allowance for Loan Losses 

The allowance for loan losses represents the Corporation’s estimate of losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date and is recorded as a reduction to loans. The allowance for loan losses is increased by the provision for loan losses, and decreased by charge-offs, net of recoveries. Loans deemed to be uncollectable are charged against the allowance for loan losses, and subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. All, or part, of the principal balance of loans receivable are charged off to the allowance as soon as it is determined that the repayment of all, or part, of the principal balance is highly unlikely. While the Corporation attributes a portion of the allowance to individual loans and groups of loans that it evaluates and determines to be impaired, the allowance is available to cover all charge-offs that arise from the loan portfolio.

The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level considered adequate to provide for losses that can be reasonably anticipated. The Corporation performs a quarterly evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance. The allowance is based on the Corporation’s past loan loss experience, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, the estimated value of any underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio, current economic conditions and other relevant factors. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available.

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The allowance consists of specific, general and unallocated components. The specific component relates to loans that are classified as impaired, generally substandard and nonaccrual loans. For loans that are classified as impaired, an allowance is established when the collateral value (or discounted cash flows or observable market price) of the impaired loan is lower than the carrying value of that loan. The general component covers pools of loans by loan class including commercial loans not considered impaired, as well as smaller balance homogeneous loans, such as residential real estate, home equity and other consumer loans. These pools of loans are evaluated for loss exposure based upon historical loss rates for each of these classes of loans, adjusted for qualitative (environmental) risk factors. Historical loss rates are based on a two year rolling average of net charge-offs. Qualitative risk factors that supplement historical losses in the evaluation of loan pools are shown below. Each factor is assigned a value to reflect improving, stable or declining conditions based on the Corporation’s best judgment using relevant information available at the time of the evaluation.

●  Changes in international, US, and local economies and business conditions

● Changes in the value of collateral for collateral dependent loans

● Changes in the level of concentrations of credit

● Changes in the volume and severity of classified and past due loans

● Changes in the nature and volume of the portfolio

● Changes in collection, charge-off, and recovery procedures

● Changes in underwriting standards and loan terms

● Changes in the quality of the loan review system

● Changes in the experience/ability of lending management and key lending staff

● Regulatory and legal regulations that could affect the level of credit losses

● Other pertinent environmental factors

● Impact of imposed tariffs 

The unallocated component is maintained to cover uncertainties that could affect the Corporation’s estimate of probable losses. For example, increasing credit risk and uncertainties, not yet reflected in current leading indicators, associated with prolonged low economic growth, or recessionary business conditions for certain industries or the broad economy, or the erosion of real estate values, represent risk factors, the occurrence of any or all of which can adversely affect a borrowers’ ability to service their loans. The unallocated component of the allowance also reflects the margin of imprecision inherent in the underlying assumptions used in the methodologies for estimating specific and general losses in the loan portfolio, including the unpredictable timing and amounts of charge-offs and related historical loss averages, and specific-credit or broader portfolio future cash flow value and collateral valuation uncertainties which could negatively impact unimpaired portfolio loss factors.

As disclosed in Note 4-Loans, the Corporation engages in commercial and consumer lending. Loans are made within the Corporation’s primary market area and surrounding areas, and include the purchase of whole loan or participation interests in loans from other financial institutions. Commercial loans, which pose the greatest risk of loss to the Corporation, whether originated or purchased, are generally secured by real estate. Within the broad commercial loan segment, the builder & developer and commercial real estate investor loan classes generally present a higher level of risk than other commercial loan classifications. This greater risk is due to several factors, including the concentration of principal in a limited number of loans and borrowers, the effect of general economic conditions on income producing properties, unstable real estate prices and the dependency upon successful construction and sale or operation of the real estate project. Within the consumer loan segment, junior (i.e., second) liens present a slightly higher risk to the Corporation because economic and housing market conditions can adversely affect the underlying value of the collateral and the ability of some borrowers to service their debt.

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A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Corporation will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered in determining impairment include payment status and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. The Corporation determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. Loans that are deemed impaired are evaluated for impairment loss based on the net realizable value of the collateral, as applicable. Loans that are not collateral dependent will rely on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate to determine impairment loss. Large groups of smaller balance homogeneous loans such as residential mortgage loans, home equity loans and other consumer loans are collectively evaluated for impairment, unless they are classified as impaired.

An allowance for loan losses is established for an impaired commercial loan if its carrying value exceeds its estimated fair value. For commercial loans secured by real estate, estimated fair values are determined primarily through third-party appraisals of the underlying collateral. When a real estate secured loan becomes impaired, a decision is made regarding whether an updated certified appraisal of the real estate is necessary. This decision is based on various considerations, including the age of the most recent appraisal, the loan-to-value ratio based on the most recent appraisal and the condition of the property. Appraisals are generally discounted to provide for selling costs and other factors to determine an estimate of the net realizable value of the property. For commercial loans secured by non-real estate collateral, such as accounts receivable, inventory and equipment, estimated fair values are determined based on the borrower’s financial statements, inventory reports, accounts receivable aging or equipment appraisals or invoices. Indications of value from these sources are generally discounted based on the age of the financial information or the quality of the assets. In instances when specific consumer related loans become impaired, they may be partially or fully charged off, which obviates the need for a specific allowance.

Loans whose terms are modified are classified as troubled debt restructurings if the Corporation grants borrowers experiencing financial difficulties concessions that it would not otherwise consider. Concessions granted under a troubled debt restructuring may involve an interest rate that is below the market rate given the associated credit risk of the loan or an extension of a loan’s stated maturity date. Loans classified as troubled debt restructurings are designated as impaired. Non-accrual troubled debt restructurings are restored to accrual status if principal and interest payments, under the modified terms, are current for a reasonable period of time, generally six consecutive months after modification and future payments are reasonably assured.

Banking regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Corporation’s allowance for loan losses and may require the Corporation to recognize additions to the allowance based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination, which may not be currently available to the Corporation. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the loan portfolio, the Corporation believes that the level of the allowance for loan losses at December 31, 2019 is adequate.

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Transfers of Financial Assets 

Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Corporation, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Corporation does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.

Premises and Equipment 

Land is carried at cost. Premises and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation expense is calculated principally on the straight-line method over the assets’ estimated useful lives. Estimated useful lives are five to forty years for buildings and improvements, five to twenty years for furniture and equipment and two to seven years for computer equipment and software. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. The cost of significant improvements to existing assets is capitalized and amortized over the shorter of the asset’s useful life or related lease term. When facilities are retired or otherwise disposed of, the depreciated cost is removed from the asset accounts, and any gain or loss is reflected in the statement of income.

Foreclosed Real Estate 

Foreclosed real estate, included in other assets, is comprised of property acquired through a foreclosure proceeding or property that is acquired through in substance foreclosure. Foreclosed real estate is initially recorded at fair value minus estimated costs to sell at the date of foreclosure, establishing a new cost basis. Any difference between the carrying value and the new cost basis is charged against the allowance for loan losses. Appraisals, obtained from an independent third party, are generally used to determine fair value. After foreclosure, management reviews valuations at least quarterly and adjusts the asset to the lower of cost or fair value minus estimated costs to sell through a valuation allowance or a charge-off. Costs related to the improvement of foreclosed real estate are generally capitalized until the real estate reaches a saleable condition subject to fair value limitations. Revenue and expense from operations and changes in the valuation allowance are included in noninterest expense. When a foreclosed real estate asset is ultimately sold, any gain or loss on the sale is included in the income statement as a component of noninterest expense. At December 31, 2019, foreclosed real estate was $797,000, which included no residential real estate, compared to $1,755,000 in foreclosed real estate, which included $18,000 of residential real estate, at December 31, 2018. Included within loans receivable as of December 31, 2019, was a recorded investment of $407,000 of consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties, for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process according to local requirements of the applicable jurisdiction.

Bank Owned Life Insurance 

PeoplesBank invests in bank owned life insurance (BOLI) as a source of funding for employee benefit expenses. BOLI involves the purchasing of life insurance by PeoplesBank on a select group of employees and members of the board of directors. PeoplesBank is the owner and beneficiary of the policies. This life insurance investment is carried at the cash surrender value of the underlying policies and is included in other assets in the amount of $45,647,000 at December 31, 2019, compared to $37,585,000 at December 31, 2018.

Mortgage Servicing Rights  

PeoplesBank retained servicing of sold mortgage loans beginning in 2016. The mortgage servicing rights (MSRs) associated with the sold loans are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets at an amount equal to the estimated fair value of the contractual rights to service the mortgage loans. The MSR asset is amortized as a reduction to servicing income which was $257,000, $213,000, and $128,000 in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Mortgage servicing income is included in other income on the consolidated statements of income. The MSR asset is evaluated periodically for impairment and carried at the lower of amortized cost or fair value. A third party calculates fair value by discounting the estimated cash flows from servicing income using a rate consistent with the risk associated with these assets and an expected life commensurate with the expected life of the underlying loans. In the event that the amortized cost of the MSR asset exceeds the fair value of the asset, a valuation allowance would be established through a charge against servicing income. Subsequent fair value evaluations may determine that impairment has been reduced or eliminated, in which case the valuation allowance would be reduced through a credit to earnings. At December 31, 2019, the balance of residential mortgage loans serviced for third parties was $115,620,000 compared to $98,852,000 at December 31, 2018.

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The following table summarizes the changes in MSRs, which are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

	Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2019			2018
Amortized cost:
Balance at beginning of year	$	925		$	672
Originations of mortgage servicing rights		277			386
Amortization expense		(220	)		(133	)
Valuation allowance		(17	)		0
Balance at end of year	$	965		$	925

Trust and Investment Services Assets

Assets held by PeoplesBank in a fiduciary or agency capacity for its clients are not included in the consolidated balance sheets since these items are not assets of PeoplesBank. At December 31, 2019, the market value of assets was $899,876,000 compared to $725,087,000 at December 31, 2018.

Advertising 

Advertising costs are charged to expense when incurred.

Income Taxes 

Deferred income taxes are provided on the liability method whereby deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences and deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences. Temporary differences are the differences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax basis. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted through the provision for income taxes for the effects of changes in tax laws and rates on the effective date.

The Corporation accounts for uncertain tax positions as required by FASB ASC Topic 740. FASB ASC Topic 740 clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in an enterprise’s financial statements. Specifically, the accounting standard prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return as well as guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure, and transition. No significant income tax uncertainties have been identified by the Corporation; therefore, the Corporation recognized no adjustment for unrecognized income tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. The Corporation’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties on unrecognized tax benefits in income taxes expense in the Consolidated Statement of Income. The tax years subject to examination by the taxing authorities are the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016.

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Use of Estimates 

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate to the determination of the allowance for loan losses, the evaluation of other-than-temporary impairment losses for investment securities and the evaluation of impairment losses for foreclosed real estate.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments 

Fair values of financial instruments are estimated using relevant market information and other assumptions, as more fully disclosed in Note 16 – Fair Value Measurements and Fair Values of Financial Instruments. Fair value estimates involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment. Changes in assumptions or in market conditions could significantly affect the estimates.

Goodwill and Core Deposit Intangible Assets 

Goodwill arising from acquisitions is not amortized, but is subject to an annual impairment test. This test consists of a qualitative analysis. If the Corporation determines events or circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that goodwill is impaired, a quantitative analysis must be completed. Analyses may also be performed between annual tests. Significant judgment is applied when goodwill is assessed for impairment. This judgment includes developing cash flow projections, selecting appropriate discount rates, identifying relevant market comparables, incorporating general economic and market conditions, and selecting an appropriate control premium. The Corporation completes its annual goodwill impairment test on October 1^st of each year. Based upon the analysis, the Corporation concluded that the amount of recorded goodwill was not impaired as of October 1, 2019.

Core deposit intangibles represent the value assigned to demand, interest checking, money market, and savings accounts acquired as part of an acquisition. The core deposit intangible value represents the future economic benefit of potential cost savings from acquiring core deposits as part of an acquisition compared to the cost of alternative funding sources and the alternative cost to grow a similar core deposit base. The core deposit intangible asset resulting from the merger with Madison Bancorp, Inc. was determined to have a definite life and is being amortized using the sum of the years’ digits method over ten years. All intangible assets must be evaluated for impairment if certain events or changes in circumstances occur. Any impairment write-downs would be recognized as expense on the consolidated statements of income.

At December 31, 2019, the Corporation does not have any indicators of potential impairment of either goodwill or core deposit intangibles.

Revenue from Contracts with Customers 

Revenue from contracts with customers that are required to be recognized under FASB ASC Topic 606 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606) is measured based on consideration specified in a contract with a customer, and excludes any sales incentives and amounts collected on behalf of third parties. The Corporation recognizes revenue when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control over a product or service to a customer. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under ASC 606, while prior period amounts were not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with the previous accounting guidance under ASC 605.

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The majority of the Corporation’s revenue-generating transactions are not within the scope of ASC 606, including revenue generated from financial instruments, such as our loans, letters of credit, derivatives and investment securities, as well as revenue related to our mortgage servicing activities, as these activities are subject to other U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) discussed elsewhere within our disclosures. Descriptions of our revenue-generating activities that are within the scope of ASC 606, which are presented in our consolidated statements of income as components of non-interest income are as follows:

Trust and investment service fees – The Corporation provides trust, investment management custody and irrevocable life insurance trust services to customers. Such services are rendered in accordance with the underlying contracts for which fees are earned. The Corporation’s performance obligations are generally satisfied, and the related revenue recognized, over the period in which the service is provided. Payment for services rendered is primarily received in the following month.

Income from mutual fund, annuity and insurance sales – The Corporation sells mutual funds, annuity and insurance products to its customers. The Corporation’s performance obligation is met upon the signing of the product agreement and, in certain cases, a time component may exist when the customer has the right to rescind the agreement with or without penalty. The Corporation recognizes revenues upon delivery of the product or service unless there is a time component in which case revenues are recognized utilizing the expected value method. Payment for services rendered is primarily received in the following month.

Service charges on deposits accounts – These represent general service fees for monthly account maintenance and activity- or transaction based fees and consist of transaction-based revenue, time-based revenue (service period), item-based revenue or some other individual attribute-based revenue. Other service charges include revenue from processing wire transfers, cashier’s checks and other services. Revenue is recognized when the performance obligation is completed which is generally monthly for account maintenance services or when a transaction has been completed. Payment for service charges on deposit accounts is primarily received immediately or in the following month through a direct charge to the customers’ accounts.

Other noninterest income – The Corporation evaluated individual components of other noninterest income, such as credit card merchant fees, credit and gift card fees and ATM fees. Debit card income is primarily comprised of interchange fees earned whenever the Corporation’s debit cards are processed through payment networks, such as Visa. Credit and gift card income is realized through a third party provider who issues credits as private label in the Corporation’s name. ATM fees are primarily generated when a non-Corporation cardholder uses a Corporation ATM. The income is primarily comprised as a percentage of interchange fees earned whenever the issuer’s card is processed through card payment networks, such as Visa or Pulse. Merchant services income is realized through a third party service provider who is contracted by the Corporation under a referral arrangement. Such fees represent fees charged to merchants to process their debit card transactions. The Corporation’s performance obligation for these fees are largely satisfied, and related revenue recognized, when the services are rendered or upon completion. Payment is typically received within a 1 to 3 day lag or in the following month.

Per Share Data  

Basic net income per share is calculated as net income available to shareholders divided by the weighted average number of shares outstanding. Diluted net income per share is calculated as net income available to shareholders divided by the weighted average number of shares outstanding plus shares that would have been outstanding if dilutive potential shares had been issued, as well as any adjustment to income that would result from the assumed issuance. Potential shares that may be issued by the Corporation relate solely to outstanding stock options and are determined using the treasury stock method. All share and per share amounts are adjusted for stock dividends that are declared prior to the issuance of the consolidated financial statements.

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The computation of net income per share for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 is provided in the table below.

(in thousands, except per share data)	2019		2018		2017
Net income available to shareholders	$	18,647	$	19,542	$	12,004
Weighted average shares outstanding (basic)		9,863		9,858		9,780
Effect of dilutive stock options		66		95		115
Weighted average shares outstanding (diluted)		9,929		9,953		9,895
Basic earnings per share	$	1.89	$	1.98	$	1.22
Diluted earnings per share	$	1.88	$	1.96	$	1.21
Anti-dilutive stock options excluded from the computation of earnings per share		32		35		18

Stock-Based Compensation  

The Corporation accounts for its stock-based compensation awards in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718, which requires public companies to recognize compensation expense, related to stock-based compensation awards in their statements of operations. Compensation expense is equal to the fair value of the stock-based compensation awards on the grant date and is recognized over the vesting period of such awards. More information is provided in Note 12 – Stock-Based Compensation.

Cash Flow Information  

For purposes of the statements of cash flows, the Corporation considers interest bearing deposits with banks, cash and due from banks, and federal funds sold to be cash and cash equivalents.

Supplemental cash flow information is provided in the table below.

	Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2019		2018		2017
Cash paid during the period for:
Income taxes	$	4,310	$	4,605	$	7,926
Interest	$	21,373	$	16,191	$	10,692
Noncash investing activities:
Transfer of loans to foreclosed real estate	$	0	$	1,709	$	216
Initial recognition of financing lease right-of-use assets	$	1,358	$	0	$	0
Initial recognition of financing lease liabilities	$	1,480	$	0	$	0
Initial recognition of operating lease right-of-use assets	$	2,958	$	0	$	0
Initial recognition of operating lease liabilities	$	3,035	$	0	$	0
Loans to facilitate sales of foreclosed real estate	$	0	$	0	$	2,310
Transfer of loans held for sale to held-to-maturity portfolio	$	0	$	0	$	228

Off-Balance Sheet Financial Instruments 

In the ordinary course of business, the Corporation enters into off-balance sheet financial instruments consisting of commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. These financial instruments are recorded on the balance sheet when they become a receivable to the Corporation.

Comprehensive Income and Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income 

Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America require that recognized revenue, expenses, gains and losses be included in net income. Although certain changes in assets and liabilities, such as unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities, are reported as a separate component of the shareholders’ equity section of the balance sheet, such items, along with net income, are components of comprehensive income.

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Segment Reporting 

Management has determined that it operates in only one segment, community banking. The Corporation’s non-banking activities are insignificant to the consolidated financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements 

Pronouncements Adopted in 2019

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases and in July 2018 issued ASU 2018-10 and ASU 2018-11, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases. From the lessee’s perspective, the new standard establishes a right-of-use (ROU) model that requires a lessee to record a ROU asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement for a lessees. From the lessor’s perspective, the new standard requires a lessor to classify leases as either sales-type, finance or operating. A lease will be treated as a sale if it transfers all of the risks and rewards, as well as control of the underlying asset, to the lessee. If risks and rewards are conveyed without the transfer of control, the lease is treated as a financing lease. If the lessor doesn’t convey risks and rewards or control, an operating lease results. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. A modified retrospective transition approach is required for lessees for capital and operating leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements, with certain practical expedients available. A modified retrospective transition approach is required for lessors for sales-type, direct financing, and operating leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements, with certain practical expedients available. The Corporation adopted the new standard effective January 1, 2019, which resulted in an increase in assets to recognize the present value of the lease obligations (right-of-use assets) with a corresponding increase in liabilities as discussed in Note 8-Leases. The adoption did not have an overall material impact on the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements of income.

In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting. This standard expands the scope of Topic 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation to include share-based payment transaction for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. This standard requires application of Topic 718 to nonemployee awards for specific guidance on inputs to an option pricing model and the attribution of cost (that is, the period of time over which share-based payment awards vest and the pattern of cost recognition over that period). The amendments in the Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that fiscal year. The Corporation adopted the new standard on January 1, 2019 and the adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements.

Pronouncements Not Yet Effective

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350). This standard simplifies the test for goodwill impairment by eliminating the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill, which currently is Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. Instead, the goodwill impairment test will consist of a single quantitative step comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount. An entity should recognize a goodwill impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. The new standard is effective for annual and any interim goodwill impairment tests in reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The Corporation intends to adopt this standard effective with its January 1, 2020 goodwill impairment test and the adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements based on current circumstances.

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In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement. The amendments in this update modify the disclosure requirements in Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement. The following disclosure requirements were removed: the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2, the policy for timing of transfers between levels, and the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. The following disclosure requirements were modified: for investments in certain entities that calculate net asset value, and entity is required to disclose the timing of liquidation of investee’s assets and the amendments clarify that the measurement uncertainty disclosure is to communicate information about the uncertainty in measurement as of the reporting date. The following disclosure requirements were added: the changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements and the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. The update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. The adoption of this update is not expected to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements based on current circumstances.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software. This standard aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with those incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. This standard requires application of Subtopic 350-40 to determine which costs to implement the service contract would be capitalized as an asset and which costs would be expensed. The amendments in the update are effective for the years beginning after December 15, 2019. The adoption of this update is not expected to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements based on current circumstances.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-14, Compensation-Retirement Benefits-Defined Benefit Plans-General (Subtopic 715-20). The amendments in this update remove disclosures that are no longer considered cost beneficial, clarify the specific requirements of disclosures, and add disclosure requirements identified as relevant. The update is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this update is not expected to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements based on current circumstances.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326). This standard adds a new Topic 326 which requires companies to measure and record impairment on financial instruments at the time of origination using the expected credit loss (CECL) model. The CECL model calculates impairment based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts, and reflects the organization’s current estimate of all expected credit losses over the contractual term of its financial assets. The new standard was delayed and is now effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Corporation expects the provisions of ASU No. 2016-13 to impact the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements, in particular, the level of the reserve for credit losses. The Corporation is continuing to evaluate the extent of the potential impact and expects that portfolio composition and economic conditions at the time of adoption will be a factor.

NOTE 2-Restrictions on Cash and Due from Banks

PeoplesBank is required to maintain average reserves, in the form of cash and balances with the Federal Reserve Bank, against its deposit liabilities. In 2019 and 2018, the reserves were met with vault cash. PeoplesBank is also required to maintain compensating balances with certain correspondent banks, which totaled $65,000 at December 31, 2019 and 2018.

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NOTE 3-Securities

A summary of securities, available-for-sale at December 31, 2019 and 2018 is provided below. The securities available-for-sale portfolio is generally comprised of high quality debt instruments, principally obligations of the United States government or agencies thereof and investments in the obligations of states and municipalities. The majority of municipal bonds in the portfolio are general obligation bonds, which can draw upon multiple sources of revenue, including taxes, for payment. Only a few bonds are revenue bonds, which are dependent upon a single revenue stream for payment, but they are for critical services such as water and sewer. In many cases, municipal debt issues are insured or, in the case of school districts of selected states, backed by specific loss reserves. At December 31, 2019, 88 percent of the fair value of the municipal bond portfolio was concentrated in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the portfolio was intentionally distributed to limit exposure with the largest issuer at $2.3 million.

	Amortized		Gross Unrealized					Fair
(dollars in thousands)	Cost		Gains		Losses			Value
December 31, 2019
Debt securities:
U.S. Treasury notes	$	9,834	$	119	$	0		$	9,953
U.S. agency		15,000		0		(77	)		14,923
U.S. agency mortgage-backed, residential		106,799		1,443		(87	)		108,155
State and municipal		26,385		260		(1	)		26,644
Total debt securities	$	158,018	$	1,822	$	(165	)	$	159,675
December 31, 2018
Debt securities:
U.S. Treasury notes	$	19,780	$	29	$	(806	)	$	19,003
U.S. agency		16,000		0		(937	)		15,063
U.S. agency mortgage-backed, residential		75,446		102		(993	)		74,555
State and municipal		41,184		85		(297	)		40,972
Total debt securities	$	152,410	$	216	$	(3,033	)	$	149,593

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of debt securities at December 31, 2019 by contractual maturity are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities if call options on selected debt issues are exercised in the future. Mortgage-backed securities are included in the maturity categories based on average expected life.

	Available-for-sale
	Amortized		Fair
(dollars in thousands)	Cost		Value
Due in one year or less	$	7,319	$	7,374
Due after one year through five years		104,793		105,832
Due after five years through ten years		36,320		36,576
Due after ten years		9,586		9,893
Total debt securities	$	158,018	$	159,675

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Gross realized gains and losses on sales of securities, available-for-sale is shown below. Realized gains and losses are computed on the basis of specific identification of the adjusted cost of each security and are shown net as a separate line item in the income statement.

	Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2019			2018		2017
Realized gains	$	18		$	0	$	79
Realized losses		(27	)		0		0
Net (losses) gains	$	(9	)	$	0	$	79

Investment securities having a carrying value of $128,427,000 and $123,088,000 on December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, were pledged to secure public and trust deposits, repurchase agreements and other short-term borrowings.

The table below shows gross unrealized losses and fair value, aggregated by investment category and length of time, for securities that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at December 31, 2019 and 2018.

	Less than 12 months							12 months or more							Total
	Number of		Fair		Unrealized			Number of		Fair		Unrealized			Number of		Fair		Unrealized
(dollars in thousands)	Securities		Value		Losses			Securities		Value		Losses			Securities		Value		Losses
December 31, 2019
Debt securities:
U.S. agency		1		4,983		(17	)		2		9,940		(60	)		3		14,923		(77	)
U.S. agency mortgage-backed, residential		12		21,821		(82	)		2		1,163		(5	)		14		22,984		(87	)
State and municipal		1		466		(1	)		0		0		0			1		466		(1	)
Total temporarily impaired debt securities, available-for-sale		14	$	27,270	$	(100	)		4	$	11,103	$	(65	)		18	$	38,373	$	(165	)
December 31, 2018
Debt securities:
U.S. Treasury notes		0	$	0	$	0			3	$	13,980	$	(806	)		3	$	13,980	$	(806	)
U.S. agency		0		0		0			4		15,063		(937	)		4		15,063		(937	)
U.S. agency mortgage-backed, residential		8		4,878		(14	)		39		51,137		(979	)		47		56,015		(993	)
State and municipal		15		6,707		(11	)		36		20,287		(286	)		51		26,994		(297	)
Total temporarily impaired debt securities, available-for-sale		23	$	11,585	$	(25	)		82	$	100,467	$	(3,008	)		105	$	112,052	$	(3,033	)

Securities available-for-sale are analyzed quarterly for possible other-than-temporary impairment. The analysis considers, among other factors: 1) whether the Corporation has the intent to sell its securities prior to market recovery or maturity; 2) whether it is more likely than not that the Corporation will be required to sell its securities prior to market recovery or maturity; 3) default rates/history by security type; 4) third-party securities ratings; 5) third-party guarantees; 6) subordination; 7) payment delinquencies; 8) nature of the issuer; and 9) current financial news.

The Corporation believes that any unrealized losses at December 31, 2019 were primarily the result of changes in market interest rates and that it has the ability to hold these investments for a time necessary to recover the amortized cost. Through December 31, 2019, the Corporation has collected all interest and principal on its investment securities as scheduled. The Corporation believes that collection of the contractual principal and interest is probable and, therefore, all impairment is considered to be temporary.

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NOTE 4-Loans

Loan Portfolio Composition

The table below provides the composition of the loan portfolio at December 31, 2019 and 2018. The portfolio is comprised of two segments, commercial and consumer loans. The commercial loan segment is disaggregated by industry class which allows the Corporation to monitor risk and performance. 

Those industries representing the largest dollar investment and most risk are listed separately. The “Other” commercial loans category is comprised of various industries. The consumer related segment is comprised of residential mortgages, home equity and other consumer loans. The Corporation has not engaged in sub-prime residential mortgage originations.

	December 31,		% Total		December 31,		% Total
(dollars in thousands)	2019		Loans		2018		Loans
Builder & developer	$	159,312		10.6	$	154,977		10.4
Commercial real estate investor		207,227		13.8		210,501		14.2
Residential real estate investor		247,969		16.5		231,118		15.6
Hotel/Motel		80,260		5.3		77,480		5.2
Wholesale & retail		109,238		7.3		117,280		7.9
Manufacturing		86,511		5.7		80,075		5.4
Agriculture		80,719		5.4		65,540		4.4
Other		313,371		20.7		342,839		23.0
Total commercial related loans		1,284,607		85.3		1,279,810		86.1
Residential mortgages		94,868		6.3		83,977		5.7
Home equity		100,827		6.7		98,019		6.6
Other		24,833		1.7		23,874		1.6
Total consumer related loans		220,528		14.7		205,870		13.9
Total loans	$	1,505,135		100.0	$	1,485,680		100.0

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Concentrations of credit risk arise when a number of clients are engaged in similar business activities in the same geographic region or have similar economic features that could cause their ability to meet contractual obligations to be similarly affected by changes in economic conditions. Most of the Corporation’s business is with clients in south central Pennsylvania, specifically York County and Lancaster County and north central Maryland, specifically Baltimore County, Harford County and Baltimore City. Although this focus may pose a concentration risk geographically, the Corporation believes that the diverse local economy and our detailed knowledge of the client base lessens this risk. At December 31, 2019, the Corporation had three industry concentrations that exceeded 10 percent of the total loan portfolio: residential real estate investor, which represented 16.5 percent of the portfolio; commercial real estate investor, which represented 13.8 percent of the portfolio; and builder & developer, which represented 10.6 percent of the portfolio. At December 31, 2018, the Corporation had three industry concentrations that exceeded 10 percent of the total loan portfolio: residential real estate investor, which represented 15.6 percent of the portfolio; commercial real estate investor, which represented 14.2 percent of the portfolio; and builder & developer, which represented 10.4 percent of the portfolio. Loans to borrowers within these industries are usually collateralized by real estate.

The principal balance of outstanding loans to directors, executive officers, principal shareholders and any affiliates of such persons was $9,355,000 at December 31, 2019 and $7,502,000 at December 31, 2018. During 2019, total additions were $2,944,000 and total repayments and reductions were $1,091,000. As of year-end 2019, all loans to this group were current and performing in accordance with contractual terms.

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Loan Risk Ratings

The Corporation’s internal risk rating system follows regulatory guidance as to risk classifications and definitions. Every approved loan is assigned a risk rating. Generally, risk ratings for commercial related loans and residential mortgages held for investment are determined by a formal evaluation of risk factors performed by the Corporation’s underwriting staff. For consumer loans, and commercial loans up to $500,000, the Corporation uses third-party credit scoring software models for risk rating purposes. The loan portfolio is monitored on a continuous basis by loan officers, loan review personnel and senior management. Adjustments of loan risk ratings are generally performed by the Special Asset Committee, which includes senior management. The Committee, which typically meets at least quarterly, makes changes, as appropriate, to risk ratings when it becomes aware of credit events such as payment delinquency, cessation of a business or project, bankruptcy or death of the borrower, or changes in collateral value. In addition to review by the Committee, existing loans are monitored by the primary loan officer and loan review to determine if any changes, upward or downward, in risk ratings are appropriate. Primary loan officers and loan review may downgrade existing loans, except to non-accrual status. Only the Committee, Executive Chairman or President/CEO may upgrade a loan that is classified.

The Corporation uses ten risk ratings to grade commercial loans. The first seven ratings, representing the lowest risk, are combined and given a “pass” rating. A pass rating is a satisfactory credit rating, which applies to a loan that is expected to perform in accordance with the loan agreement and has a low probability of loss. A loan rated “special mention” has a potential weakness which may, if not corrected, weaken the loan or inadequately protect the Corporation’s position at some future date. A loan rated “substandard” is inadequately protected by the current net worth or paying capacity of the borrower, or of the collateral pledged. A “substandard” loan has a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that could jeopardize liquidation of the loan, which exposes the Corporation to loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. When circumstances indicate that collection of the loan is doubtful, the loan is risk-rated “nonaccrual,” the accrual of interest income is discontinued, and any unpaid interest previously credited to income is reversed. The table below does not include the regulatory classification of “doubtful,” nor does it include the regulatory classification of “loss”, because the Corporation promptly charges off loan losses.

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The table below presents a summary of loan risk ratings by loan class at December 31, 2019 and 2018.

			Special
(dollars in thousands)	Pass		Mention		Substandard		Nonaccrual		Total
December 31, 2019
Builder & developer	$	151,672	$	6,503	$	252	$	885	$	159,312
Commercial real estate investor		201,967		3,890		1,145		225		207,227
Residential real estate investor		238,216		3,780		202		5,771		247,969
Hotel/Motel		67,732		12,528		0		0		80,260
Wholesale & retail		89,556		10,513		1,954		7,215		109,238
Manufacturing		76,721		1,058		7,597		1,135		86,511
Agriculture		76,350		1,123		404		2,842		80,719
Other		277,634		16,490		13,748		5,499		313,371
Total commercial related loans		1,179,848		55,885		25,302		23,572		1,284,607
Residential mortgage		94,388		131		74		275		94,868
Home equity		100,089		61		0		677		100,827
Other		24,600		0		7		226		24,833
Total consumer related loans		219,077		192		81		1,178		220,528
Total loans	$	1,398,925	$	56,077	$	25,383	$	24,750	$	1,505,135
December 31, 2018
Builder & developer	$	152,188	$	1,604	$	411	$	774	$	154,977
Commercial real estate investor		204,141		1,808		4,317		235		210,501
Residential real estate investor		222,227		3,597		235		5,059		231,118
Hotel/Motel		77,480		0		0		0		77,480
Wholesale & retail		94,726		9,973		4,952		7,629		117,280
Manufacturing		72,058		4,991		1,302		1,724		80,075
Agriculture		61,636		3,244		0		660		65,540
Other		318,940		7,760		12,689		3,450		342,839
Total commercial related loans		1,203,396		32,977		23,906		19,531		1,279,810
Residential mortgage		83,305		7		82		583		83,977
Home equity		97,395		13		0		611		98,019
Other		23,601		1		9		263		23,874
Total consumer related loans		204,301		21		91		1,457		205,870
Total loans	$	1,407,697	$	32,998	$	23,997	$	20,988	$	1,485,680

83 

Impaired Loans

The table below presents a summary of impaired loans at December 31, 2019 and 2018. As of December 31, 2019, generally, impaired loans are all loans risk rated nonaccrual or classified as troubled debt restructurings. As of December 31, 2018, generally, impaired loans are certain loans risk rated substandard and all loans risk rated nonaccrual or classified as troubled debt restructuring. An allowance is established for those individual loans that are commercial related where the Corporation has doubt as to full recovery of the outstanding principal balance. Typically, impaired consumer related loans are partially or fully charged-off eliminating the need for a specific allowance. The recorded investment represents outstanding unpaid principal loan balances adjusted for payments collected on a non-cash basis and charge-offs. 

	With No Allowance				With A Related Allowance						Total
	Recorded		Unpaid		Recorded		Unpaid		Related		Recorded		Unpaid
(dollars in thousands)	Investment		Principal		Investment		Principal		Allowance		Investment		Principal
December 31, 2019
Builder & developer	$	621	$	651	$	473	$	474	$	238	$	1,094	$	1,125
Commercial real estate investor		1,370		1,371		0		0		0		1,370		1,371
Residential real estate investor		734		753		5,037		5,137		1,873		5,771		5,890
Hotel/Motel		0		0		0		0		0		0		0
Wholesale & retail		273		273		7,184		7,811		2,537		7,457		8,084
Manufacturing		13		13		1,122		1,220		463		1,135		1,233
Agriculture		1,784		1,791		1,058		1,058		701		2,842		2,849
Other commercial		1,864		1,974		3,635		3,888		1,608		5,499		5,862
Total impaired commercial related loans		6,659		6,826		18,509		19,588		7,420		25,168		26,414
Residential mortgage		275		277		0		0		0		275		277
Home equity		677		677		0		0		0		677		677
Other consumer		226		231		0		0		0		226		231
Total impaired consumer related loans		1,178		1,185		0		0		0		1,178		1,185
Total impaired loans	$	7,837	$	8,011	$	18,509	$	19,588	$	7,420	$	26,346	$	27,599
December 31, 2018
Builder & developer	$	1,047	$	1,318	$	138	$	138	$	51	$	1,185	$	1,456
Commercial real estate investor		4,552		4,552		0		0		0		4,552		4,552
Residential real estate investor		909		909		4,385		4,385		1,218		5,294		5,294
Hotel/Motel		0		0		0		0		0		0		0
Wholesale & retail		5,200		5,200		7,629		7,629		757		12,829		12,829
Manufacturing		1,320		1,320		1,706		1,706		539		3,026		3,026
Agriculture		660		660		0		0		0		660		660
Other commercial		13,245		13,245		2,894		2,894		1,114		16,139		16,139
Total impaired commercial related loans		26,933		27,204		16,752		16,752		3,679		43,685		43,956
Residential mortgage		665		689		0		0		0		665		689
Home equity		611		611		0		0		0		611		611
Other consumer		272		272		0		0		0		272		272
Total impaired consumer related loans		1,548		1,572		0		0		0		1,548		1,572
Total impaired loans	$	28,481	$	28,776	$	16,752	$	16,752	$	3,679	$	45,233	$	45,528

84

The table below presents a summary of average impaired loans and related interest income that was included in net income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. Interest income on loans with a related allowance is the result of interest collected prior to the loan moving to nonaccrual status. 

	With No Related Allowance				With A Related Allowance				Total
	Average		Total		Average		Total		Average		Total
	Recorded		Interest		Recorded		Interest		Recorded		Interest
(dollars in thousands)	Investment		Income		Investment		Income		Investment		Income
December 31, 2019
Builder & developer	$	1,086	$	43	$	219	$	0	$	1,305	$	43
Commercial real estate investor		2,756		123		0		0		2,756		123
Residential real estate investor		628		32		4,791		0		5,419		32
Hotel/Motel		0		0		0		0		0		0
Wholesale & retail		1,241		10		7,325		0		8,566		10
Manufacturing		276		17		1,394		0		1,670		17
Agriculture		1,108		29		423		0		1,531		29
Other commercial		4,252		90		4,990		0		9,242		90
Total impaired commercial related loans		11,347		344		19,142		0		30,489		344
Residential mortgage		323		11		0		0		323		11
Home equity		607		18		0		0		607		18
Other consumer		267		16		0		0		267		16
Total impaired consumer related loans		1,197		45		0		0		1,197		45
Total impaired loans	$	12,544	$	389	$	19,142	$	0	$	31,686	$	389
December 31, 2018
Builder & developer	$	1,716	$	17	$	55	$	9	$	1,771	$	26
Commercial real estate investor		5,147		287		212		0		5,359		287
Residential real estate investor		1,492		56		877		7		2,369		63
Hotel/Motel		0		0		0		0		0		0
Wholesale & retail		5,292		34		3,089		301		8,381		335
Manufacturing		2,733		93		712		206		3,445		299
Agriculture		474		43		0		0		474		43
Other commercial		3,474		97		579		28		4,053		125
Total impaired commercial related loans		20,328		627		5,524		551		25,852		1,178
Residential mortgage		395		42		0		0		395		42
Home equity		516		52		0		0		516		52
Other consumer		247		34		0		0		247		34
Total impaired consumer related loans		1,158		128		0		0		1,158		128
Total impaired loans	$	21,486	$	755	$	5,524	$	551	$	27,010	$	1,306
December 31, 2017
Builder & developer	$	3,528	$	140	$	1,088	$	0	$	4,616	$	140
Commercial real estate investor		5,142		268		432		0		5,574		268
Residential real estate investor		1,371		65		303		0		1,674		65
Hotel/Motel		72		0		7		0		79		0
Wholesale & retail		5,741		260		0		0		5,741		260
Manufacturing		2,713		214		730		0		3,443		214
Agriculture		242		0		210		0		452		0
Other commercial		1,052		55		110		0		1,162		55
Total impaired commercial related loans		19,861		1,002		2,880		0		22,741		1,002
Residential mortgage		134		1		0		0		134		1
Home equity		368		34		0		0		368		34
Other consumer		258		15		0		0		258		15
Total impaired consumer related loans		760		50		0		0		760		50
Total impaired loans	$	20,621	$	1,052	$	2,880	$	0	$	23,501	$	1,052

85

Past Due and Nonaccrual

The performance and credit quality of the loan portfolio is also monitored by using an aging schedule which shows the length of time a loan is past due. The table below presents a summary of past due loans, nonaccrual loans and current loans by loan segment and class at December 31, 2019 and 2018. 

					≥ 90 Days
	30-59		60-89		Past Due				Total Past
	Days		Days		and				Due and				Total
(dollars in thousands)	Past Due		Past Due		Accruing		Nonaccrual		Nonaccrual		Current		Loans
December 31, 2019
Builder & developer	$	0	$	0	$	43	$	885	$	928	$	158,384	$	159,312
Commercial real estate investor		0		0		0		225		225		207,002		207,227
Residential real estate investor		295		0		0		5,771		6,066		241,903		247,969
Hotel/Motel		0		0		0		0		0		80,260		80,260
Wholesale & retail		0		0		0		7,215		7,215		102,023		109,238
Manufacturing		409		0		0		1,135		1,544		84,967		86,511
Agriculture		14		0		0		2,842		2,856		77,863		80,719
Other		463		1,865		120		5,499		7,947		305,424		313,371
Total commercial related loans		1,181		1,865		163		23,572		26,781		1,257,826		1,284,607
Residential mortgage		0		70		104		275		449		94,419		94,868
Home equity		249		276		0		677		1,202		99,625		100,827
Other		750		68		13		226		1,057		23,776		24,833
Total consumer related loans		999		414		117		1,178		2,708		217,820		220,528
Total loans	$	2,180	$	2,279	$	280	$	24,750	$	29,489	$	1,475,646	$	1,505,135
December 31, 2018
Builder & developer	$	159	$	547	$	43	$	774	$	1,523	$	153,454	$	154,977
Commercial real estate investor		0		0		1,828		235		2,063		208,438		210,501
Residential real estate investor		244		812		0		5,059		6,115		225,003		231,118
Hotel/Motel		0		0		0		0		0		77,480		77,480
Wholesale & retail		0		0		97		7,629		7,726		109,554		117,280
Manufacturing		0		0		0		1,724		1,724		78,351		80,075
Agriculture		0		0		0		660		660		64,880		65,540
Other		4,877		0		0		3,450		8,327		334,512		342,839
Total commercial related loans		5,280		1,359		1,968		19,531		28,138		1,251,672		1,279,810
Residential mortgage		0		10		66		583		659		83,318		83,977
Home equity		206		94		0		611		911		97,108		98,019
Other		263		2		94		263		622		23,252		23,874
Total consumer related loans		469		106		160		1,457		2,192		203,678		205,870
Total loans	$	5,749	$	1,465	$	2,128	$	20,988	$	30,330	$	1,455,350	$	1,485,680

86

Troubled Debt Restructurings

Loans classified as troubled debt restructurings (TDRs) are designated impaired and arise when the Corporation grants borrowers experiencing financial difficulties concessions that it would not otherwise consider. Concessions granted with respect to these loans involve an extension of the maturity date or a below market interest rate relative to new debt with similar credit risk. Generally, these loans are secured by real estate. If repayment of the loan is determined to be collateral dependent, the loan is evaluated for impairment loss based on the fair value of the collateral. For loans that are not collateral dependent, the present value of expected future cash flows, discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate, is used to determine any impairment loss. A nonaccrual TDR represents a nonaccrual loan, as previously defined, which includes an economic concession. Nonaccrual TDRs are restored to accrual status if principal and interest payments, under the modified terms, are current for six consecutive payments after the modification and future principal and interest payments are reasonably assured. In contrast, an accruing TDR represents a loan that, at the time of the modification, has a demonstrated history of payments and with respect to which management believes that future loan payments are reasonably assured under the modified terms.

The table below shows loans whose terms have been modified under TDRs during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. There were no impairment loss recognized on any of these TDRs. There were no defaults during the year ended December 31, 2019 for TDRs entered into during the previous 12 month period. 

	Modifications
			Pre-Modification		Post-Modification
	Number		Outstanding		Outstanding		Recorded
	of		Recorded		Recorded		Investment
(dollars in thousands)	Contracts		Investment		Investment		at Period End
Years ended:
December 31, 2019		1	$	63	$	63	$	54
Commercial related loans accruing
December 31, 2018		3	$	1,264	$	1,305	$	1,291
Commercial related loans accruing

87

NOTE 5-Allowance for Loan Losses

The table below shows the activity in and the composition of the allowance for loan losses by loan segment and class detail as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. 

	Allowance for Loan Losses
	January 1, 2019										December 31, 2019
(dollars in thousands)	Balance		Charge-offs			Recoveries		Provision			Balance
Builder & developer	$	2,835	$	(34	)	$	63	$	(601	)	$	2,263
Commercial real estate investor		2,636		0			0		(71	)		2,565
Residential real estate investor		3,945		(217	)		12		892			4,632
Hotel/Motel		732		0			0		10			742
Wholesale & retail		1,813		(113	)		0		1,875			3,575
Manufacturing		1,287		0			0		(35	)		1,252
Agriculture		579		0			0		725			1,304
Other commercial		4,063		(46	)		0		187			4,204
Total commercial related loans		17,890		(410	)		75		2,982			20,537
Residential mortgage		126		0			0		32			158
Home equity		265		(147	)		71		14			203
Other consumer		144		(162	)		45		140			167
Total consumer related loans		535		(309	)		116		186			528
Unallocated		719		0			0		(718	)		1
Total	$	19,144	$	(719	)	$	191	$	2,450		$	21,066

	Allowance for Loan Losses
	January 1, 2018										December 31, 2018
(dollars in thousands)	Balance		Charge-offs			Recoveries		Provision			Balance
Builder & developer	$	3,388	$	(144	)	$	84	$	(493	)	$	2,835
Commercial real estate investor		3,013		0			0		(377	)		2,636
Residential real estate investor		2,505		(2	)		80		1,362			3,945
Hotel/Motel		637		0			0		95			732
Wholesale & retail		909		0			3		901			1,813
Manufacturing		592		0			0		695			1,287
Agriculture		431		0			0		148			579
Other commercial		2,643		0			19		1,401			4,063
Total commercial related loans		14,118		(146	)		186		3,732			17,890
Residential mortgage		108		(10	)		10		18			126
Home equity		217		(123	)		1		170			265
Other consumer		66		(203	)		40		241			144
Total consumer related loans		391		(336	)		51		429			535
Unallocated		2,180		0			0		(1,461	)		719
Total	$	16,689	$	(482	)	$	237	$	2,700		$	19,144

	Allowance for Loan Losses
	January 1, 2017										December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands)	Balance		Charge-offs			Recoveries		Provision			Balance
Builder & developer	$	2,384	$	(1,674	)	$	32	$	2,646		$	3,388
Commercial real estate investor		2,870		0			0		143			3,013
Residential real estate investor		2,517		(518	)		62		444			2,505
Hotel/Motel		807		(36	)		36		(170	)		637
Wholesale & retail		803		0			1		105			909
Manufacturing		307		0			0		285			592
Agriculture		619		0			0		(188	)		431
Other commercial		2,467		(104	)		0		280			2,643
Total commercial related loans		12,774		(2,332	)		131		3,545			14,118
Residential mortgage		85		0			5		18			108
Home equity		179		(223	)		0		261			217
Other consumer		193		(82	)		23		(68	)		66
Total consumer related loans		457		(305	)		28		211			391
Unallocated		1,761		0			0		419			2,180
Total	$	14,992	$	(2,637	)	$	159	$	4,175		$	16,689

88

The table below shows the allowance amount required for loans individually evaluated for impairment and the amount required for loans collectively evaluated for impairment at December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 along with the related loan balances for those years. 

	Allowance for Loan Losses						Loans
	Individually		Collectively				Individually		Collectively
	Evaluated For		Evaluated For				Evaluated For		Evaluated For
(dollars in thousands)	Impairment		Impairment		Balance		Impairment		Impairment		Balance
December 31, 2019
Builder & developer	$	238	$	2,025	$	2,263	$	1,094	$	158,218	$	159,312
Commercial real estate investor		0		2,565		2,565		1,370		205,857		207,227
Residential real estate investor		1,873		2,759		4,632		5,771		242,198		247,969
Hotel/Motel		0		742		742		0		80,260		80,260
Wholesale & retail		2,537		1,038		3,575		7,457		101,781		109,238
Manufacturing		463		789		1,252		1,135		85,376		86,511
Agriculture		701		603		1,304		2,842		77,877		80,719
Other commercial		1,608		2,596		4,204		5,499		307,872		313,371
Total commercial related		7,420		13,117		20,537		25,168		1,259,439		1,284,607
Residential mortgage		0		158		158		275		94,593		94,868
Home equity		0		203		203		677		100,150		100,827
Other consumer		0		167		167		226		24,607		24,833
Total consumer related		0		528		528		1,178		219,350		220,528
Unallocated		0		1		1		0		0		0
Total	$	7,420	$	13,646	$	21,066	$	26,346	$	1,478,789	$	1,505,135
December 31, 2018
Builder & developer	$	51	$	2,784	$	2,835	$	1,185	$	153,792	$	154,977
Commercial real estate investor		0		2,636		2,636		4,552		205,949		210,501
Residential real estate investor		1,218		2,727		3,945		5,294		225,824		231,118
Hotel/Motel		0		732		732		0		77,480		77,480
Wholesale & retail		757		1,056		1,813		12,829		104,451		117,280
Manufacturing		539		748		1,287		3,026		77,049		80,075
Agriculture		0		579		579		660		64,880		65,540
Other commercial		1,114		2,949		4,063		16,139		326,700		342,839
Total commercial related		3,679		14,211		17,890		43,685		1,236,125		1,279,810
Residential mortgage		0		126		126		665		83,312		83,977
Home equity		0		265		265		611		97,408		98,019
Other consumer		0		144		144		272		23,602		23,874
Total consumer related		0		535		535		1,548		204,322		205,870
Unallocated		0		719		719		0		0		0
Total	$	3,679	$	15,465	$	19,144	$	45,233	$	1,440,447	$	1,485,680
December 31, 2017
Builder & developer	$	0	$	3,388	$	3,388	$	2,673	$	181,729	$	184,402
Commercial real estate investor		243		2,770		3,013		5,645		225,182		230,827
Residential real estate investor		0		2,505		2,505		1,210		208,204		209,414
Hotel/Motel		0		637		637		0		63,195		63,195
Wholesale & retail		0		909		909		7,912		95,128		103,040
Manufacturing		0		592		592		3,840		58,670		62,510
Agriculture		0		431		431		315		59,616		59,931
Other commercial		0		2,643		2,643		918		283,593		284,511
Total commercial related		243		13,875		14,118		22,513		1,175,317		1,197,830
Residential mortgage		0		108		108		247		79,078		79,325
Home equity		0		217		217		452		97,498		97,950
Other consumer		0		66		66		235		24,424		24,659
Total consumer related		0		391		391		934		201,000		201,934
Unallocated		0		2,180		2,180		0		0		0
Total	$	243	$	16,446	$	16,689	$	23,447	$	1,376,317	$	1,399,764

89

NOTE 6-Premises, Equipment and Leases

The following table presents a summary of premises and equipment as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.

(dollars in thousands)	2019			2018
Land	$	5,093		$	4,829
Buildings and improvements		26,874			26,172
Financing lease right-of-use assets		1,134			0
Equipment		23,056			21,519
		56,157			52,520
Less accumulated depreciation/amortization		(30,190	)		(27,796	)
Premises and equipment, net	$	25,967		$	24,724

A lease is defined as a contract, or part of a contract, that conveys the right to control the use of identified property, plant or equipment for a period of time in exchange for consideration.  On January 1, 2019, the Corporation adopted ASU 2016-02 “Leases” (Topic 842) and all subsequent ASUs that modified Topic 842.  For the Corporation, Topic 842 affected the accounting treatment for operating lease agreements in which the Corporation is the lessee.

Substantially all of the leases in which the Corporation is the lessee are comprised of real estate property, ATM locations, and office space.  Substantially all of our leases are classified as operating leases, and therefore, were previously not recognized on the Corporation’s consolidated statements of condition.  With the adoption of Topic 842, operating lease agreements are required to be recognized on the consolidated statements of condition as a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and a corresponding lease liability.  The Corporation has one finance lease for one financial center. 

Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the consolidated statement of condition.  The leases have remaining lease terms of 1 year to 25 years, some of which include options to extend.  Upon opening a new financial center, we typically install brand-specific leasehold improvements which are depreciated over the shorter of the useful life or length of the lease.  To the extent that the initial lease term of the related lease is less than the useful life of the leasehold improvements and, taking into consideration the dollar amount of the improvements, we conclude that it is reasonably certain that a renewal option will be exercised, the renewal period is included in the lease term, and the related payments are reflected in the ROU asset and lease liability.  Regarding the discount rate, Topic 842 requires the use of the rate implicit in the lease whenever this rate is readily determinable.  As this rate is rarely determinable, the Corporation utilizes its incremental borrowing rate at lease inception, on an amortizing and collateralized basis, over a similar term.  For operating leases existing prior to January 1, 2019, the rate for the remaining lease term as of January 1, 2019 was used.  For the Corporation’s financing leases, the Corporation utilized its incremental borrowing rate at lease inception.

All of our leases include fixed rental payments.  We commonly enter into leases under which the lease payments increase at pre-determined dates based on the change in the consumer price index.  While the majority of our leases are gross leases, we also have a number of leases in which we make separate payments to the lessor based on the lessor’s property and casualty insurance cost and the property taxes assessed on the property, as well as a portion of the common area maintenance associated with the property.  We have elected the practical expedient not to separate lease and nonlease components for all of our building leases. 

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The Components of lease expense were as follows:

(dollars in thousands)	Twelve months ended December 31, 2019
Operating lease cost	$	760
Finance lease cost:
Amortization of right-of-use assets	$	69
Interest on lease liability		53
Total finance lease cost	$	122
Total lease cost	$	882

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases were as follows:

	Twelve months ended December 31, 2019
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	783
Operating cash flows from financing leases		53
Financing cash flows from financing leases		40
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:
Operating leases		1,019
Finance leases		0

Amounts recognized as right-of-use assets related to finance leases are included in fixed assets in the accompanying statement of financial position, while related lease liabilities are included in long-term debt. Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:

	December 31,
	2019
Assets:
Operating leases right-of-use assets	$	3,021
Finance leases assets		1,134
Total lease assets	$	4,155
Liabilities:
Operating	$	3,184
Financing		1,322
Total lease liabilities	$	4,506
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term (years)
Operating leases		5.6
Finance leases		24.2
Weighted Average Discount Rate
Operating leases		2.72	%
Finance leases		3.69	%

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At December 31, 2019, future minimum payments for financing leases and operating leases are payable as follows:

Year Ending December 31,	Operating Leases			Finance Leases
2020	$	767		$	74
2021		706			75
2022		545			75
2023		491			75
2024		413			75
Thereafter		507			1,668
Total lease payments		3,429			2,042
Less imputed interest		(245	)		(720	)
Total	$	3,184		$	1,322

NOTE 7-Deposits

The composition of deposits as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 is shown below.

	December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2019		2018
Noninterest bearing demand	$	273,968	$	252,777
Interest bearing demand		174,248		156,858
Money market		513,948		535,454
Savings		85,489		85,415
Time deposits less than $100		303,527		271,794
Time deposits $100 to $250		175,477		144,866
Time deposits $250 or more		63,907		48,116
Total deposits	$	1,590,564	$	1,495,280

Included above in time deposits less than $100,000 are brokered time deposits in the amount of $10,199,000 and $10,299,000 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Included above in time deposits $100,000 to $250,000 are brokered time deposits in the amount of $1,317,000 and $1,035,000 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

The deposits from members of the board of directors, executive officers, principal shareholders and any affiliates of such persons were $5,430,000 at December 31, 2019 and $4,162,000 at December 31, 2018.

The following table presents scheduled maturities of time deposits by year as of December 31, 2019.

(dollars in thousands)	2019
2020	$	290,035
2021		184,828
2022		41,460
2023		19,994
2024		6,023
Thereafter		571
Total time deposits	$	542,911

Demand deposit overdrafts reclassified as loans were $86,000 and $116,000 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

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NOTE 8-Short-term Borrowings and Long-term Debt

The schedule below provides a summary of short-term borrowings that consist of securities sold under agreements to repurchase, federal funds purchased and other borrowings. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase are overnight borrowings between PeoplesBank and its commercial depositors and are subject to daily repricing. Federal Funds purchased from correspondent banks mature in one business day and reprice daily based on the Federal Funds rate. As of December 31, 2019, PeoplesBank’s total availability under Federal Funds lines was $13,000,000. Other short-term borrowings consist of credit available through the Federal Home Loan Bank of Pittsburgh (FHLBP). PeoplesBank maintains a line-of-credit (Open Repo Plus) with the FHLBP which is a revolving term commitment used on an overnight basis. The term of this commitment may not exceed 364 days and it reprices daily at market rates. Under terms of a blanket collateral agreement with the FHLBP, the line-of-credit and long term advances are secured by FHLBP stock and qualifying real estate secured loans. As of December 31, 2019, PeoplesBank’s total availability was $445,066,800 with the FHLBP.

The Corporation maintains a $3,000,000 line of credit with ACNB Bank to provide a source of liquidity. The line, renewable annually, is secured by a first lien on the Codorus Valley Corporate Center. The interest rate on the ACNB Bank line is Wall Street Journal Prime. No draws have been made on the line and on December 31, 2019 and 2018, the balance was zero.

The following table presents a summary of aggregate short-term borrowings as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.

	2019						2018						2017
				Other						Other						Other
	Repurchase			Short-term			Repurchase			Short-term			Repurchase			Short-term
(dollars in thousands)	agreements			borrowings			agreements			borrowings			agreements			borrowings
Amount outstanding at end of year	$	7,925		$	0		$	7,022		$	0		$	10,295		$	10,200
Weighted average interest rate at end of year		0.53	%		0	%		0.52	%		0	%		0.56	%		1.55	%
Maximum amount outstanding at any month-end	$	9,986		$	0		$	12,964		$	15,000		$	28,596		$	30,000
Daily average amount outstanding	$	7,891		$	1		$	9,911		$	193		$	22,078		$	16,910
Approximate weighted average interest rate for the year		0.54	%		1.97	%		0.56	%		1.86	%		0.56	%		1.14	%

Securities that serve as collateral for securities sold under agreements to repurchase and pledged to provide access to the Federal Reserve Bank Discount Window and other short-term borrowing remain in available-for-sale securities. The fair value of these securities was $11,117,000 and $9,768,000 on December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

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The following table presents a summary of long-term debt as of December 31, 2019 and 2018: 

	December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2019		2018
PeoplesBank’s obligations:
FHLBP
Due April 2019, 1.64%		0		10,000
Due June 2019, 1.64%		0		5,000
Due June 2019, 2.10%		0		5,000
Due December 2019, 1.89%		0		15,000
Due March 2020, 1.86%		10,000		10,000
Due June 2020, 1.87%		15,000		15,000
Due June 2020, 2.70%		10,000		10,000
Due June 2021, 2.81%		10,000		10,000
Due June 2021, 2.14%		15,000		15,000
Due May 2022, 2.93%		10,000		10,000
Total FHLBP		70,000		105,000
Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc. obligations:
Junior subordinated debt
Due 2034, 3.91%, floating rate based on 3 month
LIBOR plus 2.02%, callable quarterly		3,093		3,093
Due 2036, 3.53% floating rate based on 3 month
LIBOR plus 1.54%, callable quarterly		7,217		7,217
Total junior subordinate debt	$	10,310	$	10,310
Lease obligations included in long-term debt:
Finance lease liabilities		1,322		0
Total long-term debt	$	81,632	$	115,310

PeoplesBank’s long-term debt obligations to FHLBP are fixed rate instruments.

At December 31, 2019 and 2018, municipal deposit letters of credit issued by the FHLBP on behalf of PeoplesBank naming applicable municipalities as beneficiaries were $42,000,000. The letters of credit took the place of securities pledged to the municipalities for their deposits maintained at PeoplesBank.

In June 2006, Codorus Valley formed CVB Statutory Trust No. 2, a wholly-owned special purpose subsidiary whose sole purpose was to facilitate a pooled trust preferred debt issuance of $7,217,000. In November 2004, Codorus Valley formed CVB Statutory Trust No. 1 to facilitate a pooled trust preferred debt issuance of $3,093,000. The Corporation owns all of the common stock of these nonbank subsidiaries, and the debentures are the sole assets of the Trusts. The accounts of both Trusts are not consolidated for financial reporting purposes in accordance with FASB ASC 810. For regulatory capital purposes, all of the Corporation’s trust preferred securities qualified as Tier 1 capital for all reported periods. Trust preferred securities are subject to capital limitations under the FDIC’s risk-based capital guidelines. The Corporation used the net proceeds from these offerings to fund its operations.

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The following table presents long-term debt maturities by year as of December 31, 2019. 

(dollars in thousands)	2019
2020	$	35,074
2021		25,075
2022		10,075
2023		0
2024		0
Thereafter		11,408
Total long-term debt	$	81,632

NOTE 9-Regulatory Matters

The Corporation is subject to restrictions on the payment of dividends to its shareholders pursuant to the Pennsylvania Business Corporation Law of 1988, as amended (“BCL”). The BCL prohibits dividend payments if such payment would render the Corporation insolvent or result in negative net worth. Federal and state banking regulations place certain restrictions on dividends paid and loans or advances made by PeoplesBank to the Corporation. The amount of total dividends, which may be paid at any date, is generally limited to the retained earnings of PeoplesBank. Furthermore, dividend payments would be prohibited if the effect thereof would cause PeoplesBank’s capital to be reduced below applicable minimum capital requirements as discussed below. Loans and advances by PeoplesBank to affiliates, including the Corporation, are limited to 10 percent of PeoplesBank’s capital stock and contributed capital on a secured basis.

The Corporation and PeoplesBank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can result in certain mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if imposed, could have a material effect on the Corporation’s financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Corporation and PeoplesBank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators.

On July 2, 2013, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System finalized its rule implementing the Basel III regulatory capital framework, which the FDIC adopted on July 9, 2013. Under the rule, minimum requirements increased both the quantity and quality of capital held by banking organizations. Consistent with the Basel III framework, the rule included a new minimum ratio of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of 4.5 percent, and a common equity Tier 1 conservation buffer of 2.5 percent of risk-weighted assets, that applies to all supervised financial institutions, which was phased in over a four year period beginning January 1, 2016, with the full 2.5 percent required as of January 1, 2019. The rule also raised the minimum ratio of Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets from 4 percent to 6 percent, and includes a minimum leverage ratio of 4 percent for all banking organizations. The new rule also increased the risk weights for past-due loans, certain commercial real estate loans, and some equity exposures, and makes selected other changes in risk weights and credit conversion factors. The rule for smaller, less complex institutions, including the Corporation, took effect January 1, 2015.

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Quantitative measures established by regulators to ensure capital adequacy require the Corporation and PeoplesBank to maintain minimum ratios, as set forth below, to Total and Tier 1 capital as a percentage of risk-weighted assets, and of Tier 1 capital to quarter-to-date average assets (leverage ratio). In December 2019, PeoplesBank received the most recent notification from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which categorized PeoplesBank as “well capitalized”, as of September 30, 2019, under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. There are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes would change PeoplesBank’s well capitalized category. As of December 31, 2018, PeoplesBank was also categorized as “well capitalized”. 

						Minimum for					Well Capitalized
	Actual					Capital Adequacy (1)					Minimum (2)
(dollars in thousands)	Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio
Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc. (consolidated)
at December 31, 2019
Capital ratios:
Common Equity Tier 1	$	187,312		12.45	%	$	105,359		7.000	%	$	n/a		n/a	%
Tier 1 risk based		197,312		13.11			127,936		8.500			n/a		n/a
Total risk based		216,154		14.36			158,039		10.500			n/a		n/a
Leverage		197,312		10.55			74,820		4.00			n/a		n/a
at December 31, 2018
Capital ratios:
Common Equity Tier 1	$	178,656		12.15	%	$	93,708		6.375	%		$n/a		n/a	%
Tier 1 risk based		188,656		12.83			115,757		7.875			n/a		n/a
Total risk based		207,040		14.08			145,155		9.875			n/a		n/a
Leverage		188,656		10.46			72,119		4.00			n/a		n/a
PeoplesBank, A Codorus Valley Company
at December 31, 2019
Capital ratios:
Common Equity Tier 1	$	193,421		12.88	%	$	105,118		7.000	%	$	97,610		6.50	%
Tier 1 risk based		193,421		12.88			127,643		8.500			120,135		8.00
Total risk based		212,220		14.13			157,677		10.500			150,169		10.00
Leverage		193,421		10.36			74,673		4.00			93,341		5.00
at December 31, 2018
Capital ratios:
Common Equity Tier 1	$	184,420		12.58	%	$	93,466		6.375	%	$	95,298		6.50	%
Tier 1 risk based		184,420		12.58			115,457		7.875			117,290		8.00
Total risk based		202,757		13.83			144,780		9.875			146,613		10.00
Leverage		184,420		10.25			71,968		4.00			89,960		5.00

(1) Minimum Basel III capital adequacy requirements in order to avoid limitations on distributions, including dividend payments, and certain discretionary bonus payments to executive officers. Minimum amounts and ratios as of December 31, 2019 include the full phase in of the capital conservation buffer of 2.5 percent required by the Basel III framework. At December 31, 2018, the minimum amounts and ratios included the third year phase in of the capital conservation buffer of 1.875 percent required by the Basel III framework. The conservation buffer was phased in over a four year period beginning January 1, 2016, with the full 2.5 percent required as of January 1, 2019.

(2) To be “well capitalized” under the prompt corrective action provisions in the Basel III framework. “Well capitalized” applies to PeoplesBank only.

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NOTE 10-Shareholders’ Equity

Authorized Shares

At the May 15, 2018 annual shareholder meeting, the shareholders of the Corporation approved a change in the Articles of Incorporation to increase the number of authorized shares of common stock from 15,000,000 to 30,000,000.

Stock Dividend

Periodically, the Corporation distributes stock dividends on its common stock. The Corporation distributed 5 percent common stock dividends on December 10, 2019 and December 11, 2018, which resulted in the issuance of 463,193 and 447,092 additional common shares, respectively. All share and per share amounts are adjusted for stock dividends that are declared prior to the issuance of the consolidated financial statements.

Share Repurchase

The Corporation has a Share Repurchase Program, authorized in 2018, which permits the purchase of up to a maximum of 4.9 percent of the outstanding shares of the Corporation’s common stock at a price no greater than 150 percent of the latest quarterly published book value. In 2019, the Corporation’s Board of Directors approved to repurchase shares of its common stock in an aggregate amount of up to $5 million under the Share Repurchase Program. During the twelve months of 2019 the Corporation repurchased 222,594 shares at an average price of $22.43 for a total of $5,000,000.

NOTE 11- Benefit Plans

Defined Contribution Plan

PeoplesBank maintains a 401(k) savings and investment plan covering substantially all employees. Under the plan, employees can contribute a percentage of their compensation subject to certain limits based on federal tax law. In 2019, 2018, and 2017, PeoplesBank made 100 percent matching contributions up to the first 4 percent of each employee’s compensation contributed to the plan, and both the employee and employer contributions vest immediately. PeoplesBank’s expense for the 401(k) savings and investment plan was $676,000 for 2019, $590,000 for 2018, and $587,000 for 2017.

PeoplesBank established a supplemental defined contribution deferred compensation plan for one executive in 2019. Under the plan, PeoplesBank contributes a percentage of compensation to the executive. PeoplesBank’s expense for the defined contribution deferred compensation plan was $60,000 which includes interest of $3,000. The accrued liability for the defined contribution deferred compensation plan was $60,000 at December 31, 2019.

Supplemental Benefit Plans

PeoplesBank maintains supplemental retirement plans for selected executives. The expense associated with these plans was approximately $371,000 for 2019, $261,000 for 2018 and $256,000 for 2017. The accrued liability for the supplemental retirement plans was $4,264,000 at December 31, 2019 and $4,140,000 at December 31, 2018. Income earned from bank owned life insurance policies was used to finance the cost of supplemental benefit plans, and provide a tax-exempt return to PeoplesBank.

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Directors Post Retirement Split-dollar Life Insurance Benefit

PeoplesBank recorded net expense of $40,000 in 2019, $43,000 in 2018 and $39,000 in 2017, on bank owned life insurance policies with a post retirement split-dollar life insurance benefit. The accrued liability for the post retirement split-dollar benefit was $484,000 at December 31, 2019 and $444,000 at December 31, 2018.

Directors and Executives Deferred Compensation Plans

PeoplesBank established two new plans for deferred compensation related to directors and executives in 2019. Under the plans, the executive or director may defer a portion of their compensation in accordance with the terms of the plan. The accrued liability related to the directors deferred compensation plan was $29,000 at December 31, 2019 which includes interest expense of $600. The accrued liability related to the executive deferred compensation plan was $123,000 at December 31, 2019 which includes interest expense of $3,000.

NOTE 12-Stock-Based Compensation

FASB ASC Topic 718 requires that the fair value of equity awards granted to employees be recognized as compensation expense over the period during which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for such awards.

The following table presents information about the Corporation’s stock plans, adjusted for stock dividends distributed, as of December 31, 2019. 

		Number of	Number of	Number of shares
		shares	outstanding	available for future
Plan	Types of grants	reserved (1)	awards (1)	issuance (1)
	Stock options
	Stock appreciation rights
2007 Long Term Incentive	Restricted stock
Plan (07LTIP)	Stock awards	169,718	169,718 (2)	(3)
	Stock options
	Stock appreciation rights
2017 Long Term Incentive	Restricted stock
Plan (17LTIP)	Stock awards	377,671	66,278 (4)	311,393
2007 Employee Stock
Purchase Plan (ESPP)	Stock option	163,118	0	163,118
Employee Stock
Bonus Plan (ESBP)	Stock awards	21,117	0	21,117
(1) Shares/options are subject to adjustment in the event of specified changes in the Corporation’s capital structure.
(2) Amount includes 579 of unvested restricted stock.
(3) Plan expired on May 15, 2017.
(4) Amount includes 16,400 of unvested options and 34,387 of unvested restricted stock.

2007 Long-Term Incentive Plan (07LTIP) and 2017 Long-Term Incentive Plan (17LTIP)

Options awarded under these plans to date have been granted with an exercise price equal to the fair value of the stock on the grant date, a minimum vesting period of six months and an expiration period of ten years. Restricted awards are granted at fair value. 1,106, 1,098 and 954 restricted shares granted in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, vest 100% four years from the date of grant. All of the remaining restricted shares granted in 2019, 2018 and 2017 vest as follows: one-third at the end of the first year from the date of grant; one-third at the end of the second year from the date of grant; and one-third at the end of the third year from the date of grant. Restricted stock awards are participating securities but have no impact on basic EPS at December 31, 2019 and 2018. The plans also permit the granting of stock awards. Upon exercise and/or award, the Corporation has historically issued treasury stock, if available, and/or authorized, but unissued, common stock to satisfy the options/awards.

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The following table presents compensation expense and related tax benefits for stock option, restricted stock and stock awards recognized on the consolidated statement of income. 

(dollars in thousands)	2019			2018			2017
Compensation expense	$	603		$	634		$	693
Tax benefit		(127	)		(133	)		(243	)
Net income effect	$	476		$	501		$	450

The tax benefit shown in the preceding table is less than the benefit that would be calculated using the Corporation’s 21%, 21% and 35% statutory Federal tax rate for 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Under FASB ASC Topic 718, tax benefits are only recognized over the vesting period for options that ordinarily will generate a tax deduction when exercised (non-qualified stock options) and restricted stock awards.

The Corporation granted the following stock options, restricted stock and stock awards during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, as adjusted for stock dividends. 

	2019		2018		2017
Nonqualified stock options		0		17,924		17,085
Restricted stock		14,872		21,507		16,504
Stock award		6,195		7,766		9,065

The weighted average grant-date fair value and weighted average assumptions used to determine the fair value using the Black-Scholes valuation model for the stock options granted are presented below, as adjusted for stock dividends. There were no stock options granted in 2019.

	2018			2017
Fair value	$	5.27		$	5.75
Expected life (in years)		5.5			5.3
Risk-free interest rate		2.75	%		2.19	%
Expected volatility		25.55	%		24.82	%
Expected dividend yield		2.14	%		1.86	%

The expected life of the options was estimated based on historical behavior and represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding. The risk-free interest rate is the U.S. Treasury rate commensurate with the expected life of the options on the grant date. Volatility of the Corporation’s stock price was based on historical volatility for the period commensurate with the expected life of the options. Dividend yield was based on dividends for the most current year divided by the average market price for the most current year.

A summary of stock options activity from the option and stock incentive plans, adjusted for stock dividends distributed, is shown below.

			Weighted Average		Weighted Average	Aggregate
			Exercise Price		Remaining	Intrinsic Value
	Options			Per Share	Contractual Term		($000)
Outstanding at January 1, 2019	214,640		$	14.87	5.9 years	$	1,293
Granted	0			0.00
Exercised	(10,793	)		5.47
Cancelled/Forfeited	(2,817	)		24.36
Expired	0			0.00
Outstanding at December 31, 2019	201,030		$	15.25	5.0 years	$	1,610
Vested and exercisable at December 31, 2019	184,630		$	14.49	4.7 years	$	1,607

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The following table presents information about stock options exercised for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. 

(dollars in thousands)	2019		2018		2017
Total intrinsic value of options exercised	$	147	$	499	$	142
Cash received from options exercised	$	59	$	505	$	195
Tax deduction realized from options exercised	$	31	$	105	$	50

The following table presents information about non-vested options and restricted stock, adjusted for stock dividends distributed, for the year ended December 31, 2019. 

	Stock Options					Restricted Stock
				Weighted Average					Weighted Average
				Exercise Price					Grant Date
	Options			Per Share		Shares			Fair Value
Non-vested at January 1, 2019		36,750		$	22.90		39,176		$	23.28
Vested		(17,974	)		21.97		(16,243	)		22.51
Cancelled/Forfeited		(2,376	)		24.02		(2,841	)		22.30
Granted		0			0.00		14,872			22.51
Non-vested at December 31, 2019		16,400		$	23.76		34,964		$	23.40

As of December 31, 2019, total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested options and restricted stock was $598,000, of which $387,000 will be recognized in 2020, $159,000 will be recognized in 2021, $46,000 in 2022 and $6,000 in 2023 with a weighted average recognition period of 1.1 years. The unrecognized compensation expense does not include an estimate for forfeiture of stock awards. The Corporation recognizes forfeitures in the period in which the forfeiture occurs.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP)

Under the ESPP, eligible employees can purchase common stock of the Corporation at 85% of the fair market value of the stock at the beginning or end of the six-month offering period, whichever is lower. The ESPP is considered to be a compensatory plan. The following table presents information about the ESPP for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. 

	2019		2018		2017
ESPP shares purchased		13,127		10,607		10,732
Average purchase price per share (85% of market value)	$	18.602	$	20.620	$	23.330
Compensation expense recognized (in thousands)	$	62	$	63	$	59
Shares issued from treasury stock to satisfy the purchase of ESPP shares		8,373		2,509		2,772
Shares issued from authorized but unissued common stock to satisfy the purchase of ESPP shares		4,754		8,044		7,960

Employee Stock Bonus Plan (ESBP)

The ESBP is administered by the Compensation Committee which is comprised of non-employee members of the Corporation’s Board of Directors. Under the ESBP the Corporation may issue shares of its common stock to employees as performance based compensation. There were no shares of common stock issued under the ESBP in 2019, 2018 and 2017.

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NOTE 13-Income Taxes

The following table presents the provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.

(dollars in thousands)	2019			2018			2017
Current tax provision
Federal	$	5,013		$	4,648		$	6,151
State		607			568			466
Total current tax provision		5,620			5,216			6,617
Deferred tax expense (benefit)
Federal		(573	)		10			3,211
State		(22	)		(44	)		76
Total deferred tax expense (benefit)		(595	)		(34	)		3,287
Total tax provision	$	5,025		$	5,182		$	9,904

The differences between the effective income tax rate and the Federal statutory income tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 are shown below. 

	2019			2018			2017
Statutory tax rate		21.0	%		21.0	%		35.0	%
Increase (decrease) resulting from:
Tax-exempt interest income		(0.8	)		(1.2	)		(2.6	)
Bank owned life insurance income		(1.1	)		(0.8	)		(1.6	)
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit		2.0			2.0			1.6
Other, net		0.2			0.0			0.2
Change in enacted tax rate		0.0			0.0			12.6
Effective income tax rate		21.3	%		21.0	%		45.2	%

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act was signed into law reducing the federal tax rate to 21 percent beginning on January 1, 2018. The revaluation of net deferred tax assets as of December 22, 2017 resulted in $2,755,000 of additional tax expense on the date of enactment. The impact on the 2017 effective tax rate is shown in the table above.

Significant components of the Corporation’s net deferred tax asset, included in other assets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 are shown below. 

(dollars in thousands)	2019		2018
Deferred tax assets
Allowance for loan losses	$	4,955	$	4,508
Deferred compensation		1,214		1,138
Leasing		82		0
Low-income housing partnerships		28		57
Acquisition accounting adjustments		102		106
Net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities		0		592
Acquired net operating loss carryforwards		16		34
Other		65		92
Total deferred tax assets	$	6,462	$	6,527
Deferred tax liabilities
Deferred loan fees	$	718	$	842
Depreciation		505		446
Net unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities		348		0
Other		222		221
Total deferred tax liabilities	$	1,793	$	1,509
Net deferred tax assets	$	4,669	$	5,018

101

Based on the level of historical income projections for future taxable income over the periods in which the deferred tax assets are deductible, management believes that, as of December 31, 2019, it is more likely than not that the Corporation will realize the benefits of its deferred tax assets.

NOTE 14-Commitments

In the normal course of business, the Corporation is a party to various financial transactions that are not funded as of the balance sheet date. Off-balance sheet financial instruments, which enable PeoplesBank clients to meet their financing needs, are comprised mainly of commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. Standby letters of credit are written conditional commitments issued by PeoplesBank to guarantee the performance of a client to a third party. The credit and market risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending other loan commitments. To manage these risks, the Corporation uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments and requires collateral to support these letters of credit as deemed necessary. Management believes that the proceeds obtained through a liquidation of such collateral would be sufficient to cover the maximum potential amount of future payments required under the corresponding guarantees. The amount of the liability as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, for guarantees under standby letters of credit issued was considered not material by management. Normally, commitments to extend credit and letters of credit have fixed expiration dates or termination clauses, have specific rates and are for specific purposes. Many of the commitments are expected to expire without being extended; therefore, total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements.

A summary of outstanding commitments at December 31, 2019 and 2018 is shown below.

(dollars in thousands)	2019		2018
Commitments to grant loans
Fixed rate	$	32,511	$	22,995
Variable rate		29,869		15,027
Unfunded commitments of existing loans
Fixed rate	$	44,101	$	45,481
Variable rate		375,198		335,029
Standby letters of credit	$	17,253	$	23,737

NOTE 15-Contingent Liabilities

Periodically, the Corporation and its subsidiary, PeoplesBank, may be defendants in legal proceedings relating to the conduct of their banking business. Most of such legal proceedings are normal parts of the banking business and, in management’s opinion, do not materially affect the financial position or results of operations of the Corporation.

Note 16-Fair Value Measurements and Fair Values of Financial Instruments

The Corporation uses its best judgment in estimating the fair value of the Corporation’s assets and liabilities; however, there are inherent weaknesses in any estimation technique. Therefore, the fair value estimates herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that could be realized in sales transactions on the dates indicated. The estimated fair value amounts have been measured as of their respective period-ends and have not been re-evaluated or updated for purposes of these financial statements subsequent to those respective dates. As such, the estimated fair values subsequent to the respective reporting dates may be different than the amounts reported at each period-end.

102

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for an asset or liability in an orderly transaction (that is, not a forced liquidation or distressed sale) between market participants at the measurement date. GAAP establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the use of inputs used in valuation methodologies into the following three levels:

Level 1: Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices, unadjusted, for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. A quoted price in an active market provides the most reliable evidence of fair value and shall be used to measure fair value whenever available.

Level 2: Inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; or inputs to the valuation methodology that utilize model-based techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market.

Level 3: Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement; inputs to the valuation methodology that utilize model-based techniques for which significant assumptions are not observable in the market; or inputs to the valuation methodology that require significant management judgment or estimation, some of which may be internally developed.

Since management maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs when determining fair value, an asset’s or liability’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Management reviews and updates the fair value hierarchy classifications on a quarterly basis.

Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Securities Available for Sale

The fair values of investment securities were measured using information from a third-party pricing service. The pricing service uses quoted market prices on nationally recognized securities exchanges (Level 1), or matrix pricing (Level 2), which is a mathematical technique, used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted market prices for the specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted prices. At least annually, the Corporation reviews a random sample of the pricing information received from the third-party pricing service by comparing it to price quotes from third-party brokers. Historically, price deviations have been immaterial.

			Fair Value Measurements
			(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
			Quoted Prices in		Significant Other		Significant Other
			Active Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
(dollars in thousands)	Total		Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs
December 31, 2019
Securities available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury notes	$	9,953	$	9,953	$	0	$	0
U.S. agency		14,923		0		14,923		0
U.S. agency mortgage-backed, residential		108,155		0		108,155		0
State and municipal		26,644		0		26,644		0
December 31, 2018
Securities available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury notes	$	19,003	$	19,003	$	0	$	0
U.S. agency		15,063		0		15,063		0
U.S. agency mortgage-backed, residential		74,555		0		74,555		0
State and municipal		40,972		0		40,972		0

103

Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

Impaired Loans

Impaired loans are those that are accounted for under FASB ASC Topic 310, in which the Corporation has measured impairment generally based on the fair value of the loan’s collateral. Fair value is generally determined based upon independent third-party appraisals of the properties, or discounted cash flows based upon the expected proceeds. These loans are included as Level 3 fair values, based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements. At December 31, 2019, the fair value consists of impaired loan balances of $11,297,000, net of valuation allowances of $7,420,000 and charge-offs of $134,000, compared to impaired loan balances of $13,297,000, net of valuation allowances of $3,679,000 and charge-offs of $134,000, at December 31, 2018.

Foreclosed Real Estate

Other real estate property acquired through foreclosure is initially recorded at fair value of the property at the transfer date less estimated selling cost. Subsequently, other real estate owned is carried at the lower of its carrying value or the fair value less estimated selling cost. Fair value is usually determined based upon an independent third-party appraisal of the property or occasionally upon a recent sales offer. At December 31, 2019, the fair value of foreclosed real estate with a valuation allowance or write-down was $797,000 which is net of write-downs of $617,000. At December 31, 2018 there were no foreclosed real estate assets with a valuation allowance or write-down. 

			Fair Value Measurements
			(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
			Quoted Prices in				Significant Other
			Active Markets for		Significant Other		Unobservable
(dollars in thousands)		Total	Identical Assets		Observable Inputs		Inputs
December 31, 2019
Impaired loans	$	11,297	$	0	$	0	$	11,297
Foreclosed real estate		797		0		0		797
December 31, 2018
Impaired loans	$	13,297	$	0	$	0	$	13,297

104

The following table presents additional quantitative information about assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and for which the Corporation has utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair value: 

	Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
		Fair Value	Valuation	Unobservable		Weighted
(dollars in thousands)		Estimate	Techniques	Input	Range	Average
December 31, 2019
Impaired loans	$	5,991	Appraisal (1)	Appraisal adjustments (2)	15% - 55%	44	%
Impaired loans		5,306	Business asset valuation (3)	Business asset valuation adjustments (4)	10% - 73%	70	%
Foreclosed real estate		797	Appraisal (1)	Appraisal adjustments (2)	22% -22%	22	%
December 31, 2018
Impaired loans	$	5,257	Appraisal (1)	Appraisal adjustments (2)	15% - 50%	39	%
Impaired loans		8,040	Business asset valuation (3)	Business asset valuation adjustments (4)	10% - 53%	51	%

(1) Fair value is generally determined through independent appraisals which generally include various level 3 inputs that are not identifiable.

(2) Appraisal amounts may be adjusted downward by the Corporation’s management for qualitative factors such as economic conditions, and estimated liquidation expenses. The range of liquidation expenses and other adjustments are presented as a percent of the appraisal or financial statement book value.

(3) Fair value is generally determined through customer-provided financial statements.

(4) Business asset valuations may be adjusted downward by the Corporation’s mangement for qualitative factors such as economic conditions, and estimated liquidation expenses. The range of liquidation expenses and other adjustments are presented as a percent of the financial statement book value.

105 

The following presents the carrying amount and estimated fair value of the Corporation’s financial instruments as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.

					Fair Value Estimates
					(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
					Quoted Prices		Significant		Significant
					in Active		Other		Other
	Carrying		Estimated		Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
(dollars in thousands)	Amount		Fair Value		Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs
December 31, 2019
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	131,591	$	131,591	$	131,591	$	0	$	0
Securities available-for-sale		159,675		159,675		9,953		149,722		0
Restricted investment in bank stocks		4,551		4,551		0		4,551		0
Loans held for sale		11,803		12,460		0		12,460		0
Loans, net		1,484,069		1,472,772		0		0		1,472,772
Interest receivable		5,016		5,016		0		5,016		0
Mortgage servicing rights		965		1,047		0		0		1,047
Financial liabilities
Deposits	$	1,590,564	$	1,582,179	$	0	$	1,582,179	$	0
Short-term borrowings		7,925		7,925		0		7,925		0
Long-term debt (1)		80,310		79,579		0		70,486		9,093
Interest payable		842		842		0		842		0
Off-balance sheet instruments		0		0		0		0		0
December 31, 2018
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	96,782	$	96,782	$	96,782	$	0	$	0
Securities available-for-sale		149,593		149,593		19,003		130,590		0
Restricted investment in bank stocks		5,922		5,922		0		5,922		0
Loans held for sale		4,127		4,302		0		4,302		0
Loans, net		1,466,536		1,437,415		0		0		1,437,415
Interest receivable		5,552		5,552		0		5,552		0
Mortgage servicing rights		925		1,052		0		0		1,052
Financial liabilities
Deposits	$	1,495,280	$	1,479,997	$	0	$	1,479,997	$	0
Short-term borrowings		7,022		7,022		0		7,022		0
Long-term debt		115,310		112,406		0		104,332		8,074
Interest payable		836		836		0		836		0
Off-balance sheet instruments		0		0		0		0		0

(1) Excludes leases included in long-term debt.

106 

Note 17—Assets and Liabilities Subject to Offsetting

Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase 

PeoplesBank enters into agreements with clients in which it sells securities subject to an obligation to repurchase the same securities (“repurchase agreements”). The contractual maturity of the repurchase agreement is overnight and continues until either party terminates the agreement. These repurchase agreements are accounted for as a collateralized financing arrangement (i.e., secured borrowings) and not as a sale and subsequent repurchase of securities. The obligation to repurchase the securities is reflected as a liability (short-term borrowings) in the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements of condition, while the securities underlying the repurchase agreements are appropriately segregated for safekeeping purposes and remain in the respective securities asset accounts.

							Gross amounts Not Offset in
			Gross		Net Amounts		the Statements of Condition
	Gross		Amounts		of Liabilities		Financial Instruments
	Amounts of		Offset in the		Presented in		U.S Agency				Cash
	Recognized		Statements of		the Statements		mortgage-backed,				Collateral		Net
(dollars in thousands)	Liabilities		Condition		of Condition		residential		U.S. agency		Pledged		Amount
December 31, 2019
Repurchase Agreements	$	7,925	$	0	$	7,925	$	(9,601)	$	0	$	0	$	(1,676	)
December 31, 2018
Repurchase Agreements	$	7,022	$	0	$	7,022	$	(8,981)	$	0	$	0	$	(1,959	)

107 

Note 18-Condensed Financial Information-Parent Company Only

Condensed Balance Sheets

	December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2019		2018
Assets
Cash and due from banks	$	530	$	770
Investment in bank subsidiary		197,277		184,511
Investment in other subsidiaries		314		314
Premises and equipment, net		3,006		3,199
Other assets		436		510
Total assets	$	201,563	$	189,304
Liabilities
Long-term debt	$	10,310	$	10,310
Long-term debt with bank subsidiary		0		169
Other liabilities		85		79
Total liabilities		10,395		10,558
Shareholders’ equity		191,168		178,746
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	201,563	$	189,304

Condensed Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income

	Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2019		2018		2017
Income
Interest from investment securities	$	13	$	12	$	9
Dividends from bank subsidiary		4,940		4,650		3,580
Total income		4,953		4,662		3,589
Expense
Interest expense on long-term debt		433		415		320
Occupancy of premises, net		179		157		140
Other		355		414		419
Total expense		967		986		879
Income before applicable income tax benefit and undistributed earnings of subsidiaries		3,986		3,676		2,710
Applicable income tax benefit		231		326		416
Income before undistributed earnings of subsidiaries		4,217		4,002		3,126
Equity in undistributed earnings of bank subsidiary		14,430		15,540		8,878
Net income	$	18,647	$	19,542	$	12,004
Comprehensive income	$	22,182	$	18,274	$	12,337

108 

Note 18-Condensed Financial Information-Parent Company Only (continued)

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

	Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2019			2018			2017
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income	$	18,647		$	19,542		$	12,004
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operations:
Depreciation		207			197			202
Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries, net		(9,430	)		(15,540	)		(8,878	)
Other, net		747			840			730
Net cash provided by operating activities		10,171			5,039			4,058
Cash flows from investing activities
Return of investment in other subsidiary		0			0			3
Purchases of premises and equipment		(15	)		(146	)		0
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities		(15	)		(146	)		3
Cash flows from financing activities
Repayments of long-term debt		(169	)		(194	)		(186	)
Cash dividends paid to shareholders		(6,017	)		(5,539	)		(4,559	)
Treasury stock repurchased		(4,993	)		0			0
Net issuance of stock		796			1,114			751
Cash paid in lieu of fractional shares		(13	)		(19	)		(19	)
Net cash used in financing activities		(10,396	)		(4,638	)		(4,013	)
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents		(240	)		255			48
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year		770			515			467
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	$	530		$	770		$	515

109 

Note 19-Quarterly Results of Operations (Unaudited)

A summary of the quarterly results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 is shown below.

	2019										2018
	Quarter										Quarter
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)	Fourth			Third		Second		First			Fourth		Third		Second		First
Interest income	$	21,440		$	21,466	$	21,535	$	20,876		$	21,098	$	20,796	$	19,834	$	18,593
Interest expense		5,288			5,453		5,292		5,345			5,034		4,364		3,755		3,248
Net interest income		16,152			16,013		16,243		15,531			16,064		16,432		16,079		15,345
Provision for loan losses		200			0		1,200		1,050			900		1,300		300		200
Noninterest income		3,225			3,159		3,322		3,009			2,972		2,872		2,985		2,774
Net gain on sales of loans held for sale		357			312		319		218			275		435		558		443
Noninterest expense		13,813			12,851		12,504		12,561			12,928		12,002		11,623		13,257
Income before taxes and securities gain		5,721			6,633		6,180		5,147			5,483		6,437		7,699		5,105
Net (loss) gain on sales of securities		(8	)		2		1		(4	)		0		0		0		0
Income before income taxes		5,713			6,635		6,181		5,143			5,483		6,437		7,699		5,105
Provision for income taxes		1,219			1,432		1,322		1,052			1,138		1,377		1,645		1,022
Net income	$	4,494		$	5,203	$	4,859	$	4,091		$	4,345	$	5,060	$	6,054	$	4,083
Net income per share, basic (1)	$	0.46		$	0.53	$	0.49	$	0.41		$	0.44	$	0.51	$	0.62	$	0.41
Net income per share, diluted (1)	$	0.46		$	0.52	$	0.49	$	0.41		$	0.44	$	0.51	$	0.61	$	0.40

(1) adjusted for common stock dividends distributed.

Item 9: Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure 

None.

Item 9A: Controls and Procedures

The Corporation maintains controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. Based upon their evaluation of those controls and procedures required by paragraph (b) of Rule 13a-15 or Rule 15d-15 under the Exchange Act performed as of December 31, 2019, the Chief Executive and Chief Financial Officers of the Corporation concluded that the Corporation’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective. There was no change in the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2019 that materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting. A Report of Management’s Assessment of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting is located on page 60 of this Annual Report, and incorporated herein by reference.

The Chief Executive and Chief Financial Officers are not aware of any changes in internal controls over financial reporting or in other factors that has materially affected these controls subsequent to December 31, 2019, the date of their evaluation.

Item 9B: Other information 

None.

110 

PART III

Item 10: Directors, executive officers and corporate governance

Information appearing in the Proxy Statement relating to the 2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 19, 2020 (“Proxy Statement”), under the heading, “Proposal 1-Election of Directors” and the caption “Information about Nominees and Continuing Directors,” under the heading “Information Concerning Security Ownership” and the caption “Executive Officers,” and under the heading “Governance of the Corporation” is incorporated by reference in response to this item.

The Corporation has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (“Code of Ethics”) as defined in Item 406 of Regulation S-K. The Code of Ethics is also accessible on PeoplesBank’s website at www.peoplesbanknet.com. Select “Investor Relations” at the bottom of the page and then select “Governance Documents”.

Information appearing in the Proxy Statement, under the heading “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” is incorporated by reference in response to this item.

Item 11: Executive compensation

Information appearing in the Proxy Statement, under the captions “Executive Compensation”, “Director Compensation” and “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation” is incorporated by reference in response to this item.

Item 12: Security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management and related shareholder matters

Information appearing on page 26 of this report under the caption “Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans” and in the Proxy Statement, under the caption “Information Concerning Security Ownership” is incorporated by reference in response to this item.

Item 13: Certain relationships and related transactions, and director independence

Information appearing in the Proxy Statement, under the captions “Related Person Transactions and Policies” and “Governance of the Corporation” is incorporated by reference in response to this item.

Item 14: Principal accounting fees and services

Information appearing in the Proxy Statement, under the caption “Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm,” is incorporated by reference in response to this item.

111

PART IV

Item 15: Exhibits and financial statement schedules

(a) Documents filed as part of this Form 10-K report.

1. Financial Statements

The following consolidated statements of Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc. are incorporated by reference to Part II, Item 8 hereof:

Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Consolidated Balance Sheets

Consolidated Statements of Income

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Financial Statement Schedules

Required financial statement schedules are omitted. This information is either not applicable, not required or is shown in the respective financial statements or in the notes thereto.

3. Exhibits filed as part of 10-K pursuant to Item 601 of Regulation S-K.

See Exhibit Index.

112

Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc. (Registrant)

/s/ Larry J. Miller
Larry J. Miller, Chairman,	Date: March 11, 2020
President and Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature and Capacity

/s/ Larry J. Miller	President, Chief Executive Officer,	3/11/2020
Larry J. Miller	Chairman of the Board of
(Principal Executive Officer)	Directors and Director
	Vice-Chairman of the Board of
Harry R. Swift, Esq.	Directors and Lead Director
	Director
Sarah M. Brown
/s/ Brian D. Brunner	Director	3/11/2020
Brian D. Brunner
/s/ Cynthia A. Dotzel	Director	3/11/2020
Cynthia A. Dotzel, CPA
/s/ John W. Giambalvo	Director	3/11/2020
John W. Giambalvo, Esq.
/s/ Jeffrey R. Hines	Director	3/11/2020
Jeffrey R. Hines, P.E.
/s/ MacGregor S. Jones	Director	3/11/2020
MacGregor S. Jones
/s/ Craig L. Kauffman	Director	3/11/2020
Craig L. Kauffman
	Director
J. Rodney Messick
/s/ Dallas L. Smith	Director	3/11/2020
Dallas L. Smith
/s/ Larry D. Pickett	Treasurer	3/11/2020
Larry D. Pickett, CPA
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

113

Exhibit Index

Exhibit
Number	Description of Exhibit
3.1	Amended Articles of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for June 30, 2018, filed with the Commission on August 6, 2018)
3.2	Amended By-laws (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on January 12, 2016)
4.(vi)	Description of registrant’s securities – filed herewith
10.1	Employment Agreement between Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc., PeoplesBank, A Codorus Valley Company and Larry J. Miller, dated December 27, 2005 and amendment dated August 9, 2011(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for December 31, 2015, filed with the Commission on March 8, 2016) and second amendment dated March 8, 2016 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on March 8, 2016) *
10.2	Change of Control Agreement by and among Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc., PeoplesBank, A Codorus Valley Company and Larry D. Pickett, dated August 9, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on August 9, 2018)*
10.3	2001 Employee Stock Bonus Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 of Registration Statement No. 333-68410 on Form S-8, filed with the Commission on August 27, 2001) *
10.4	Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Registration Statement No. 333-179179 on Form S-3D, filed with the Commission on January 26, 2012)
10.5	Salary Continuation Agreement between PeoplesBank, A Codorus Valley Company and Larry J. Miller dated October 1, 1998 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for December 31, 2014, filed with the Commission on March 10, 2015)
10.6	Salary Continuation Agreement between PeoplesBank, A Codorus Valley Company and Harry R. Swift dated October 1, 1998 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for December 31, 2014, filed with the Commission on March 10, 2015) *
10.7	Amendment to Salary Continuation Agreement between PeoplesBank, A Codorus Valley Company and Larry J. Miller dated December 27, 2005 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 of the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for December 31, 2014, filed with the Commission on March 10, 2015) *

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10.8	Amendment to Salary Continuation Agreement between PeoplesBank, A Codorus Valley Company and Harry R. Swift dated December 27, 2005 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 of the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for December 31, 2014, filed with the Commission on March 10, 2015) *
10.9	Second Amendment to Salary Continuation Agreement between PeoplesBank, A Codorus  Valley Company and Larry J. Miller dated December 23, 2008 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 of the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for December 31, 2014, filed with the Commission on March 10, 2015) *
10.10	Second Amendment to Salary Continuation Agreement between PeoplesBank, A Codorus Valley Company and Harry R. Swift dated December 23, 2008 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 of the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for December 31, 2014, filed with the Commission on March 10, 2015) *
10.11	Third Amendment to Salary Continuation Agreement between PeoplesBank, A Codorus  Valley Company and Larry J. Miller dated May 10, 2016 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 16, 2016) *
10.12	Form of Group Term Replacement Plan, dated January 1, 2009 pertaining to senior officers of the Corporation’s subsidiary, PeoplesBank, A Codorus Valley Company (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 of the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for December 31, 2014, filed with the Commission on March 10, 2015) *
10.13	Form of Director Group Term Replacement Plan, dated December 1, 1998, including Split Dollar Policy Endorsements pertaining to non-employee directors of the Corporation’s subsidiary, PeoplesBank, A Codorus Valley Company (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 of the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for December 31, 2014, filed with the Commission on March 10, 2015) *
10.14	Long-Term Nursing Care Agreement between Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc., PeoplesBank, A Codorus Valley Company and Larry J. Miller, dated December 27, 2005 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 of the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for December 31, 2015, filed with the Commission on March 8, 2016) *
10.15	Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc. Change in Control and Supplemental Benefit Trust Agreement between Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc., PeoplesBank, A Codorus Valley Company and Hershey Trust Company, dated January 25, 2006 and Resignation and Appointment of Trustee (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 of the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for December 31, 2015, filed with the Commission on March 8, 2016) *
10.16	Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust of CVB Statutory Trust No. 2, dated as of June 28, 2006, among Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc., as sponsor, the Delaware and institutional trustee named therein, and the administrators named therein (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on June 30, 2006)

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10.17	Indenture, dated as of June 28, 2006, between Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc., as issuer, and the trustee named therein, relating to the Junior Subordinated Debt Securities due 2036 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on June 30, 2006)
10.18	Guarantee Agreement, dated as of June 28, 2006, between Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc. and guarantee trustee named therein (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on June 30, 2006)
10.19	2007 Long-Term Incentive Plan of Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit A of the Registrant’s definitive proxy statement, dated April 6, 2012) *
10.20	2007 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit B of the Registrant’s definitive proxy statement, dated April 6, 2012) *
10.21	Executive Incentive Plan – filed herewith *
10.22	Form of Change of Control Agreement dated June 23, 2016 by and among Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc., PeoplesBank, A Codorus Valley Company and each of Diane E. Baker and Amy L. Doll (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Commission on June 28, 2016)
10.23	Employment Agreement by and among Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc., PeoplesBank, A Codorus Valley Company and Craig L. Kauffman, dated August 6, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on August 16, 2018)*
10.24	Change of Control Agreement by and among Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc., PeoplesBank, A Codorus Valley Company and Matthew A. Clemens, dated July 14, 2016 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Commission on March, 15, 2017) *
10.25	Salary Continuation Agreement between PeoplesBank, A Codorus Valley Company and Matthew A. Clemens, dated October 1, 2002 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Commission on March 15, 2017) *
10.26	Amendment to Salary Continuation Agreement between PeoplesBank, A Codorus Valley Company and Matthew A. Clemens, dated December 27, 2005 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Commission on March 15, 2017) *
10.27	Second Amendment to Salary Continuation Agreement between PeoplesBank, A Codorus Valley Company and Matthew A. Clemens, dated December 23, 2008 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Commission on March 15, 2017) *

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10.28	Third Amendment to Salary Continuation Agreement between PeoplesBank, A Codorus Valley Company and Matthew A. Clemens, dated March 11, 2014 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.33 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Commission on March 15, 2017) *
10.29	2017 Long Term Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Registration Statement No. 333-218031 on Form S-8, filed with the Commission on May 16, 2017) *
10.30	Change of Control Agreement by and among Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc., PeoplesBank, A Codorus Valley Company and Timothy J. Nieman, dated February 5, 2018 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.35 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Commission on March 13, 2018) *
10.31	Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan by and among Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc., PeoplesBank, A Codorus Valley Company and Diane Baker, dated January 29, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 4, 2019)*
10.32	Bank Contribution Deferred Compensation Agreement by and among Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc., PeoplesBank, A Codorus Valley Company and Craig L. Kauffman, dated February 21, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 27, 2019)*
10.33	Elective Deferred Compensation Plan, dated February 21, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 27, 2019)*
14	Code of Ethics, dated March 13, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 14 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Commission on March 15, 2019)
21	List of subsidiaries of Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc. – filed herewith.
23	Consents of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm – filed herewith.
24	Power of Attorney – filed herewith.
31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 – filed herewith
31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 – filed herewith
32	Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 – filed herewith

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Interactive data file containing the following financial statements of Codorus Valley Bancorp, Inc. formatted in XBRL: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2019 and 2018, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, (v) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – filed herewith.

* Management contract or compensation plan or arrangement required to be filed or  incorporated as an exhibit. Portions of this exhibit which are not material have been omitted because they would likely cause competitive harm to the registrant if publicly disclosed.

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