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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
12 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2014
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
(a) Description of the Business
Airgas, Inc., together with its subsidiaries (“Airgas” or the “Company”), became a publicly traded company on the New York Stock Exchange in 1986. Since its inception, the Company has made nearly 450 acquisitions to become one of the nation’s leading suppliers of industrial, medical and specialty gases, and hardgoods, such as welding equipment and related products. Airgas is a leading U.S. producer of atmospheric gases, carbon dioxide, dry ice and nitrous oxide, one of the largest U.S. suppliers of safety products, and a leading U.S. supplier of refrigerants, ammonia products and process chemicals. The Company markets its products and services through multiple sales channels, including branch-based sales representatives, retail stores, strategic customer account programs, telesales, catalogs, e-Business and independent distributors. More than 16,000 employees work in approximately 1,100 locations, including branches, retail stores, gas fill plants, specialty gas labs, production facilities and distribution centers.
(b) Basis of Presentation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Airgas, Inc. and its subsidiaries. Intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.
The Company has made estimates and assumptions relating to the reporting of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities to prepare these consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). Estimates are used for, but not limited to, determining the net carrying value of trade receivables, inventories, plant and equipment, goodwill, other intangible assets, asset retirement obligations, business and health insurance reserves, loss contingencies and deferred tax assets. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
(c) Reclassifications and Prior Year Adjustments
The Company reclassified $15.0 million out of selling, distribution and administrative expenses into cost of products sold (excluding depreciation) for the year ended March 31, 2013, to correct an error in the prior year classification. Consolidated operating income and net earnings for the year ended March 31, 2013 were not impacted by the correction, and the amount is not material to either of the impacted line items in the Company’s consolidated statement of earnings for the year ended March 31, 2013.
(d) Cash and Cash Overdraft
On a daily basis, available funds are swept from depository accounts into a concentration account and used to repay borrowings under the Company’s commercial paper program. Cash principally represents the balance of customer checks that have not yet cleared through the banking system and become available to be swept into the concentration account, and deposits made subsequent to the daily cash sweep. The Company does not fund its disbursement accounts for checks it has written until the checks are presented to the bank for payment. Cash overdrafts represent the balance of outstanding checks and are classified with other current liabilities. There are no compensating balance requirements or other restrictions on the transfer of cash associated with the Company’s depository accounts.
(e) Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts, which includes sales returns, sales allowances and bad debts. The allowance adjusts the carrying value of trade receivables for the estimate of accounts that will ultimately not be collected. An allowance for doubtful accounts is generally established as trade receivables age beyond their due dates, whether as bad debts or as sales returns and allowances. As past due balances age, higher valuation allowances are established, thereby lowering the net carrying value of receivables. The amount of valuation allowance established for each past-due period reflects the Company’s historical collections experience, including that related to sales returns and allowances, as well as current economic conditions and trends. The Company also qualitatively establishes valuation allowances for specific problem accounts and bankruptcies, and other accounts that the Company deems relevant for specifically identified allowances. The amounts ultimately collected on past due trade receivables are subject to numerous factors including general economic conditions, the condition of the receivable portfolios assumed in acquisitions, the financial condition of individual customers and the terms of reorganization for accounts exiting bankruptcy. Changes in these conditions impact the Company’s collection experience and may result in the recognition of higher or lower valuation allowances.  
(f) Inventories
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) and average-cost methods. Substantially all of the inventories are finished goods.
(g) Plant and Equipment
Plant and equipment are initially stated at cost. Long-lived assets, including plant and equipment, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the recorded values cannot be recovered from the undiscounted future cash flows. For impairment testing purposes, long-lived assets are grouped with other assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which independent identifiable cash flows are determinable. When the book value of an asset or group of assets exceeds the associated undiscounted expected future cash flows, it is considered to be potentially impaired and is written down to fair value, which is determined based on either discounted future cash flows or appraised values. The Company also leases property, plant and equipment, principally under operating leases. Rent expense for operating leases, which may have escalating rentals or rent holidays, is recorded on a straight-line basis over the respective lease terms.
The Company determines depreciation expense using the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of the related assets. The Company uses accelerated depreciation methods for tax purposes where appropriate. Depreciation expense is recognized on the Company’s plant and equipment in the consolidated statement of earnings line item “Depreciation.”
The Company capitalizes the interest cost associated with the development and construction of significant new plant and equipment and depreciates that amount over the lives of the related assets. Capitalized interest recorded for construction in progress during each of the years in the three-year period ended March 31, 2014 was not material.
(h) Computer Software
The Company capitalizes certain costs incurred to purchase or develop computer software for internal use. These costs include purchased software packages, payments to vendors and consultants for the development, implementation or modification of purchased software packages for Company use, payroll and related costs for employees associated with internal-use software projects, interest costs incurred in developing software for internal use, and software costs that allow for access or conversion of old data by new internal-use software. Capitalized computer software costs are included within plant and equipment on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and depreciated over the estimated useful life of the computer software, which is generally three to ten years.
(i) Goodwill, Other Intangible Assets and Deferred Financing Costs
Goodwill is an asset representing the future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired in a business combination that are not individually identified and separately recognized. The Company is required to test goodwill associated with each of its reporting units for impairment at least annually and whenever events or circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that goodwill may be impaired. The Company performs its annual goodwill impairment test as of October 31 of each year.
Other intangible assets primarily include non-competition agreements and customer relationships resulting from business acquisitions. Both non-competition agreements and customer relationships are recorded based on their acquisition date fair values. Non-competition agreements are amortized using the straight-line method over the respective terms of the agreements. Customer relationships are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, which range from seven to 25 years. The Company assesses the recoverability of other intangible assets by determining whether the carrying value of the intangible asset or asset group can be recovered through the projected undiscounted future cash flows of the related business unit. If the carrying value of an other intangible asset or asset group is not recoverable, impairment is measured as the amount by which the carrying value exceeds its estimated fair value. Fair value is determined using discounted cash flows or other techniques.
Financing costs related to the issuance of long-term debt are deferred and included in prepaid expenses and other current assets or in other non-current assets, depending upon the classification of the debt to which the costs relate. Deferred financing costs are amortized as interest expense over the term of the related debt instrument.
(j) Asset Retirement Obligations
The fair value of a liability for an asset retirement obligation is recognized in the period during which the asset is placed in service. The fair value of the liability is estimated using projected discounted cash flows. In subsequent periods, the retirement obligation is accreted to its future value, which is the estimate of the obligation at the asset retirement date. When the asset is placed in service, a corresponding retirement asset equal to the fair value of the retirement obligation is also recorded as part of the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset and depreciated over the asset’s useful life. The majority of the Company’s asset retirement obligations are related to the restoration costs associated with returning plant and bulk tank sites to their original condition upon termination of long-term leases or supply agreements. The Company’s asset retirement obligations totaled $19.0 million and $18.8 million at March 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, and are reflected within other non-current liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
(k) Nonretirement Postemployment Benefits
The Company has a severance plan covering its eligible employees. The benefit payable under the plan is attributable to employee services rendered with benefits that accumulate over time. When employees are entitled to severance benefits as part of a restructuring plan (see Note 22) and the benefits are part of an ongoing benefit arrangement, a liability and associated charge is recognized when payment of the severance benefits becomes probable and estimable.
(l) Commitments and Contingencies
Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from claims, assessments, litigation and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the claim, assessment or damages can be reasonably estimated.
The Company maintains business insurance programs with deductible limits, which cover workers’ compensation, business automobile and general liability claims. The Company accrues estimated losses using actuarial models and assumptions based on historical loss experience. The actuarial calculations used to estimate business insurance reserves are based on numerous assumptions, some of which are subjective. The Company will adjust its business insurance reserves, if necessary, in the event future loss experience differs from historical loss patterns.
The Company maintains a self-insured health benefits plan, which provides medical benefits to employees electing coverage under the plan. The Company maintains a reserve for incurred but not reported medical claims and claim development. The reserve is an estimate based on historical experience and other assumptions, some of which are subjective. The Company will adjust its self-insured medical benefits reserve as the Company’s loss experience changes due to medical inflation, changes in the number of plan participants and an aging employee base.
(m) Income Taxes
Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, and operating loss carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences and operating loss carryforwards are expected to be recovered, settled or utilized. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized.
The Company recognizes the benefit of an income tax position only if it is more likely than not (greater than 50%) that the tax position will be sustained upon tax examination, based solely on the technical merits of the tax position. Otherwise, no benefit is recognized. The tax benefits recognized are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Additionally, the Company accrues interest and related penalties, if applicable, on all tax exposures for which reserves have been established consistent with jurisdictional tax laws. Interest and penalties are classified as income tax expense in the consolidated statements of earnings.
(n) Foreign Currency Translation
The functional currency of the Company’s foreign operations is the applicable local currency. The translation of foreign currencies into U.S. dollars is performed for balance sheet accounts using current exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date and for revenue and expense accounts using average exchange rates during each reporting period. The gains or losses resulting from such translations are included in stockholders’ equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Gains and losses arising from foreign currency transactions are reflected in the consolidated statements of earnings as incurred.
(o) Concentrations of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of trade receivables. Concentrations of credit risk are limited due to the Company’s large number of customers and their dispersion across many industries primarily throughout North America. Credit terms granted to customers are generally net 30 days.
(p) Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
In managing exposure to changes in market interest rates, the Company may enter into interest rate swap agreements and treasury rate lock agreements. An interest rate swap is a contractual exchange of interest payments between two parties. A standard interest rate swap involves the payment of a fixed rate times a notional amount by one party in exchange for receiving a floating rate times the same notional amount from the other party. As interest rates change, the difference to be paid or received is accrued and recognized as interest expense or income over the life of the agreement. Treasury rate lock agreements are used to fix the interest rate related to forecasted debt issuances. Interest rate swap and treasury rate lock agreements are not entered into for trading purposes.
Historically, when the Company has held outstanding derivative instruments, the counterparties to the Company’s interest rate contracts were major financial institutions. The Company has recognized derivative instruments on the balance sheet at fair value. The interest rate contracts were designated as hedges and recorded at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in either accumulated other comprehensive income or in the carrying value of the hedged portions of fixed-rate debt, as applicable. Gains and losses on derivative instruments representing hedge ineffectiveness were recognized in current earnings.
(q) Revenue Recognition
Revenue from sales of gases and hardgoods products is recognized when the product is shipped, the sales price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. Rental fees on cylinders, cryogenic liquid containers, bulk gas storage tanks and other equipment are recognized when earned. For contracts that contain multiple deliverables, principally product supply agreements for gases and container rental, revenue is recognized for each deliverable as a separate unit of accounting, with selling prices derived from Company specific or third-party evidence. For cylinder lease agreements in which rental fees are collected in advance, revenues are deferred and recognized over the respective terms of the lease agreements. Amounts billed for sales tax, value added tax or other transactional taxes imposed on revenue-producing transactions are presented on a net basis and are not recognized as revenue.
(r) Cost of Products Sold (Excluding Depreciation)
Cost of products sold (excluding depreciation) for the Distribution business segment includes the cost of direct materials, freight-in and maintenance costs associated with cylinders, cryogenic liquid containers and bulk tanks. Cost of products sold (excluding depreciation) related to gases produced by the Company’s air separation facilities includes direct manufacturing expenses, such as direct labor, power and overhead.
Cost of products sold (excluding depreciation) for the All Other Operations business segment principally consists of direct material costs, freight-in and direct manufacturing expenses, such as direct labor, power and overhead.
(s) Selling, Distribution and Administrative Expenses
Selling, distribution and administrative expenses consist of labor and overhead associated with the purchasing, marketing and distribution of the Company’s products, as well as costs associated with a variety of administrative functions such as legal, treasury, accounting and tax, and facility-related expenses.
(t) Shipping and Handling Fees and Distribution Costs
The Company recognizes delivery and freight charges to customers as elements of net sales. Costs of third-party freight-in are recognized as cost of products sold (excluding depreciation). The majority of the costs associated with the distribution of the Company’s products, which include labor and overhead associated with filling, warehousing and delivery by Company and third-party vehicles, are reflected in selling, distribution and administrative expenses and were $850 million, $841 million and $797 million for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The Company conducts multiple operations out of the same facilities and does not allocate facility-related expenses to each operational function. Accordingly, there is no facility-related expense in the distribution costs disclosed above. Depreciation expense associated with the Company’s delivery fleet of $32 million, $30 million and $27 million was recognized in depreciation for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively.
(u) Stock-based Compensation
The Company grants stock-based compensation awards in connection with its equity incentive and employee stock purchase plans. Stock-based compensation expense is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the stated vesting period for each award, with accelerated vesting for retirement-eligible employees in accordance with the provisions of the equity incentive plan. See Note 13 for additional disclosures relating to stock-based compensation.