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Intangible Assets and Goodwill
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Intangible Assets and Goodwill Intangible Assets and Goodwill
All intangible assets determined to have finite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives. The useful life of an intangible asset is the period over which the asset is expected to contribute directly or indirectly to future cash flows. The $98.5 million of other intangibles, net recorded in the consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2023 includes $31.6 million of indefinite lived trade name intangible assets, not subject to amortization, along with $66.9 million finite lived intangible assets, net. There was no change in the gross amount of identifiable intangible assets during the twelve months ended December 31, 2023.

Amortization expense of $5.2 million, $3.7 million and $2.4 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, was included in depreciation and amortization in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
Intangible assets subject to amortization consisted of the following at December 31, 2023 and 2022:

2023
Amortization period (years)Gross AmountAccumulated AmortizationNet finite intangible assets
(in thousands)
Customer relationships15-20$75,836 $12,637 $63,199 
Tradename0.5-1012,900 10,180 2,720 
Covenants not to compete1-105,839 4,845 994 
$94,575 $27,662 $66,913 
2022
Amortization period (years)Gross AmountAccumulated AmortizationNet finite intangible assets
(in thousands)
Customer relationships15-20$75,836 $8,441 $67,395 
Tradename0.5-1012,900 9,700 3,200 
Covenants not to compete1-105,839 4,357 1,482 
$94,575 $22,498 $72,077 


Change in carrying amount of goodwill:
Goodwill(in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2022$320,675 
Purchase accounting1,922 
Balance at December 31, 2023$322,597 


Future amortization expense for intangible assets is estimated at $5.0 million for 2024, $5.0 million for 2025, $5.0 million for 2026, $5.0 million for 2027, and $4.9 million for 2028.