Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

First Citizens BancShares, Inc. (BancShares) is a financial holding company organized under the laws of Delaware and conducts operations through its banking subsidiary, First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company (FCB), which is headquartered in Raleigh, North Carolina.

FCB operates 545 branches in Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia and Wisconsin. FCB provides full-service banking services designed to meet the needs of retail and commercial customers in the markets in which they operate. The services provided include transaction and savings deposit accounts, commercial and consumer loans, trust and asset management. Investment services, including sales of annuities and third party mutual funds are offered through First Citizens Investor Services, Inc. (FCIS), title insurance is offered through Neuse Financial Services, Inc., and investment advisory services are provided through First Citizens Asset Management, Inc. (FCAM).

Principles of Consolidation and Segment Reporting

The accounting and reporting policies of BancShares and its subsidiaries are in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). Additionally, where applicable, BancShares' policies conform to the accounting and reporting guidelines prescribed by bank regulatory authorities.

The consolidated financial statements of BancShares include the accounts of BancShares and its subsidiaries that are majority or wholly-owned, certain partnership interests, and variable interest entities. All material wholly-owned and majority-owned subsidiaries are consolidated unless GAAP requires otherwise. In consolidation, all significant intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated. The results of operations of companies or assets acquired are included only from the dates of acquisition. BancShares operates with centralized management and combined reporting, thus BancShares operates as one consolidated reportable segment.

FCB has investments in certain partnerships and limited liability entities primarily for the purposes of fulfilling Community Reinvestment Act requirements and/or obtaining tax credits. These entities have been evaluated and determined to be variable interest entities (VIEs). VIEs are legal entities in which equity investors do not have sufficient equity at risk for the entity to independently finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or, as a group, the holders of the equity investment at risk lack the power through voting or similar rights to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact its economic performance, or do not have the obligation to absorb the expected losses of the entity or the right to receive expected residual returns of the entity. Consolidation of a VIE is considered appropriate if a reporting entity holds a controlling financial interest in the VIE. Management concluded that FCB is not the primary beneficiary and does not hold a controlling interest in the VIEs as it does not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIEs economic performance. Assets and liabilities of these entities are not consolidated into the financial statements of FCB or BancShares. The recorded investment in these entities is reported within other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Reclassifications

In certain instances, amounts reported in prior years' consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current financial statement presentation. Such reclassifications had no effect on previously reported cash flows, shareholders' equity or net income.

Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and different assumptions in the application of these policies could result in material changes in BancShares' consolidated financial position, the consolidated results of its operations or related disclosures. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change include:


•	Allowance for loan and lease losses;


•	Fair value of financial instruments, including acquired assets and assumed liabilities;


•	Pension plan assumptions;


•	Cash flow estimates on purchased credit-impaired (PCI) loans;


•	Goodwill and other intangible assets;


•	FDIC shared-loss receivable and payable; and


•	Income tax assets, liabilities and expense

Business Combinations

BancShares accounts for all business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. Under this method of accounting, acquired assets and assumed liabilities are included with the acquirer's accounts as of the date of acquisition, with any excess of purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired recognized as either finite lived intangibles or capitalized as goodwill. In addition, acquisition-related costs and restructuring costs are recognized as period expenses as incurred. See Note B for additional information regarding Business Combinations.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash and due from banks, interest-bearing deposits with banks and federal funds sold. Cash and cash equivalents have initial maturities of three months or less. The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents approximates its fair value due to its short-term nature.

Investment Securities

BancShares classifies marketable investment securities as held to maturity, available for sale or trading. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, BancShares had no investment securities held for trading purposes. Interest income and dividends on securities are recognized in interest income on an accrual basis. Premiums and discounts on debt securities are amortized as an adjustment to interest income using the interest method.

Debt securities are classified as held to maturity where BancShares has both the intent and ability to hold the securities to maturity. These securities are reported at amortized cost.

Investment securities that may be sold to meet liquidity needs arising from unanticipated deposit and loan fluctuations, changes in regulatory capital requirements or unforeseen changes in market conditions, are classified as available for sale. Securities available for sale are reported at estimated fair value, with unrealized gains and losses reported in accumulated other comprehensive income or loss, net of deferred income taxes, in the shareholders' equity section of the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Gains or losses realized from the sale of securities available for sale are determined by specific identification on a trade date basis and are included in noninterest income.

BancShares evaluates each held to maturity and available for sale security in a loss position for other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) at least quarterly. BancShares considers such factors as the length of time and the extent to which the market value has been below amortized cost, long term expectations and recent experience regarding principal and interest payments, BancShares' intent to sell, and whether it is more likely than not that it would be required to sell those securities before the anticipated recovery of the amortized cost basis. The credit component of an OTTI loss is recognized in earnings and the non-credit component is recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income in situations where BancShares does not intend to sell the security, and it is more likely than not that BancShares will not be required to sell the security prior to recovery.

Non-marketable Securities

Federal law requires a member institution of the Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) system to purchase and hold restricted stock of its district FHLB according to a predetermined formula. This stock is restricted in that it may only be sold to the FHLB and all sales must be at par. Accordingly, the FHLB restricted stock is carried at cost, less any applicable impairment charges.

Non-marketable securities are periodically evaluated for impairment. BancShares considers positive and negative evidence, including the profitability and asset quality of the issuer, dividend payment history and recent redemption experience when determining the ultimate recoverability of the recorded investment. Non-marketable securities are recorded within other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. FHLB and non-marketable securities were $53.0 million and $43.8 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Projects

BancShares and FCB have investments in certain partnerships and limited liability entities that typically include qualified affordable housing projects primarily for the purposes of fulfilling Community Reinvestment Act requirements and obtaining tax credits. These investments are accounted for using the proportional amortization method if certain conditions are met. Under the proportional amortization method, the initial cost of the investment is amortized in proportion to the tax credits and other tax benefits received and the net investment performance is recognized in the income statement as a component of income tax expense. All of the investments held in qualified affordable housing projects qualify for the proportional amortization method and were $128.0 million and $109.8 million at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, and are included in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Loans Held For Sale

BancShares elected to apply the fair value option for new originations of prime residential mortgage loans to be sold. BancShares elected the fair value option and accounts for the forward commitments used to economically hedge the loans held for sale at fair value. Gains and losses on sales of mortgage loans are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income in mortgage income. Origination fees collected are deferred and recorded in mortgage income in the period the corresponding loan is sold.

Loans and Leases

BancShares' accounting methods for loans and leases differ depending on whether they are purchased credit impaired (PCI) or non-PCI loans. All acquired loans are recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition.

Non-Purchased Credit Impaired (Non-PCI) Loans and Leases

Loans and leases for which management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future are classified as held for investment and carried at the principal amount outstanding net of any unearned income, charge-offs and unamortized fees and costs. Nonrefundable fees collected and certain direct costs incurred related to loan originations are deferred and recorded as an adjustment to loans and leases outstanding. The net amount of the nonrefundable fees and costs is amortized to interest income over the contractual lives using methods that approximate a constant yield.

Non-PCI loans include originated commercial, originated noncommercial, purchased non-credit impaired loans and leases and certain purchased revolving credit. Purchased non-credit impaired loans are acquired loans that do not reflect credit deterioration at acquisition. The difference between fair value and unpaid principal balance of the loan at the acquisition date is amortized or accreted to interest income over the estimated life of the loans using the effective interest method or on a straight-line basis for revolving credits.

Purchased Credit Impaired (PCI) Loans

PCI loans are recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition. No allowance for loan and lease losses is recorded on the acquisition date as the fair value of the acquired assets incorporates assumptions regarding credit risk.

PCI loans are evaluated at acquisition and where a discount is required at least in part due to credit, the loans are accounted for under the guidance in Accounting Standard Codification (ASC) 310-30, Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality. PCI loans reflect credit deterioration since origination such that it is probable at acquisition that BancShares will be unable to collect all contractually required payments. If the timing and amount of the future cash flows is reasonably estimable, any excess of cash flows expected at acquisition over the estimated fair value are recognized as interest income over the life of the loans using the effective yield method. Subsequent to the acquisition date, increases in cash flows over those expected at the acquisition date are recognized prospectively as interest income. Decreases in expected cash flows due to credit deterioration are recognized by recording an allowance for loan losses.

Impaired Loans, Troubled Debt Restructurings (TDR) and Nonperforming Assets

Management will deem non-PCI loans and leases to be impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that a borrower will be unable to pay all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Generally, management considers the following loans to be impaired: all TDR loans, commercial and consumer relationships which are nonaccrual or 90+ days past due and greater than $500,000 as well as any other loan management deems impaired. Non-PCI loans and leases $500,000 and greater are individually evaluated for impairment where as those less than $500,000 are collectively evaluated for impairment. When the ultimate collectability of an impaired loan's principal is doubtful, all cash receipts are applied to principal. Once the recorded principal balance has been reduced to zero, future cash receipts are applied first to all previously charged-off principal until fully collected, then to interest income, to the extent that any interest has been foregone.

A loan is considered a TDR when both of the following occur: (1) a modification to a borrower's debt agreement is made and (2) a concession is granted for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower's financial difficulties that otherwise would not be granted. TDRs are undertaken in order to improve the likelihood of collection on the loan and may result in a stated interest rate lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk, other modifications to the structure of the loan that fall outside of normal underwriting policies and procedures or, in certain limited circumstances, forgiveness of principal or interest. Loans that have been restructured as a TDR are treated and reported as such for the remaining life of the loan. Modifications of PCI loans that are part of a pool accounted for as a single asset are not designated as TDRs. Modifications of non-pooled PCI loans are designated as TDRs in the same manner as non-PCI loans and leases. TDRs can be loans remaining on nonaccrual, moving to nonaccrual or continuing on accruing status, depending on the individual facts and circumstances of the borrower. In circumstances where a portion of the loan balance is charged-off, BancShares typically classifies the remaining balance as nonaccrual.

In connection with commercial TDRs, the decision to maintain accrual status for loans that have been restructured is based on a current credit evaluation of the borrower's financial condition and prospects for repayment under the modified terms. This evaluation includes consideration of the borrower's current capacity to pay, which may include a review of the borrower's current financial statements, an analysis of cash flow documenting the borrower's capacity to pay all debt obligations and an evaluation of secondary sources of payment from the borrower and any guarantors. This process also includes an evaluation of the borrower's payment history, an evaluation of the borrower's willingness to provide information on a timely basis and consideration of offers from the borrower to provide additional collateral or guarantor support. The credit evaluation also reflects consideration of the adequacy of collateral, where applicable, to cover all principal and interest and trends indicating improving profitability and collectability of receivables.

Nonperforming assets include nonaccrual loans and leases and foreclosed property. Foreclosed property consists of real estate and other assets acquired as a result of loan defaults.

BancShares classifies all non-PCI loans and leases as past due when the payment of principal and interest based upon contractual terms is greater than 30 days delinquent. Generally, commercial loans are placed on nonaccrual status when principal or interest becomes 90 days past due or when it is probable that principal or interest is not fully collectible, whichever occurs first. Once a loan is placed on nonaccrual status it is evaluated for impairment and a charge-off is recorded in the amount of the impairment if the loss is deemed confirmed. Consumer loans are subject to mandatory charge-off at a specified delinquency date consistent with regulatory guidelines.

Generally, when loans and leases are placed on nonaccrual status all previously uncollected accrued interest is reversed from interest income. All payments received thereafter are applied as a reduction of the remaining principal balance as long as doubt exists as to the ultimate collection of the principal. Loans and leases, including TDRs, are generally removed from nonaccrual status when they become current as to both principal and interest, the borrower has demonstrated a sustained period of repayment performance for a reasonable period, generally a minimum of six months, and doubt no longer exists as to the collectability of principal and interest.

Other Real Estate Owned (OREO)

OREO acquired as a result of foreclosure is initially recorded at the asset’s estimated fair value less costs to sell. Any excess in the recorded investment in the loan over the estimated fair value less costs to sell is charged-off against the allowance for loan losses at the time of foreclosure.

OREO is subsequently carried at the lower of cost or market less estimated selling costs. OREO is subject to at least annual periodic evaluations of the underlying collateral. The periodic evaluations are generally based on the appraised value of the property and may include additional adjustments based upon management's review of the valuation and specific knowledge of the OREO. Routine maintenance costs, income and expenses related to the operation of the foreclosed asset, subsequent declines in market value and net gains or losses on disposal are included in foreclosure-related expense.

Covered Assets and Receivable from FDIC for Shared-Loss Agreements

Assets subject to shared-loss agreements with the FDIC include certain loans and leases and OREO. These shared-loss agreements afford BancShares significant protection as they cover realized losses on certain loans and other assets purchased from the FDIC during the time period specified in the agreements. Realized losses covered include loan contractual balances, accrued interest on loans for up to 90 days, the book value of foreclosed real estate acquired and certain direct costs, less cash or other consideration received by BancShares.

The FDIC indemnification asset is a receivable recorded for expected losses incurred by the bank subject to shared-loss agreements where the FDIC reimburses a certain percentage (dependent on each agreement). The indemnification asset is measured on the same basis as the underlying assets and initially valued during the same time period. Subsequent to initial valuation, the indemnification asset is adjusted quarterly for changes in loss expectations. The indemnification asset is amortized based on the calculated remaining difference between the carrying value of the indemnification assets and the gross undiscounted cash flows of the asset over the remaining contractual life of the loans or the respective shared-loss agreement, whichever is shorter.

Payable to the FDIC for Loss Share Agreements

Payable to the FDIC for Shared-Loss Agreements

The purchase and assumption agreements for certain FDIC-assisted transactions include payments that may be owed to the FDIC at the termination of the shared-loss agreements. The payment is due to the FDIC if actual cumulative losses on acquired covered assets are lower than the cumulative losses originally estimated by the FDIC at the time of acquisition. The liability is calculated by discounting estimated future payments and is reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as an FDIC shared-loss payable. The ultimate settlement amount of the payment is dependent upon the performance of the underlying covered loans, recoveries, the passage of time and actual claims submitted to the FDIC.

Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses (ALLL)

The ALLL represents management's best estimate of probable credit losses within the loan and lease portfolio at the balance sheet date. Management determines the ALLL based on an ongoing evaluation of the loan portfolio. Estimates for loan losses are determined by analyzing historical loan losses, historical loan migration to charge-off experience, current trends in delinquencies and charge-offs, expected cash flows on PCI loans, current assessment of impaired loans, changes in the size, and composition and risk assessment of the loan portfolio. This allowance estimate also contains qualitative components that allow management to adjust reserves based on changes in the economic environment and other factors not captured in the quantitative calculation. Adjustments to the ALLL are recorded with a corresponding entry to provision for loan and lease losses. Loan balances deemed to be uncollectible are charged-off against the ALLL. Recoveries of amounts previously charged-off are generally credited to the ALLL.

Accounting standards require the presentation of certain ALLL information at the portfolio segment level, which represents the level at which the company has developed and documents a systematic methodology to determine its ALLL. BancShares evaluates its loan and lease portfolio using three portfolio segments; non-PCI commercial, non-PCI noncommercial and PCI. The non-PCI commercial segment includes classes as follows: commercial construction and land development, commercial mortgage, commercial and industrial, lease financing and other commercial real estate loans. The non-PCI noncommercial segment includes classes as follows: noncommercial construction and land development, residential mortgage, revolving mortgage and consumer loans. The PCI segment includes classes as follows: commercial construction and land development, commercial mortgage, commercial and industrial, other commercial real estate, noncommercial construction and land development, residential mortgage, and revolving mortgage loans.

A primary component of determining the general allowance for performing and classified loans not analyzed specifically is the actual loss history of the various classes. Loan loss factors based on historical experience may be adjusted for significant factors that in management's judgment affect the collectability of the portfolio at the balance sheet date. For non-PCI commercial loans and leases, management incorporates historical net loss data to develop the applicable loan loss factors. For the non-PCI noncommercial segment, management incorporates specific loan class and delinquency status trends into the loan loss factors. In accordance with our allowance methodology, loan loss factors are monitored quarterly and may be adjusted based on changes in the level of historical net charge-offs and updates by management, such as the number of periods included in the calculation of loss factors, loss severity and portfolio attrition.

The qualitative framework used in estimating the general allowance considers economic conditions, composition of the loan portfolio, trends in delinquent and nonperforming loans, historical loss experience by categories of loans, concentrations of credit, changes in lending policies and underwriting standards, regulatory exam results and other factors indicative of inherent losses remaining in the portfolio. Management may adjust the ALLL by the factors in the qualitative framework to address environmental factors not reflected in the historical experience. These adjustments are specific to the loan class level.

If it is probable that a borrower will be unable to pay all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement a specific valuation allowance component is determined when management believes a loss is probable. For purchased impaired loans, the methodology also considers the remaining discounts recognized upon acquisition in estimating a general allowance.

PCI loans are aggregated into loan pools based upon common risk characteristics or evaluated at the loan level. At each balance sheet date, BancShares evaluates whether the estimated cash flows and corresponding present value of its loans determined using their effective interest rates has decreased and if so, recognizes provision for loan losses. Management continuously monitors and actively manages the credit quality of the entire loan portfolio and adjusts the ALLL to an appropriate level. By assessing the probable estimated incurred losses in the loan portfolio on a quarterly basis, management is able to adjust specific and general loss estimates based upon the most recent information available. Future adjustments to the ALLL may be necessary based on changes in economic and other conditions. Management considers the established ALLL adequate to absorb probable losses that relate to loans and leases outstanding as of December 31, 2017.

Each portfolio segment and the classes within those segments are subject to risks that could have an adverse impact on the credit quality of the loan and lease portfolio and the related ALLL. Management has identified the most significant risks as described below that are generally similar among the segments and classes. While the list is not exhaustive, it provides a description of the risks management has determined are the most significant.

Non-PCI Commercial Loans and Leases

Non-PCI commercial loans or leases, excluding purchased non-impaired loans, purchased leases and certain purchased revolving credit, are centrally underwritten based primarily upon the customer's ability to generate the required cash flow to service the debt in accordance with the contractual terms and conditions of the loan agreement. A complete understanding of the borrower's business, including the experience and background of the principals, is obtained prior to approval. To the extent that the loan or lease is secured by collateral, which is true for the majority of commercial loans and leases, the likely value of the collateral and what level of strength the collateral brings to the transaction is evaluated. To the extent that the principals or other parties provide personal guarantees, the relative financial strength and liquidity of each guarantor is assessed.

The significant majority of relationships in the non-PCI commercial segment are assigned credit risk grades based upon an assessment of conditions that affect the borrower's ability to meet contractual obligations under the loan agreement. This process includes reviewing the borrowers' financial information, payment history, credit documentation, public information and other information specific to each borrower. Credit risk grades are reviewed annually, or at any point management becomes aware of information affecting the borrowers' ability to fulfill their obligations. Our credit risk grading standards are described in Note D.

The impairment assessment and determination of the related specific reserve for each impaired loan is based on the loan's characteristics. Impairment measurement for loans that are dependent on borrower cash flow for repayment is based on the present value of expected cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate. Impairment measurement for most real estate loans, particularly when a loan is considered to be a probable foreclosure, is based on the fair value of the underlying collateral. Collateral is appraised and market value, appropriately adjusted for an assessment of the sales and marketing costs, is used to calculate a fair value estimate. A specific valuation allowance is established or partial charge-off is recorded for the difference between the excess recorded investment in the loan and the loans estimated fair value less costs to sell.

General reserves for collective impairment are based on estimated incurred losses related to unimpaired commercial loans as of the balance sheet date. Incurred loss estimates for the originated commercial segment are based on average loss rates by credit risk ratings, which are estimated using historical loss experience and credit risk rating migrations. Incurred loss estimates may be adjusted through a qualitative assessment to reflect current economic conditions and portfolio trends including credit quality, concentrations, aging of the portfolio and significant policy and underwriting changes.

Common risks to each class of commercial loans include general economic conditions within the markets BancShares serves, as well as risks that are specific to each transaction including demand for products and services, personal events, such as disability or change in marital status and reductions in the value of collateral. Due to the concentration of loans in the medical, dental and related fields, BancShares is susceptible to risks that governmental actions will materially alter the medical care industry in the United States.

In addition to these common risks for the majority of the non-PCI commercial segment, additional risks are inherent in certain classes of non-PCI commercial loans and leases.

Commercial construction and land development

Commercial construction and land development loans are highly dependent on the supply and demand for commercial real estate in the markets served by BancShares as well as the demand for newly constructed residential homes and lots that customers are developing. Deterioration in demand could result in decreases in collateral values and could make repayment of the outstanding loans more difficult for customers.

Commercial mortgage, commercial and industrial and lease financing

Commercial mortgage loans, commercial and industrial loans and lease financing are primarily dependent on the ability of borrowers to achieve business results consistent with those projected at loan origination resulting in cash flow sufficient to service the debt. To the extent that a customer's business results are materially unfavorable versus the original projections, the ability for the loan to be serviced on a basis consistent with the contractual terms may be at risk. While these loans and leases are generally secured by real property, personal property or business assets such as inventory or accounts receivable, it is possible that the liquidation of the collateral will not fully satisfy the obligation.

Other commercial real estate

Other commercial real estate loans consist primarily of loans secured by multifamily housing and agricultural loans. The primary risk associated with multifamily loans is the ability of the income-producing property that collateralizes the loan to produce adequate cash flow to service the debt. High unemployment or generally weak economic conditions may result in borrowers having to provide rental rate concessions to achieve adequate occupancy rates. The performance of agricultural loans is highly dependent on favorable weather, reasonable costs for seed and fertilizer and the ability to successfully market the product at a profitable margin. The demand for these products is also dependent on macroeconomic conditions that are beyond the control of the borrower.

Non-PCI Noncommercial Loans and Leases

Non-PCI noncommercial loans, excluding purchased non-impaired loans and certain purchased revolving credit, are centrally underwritten using automated credit scoring and analysis tools. These credit scoring tools take into account factors such as payment history, credit utilization, length of credit history, types of credit currently in use and recent credit inquiries. To the extent that the loan is secured by collateral, the likely value of that collateral is evaluated.

The ALLL for the non-PCI noncommercial segment is primarily calculated on a pooled basis using a delinquency-based approach. Estimates of incurred losses are based on historical loss experience and the migration of receivables through the various delinquency pools applied to the current risk mix. These estimates may be adjusted through a qualitative assessment to reflect current economic conditions, portfolio trends and other factors. The remaining portion of the ALLL related to the non-PCI noncommercial segment results from loans that are deemed impaired.

The impairment assessment and determination of the related specific reserve for each impaired loan is based on the loan's characteristics. Impairment measurement for loans that are dependent on borrower cash flow for repayment is based on the present value of expected cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate. Impairment measurement for most real estate loans, particularly when a loan is considered to be a probable foreclosure, is based on the fair value of the underlying collateral. Collateral is appraised and market value, appropriately adjusted for an assessment of the sales and marketing costs, are used to calculate a fair value estimate. A specific valuation allowances is established or partial charge-off is recorded for the excess of the recorded investment in the loan and the loan’s estimated fair value less cost to sell.

Common risks to each class of noncommercial loans include risks that are not specific to individual transactions such as general economic conditions within the markets BancShares serves, particularly unemployment and declines in real estate values. Personal events such as death, disability or change in marital status also add risk to noncommercial loans.

In addition to these common risks for the majority of noncommercial loans, additional risks are inherent in certain classes of noncommercial loans.

Revolving mortgage

Revolving mortgage loans are often secured by second liens on residential real estate, thereby making such loans particularly susceptible to declining collateral values. A substantial decline in collateral value could render a second lien position to be effectively unsecured. Additional risks include lien perfection inaccuracies, disputes with first lienholders and uncertainty regarding the customer's performance with respect to the first lien that may further weaken the collateral position. Further, the open-end structure of these loans creates the risk that customers may draw on the lines in excess of the collateral value if there have been significant declines since origination.

Consumer

The consumer loan portfolio includes loans secured by personal property such as automobiles, marketable securities, other titled recreational vehicles including boats and motorcycles, as well as unsecured consumer debt and student loans. The value of underlying collateral within this class is especially volatile due to potential rapid depreciation in values since date of loan origination, potentially in excess of principal balances.

Residential mortgage and noncommercial construction and land development

Residential mortgage and noncommercial construction and land development loans are made to individuals and are typically secured by 1-4 family residential property, undeveloped land and partially developed land in anticipation of pending construction of a personal residence. Significant and rapid declines in real estate values can result in residential mortgage loan borrowers having debt levels in excess of the current market value of the collateral. Noncommercial construction and land development projects can experience delays in completion and cost overruns that exceed the borrower's financial ability to complete the project. Such cost overruns can routinely result in foreclosure of partially completed and unmarketable collateral.

PCI Loans

The risks associated with PCI loans are generally consistent with the risks identified for commercial and noncommercial non-PCI loans and the classes of loans within those segments. However, these loans were underwritten by other institutions, often with different lending standards and methods. Additionally, in some cases, collateral for PCI loans is located in regions that have experienced deterioration in real estate values and the underlying collateral may therefore not support full repayment of these loans.

The ALLL for PCI loans is estimated based on the expected cash flows over the life of the loan. BancShares continues to estimate and update cash flows expected to be collected on individual loans or pools of loans sharing common risk characteristics. BancShares compares the carrying value of all PCI loans to the present value at each balance sheet date. The present value is calculated by updating the life of loan cash flows and discounting that result by the individual loan's effective interest rate. If the updated present value is less than the current value, then ALLL is recorded and if so, recognizes provision for loan and lease losses. For any increases in cash flows expected to be collected, BancShares adjusts any prior recorded allowance for loan and lease losses first and then the amount of accretable yield recognized on a prospective basis over the loan's or pool's remaining life.

Reserve for Unfunded Commitments

The reserve for unfunded commitments represents the estimated probable losses related to standby letters of credit and other commitments to extend credit. The reserve is calculated in a manner similar to the loans evaluated collectively for impairment, while also considering the applicable regulatory capital credit conversion factors for these off-balance sheet instruments as well as the exposure upon default. The reserve for unfunded commitments is presented within other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, distinct from the ALLL, and adjustments to the reserve for unfunded commitments are included in other noninterest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The reserve for unfunded commitments was not material at December 31, 2017 or 2016.

Premises and Equipment

Premises, equipment and capital leases are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. For financial reporting purposes, depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method and are expensed over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from 3 to 40 years for premises and 3 to 10 years for furniture, software and equipment. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the terms of the respective leases, including renewal period if renewal period is reasonably assured (often through the presence of a bargain renewal option), or the useful lives of the improvements, whichever is shorter. Gains and losses on dispositions are recorded in other noninterest expense. Maintenance and repairs are charged to occupancy expense or equipment expense as incurred. Obligations under capital leases are amortized over the life of the lease using the effective interest method to allocate payments between principal and interest. Rent expense and rental income on operating leases are recorded in noninterest expense and noninterest income, respectively, using the straight-line method over the appropriate lease terms.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

BancShares accounts for acquisitions using the acquisition method of accounting. Under that methodology, if the purchase price of an acquired company exceeds the fair value of its net assets, the excess is carried on the acquirer's balance sheet as goodwill. An intangible asset is recognized as an asset apart from goodwill if it arises from contractual or other legal rights, or if it is capable of being separated or divided from the acquired entity and sold, transferred, licensed, rented or exchanged. Intangible assets that are separately identifiable assets, such as core deposit intangibles, resulting from acquisitions are amortized on an accelerated basis over an estimated useful life and evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable.

Goodwill is not amortized, but is evaluated at least annually for impairment as of July 31^stor more frequently if events occur or circumstances change that may trigger a decline in the value of the reporting unit or otherwise indicate that a potential impairment exists. The evaluation of goodwill is based on a variety of factors, including common stock trading multiples and data from recent market transactions. Potential impairment of goodwill exists when the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value.

If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, a second analysis is performed that requires an assignment of the reporting unit’s fair value to the reporting unit’s assets and liabilities to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill. If the implied fair value of the reporting unit's goodwill is lower than its carrying amount, an impairment loss is recognized for the excess of carrying value.

Based on the July 31, 2017 impairment tests, management concluded there was no indication of goodwill impairment. Subsequent to the annual impairment test, no events occurred or circumstances changed that would indicate goodwill should be tested for impairment during the interim period between annual tests.

Mortgage servicing rights (MSRs) are recognized separately when they are retained as loans are sold or acquired through acquisition. When mortgage loans are sold, servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value within other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and gains on sale of loans are recorded within mortgage income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. All classes of servicing assets are subsequently measured using the amortization method which requires servicing rights to be amortized against mortgage income in noninterest income in proportion to, and over the period of, the estimated future net servicing income of the underlying loans with the offset being a reduction in the cost basis of the servicing asset. MSRs are evaluated for impairment quarterly based upon the fair value of the rights as compared to carrying amount. Impairment is determined by stratifying rights into groupings based on predominant risk characteristics and is recorded as a reduction of mortgage income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. If BancShares later determines that all or a portion of the impairment no longer exists for a particular grouping, a reduction of the valuation reserve may be recorded as an increase to mortgage income in the Consolidated Statements of Income, but only to the extent of previous impairment recognized.

Other intangible assets with estimable lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives, which are periodically reviewed for reasonableness. Identifiable intangible assets represent the estimated value of the core deposits acquired and certain customer relationships.

Securities Sold Under Repurchase Agreements

Securities sold under repurchase agreements primarily with commercial customers generally have maturities of one day and are reflected as short-term borrowings on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and are recorded based on the amount of cash received in connection with the borrowing.

Fair Values

Fair value disclosures are required for all financial instruments, whether or not recognized in the balance sheet, for which it is practicable to estimate that value. Under GAAP, individual fair value estimates are ranked on a three-tier scale based on the relative reliability of the inputs used in the valuation. Fair values determined using level 1 inputs rely on active and observable markets to price identical assets or liabilities. In situations where identical assets and liabilities are not traded in active markets, fair values may be determined based on level 2 inputs, which represent observable data for similar assets and liabilities. Fair values for assets and liabilities that are not actively traded in observable markets are based on level 3 inputs, which are considered to be nonobservable. Fair value estimates derived from level 3 inputs cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and, in many cases, cannot be realized through immediate settlement of the instrument. Additionally, valuation adjustments, such as those pertaining to counterparty and BancShares' own credit quality and liquidity, may be necessary to ensure that assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value. Credit valuation adjustments are made when market pricing does not accurately reflect the counterparty's credit quality. As determined by BancShares management, liquidity valuation adjustments may be made to the fair value of certain assets to reflect the uncertainty in the pricing and trading of the instruments when recent market transactions for identical or similar instruments are not observed. Accordingly, the aggregate fair value amounts presented do not necessarily represent the underlying value to BancShares. For additional information, see Note M.

Income Taxes

Deferred income taxes are reported when different accounting methods have been used in determining income for income tax purposes and for financial reporting purposes. Deferred taxes are computed using the asset and liability approach as prescribed in ASC 740, Income Taxes. Under this method, a deferred tax asset or liability is determined based on the currently enacted tax rates applicable to the period in which the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and tax basis of existing assets and liabilities are expected to be reported in BancShares' income tax returns. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

BancShares continually monitors and evaluates the potential impact of current events on the estimates used to establish income tax expenses and income tax liabilities. On a periodic basis, BancShares evaluates its income tax positions based on current tax law, positions taken by various tax auditors within the jurisdictions that BancShares is required to file income tax returns, as well as potential or pending audits or assessments by such tax auditors.

BancShares has unrecognized tax benefits related to the uncertain portion of tax positions that BancShares has taken or expects to take. A liability may be created or an amount refundable may be reduced for the amount of unrecognized tax benefits. These uncertainties result from the application of complex tax laws, rules, regulations and interpretations, primarily in state taxing jurisdictions. Unrecognized tax benefits are assessed quarterly and may be adjusted through current income tax expense in future periods based on changing facts and circumstances, completion of examinations by taxing authorities or expiration of a statute of limitations. Estimated penalties and interest on uncertain tax positions are recognized in income tax expense.

BancShares files a consolidated federal income tax return and various combined and separate company state tax returns. See Note P in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional disclosures.

Derivative Financial Instruments

A derivative is a financial instrument that derives its cash flows, and therefore its value, by reference to an underlying instrument, index or referenced interest rate. These instruments include interest rate swaps, caps, floors, collars, options or other financial instruments designed to hedge exposures to interest rate risk or for speculative purposes.

BancShares selectively uses interest rate swaps for interest rate risk management purposes. BancShares had an interest rate swap, entered into during 2011, that qualified as a cash flow hedge under GAAP and which converted variable-rate exposure on outstanding debt to a fixed rate. BancShares' interest rate swap expired in June 2016.

Per Share Data

Net income per share is computed by dividing net income by the average number of both classes of common shares outstanding during each period. BancShares had no potential common shares outstanding in any period and did not report diluted net income per share.

Cash dividends per share apply to both Class A and Class B common stock. Shares of Class A common stock carry one vote per share, while shares of Class B common stock carry 16 votes per share.

Defined Benefit Pension Plan

BancShares maintains noncontributory defined benefit pension plans covering certain qualifying employees. The calculation of the obligations and related expenses under the plans require the use of actuarial valuation methods and assumptions. Actuarial assumptions used in the determination of future values of plan assets and liabilities are subject to management judgment and may differ significantly if different assumptions are used. The discount rate assumption used to measure the plan obligations is based on a yield curve developed from high-quality corporate bonds across a full maturity spectrum. The projected cash flows of the pension plans are discounted based on this yield curve, and a single discount rate is calculated to achieve the same present value. The assumed rate of future compensation increases is reviewed annually based on actual experience and future salary expectations. We also estimate a long-term rate of return on pension plan assets that is used to estimate the future value of plan assets. In developing the long-term rate of return, we consider such factors as the actual return earned on plan assets, historical returns on the various asset classes in the plans and projections of future returns on various asset classes. Refer to Note N for disclosures related to BancShares' defined benefit pension plans.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2017-03, Accounting Changes and Error Corrections (Topic 250) and Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to Staff Announcements at the September 22, 2016 and November 17, 2016 EITF Meetings (SEC Update)

This ASU adds an SEC paragraph and amends other Topics pursuant to an SEC Staff Announcement that states a registrant should evaluate ASUs that have not yet been adopted, including ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), and ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, to determine the appropriate financial statement disclosures about the potential material effects of those ASUs on the financial statements when adopted. If a registrant does not know or cannot reasonably estimate the impact that adoption of the ASUs referenced are expected to have on the financial statements, then in addition to making a statement to that effect, the registrant should consider additional qualitative financial statement disclosures to assist the reader in assessing the significance of the impact the adoption will have on the financial statements, and a comparison to the registrant's current accounting policies. A registrant should describe the status of its process to implement the new standards and the significant matters yet to be addressed.

This ASU also addresses the accounting for tax benefits resulting from investments in qualified affordable housing projects where the decision to apply the proportional amortization method of accounting is an accounting policy decision to be applied consistently to all investments that meet the conditions, rather than a decision to be applied to individual investments that qualify for the use of the proportional amortization method.

The amendments in this ASU are effective upon issuance. We adopted the guidance effective in the first quarter of 2017. The disclosures required by this ASU are included within the “Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements” section below. The adoption did not have an impact to our consolidated financial position or consolidated results of operations.

FASB ASU 2016-17, Consolidation (Topic 810): Interests Held Through Related Parties That Are Under Common Control

This ASU does not change the characteristics of a primary beneficiary in current GAAP; however, it requires that a reporting entity, in determining whether it satisfies the second characteristic of a primary beneficiary, to include all of its direct variable interests in a VIE and, on a proportionate basis, its indirect variable interests in a VIE held through related parties, including related parties that are under common control with the reporting entity. If, after performing that assessment, a reporting entity that is the single decision maker of a VIE concludes that it does not have the characteristics of a primary beneficiary, the amendments continue to require that reporting entity to evaluate whether it and one or more of its related parties under common control, as a group, have the characteristics of a primary beneficiary, then the party within the related party group that is most closely associated with the VIE is the primary beneficiary.

The amendments in this ASU are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We adopted the guidance effective in the first quarter of 2017. The adoption did not have an impact to our consolidated financial position or consolidated results of operations.

FASB ASU 2016-07, Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Simplifying the Transition to the Equity Method of Accounting

This ASU eliminates the requirement that when an investment qualifies for use of the equity method as a result of an increase in the level of ownership interest or degree of influence, an investor must adjust the investment, results of operations, and retained earnings retroactively on a step-by-step basis as if the equity method had been in effect during all previous periods that the investment had been held. The ASU requires that the equity method investor add the cost of acquiring the additional interest in the investee to the current basis of the investor's previously held interest and adopt the equity method of accounting as of the date the investment becomes qualified for equity method accounting. Therefore, upon qualifying for the equity method of accounting, no retroactive adjustment of the investment is required. Further, the ASU requires that an entity that has an available-for-sale equity security that becomes qualified for the equity method of accounting recognize through earnings, the unrealized gain or loss in accumulated other comprehensive income at the date the investment becomes qualified for use of the equity method.

The amendments in this ASU are effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We adopted the guidance effective in the first quarter of 2017. The adoption did not have an impact on our consolidated financial position or consolidated results of operations.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

FASB ASU 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

This ASU requires a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the newly enacted federal corporate income tax rate in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (Tax Act), which was enacted on December 22, 2017. The Tax Act included a reduction to the corporate income tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent effective January 1, 2018. The amount of the reclassification would be the difference between the historical corporate income tax rate and the newly enacted 21 percent corporate income tax rate.

The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We will adopt the guidance during the first quarter of 2018. The change in accounting principle will be accounted for as a cumulative-effect adjustment to the balance sheet resulting in a $27.2 million increase to retained earnings and a corresponding decrease to AOCI on January 1, 2018.

FASB ASU 2017-07, Compensation - Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost

This ASU requires employers to present the service cost component of the net periodic benefit cost in the same income statement line item as other employee compensation costs arising from services rendered during the period. Employers will present the other components separately from the line item that includes the service cost. In addition, only the service cost component of net benefit cost is eligible for capitalization.

The amendments in this ASU are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We will adopt the guidance during the first quarter of 2018. BancShares does not anticipate any material impact to our consolidated financial position or consolidated results of operations as a result of the adoption.

FASB ASU 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment

This ASU eliminates Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Under Step 2, an entity had to perform procedures to determine the fair value at the impairment testing date of its assets and liabilities (including unrecognized assets and liabilities) following the procedure that would be required in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Instead, under the amendments in this ASU, an entity should perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An entity should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Additionally, an entity should consider income tax effects from any tax deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of the reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss, if applicable. An entity still has the option to perform the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit to determine if the quantitative impairment test is necessary. This ASU eliminates the requirements for any reporting unit with a zero or negative carrying amount to perform a qualitative test.

This ASU will be effective for BancShares' annual or interim goodwill impairment tests for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. We expect to adopt the guidance for our annual impairment test in fiscal year 2020. BancShares does not anticipate any impact to our consolidated financial position or consolidated results of operations as a result of the adoption.

FASB ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments

This ASU addresses the diversity in how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. The amendments in this ASU provide guidance on (1) debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs; (2) settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments; (3) contingent consideration payments made after a business combination; (4) proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims; (5) proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies, including bank-owned life insurance policies; (6) distributions received from equity method investees; (7) beneficial interests in securitization transactions; and (8) separately identifiable cash flows and application of the predominance principle.

The amendments in this ASU are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The guidance requires application using a retrospective transition method. We will adopt the guidance during the first quarter of 2018. BancShares does not anticipate a material impact to our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

FASB ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments

This ASU eliminates the delayed recognition of the full amount of credit losses until the loss was probable of occurring and instead will reflect an entity's current estimate of all expected credit losses. The amendments in this ASU broaden the information that an entity must consider in developing its expected credit loss estimate for assets measured either collectively or individually. The ASU does not specify a method for measuring expected credit losses and allows an entity to apply methods that reasonably reflect its expectations of the credit loss estimate based on the entity's size, complexity and risk profile. In addition, the disclosures of credit quality indicators in relation to the amortized cost of financing receivables, a current disclosure requirement, are further disaggregated by year of origination.

The amendments in this ASU are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. We will adopt the guidance by the first quarter of 2020 with a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the year of adoption. For BancShares, the standard will apply to loans, unfunded loan commitments and debt securities held to maturity. We have formed a cross-functional team co-led by Finance and Risk Management and engaged a third party to assist with the adoption. The implementation team has developed a detailed project plan and is staying informed about the broader industry's perspective and insights, and identifying and researching key decision points. We have completed the readiness assessment and gap analysis related to data, modeling IT, accounting policy, controls and reporting which has enabled us to determine the areas of focus and estimate total body of work. Our current critical activities include model design, accounting policy development, data feasibility analysis, evaluation of reporting and disclosure solutions and completion of specific work stream project plans. We will continue to evaluate the impact the new standard will have on our consolidated financial statements as the final impact will be dependent, among other items, upon the loan portfolio composition and credit quality at the adoption date, as well as economic conditions, financial models used and forecasts at that time.

FASB ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842)

This ASU increases transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. The key difference between existing standards and this ASU is the requirement for lessees to recognize on their balance sheet all lease contracts. An entity may make an accounting election by classification to not recognize leases with terms less than 12 months on their balance sheet. Both a right-of-use asset, representing the right to use the leased asset, and a lease liability, representing the contractual obligation, are required to be recognized on the balance sheet of the lessee at lease commencement. Further, this ASU requires lessees to classify leases as either operating or finance leases, which are substantially similar to the current operating and capital leases classifications. The distinction between these two classifications under the new standard does not relate to balance sheet treatment, but relates to treatment in the statements of income and cash flows. Lessor guidance remains largely unchanged with the exception of how a lessor determines the appropriate lease classification for each lease to better align the lessor guidance with revised lessee classification guidance.

The amendments in this ASU are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. For BancShares, the impact of this ASU will primarily relate to its accounting and reporting of leases as a lessee. We will adopt during the first quarter of 2019. We have engaged a third party and completed an inventory of all leases and their terms and service contracts with embedded leases. While we continue to evaluate the impact of the new standard, we expect an increase to the Consolidated Balance Sheets for right-of-use assets and associated lease liabilities, as well as resulting depreciation expense of the right-of-use assets and interest expense of the lease liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Income, for arrangements previously accounted for as operating leases. Additionally, adding these assets to our balance sheet will impact our total risk-weighted assets used to determine our regulatory capital levels. Our impact analysis on this change in accounting principle estimates an increase to the Consolidated Balance Sheets for total lease liability ranging between $65.0 million and $85.0 million, as the initial gross up of both assets and liabilities. Capital is expected to be impacted by an estimated four to six basis points. These preliminary ranges are subject to change and will continue to be refined closer to adoption.

FASB ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

This ASU addresses certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of certain financial instruments. The amendments in this ASU (1) require most equity investments to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income; (2) simplify the impairment assessment of equity investments without a readily determinable fair value; (3) eliminate the requirement to disclose the method(s) and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value for financial instruments measured at amortized cost on the balance sheet; (4) require public business entities to use exit price notion, rather than entry prices, when measuring fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes; (5) require separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial assets on the balance sheet or the accompanying notes to the financial statements; (6) require separate presentation in other comprehensive income of the portion of the total change in the fair value of a liability resulting from a change in the instrument-specific credit risk when the organization has elected to measure the liability at fair value in accordance with the fair value option for financial instruments; and (7) state that a valuation allowance on deferred tax assets related to available-for-sale securities should be evaluated in combination with other deferred tax assets.

The amendments in this ASU are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We will adopt the ASU during the first quarter of 2018. The change in accounting principle will be accounted for as a cumulative-effect adjustment to the balance sheet resulting in an $18.7 million increase to retained earnings and a decrease to AOCI on January 1, 2018. With the adoption of this ASU equity securities can no longer be classified as available for sale, as such marketable equity securities will be disclosed as a separate line item on the balance sheet with changes in the fair value of equity securities reflected in net income.

For equity investments without a readily determinable fair value, BancShares has elected to measure the equity investments using the measurement alternative which requires BancShares to make a qualitative assessment of whether the investment is impaired at each reporting period. Under the measurement alternative these investments will be measured at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment of the same issuer. If a qualitative assessment indicates that the investment is impaired, BancShares will have to estimate the investment's fair value in accordance with ASC 820 and, if the fair value is less than the investment's carrying value, recognize an impairment loss in net income equal to the difference between carrying value and fair value. Equity investments without a readily determinable fair value are recorded within other assets in the consolidated balance sheets.

FASB ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)

In May 2014, the FASB issued a standard on the recognition of revenue from contracts with customers with the core principle being for companies to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in amounts that reflect the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The new standard also results in enhanced disclosures about revenue, provides guidance for transactions that were not previously addressed comprehensively and improves guidance for multiple-element arrangements. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations, to improve the operability and understandability of the implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations. In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing, to clarify guidance for identifying performance obligations and licensing implementation. In May 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-12, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients, to clarify and improve the guidance for certain aspects of Topic 606. In December 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-20, Technical Corrections and Improvements to Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, to clarify guidance for certain aspects of Topic 606. In September 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-13, Revenue Recognition (Topic 605), Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), Leases (Topic 840), and Leases (Topic 842): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to the Staff Announcement at the July 20, 2017 EITF Meeting and Rescission of Prior SEC Staff Announcements and Observer Comments (SEC Update). This ASU adds SEC paragraphs to the new revenue and leases sections of the Codification pursuant to an SEC Staff announcement made on July 20, 2017 as well as supersedes certain SEC paragraphs related to previous SEC staff announcements. In November 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-14, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220), Revenue Recognition (Topic 605), and Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (SEC Update), to supersede, amend and add SEC paragraphs to the Codification to reflect the August 2017 issuance of SEC staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) 116 and SEC Release No. 33-10403.

Per ASU 2015-14, Deferral of the Effective Date, this guidance was deferred and is effective for fiscal periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. We will adopt the guidance during the first quarter of 2018. Our revenue is comprised of net interest income on financial assets and liabilities, which is explicitly excluded from the scope of the new guidance, and noninterest income. The contracts that are in scope of the guidance are primarily related to service charges on deposit accounts, cardholder and merchant income, wealth advisory services income, other service charges and fees, sales of other real estate, insurance commissions and miscellaneous fees. Based on our overall assessment of revenue streams and review of related contracts affected by the ASU, BancShares does not anticipate a material impact to our consolidated financial position or consolidated results of operations as a result of the adoption.