From time to time, the Company files universal shelf registration statements with the SEC for the future sale of an unlimited amount of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, depositary shares, warrants and rights, which securities may be offered from time to time, separately or together, directly by the Company, by selling security holders, or through underwriters, dealers or agents at amounts, prices, interest rates and other terms to be determined at the time of the offering.

In November 1996, the Company adopted the 1996 Equity Participation Plan (the Equity Participation Plan). The Equity Participation Plan provides for the grant to executive officers, other key employees, consultants and non-employee directors of the Company a broad variety of stock-based compensation alternatives such as nonqualified stock options, incentive stock options, restricted stock units and performance awards. From November 1996 to September 2021 through various amendments of the Equity Participation Plan, the Company increased the maximum number of shares reserved for issuance under this plan to 41,315,000 shares. The Company believes that such awards align the interests of its executive officers, employees, consultants and non-employee directors with those of its stockholders. Shares of the Company’s common stock granted under the Equity Participation Plan in the form of stock options or stock appreciation right are counted against the Equity Participation Plan share reserve on a one for one basis and performance-based stock options are calculated assuming “maximum” performance. Shares of the Company’s common stock granted under the Equity Participation Plan as an award other than as an option or as a stock appreciation right with a per share purchase price lower than 100% of fair market value on the date of grant are counted against the Equity Participation Plan share reserve as two shares for each share of common stock subject to such awards. Restricted stock units are granted to eligible employees and directors and represent rights to receive shares of common stock at a future date.

In November 1996, the Company adopted the Viasat, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the Employee Stock Purchase Plan) to assist employees in acquiring a stock ownership interest in the Company and to encourage them to remain in the employment of the Company. The Employee Stock Purchase Plan is intended to qualify under Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code. From November 1996 to September 2021 through various amendments of the Employee Stock Purchase Plan, the Company increased the maximum number of shares reserved for issuance under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan to 6,950,000 shares. To facilitate participation for employees located outside of the United States in light of non-U.S. law and other considerations, the amended Employee Stock Purchase Plan also provides for the grant of purchase rights that are not intended to be tax-qualified. The Employee Stock Purchase Plan permits eligible employees to purchase common stock at a discount through payroll deductions during specified six-month offering periods. No employee may purchase more than $25,000 worth of stock in any calendar year. The price of shares purchased under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan is equal to 85% of the fair market value of the common stock on the first or last day of the offering period, whichever is lower.

Total stock-based compensation expense recognized in accordance with the authoritative guidance for share-based payments was as follows:


	Fiscal Years Ended
	March 31, 2022			March 31, 2021			March 31, 2020
	(In thousands)
Stock-based compensation expense before taxes	$	86,808		$	84,879		$	86,553
Related income tax benefits		(20,228	)		(19,485	)		(20,388	)
Stock-based compensation expense, net of taxes	$	66,580		$	65,394		$	66,165

In accordance with the authoritative guidance for share-based payments (ASC 718), the Company recognizes excess tax benefits or deficiencies on vesting or settlement of awards as discrete items within income tax benefit or provision within net income (loss) and the related cash flows classified within operating activities.

The compensation cost that has been charged against income for the Equity Participation Plan under the authoritative guidance for share-based payments was $81.0 million, $77.9 million and $81.5 million, and for the Employee Stock Purchase Plan was $5.8 million, $6.9 million and $5.0 million, for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company capitalized $10.8 million, $13.7 million and $12.6 million of stock-based compensation expense as a part of the cost for software development for resale included in other assets and as a part of the equipment and software for internal use and satellites included in property, equipment and satellites, net for fiscal years 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

As of March 31, 2022, total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock-based compensation arrangements granted under the Equity Participation Plan (including stock options, TSR performance stock options and restricted stock units) and the Employee Stock Purchase Plan was $192.6 million and $1.6 million, respectively. These costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.7 years, 1.7 years and 2.8 years, for stock options, TSR performance stock options and restricted stock units, respectively, under the Equity Participation Plan and less than six months under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan.

Stock options, TSR performance stock options and employee stock purchase plan. The Company’s stock options typically have a simple four-year vesting schedule (except for one- and three-year vesting schedules for options granted to the members of the Company’s Board of Directors) and a six-year contractual term. The Company grants TSR performance stock options to executive officers under the Equity Participation Plan. The number of shares of TSR performance stock options that will become eligible to vest based on the time-based vesting schedule described below is based on a comparison over a four-year performance period of the Company’s TSR to the TSR of the companies included in the S&P Mid Cap 400 Index. The number of options that may become vested and exercisable will range from 0% to 175% of the target number of options based on the Company’s relative TSR ranking for the performance period. The Company’s TSR performance stock options have a four-year time-based vesting schedule and a six-year contractual term. The TSR performance stock options must be vested under both the time-based vesting schedule and the performance-based vesting conditions in order to become exercisable. Expense for TSR performance stock options that time-vest is recognized regardless of the actual TSR outcome achieved and is recognized on a graded-vesting basis. The weighted average estimated fair value of TSR performance stock options granted during fiscal years 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $31.11, $19.25 and $30.41 per share, respectively, using the Monte Carlo simulation. The weighted average estimated fair value of stock options granted and employee stock purchase plan shares issued during fiscal year 2022 was $13.50 and $12.37 per share, respectively, during fiscal year 2021 was $12.81 and $11.60 per share, respectively, and during fiscal year 2020 was $20.15 and $17.15 per share, respectively, using the Black-Scholes model. The weighted average assumptions (annualized percentages) used in the Black-Scholes model and Monte Carlo simulation were as follows:


	Stock Options									TSR Performance Stock Options									Employee Stock Purchase Plan
	Fiscal Year 2022			Fiscal Year 2021			Fiscal Year 2020			Fiscal Year 2022			Fiscal Year 2021			Fiscal Year 2020			Fiscal Year 2022			Fiscal Year 2021			Fiscal Year 2020
Volatility		49.5	%		39.1	%		27.9	%		42.5	%		39.8	%		27.7	%		42.1	%		64.8	%		24.6	%
Risk-free interest rate		0.4	%		0.2	%		1.3	%		1.2	%		0.4	%		1.7	%		0.1	%		0.1	%		1.8	%
Dividend yield		0.0	%		0.0	%		0.0	%		0.0	%		0.0	%		0.0	%		0.0	%		0.0	%		0.0	%
Expected life	3.2 years			5.0 years			5.0 years			5.0 years			5.0 years			5.0 years			0.5 years			0.5 years			0.5 years

The Company’s expected volatility is a measure of the amount by which its stock price is expected to fluctuate over the expected term of the stock-based award. The estimated volatilities for stock options and TSR performance options are based on the historical volatility calculated using the daily stock price of the Company’s stock over a recent historical period equal to the expected term. The risk-free interest rate that the Company uses in determining the fair value of its stock-based awards is based on the implied yield on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with remaining terms equivalent to the expected term of its stock-based awards. The expected terms or lives of stock options and TSR performance stock options represent the expected period of time from the date of grant to the estimated date that the stock options under the Company’s Equity Participation Plan would be fully exercised. The expected term assumption is estimated based primarily on the options’ vesting terms and remaining contractual life and employees’ expected exercise and post-vesting employment termination behavior.

A summary of stock option activity for fiscal year 2022 is presented below:


	Number of Shares			Weighted Average Exercise Price per Share		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term in Years		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (In thousands)
Outstanding at March 31, 2021		956,733		$	65.18
Options granted		99,222			79.41
Options expired		(388,119	)		62.61
Options exercised		(27,107	)		56.33
Outstanding at March 31, 2022		640,729		$	69.32		1.6	$	483
Vested and exercisable at March 31, 2022		598,994		$	70.58		1.3	$	431

The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during fiscal years 2022, 2021 and 2020 was an insignificant amount, zero and $7.9 million, respectively. All options issued under the Company’s Equity Participation Plan have an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the Company’s stock on the date of the grant. The Company recorded no excess tax benefits during fiscal years 2022 and 2021 and an insignificant amount of excess tax benefit during fiscal year 2020 related to stock option exercises.

A summary of TSR performance stock option activity for fiscal year 2022 is presented below:


	Number of Shares (1)			Weighted Average Exercise Price per Share		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term in Years		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (In thousands)
Outstanding at March 31, 2021		2,415,459		$	59.87
TSR performance options granted		599,292			53.43
TSR performance options canceled		(578,764	)		70.50
TSR performance options exercised		—			—
Outstanding at March 31, 2022		2,435,987		$	55.76		4.2	$	9,690
Vested and exercisable at March 31, 2022		—		$	—		—	$	—

(1)

Number of shares is based on the target number of options under each TSR performance stock option.

Restricted stock units. Restricted stock units represent a right to receive shares of common stock at a future date determined in accordance with the participant’s award agreement. There is no exercise price and no monetary payment required for receipt of restricted stock units or the shares issued in settlement of the award. Instead, consideration is furnished in the form of the participant’s services to the Company. Restricted stock units generally vest over four years (except for one- and three-year vesting schedules for restricted stock units granted to the members of the Company’s Board of Directors). Compensation cost for these awards is based on the fair value on the date of grant and recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. For fiscal years 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized $64.7 million, $59.4 million and $62.4 million, respectively, in stock-based compensation expense related to these restricted stock unit awards.

The per unit weighted average grant date fair value of restricted stock units granted during fiscal years 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $52.85, $36.57 and $71.59, respectively. A summary of restricted stock unit activity for fiscal year 2022 is presented below:


	Number of Restricted Stock Units			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share
Outstanding at March 31, 2021		3,431,561		$	53.44
Awarded		2,080,700			52.85
Forfeited		(217,024	)		52.93
Vested		(1,274,311	)		58.65
Outstanding at March 31, 2022		4,020,926		$	51.51
Vested and deferred at March 31, 2022		194,641		$	48.96

The total fair value of shares vested related to restricted stock units during the fiscal years 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $66.0 million, $38.8 million and $80.4 million, respectively.