Note 5 - Fair Value Measurements

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Fair Value Disclosures [Text Block]

Note 5: Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. GAAP requires that valuation techniques maximize the use of the observable inputs and minimize the use of the unobservable inputs. GAAP also establishes a fair value hierarchy which prioritizes the valuation inputs into three broad levels. Based on the underlying inputs, each fair value measurement in its entirety is reported in one of the three levels. These levels are:

Level 1  –	Valuation is based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.
Level 2  –	Valuation is based on observable inputs including:

• quoted prices in active markets for similar assets and liabilities,

• quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in less active markets,

• inputs other than quoted prices that are observable, and

• model-based valuation techniques for which significant assumptions can be derived primarily from or corroborated by observable data in the market.

Level 3  –  Valuation is based on model-based techniques that use one or more significant inputs or assumptions that are unobservable in the market.

Fair value is best determined by quoted market prices. However, in many instances, there are no quoted market prices for the Company’s various financial instruments. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. Accordingly, fair value estimates may not be realized in an immediate settlement of the instrument. Accounting guidance for fair value excludes certain financial instruments and all nonfinancial instruments from disclosure requirements. Consequently, the aggregate fair value amounts presented may not necessarily represent the underlying fair value of the Company.  

The following describes the valuation techniques used by the Company to measure certain financial assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis in the consolidated financial statements:

Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Securities Available for Sale

Securities available for sale are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value measurement is based upon quoted market prices, when available (Level 1). If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are measured utilizing independent valuation techniques of identical or similar securities for which significant assumptions are derived primarily from or corroborated by observable market data. Third party vendors compile prices from various sources and may determine the fair value of identical or similar securities by using pricing models that consider observable market data (Level 2). The carrying value of restricted Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond and FHLB stock approximates fair value based upon the redemption provisions of each entity and is therefore excluded from the following tables. The following tables present the balances of financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of the dates indicated.

March 31, 2023			Fair Value Measurements Using
Description	Balance		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
U.S. Treasuries	$	947	$	-	$	947	$	-
U.S. Government agencies and corporations		333,944		-		333,944		-
States and political subdivisions		149,962		-		149,962		-
Mortgage-backed securities		160,453		-		160,453		-
Corporate debt securities		5,741		-		5,741		-
Total securities available for sale	$	651,047	$	-	$	651,047	$	-

December 31, 2022			Fair Value Measurements Using
Description	Balance		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
U.S. Treasuries	$	936	$	-	$	936	$	-
U.S. Government agencies and corporations		336,575		-		336,575		-
States and political subdivisions		152,200		-		152,200		-
Mortgage-backed securities		161,477		-		161,477		-
Corporate debt securities		5,664		-		5,664		-
Total securities available for sale	$	656,852	$	-	$	656,852	$	-

The Company’s securities portfolio is valued using Level 2 inputs. The Company relies on an independent third party vendor to provide market valuations. The inputs used to determine value include: benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data including market research publications. The third party vendor also monitors market indicators, industry activity and economic events as part of the valuation process. Central to the final valuation is the assumption that the indicators used are representative of the fair value of securities held within the Company’s portfolio. Level 2 inputs are subject to a certain degree of uncertainty and changes in these assumptions or methodologies in the future, if any, may impact securities fair value, deferred tax assets or liabilities, or expense.

Interest Rate Loan Contracts and Forward Contracts

The Company originates consumer real estate loans which it intends to sell to a correspondent lender. Interest rate loan contracts and forward contracts result from originating loans held for sale and are derivatives reported at fair value. The Company enters interest rate lock commitments with customers who apply for a loan which the Company intends to sell to a correspondent lender. The interest rate loan contract ends when the loan closes or the customer withdraws their application. Fair value of the interest rate loan contract is based upon the correspondent lender’s pricing quotes at the report date. Fair value is adjusted for the estimated probability of the loan closing with the borrower.

At the time the Company enters into an interest rate loan contract with a customer, it also enters into a best efforts forward sales commitment with the correspondent lender. If the loan has been closed and funded, the best efforts commitment converts to a mandatory forward sales commitment. Fair value is based on the gain or loss that would occur if the Company were to pair-off the transaction with the investor at the measurement date. This is a Level 3 input. The Company has elected to measure and report best efforts commitments at fair value.

Interest rate loan contracts and forward contracts are valued based on quotes from the correspondent lender at the reporting date. Pricing changes daily and if a loan has not been sold to the correspondent by the next reporting date, the fair value may be different from that reported currently. Changes in fair value measurement impacts net income.

At December 31, 2022, there were no interest rate loan contracts or forward contracts. The following table presents the Company’s interest rate loan contracts and forward contracts as of March 31, 2023:

March 31, 2023				Fair Value Measurements Using
Description	Balance			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Interest rate loan contracts	$	2		$	-	$	-	$	2
Forward contracts		(2	)		-		-		(2	)

March 31, 2023	Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Range (Weighted Average)
Interest rate loan contracts	Market approach	Pull-through rate		81.30%
Forward contracts	Market approach	Pull-through rate		81.30%
Interest rate loan contracts	Market approach	Current reference price	100.83%	–	102.22%	(101.24%)
Forward contracts	Market approach	Current reference price	100.83%	–	102.22%	(101.24%)

Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis

Certain financial instruments are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with GAAP. Adjustments to the fair value of these assets usually result from the application of lower-of-cost-or-market accounting or write-downs of individual assets. The following describes the valuation techniques used by the Company to measure certain assets recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in the financial statements.

Loans Held for Sale

Loans held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. These loans currently consist of one-to-four family residential loans originated for sale in the secondary market. Fair value is based on the price secondary markets are currently offering for similar loans using observable market data which is not materially different than cost due to the short duration between origination and sale (Level 2). As such, the Company records any fair value adjustments on a nonrecurring basis. No nonrecurring fair value adjustments were recorded on loans held for sale at March 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

Collateral Dependent Loans

Loans the Company has identified as collateral dependent that do not share risk characteristics are individually evaluated on a non-recurring basis. For collateral dependent loans, the ACL is measured as the difference between the fair value of the collateral and the amortized cost basis of the loan as of the measurement date. When repayment is expected from the operation of the collateral, credit losses are estimated as the amount by which the amortized cost basis of the loan exceeds the present value of expected cash flows from the operation of the collateral. When repayment is expected from the sale of the collateral, credit losses are measured as the amount by which the amortized costs basis of the loan exceeds the fair value of the underlying collateral less estimated cost to sell. The ACL may be zero if the fair value of the collateral at the measurement date exceeds the amortized cost basis of the financial asset.

For real estate loans, fair value of collateral is determined by the “as-is” value of appraisals that are less than 24 months of age and are prepared by independent, licensed appraisers. Appraisals are based upon observable market data analyzed through an income or sales valuation approach, and adjusted by estimated selling costs. Valuation falls within Level 2 categorization. The Company may further discount appraisals for marketing strategies, which results in Level 3 categorization.

The value of business equipment is based upon an outside appraisal (Level 2) if deemed significant, or the net book value on the applicable business’ financial statements (Level 3) if not considered significant. Likewise, values for inventory and accounts receivables collateral are based on financial statement balances or aging reports (Level 3).

At March 31, 2023, none of the Company’s individually evaluated loans were measured using the collateral method. As of December 31, 2022, measurement of the Company’s impaired loans did not result in any specific allocations.

Other Real Estate Owned (“OREO”)

Certain assets such as OREO are measured at fair value less cost to sell. Valuation of OREO is determined using current appraisals from independent parties, a Level 2 input. The Company works with a realtor to determine the list price, which may be set at appraised value or at a different amount based on the realtor’s advice and Management’s judgement of marketability. Discounts to appraisals for selling costs or for marketability result in a Level 3 estimate.

The following table summarizes the Company’s OREO that was measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis.

Date	Description	Balance		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
March 31, 2023	OREO, net of valuation allowance	$	662	$	-	$	-	$	662
December 31, 2022	OREO, net of valuation allowance		662		-		-		662

The following table presents information about OREO and Level 3 Fair Value Measurements for the dates indicated.

Date	Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Range (Weighted Average)
March 31, 2023	Discounted appraised value	Selling cost		7.00%
March 31, 2023	Discounted appraised value	Discount for lack of marketability		34.72%
December 31, 2022	Discounted appraised value	Selling cost		7.00%
December 31, 2022	Discounted appraised value	Discount for lack of marketability		34.72%

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company held a single OREO property, measured using appraised value, discounted for marketability and selling cost. During 2022, the Company reduced the list price as part of a marketing strategy and recorded an additional discount for marketability.

There is uncertainty in determining discounts to appraised value. If the final sale price is different from the list price, the amount of selling costs will also be different from those estimated. Future changes to marketability assumptions or updated appraisals may indicate a lower fair value, with a corresponding impact to net income. Ultimate proceeds from the sale of OREO property may be less than the estimated fair value, reducing net income.

Fair Value Summary

The following presents the recorded amount, fair value, and placement in the fair value hierarchy of the Company’s financial instruments as of the dates indicated. Fair values are estimated using the exit price notion.

	March 31, 2023
	Recorded Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial Assets:
Cash and due from banks	$	11,695	$	11,695	$	-	$	-
Interest-bearing deposits		42,966		42,966		-		-
Securities available for sale		651,047		-		651,047		-
Restricted securities		929		-		929		-
Loans, net		846,315		-		-		803,330
Accrued interest receivable		6,007		-		6,007		-
Bank-owned life insurance		43,551		-		43,551		-
Interest rate loan contracts		2		-		-		2
Financial Liabilities:
Deposits	$	1,511,452	$	-	$	1,385,881	$	125,931
Accrued interest payable		314		-		314		-
Forward loan contracts		2		-		-		2

	December 31, 2022
	Recorded Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial Assets:
Cash and due from banks	$	12,403	$	12,403	$	-	$	-
Interest-bearing deposits		59,026		59,026		-		-
Securities available for sale		656,852		-		656,852		-
Restricted securities		941		-		941		-
Loans, net		844,519		-		-		781,749
Accrued interest receivable		6,001		-		6,001		-
Bank-owned life insurance		43,312		-		43,312		-
Financial Liabilities:
Deposits	$	1,542,725	$	-	$	1,475,096	$	67,542
Accrued interest payable		106		-		106		-