(2) Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its majority and wholly owned subsidiaries. Upon consolidation, all intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated.

Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents consist of instruments with remaining maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase and consist primarily of money market funds, for which the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

The allowance for doubtful accounts is established to represent the Company’s best estimate of the net realizable value of the outstanding accounts receivable. The development of the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts varies by region but in general is based on a review of past due amounts, historical write‑off experience, as well as aging trends affecting specific accounts and general operational factors affecting all accounts. In addition, factors are developed in certain regions utilizing historical trends of sales and returns and allowances and cash discount activities to derive a reserve for returns and allowances and cash discounts.

The Company uniformly considers current economic trends and changes in customer payment terms when evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts. The Company also aggressively monitors the creditworthiness of the Company’s largest customers and periodically reviews customer credit limits to reduce risk. If circumstances relating to specific customers change or unanticipated changes occur in the general business environment, the Company’s estimates of the recoverability of receivables could be further adjusted.

Concentration of Credit

The Company sells products to a diversified customer base and, therefore, has no significant concentrations of credit risk. In 2017, 2016, and 2015, no customer accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s total sales or accounts receivable.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market, using primarily the first‑in, first‑out method. Market value is determined by replacement cost or net realizable value. Historical usage is used as the basis for determining the reserve for excess or obsolete inventories.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill is recorded when the consideration paid for acquisitions exceeds the fair value of net tangible and intangible assets acquired. Goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized, but rather are tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that it is “more likely than not” that they might be impaired, such as from a change in business conditions. The Company performs its annual goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets impairment assessment in the fourth quarter of each year.

Long-Lived Assets

Intangible assets with estimable lives and other long‑lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable. Recoverability of intangible assets with estimable lives and other long‑ lived assets is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset or asset group to future net undiscounted pretax cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group. If these comparisons indicate that an asset is not recoverable, the impairment loss recognized is the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset or asset group exceeds the related estimated fair value. Estimated fair value is based on either discounted future pretax operating cash flows or appraised values, depending on the nature of the asset. The Company determines the discount rate for this analysis based on the weighted average cost of capital using the market and guideline public companies for the related businesses and does not allocate interest charges to the asset or asset group being measured. Judgment is required to estimate future operating cash flows.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation is provided on a straight‑line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from 10 to 40 years for buildings and improvements and 3 to 15 years for machinery and equipment. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the lesser of the economic useful life of the asset or the remaining lease term.

Taxes, Other than Income Taxes

Taxes assessed by governmental authorities on sale transactions are recorded on a net basis and excluded from sales in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company recognizes tax benefits when the item in question meets the more–likely–than‑not (greater than 50% likelihood of being sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities) threshold. During 2017, unrecognized tax benefits of the Company increased by a net amount of $2.6 million. Unrecognized tax benefits increased by approximately $3.1 million, consisting of $1.7 million related to European tax positions, $0.5 million related to China tax positions, $0.2 million related to U.S. tax positions and $0.7 million related to currency movements. Unrecognized tax benefits decreased by $0.5 million, which was primarily related to the settlement of a Belgium audit and various statute expirations.

As of December 31, 2017, the Company had gross unrecognized tax benefits of approximately $7.7 million, approximately $3.6 million of which, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate. The difference between the amount of unrecognized tax benefits and the amount that would affect the effective tax rate consists of the federal tax benefit of state income tax items and allowable correlative adjustments that are available for certain jurisdictions.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax is as follows:


	(in millions)
Balance at January 1, 2017	$	5.1
Increases related to prior year tax positions		2.4
Decreases related to statute expirations		(0.3)
Settlements		(0.2)
Currency movement		0.7
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	7.7

The Company estimates that it is reasonably possible that the balance of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2017 may decrease by approximately $0.5 million in the next twelve months, as a result of lapses in statutes of limitations and settlements of open audits.

In January of 2017, the United States Internal Revenue Service commenced an audit of the Company’s 2015 tax year. The Company does not anticipate any material adjustments to arise as a result of the audit. The Company conducts business in a variety of locations throughout the world resulting in tax filings in numerous domestic and foreign jurisdictions. The Company is subject to tax examinations regularly as part of the normal course of business. The Company’s major jurisdictions are the U.S., France, Germany, Canada, and the Netherlands. The statute of limitations in the U.S. is subject to tax examination for 2014 and later; France, Germany, Canada and the Netherlands are subject to tax examination for 2012-2014 and later. All other jurisdictions, with few exceptions, are no longer subject to tax examinations in state and local, or international jurisdictions for tax years before 2012.

The Company accounts for interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense.

Foreign Currency Translation

The functional currency for most of our foreign subsidiaries is their local currency. For our non-U.S. subsidiaries that transact in a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar, assets and liabilities are translated at current rates of exchange at the balance sheet date. Income and expense items are translated at the average foreign currency exchange rates for the period. Adjustments resulting from the translation of the financial statements of our foreign operations into U.S. dollars are excluded from the determination of net income and are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income, a separate component of equity. For subsidiaries where the functional currency of the assets and liabilities differs from the local currency, non-monetary assets and liabilities are translated at the rate of exchange in effect on the date assets were acquired while monetary assets and liabilities are translated at current rates of exchange as of the balance sheet date. Income and expense items are translated at the average foreign currency rates for the period. Translation adjustments of these subsidiaries are included in other expense (income), net in our consolidated statements of operations.

Stock‑Based Compensation

The Company records compensation expense in the financial statements for share‑based awards based on the grant date fair value of those awards for restricted stock awards and deferred shares. Stock‑based compensation expense for restricted stock awards and deferred shares is recognized over the requisite service periods of the awards on a straight‑line basis, which is generally commensurate with the vesting term. The performance stock units offered by the Company to employees are amortized to expense over the vesting period, and based on the Company’s performance relative to the performance goals, may be adjusted. Changes to the estimated shares expected to vest will result in adjustments to the related share-based compensation expense that will be recorded in the period of change. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, “Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting,” and the Company adopted this standard in the first quarter of 2017 with an immaterial change to retained earnings. As part of the adoption of this standard, the Company elected to account for forfeitures as they occur, rather than estimate expected forfeitures over the vesting period of the respective grant. The Company also no longer reclassifies the benefits associated with tax deductions in excess of recognized compensation cost from operating activities to financing activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

At December 31, 2017, the Company had one stock‑based compensation plan with total unrecognized compensation costs related to unvested stock‑based compensation arrangements of approximately $14.8 million and a total weighted average remaining term of 1.57 years. For 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company recognized compensation costs related to stock‑based programs of approximately $13.9 million, $13.4 million and $10.9 million, respectively. For 2017, 2016, and 2015 stock compensation expense, $0.8 million, $0.9 million and $0.4 million, respectively, was recorded in cost of goods sold and $13.1 million, $12.5 million and $10.5 million, respectively, was recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses. For 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company recorded approximately $0.1 million, $0.8 million and $0.3 million, respectively, of tax benefits for the compensation expense relating to its stock options. For 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company recorded approximately $3.9 million, $2.8 million and $2.0 million, respectively, of tax benefit for its other stock‑based plans. For 2017, 2016 and 2015, the recognition of total stock‑based compensation expense impacted both basic and diluted net income per common share by $0.28, $0.29 and $0.25, respectively.

Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share

Basic net income (loss) per common share is calculated by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. The calculation of diluted net income (loss) per share assumes the conversion of all dilutive securities (see Note 13).

Net income (loss) and number of shares used to compute net income (loss) per share, basic and assuming full dilution, are reconciled below:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2017					2016					2015
				Per					Per					Per
	Net			Share		Net			Share		Net			Share
	Income		Shares	Amount		Income		Shares	Amount		Loss		Shares	Amount
	(Amounts in millions, except per share information)
Basic EPS	$	73.1	34.4	$	2.12	$	84.2	34.4	$	2.45	$	(112.9)	34.9	$	(3.24)
Dilutive securities, principally common stock options		—	—		—		—	0.1		(0.01)		—	—		—
Diluted EPS	$	73.1	34.4	$	2.12	$	84.2	34.5	$	2.44	$	(112.9)	34.9	$	(3.24)

The computation of diluted net income (loss) per share for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 excludes the effect of the potential exercise of options to purchase approximately 0.1 million and 0.3 million shares, respectively, because the exercise price of the option was greater than the average market price of the Class A common stock and the effect would have been anti‑dilutive.

Financial Instruments

In the normal course of business, the Company manages risks associated with commodity prices, foreign exchange rates and interest rates through a variety of strategies, including the use of hedging transactions, executed in accordance with the Company’s policies. The Company’s hedging transactions include, but are not limited to, the use of various derivative financial and commodity instruments. As a matter of policy, the Company does not use derivative instruments unless there is an underlying exposure. Any change in value of the derivative instruments would be substantially offset by an opposite change in the value of the underlying hedged items. The Company does not use derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

Derivative instruments may be designated and accounted for as either a hedge of a recognized asset or liability (fair value hedge) or a hedge of a forecasted transaction (cash flow hedge). For a fair value hedge, both the effective and ineffective portions of the change in fair value of the derivative instrument, along with an adjustment to the carrying amount of the hedged item for fair value changes attributable to the hedged risk, are recognized in earnings. For a cash flow hedge, changes in the fair value of the derivative instrument that are highly effective are deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income or loss until the underlying hedged item is recognized in earnings. The Company has two interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges as of December 31, 2017 and 2016. The Company had one foreign currency swap which was a non-designated cash flow hedge as of December 31, 2016. Refer to Note 16 for further details.

If a fair value or cash flow hedge were to cease to qualify for hedge accounting or be terminated, it would continue to be carried on the balance sheet at fair value until settled, but hedge accounting would be discontinued prospectively. If a forecasted transaction were no longer probable of occurring, amounts previously deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income would be recognized immediately in earnings. On occasion, the Company may enter into a derivative instrument that does not qualify for hedge accounting because it is entered into to offset changes in the fair value of an underlying transaction which is required to be recognized in earnings (natural hedge). These instruments are reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings.

Portions of the Company’s outstanding debt are exposed to interest rate risks. The Company monitors its interest rate exposures on an ongoing basis to maximize the overall effectiveness of its interest rates.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. An entity is required to maximize the use of observable inputs, where available, and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.

The Company has certain financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and certain nonfinancial assets and liabilities that may be measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. The fair value disclosures of these assets and liabilities are based on a three‑level hierarchy, which is defined as follows:

Level 1	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.
Level 2	Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
Level 3	Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

Assets and liabilities subject to this hierarchy are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability. Refer to Note 16 for further details.

Shipping and Handling

Shipping and handling costs included in selling, general and administrative expense amounted to $52.1 million, $47.9 million and $53.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Research and Development

Research and development costs included in selling, general, and administrative expense amounted to $29.0 million, $26.5 million and $23.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue when all of the following criteria have been met: the Company has entered into a binding agreement, the product has been shipped and title passes, the sales price to the customer is fixed or is determinable, and collectability is reasonably assured. Provisions for estimated returns and allowances are made at the time of sale, and are recorded as a reduction of sales and included in the allowance for doubtful accounts in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company also records a right of return asset for estimated returns of product that is included within other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company records provisions for sales incentives (primarily volume rebates), as an adjustment to net sales, at the time of sale based on estimated purchase targets.

Basis of Presentation

Certain amounts in the 2016 and 2015 consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to permit comparison with the 2017 presentation, including from adoption of recent accounting standards. These reclassifications had no effect on reported results of operations or stockholders' equity.

Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In January 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2017-04, “Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment.” ASU 2017-04 eliminates the need to determine the fair value of individual assets and liabilities of a reporting unit to measure goodwill impairment. A goodwill impairment will now be the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value. The revised guidance will be applied prospectively and is effective for calendar year-end SEC filers in 2020. Early adoption is permitted for any impairment tests performed after January 1, 2017. The Company’s adoption of the new guidance effective January 1, 2017 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, “Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting.” ASU 2016‑09 simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as equity or liabilities, forfeitures, and classification on the statement of cash flows. The Company adopted this standard in the first quarter of 2017. The impact of the adoption of this standard resulted in the following:

The Company elected to account for forfeitures as they occur, rather than estimate expected forfeitures over the vesting period of the respective grant. This was adopted using a modified retrospective approach with a cumulative effect adjustment of $0.5 million to retained earnings as of January 1, 2017.

The Company no longer reclassifies the excess tax benefit from operating activities to financing activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. This change has been applied prospectively in the Statement of Cash Flows. The Company had an excess tax benefit of $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016.

The Company no longer records windfall or shortfall tax benefits to additional paid-in capital and records these tax benefits directly to operations. This change has been applied prospectively as is required by the standard and therefore the comparative period has not been adjusted. This change may create volatility in the Company’s effective tax rate on a prospective basis.

In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, “Income Taxes: Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes.” ASU 2015-17 requires that deferred tax liabilities and assets be classified as noncurrent in a classified statement of financial position. ASU 2015-17 is effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016 and all interim periods thereafter. The Company adopted the provision of this ASU during the first quarter of 2017 and applied it retrospectively. As of December 31, 2016, the Company had $38.6 million of current deferred tax assets, $1.5 million of noncurrent deferred tax assets, and $85.7 million of noncurrent deferred tax liabilities. The adoption of this standard resulted in a reclassification of $38.6 million of current deferred tax assets to noncurrent deferred tax liabilities and a reclassification of $1.5 million of noncurrent deferred tax liabilities to noncurrent deferred tax assets. Therefore, the restated noncurrent deferred tax asset balance and noncurrent deferred tax liability balance as of December 31, 2016 was $3.0 million and $48.6 million, respectively. Adoption of this standard did not affect results of operations, retained earnings, or cash flows in the current or previous interim and annual reporting periods.

In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-11, “Inventory: Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory.” This new standard changes inventory measurement from lower of cost or market to lower of cost and net realizable value. The standard eliminates the requirement to consider replacement cost or net realizable value less a normal profit margin when measuring inventory. ASU 2015-11 was effective in the first quarter of 2017 for public companies with calendar year ends, and should be applied prospectively with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

Accounting Standards Updates

In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12 “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815)-Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities.” ASU 2017-12 amends the hedge accounting guidance to improve the financial reporting of hedging relationships to better portray the economic results of an entity’s risk management activities in the financial statements. This guidance permits hedge accounting for risk components in hedging relationships that involve nonfinancial risk, reduces complexity in hedging for fair value hedges of interest rate risk, eliminates the requirement to separately measure and report hedging ineffectiveness, and simplifies certain hedge effectiveness assessment requirements. This standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that reporting period. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance, including transition elections and required disclosures, on our financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01 “Business Combinations (Topic 805)-Clarifying the Definition of a Business”, which clarifies the definition of a business to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions or disposals of assets or businesses. The standard introduces a screen for determining when assets acquired are not a business and clarifies that a business must include, at a minimum, an input and a substantive process that contribute to an output to be considered a business. This standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842).” ASU 2016‑02 requires a lessee to recognize in the statement of financial position a liability to make lease payments and a right-of-use asset representing the right to use the underlying asset for the lease term for both finance and operating leases. ASU 2016-02 is effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and all interim periods thereafter. Early adoption is permitted for all entities. The Company plans to adopt this standard effective January 1, 2019, using the modified retrospective approach. The Company is currently reviewing its leasing arrangements in order to evaluate the impact of this standard on the Company’s financial statements.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers." ASU 2014-09 converges revenue recognition under U.S. GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS"). For U.S. GAAP, the standard generally eliminates transaction and industry-specific revenue recognition guidance. This includes current guidance on long-term construction-type contracts, software arrangements, real estate sales, telecommunication arrangements, and franchise sales. Under the new standard, revenue is recognized based on a five-step model. The FASB issued ASU 2015-14 in August 2015 which deferred the effective date of ASU 2014-09 for public companies to periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The Company assessed the impact of the guidance on its revenues by reviewing its contract portfolio to identify potential differences that would result from applying the new standard to its current revenue arrangements, including evaluation of potential performance obligations and variable consideration. The Company completed this analysis and concluded the adoption of this guidance will not have a material impact on the Company’s financial results in the year of adoption. The Company adopted this new standard effective January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach. Under the new standard entities are required to disaggregate and disclose revenue into categories to depict how the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. The Company expects to disaggregate revenue by geographic segment, and further disaggregate revenue to distribution channel and product line. The Company is evaluating the impact of this standard on the internal controls over financial reporting and enhanced disclosure requirements, beyond the impact of disaggregating revenue.