1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation – The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Harley-Davidson, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries (the Company), including the accounts of the groups of companies doing business as Harley-Davidson Motor Company (HDMC) and Harley-Davidson Financial Services (HDFS). In addition, certain variable interest entities (VIEs) related to secured financing are consolidated as the Company is the primary beneficiary. All intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated.

All of the Company's subsidiaries are wholly owned and are included in the consolidated financial statements. Substantially all of the Company's international subsidiaries use their respective local currency as their functional currency. Assets and liabilities of international subsidiaries have been translated at period-end exchange rates, and income and expenses have been translated using average exchange rates for the period.

The Company operates in two principal business segments: Motorcycles & Related Products (Motorcycles) and Financial Services (Financial Services).

On October 15, 2009, the Company announced its intent to divest MV Agusta (MV) and completed the sale of MV on August 6, 2010. MV is presented as a discontinued operation for all periods.

Use of Estimates – The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents – The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.

Marketable Securities – The Company's marketable securities consisted of the following (in thousands):


	December 31, 2011		December 31, 2010
	December 31, 2011		December 31, 2010
Available-for-sale:
Corporate bonds	$	153,380	$	50,231
U.S. Treasuries		—		89,887

	$	153,380	$	140,118

The Company's available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value with any unrealized gains or losses reported in other comprehensive income. During 2011 and 2010, the Company recognized a gross unrealized gain of $0.7 million and a gross unrealized loss of $0.2 million, respectively, or a $0.5 million gain net of tax and a $0.1 million loss net of tax, respectively, to adjust amortized cost to fair value. The marketable securities have contractual maturities that generally come due over the next 12 to 48 months.

Accounts Receivable – The Company's motorcycles and related products are sold to independent dealers and distributors outside the U.S. and Canada generally on open account and the resulting receivables are included in accounts receivable in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. The allowance for doubtful accounts deducted from total accounts receivable was $5.0 million and $10.4 million as of December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively. Accounts receivable are written down once management determines that the specific customer does not have the ability to repay the balance in full. The Company's sales of motorcycles and related products in the U.S. and Canada are financed by the purchasing dealers or distributors through HDFS and the related receivables are included in finance receivables in the consolidated balance sheets.

Finance Receivables, Net – Finance receivables include both retail and wholesale finance receivables, net and restricted finance receivables held by VIEs, net. Finance receivables are recorded in the financial statements at historical cost net of an allowance for credit losses. The provision for credit losses on finance receivables is charged to earnings in amounts sufficient to maintain the allowance for credit losses at a level that is adequate to cover losses of principal inherent in the existing portfolio. Portions of the allowance for credit losses are specified to cover estimated losses on finance receivables specifically identified for impairment. The unspecified portion of the allowance covers estimated losses on finance receivables which are collectively reviewed for impairment. Finance receivables are considered impaired when management determines it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the terms of the loan agreement.

The retail portfolio primarily consists of a large number of small balance, homogeneous finance receivables. HDFS performs a periodic and systematic collective evaluation of the adequacy of the retail allowance for credit losses. HDFS utilizes loss forecast models which consider a variety of factors including, but not limited to, historical loss trends, origination or vintage analysis, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, the value of the underlying collateral, recovery rates and current economic conditions including items such as unemployment rates. Retail finance receivables are not evaluated individually for impairment prior to charge-off and therefore are not reported as impaired loans.

The wholesale portfolio is primarily composed of large balance, non-homogeneous loans. The Company's wholesale allowance evaluation is first based on a loan-by-loan review. A specific allowance for credit losses is established for wholesale finance receivables determined to be individually impaired when management concludes that the borrower will not be able to make full payment of contractual amounts due based on the original terms of the loan agreement. The impairment is determined based on the cash that the Company expects to receive discounted at the loan's original interest rate or the fair value of the collateral, if the loan is collateral-dependent. In establishing the allowance, management considers a number of factors including the specific borrower's financial performance as well as ability to repay. As described below in the Financial Services Revenue Recognition Policy, the accrual of interest on such finance receivables is discontinued when the collection of the account becomes doubtful. While a finance receivable is considered impaired, all cash received is applied to principal or interest as appropriate.

Finance receivables in the wholesale portfolio that are not individually evaluated for impairment are segregated, based on similar risk characteristics, according to the Company's internal risk rating system and collectively evaluated for impairment. The related allowance is based on factors such as the Company's past loan loss experience, current economic conditions as well as the value of the underlying collateral.

Impaired finance receivables also include loans that have been modified in troubled debt restructurings as a concession to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Generally, it is the Company's policy not to change the terms and conditions of finance receivables. However, to minimize the economic loss the Company may modify certain impaired finance receivables in troubled debt restructurings. Total restructured finance receivables are not significant.

Repossessed inventory is recorded at the lower of cost or net realizable value and is reclassified from finance receivables to other current assets with any related loss recognized as a charge against the allowance for finance credit losses on finance receivables in the period during which the asset was transferred. Repossessed inventory was $14.5 million and $26.5 million at December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively.

Finance Receivables Held for Sale – Prior to the second quarter of 2009, U.S. retail motorcycle finance receivables intended for securitization at origination were classified as finance receivables held for sale. These finance receivables held for sale in the aggregate were carried at the lower of cost or estimated fair value. Any amount by which cost exceeded fair value was accounted for as a valuation adjustment with an offset to other income. Cash flows related to finance receivables held for sale were included in cash flows from operating activities.

Asset-Backed Financing – HDFS participates in asset-backed financing through both term asset-backed securitization transactions and its asset-backed commercial paper conduit facility. In both types of asset-backed financing programs, HDFS transfers U.S. retail motorcycle finance receivables to a consolidated special purpose entity (SPE) while retaining the servicing rights. Each SPE then converts those assets into cash, through the issuance of debt. These SPEs are considered VIEs under U.S. GAAP. HDFS is required to consolidate any VIEs in which it is deemed to be the primary beneficiary through having power over the significant activities of the entity and having an obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE which are potentially significant to the VIE.

HDFS is considered to have the power over the significant activities of its term asset-backed securitization and asset-backed commercial paper conduit facility VIEs due to its role as servicer. Servicing fees are typically not considered potentially significant variable interests in a VIE. However, HDFS retains a residual interest in the VIEs in the form of a debt security, which gives HDFS the right to receive benefits that could be potentially significant to the VIE. Therefore, the Company is the primary beneficiary and consolidates all of its VIEs within its consolidated financial statements. Servicing fees paid by VIEs to HDFS are eliminated in consolidation and therefore are not recorded on a consolidated basis.

HDFS is not required, and does not currently intend, to provide any additional financial support to its VIEs. Investors and creditors only have recourse to the assets held by the VIEs.

The Company's VIEs have been aggregated on the balance sheet due to the similarity of the nature of the assets involved as well as the purpose and design of the VIEs.

Off-Balance Sheet Finance Receivables Securitizations – Prior to 2009, HDFS sold U.S. retail motorcycle finance receivables through securitization transactions that qualified for accounting sale treatment under prior U.S. GAAP. Under the terms of securitization transactions, HDFS sold U.S. retail motorcycle finance receivables to a securitization trust utilizing the two-step process described further below. The securitization trust issued notes to investors, with various maturities and interest rates, secured by future collections of purchased U.S. retail motorcycle finance receivables. The proceeds from the issuance of the term asset-backed securities were utilized by the securitization trust to purchase U.S. retail motorcycle finance receivables from HDFS.

Upon sale of the U.S. retail motorcycle finance receivables to the securitization trust, HDFS received cash, recorded a gain or loss on the transaction and also retained an interest in excess cash flows, subordinated securities, and the right to receive cash reserve account deposits in the future, collectively referred to as "investment in retained securitization interests." The investment in retained securitization interests was included with finance receivables in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company's continuing involvement in the securitized U.S. retail motorcycle finance receivables was limited to its investment in retained securitization interests and servicing rights.

The investment in retained securitization interests was measured in the same manner as an investment in debt securities that is classified as available-for-sale as defined by Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 320, "Investments – Debt and Equity Securities" (ASC Topic 320). As such, the investment in retained securitization interests was recorded at fair value and periodically reviewed for impairment. Market quotes of fair value were generally not available for retained interests; therefore, HDFS estimated fair value based on the present value of future expected cash flows using HDFS' best estimates of key assumptions for credit losses, prepayments and discount rates that, in management's judgment, reflected the assumptions marketplace participants would use. If the fair value of the investment in retained securitization interests was less than the amortized cost, an unrealized loss existed which indicated that the investment was other-than-temporarily impaired.

HDFS retained servicing rights on the U.S. retail motorcycle finance receivables that it had sold to the securitization trust and received a servicing fee. The servicing fee paid to HDFS was considered adequate compensation for the services provided and was included in financial services revenue as earned. HDFS earned $42.0 million from contractually specified servicing fees, late fees, and ancillary fees during 2009. These fees were recorded in financial services revenue.

HDFS utilized a two-step process to transfer U.S. retail motorcycle finance receivables to a securitization trust. U.S. retail motorcycle finance receivables were initially transferred to a special purpose, bankruptcy remote, wholly-owned subsidiary which in turn sold the U.S. retail motorcycle finance receivables to the securitization trust. The securitization trust was funded with cash obtained through the issuance of the term asset-backed securities. HDFS surrendered control of retail finance receivables sold to the securitization trust. Securitization transactions were structured such that: (1) transferred assets were isolated from HDFS by being put presumptively beyond the reach of HDFS and its creditors, even in bankruptcy or other receivership; (2) each holder of a beneficial interest in the securitization trust had the right to pledge or exchange their interest; and (3) HDFS did not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through either (a) an agreement that both entitled and obligated HDFS to repurchase or redeem the transferred assets before their maturity other than for breaches of certain representations, warranties and covenants relating to the transferred assets, or (b) the ability to unilaterally cause the holder to return specific assets, other than through a customary cleanup call.

Activities of the securitization trust were limited to acquiring U.S. retail motorcycle finance receivables, issuing term asset-backed securities, making payments on securities to investors and other activities permissible under prior U.S. GAAP. Securitization trusts had a limited life and generally terminated upon final distribution of amounts owed to the investors in the term asset-backed securities. Historically, the life of securitization trusts that purchased U.S. retail motorcycle finance receivables from HDFS approximated four years.

HDFS did not guarantee payments on the securities issued by the securitization trusts or the projected cash flows from the U.S. retail motorcycle loans purchased from HDFS. The Company's retained securitization interests, excluding servicing rights, were subordinate to the interests of securitization trust investors. Such investors had priority interests in the cash collections on the U.S. retail motorcycle finance receivables sold to the securitization trust (after payment of servicing fees) and in the cash reserve account deposits. Investors also did not have recourse to the assets of HDFS for failure of the obligors on the retail finance receivables to pay when due.

Due to the overall structure of the securitization transaction, the nature of the assets held by the securitization trust and the limited nature of its activities, the securitization trusts were considered Qualifying Special Purpose Entities (QSPEs). Accordingly, gain or loss on sale was recognized upon transfer of retail loans to a QSPE, and the assets and liabilities of the QSPEs were not consolidated in the financial statements of HDFS. See Note 8 for further discussion of HDFS' securitization program.

As discussed in Note 8, on January 1, 2010, the Company was required to adopt new guidance regarding the consolidation of off-balance sheet QSPEs.

Inventories – Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or market. Substantially all inventories located in the United States are valued using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method. Other inventories totaling $215.2 million at December 31, 2011 and $153.4 million at December 31, 2010 are valued at the lower of cost or market using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method.

Property, Plant and Equipment – Property, plant and equipment is recorded at cost. Depreciation is determined on the straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The following useful lives are used to depreciate the various classes of property, plant and equipment: buildings – 30 to 40 years; building equipment and land improvements – 7 to 10 years; machinery and equipment – 3 to 10 years; and software 3 to 7 years. Accelerated methods of depreciation are used for income tax purposes.

Goodwill – Goodwill represents the excess of acquisition cost over the fair value of the net assets purchased. Goodwill is tested for impairment, based on financial data related to the reporting unit to which it has been assigned, at least annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. The impairment test involves comparing the estimated fair value of the reporting unit associated with the goodwill to its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, goodwill must be adjusted to its implied fair value. During 2011 and 2010, the Company tested its goodwill balances for impairment and no adjustments were recorded to goodwill as a result of those reviews. See Note 5 for a discussion of the Company's 2009 goodwill impairment.

Long-lived Assets – The Company periodically evaluates the carrying value of long-lived assets to be held and used when events and circumstances warrant such review. If the carrying value of a long-lived asset is considered impaired, a loss is recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the long-lived asset for assets to be held and used. The Company also reviews the useful life of its long-lived assets when events and circumstances indicate that the actual useful life may be shorter than originally estimated. In the event that the actual useful life is deemed to be shorter than the original useful life, depreciation is adjusted prospectively so that the remaining book value is depreciated over the revised useful life.

Asset groups classified as held for sale are measured at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell, and a loss is recognized for any initial adjustment required to reduce the carrying amount to the fair value less cost to sell in the period the held for sale criteria are met. The fair value less cost to sell must be assessed each reporting period the asset group remains classified as held for sale. Gains or losses not previously recognized resulting from the sale of an asset group will be recognized on the date of sale.

Product Warranty and Safety Recall Campaigns – The Company currently provides a standard two-year limited warranty on all new motorcycles sold worldwide, except for Japan, where the Company provides a standard three-year limited warranty on all new motorcycles sold. The warranty coverage for the retail customer includes parts and labor and generally begins when the motorcycle is sold to a retail customer. The Company maintains reserves for future warranty claims using an estimated cost per unit sold, which is based primarily on historical Company claim information. Additionally, the Company has from time to time initiated certain voluntary safety recall campaigns. The Company reserves for all estimated costs associated with safety recalls in the period that the safety recalls are announced.

Changes in the Company's warranty and safety recall liability were as follows (in thousands):


	2011			2010			2009
Balance, beginning of period	$	54,134		$	68,044		$	64,543
Warranties issued during the period		44,092			36,785			51,336
Settlements made during the period		(55,386	)		(58,067	)		(74,022	)
Recalls and changes to pre-existing warranty liabilities		12,154			7,372			26,187

Balance, end of period	$	54,994		$	54,134		$	68,044

The liability for safety recall campaigns was $10.7 million, $3.2 million and $6.7 million at December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively.

Derivative Financial Instruments – The Company is exposed to certain risks such as foreign currency exchange rate risk, interest rate risk and commodity price risk. To reduce its exposure to such risks, the Company selectively uses derivative financial instruments. All derivative transactions are authorized and executed pursuant to regularly reviewed policies and procedures, which prohibit the use of financial instruments for speculative trading purposes.

All derivative instruments are recognized on the balance sheet at fair value (see Note 9). In accordance with ASC Topic 815, "Derivatives and Hedging," the accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative instrument depends on whether it has been designated and qualifies as part of a hedging relationship and, further, on the type of hedging relationship. Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated as fair value hedges, along with the gain or loss on the hedged item, are recorded in current period earnings. For derivative instruments that are designated as cash flow hedges, the effective portion of gains and losses that result from changes in the fair value of derivative instruments is initially recorded in other comprehensive income (OCI) and subsequently reclassified into earnings when the hedged item affects income. The Company assesses, at both the inception of each hedge and on an on-going basis, whether the derivatives that are used in its hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in cash flows of the hedged items. Any ineffective portion is immediately recognized in earnings. No component of a hedging derivative instrument's gain or loss is excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness. Derivative instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are recorded at fair value and any changes in fair value are recorded in current period earnings. Refer to Note 11 for a detailed description of the Company's derivative instruments.

Motorcycles and Related Products Revenue Recognition – Sales are recorded when products are shipped to wholesale customers (independent dealers and distributors) and ownership is transferred. The Company may offer sales incentive programs to both wholesale and retail customers designed to promote the sale of motorcycles and related products. The total costs of these programs are generally recognized as revenue reductions and are accrued at the later of the date the related sales are recorded or the date the incentive program is both approved and communicated.

Financial Services Revenue Recognition – Interest income on finance receivables is recorded as earned and is based on the average outstanding daily balance for wholesale and retail receivables. Accrued and uncollected interest is classified with finance receivables. Certain loan origination costs related to finance receivables, including payments made to dealers for certain retail loans, are deferred and amortized over the estimated life of the contract.

Retail finance receivables are contractually delinquent if the minimum payment is not received by the specified due date. Retail finance receivables are generally charged-off at 120 days contractually past due. All retail finance receivables accrue interest until either collected or charged-off. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2011 and 2010, all retail finance receivables are accounted for as interest-earning receivables.

Wholesale finance receivables are delinquent if the minimum payment is not received by the contractual due date. Interest continues to accrue on past due finance receivables until the date the finance receivable becomes doubtful and the finance receivable is placed on non-accrual status. HDFS will resume accruing interest on these accounts when payments are current according to the terms of the loans and future payments are reasonably assured. While on non- accrual status, all cash received is applied to principal or interest as appropriate. Wholesale finance receivables are written down once management determines that the specific borrower does not have the ability to repay the loan in full.

Insurance and protection product commissions as well as commissions on the sale of extended service contracts are recognized when contractually earned. Deferred revenue related to extended service contracts was $12.2 million and $13.7 million as of December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively.

Research and Development Expenses – Expenditures for research activities relating to product development and improvement are charged against income as incurred and included within selling, administrative and engineering expenses in the consolidated statement of operations. Research and development expenses were $145.4 million, $136.2 million and $143.1 million for 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively.

Advertising Costs – The Company expenses the production cost of advertising the first time the advertising takes place. Advertising costs relate to the Company's efforts to promote its products and brands through the use of media. During 2011, 2010 and 2009, the Company incurred $82.3 million, $75.8 million and $80.2 million in advertising costs, respectively.

Shipping and Handling Costs – The Company classifies shipping and handling costs as a component of cost of goods sold.

Share-Based Award Compensation Costs – The Company recognizes the cost of its share-based awards in its statement of operations. The total cost of the Company's equity awards is equal to their grant date fair value and is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the service periods of the awards. The total cost of the Company's liability for cash-settled awards is equal to their settlement date fair value. The liability for cash-settled awards is revalued each period based on a recalculated fair value adjusted for vested awards. Total share-based award compensation expense recognized by the Company during 2011, 2010 and 2009 was $38.2 million, $30.4 million and $17.6 million, respectively, or $24.0 million, $19.2 million and $11.0 million net of taxes, respectively.

Income Tax Expense – The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in the provision for income taxes.

New Accounting Standards

Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

In May 2011, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2011-04, "Amendments to Achieve Common Fair Value Measurement and Disclosure Requirements in U.S. GAAP and IFRSs." ASU No. 2011-04 clarifies the application of existing guidance within ASC Topic 820, "Fair Value Measurement" to ensure consistency between U.S. GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). ASU No. 2011-04 also requires new disclosures about purchases, sales, issuances, and settlements related to Level 3 measurements and also requires new disclosures around transfers into and out of Levels 1 and 2 in the fair value hierarchy. The Company is required to adopt ASU No. 2011-04 beginning in the first quarter of 2012, and the adoption of ASU No. 2011-04 will only impact the content of the current disclosure.

In June 2011, the FASB issued ASU No. 2011-05, "Presentation of Comprehensive Income." ASU No. 2011-05 amends the guidance within ASC Topic 220, "Comprehensive Income," to eliminate the option to present the components of other comprehensive income as part of the statement of shareholders' equity. ASU No. 2011-05 requires that all nonowner changes in shareholders' equity be presented in either a single continuous statement of comprehensive income or in two separate but consecutive statements. The Company is required to adopt ASU No. 2011-05 beginning in the first quarter of 2012, and the adoption of ASU No. 2011-05 will only impact the format of the current presentation.

Accounting Standards Recently Adopted

In April 2011, the FASB issued ASU No. 2011-02, "A Creditor's Determination of Whether a Restructuring Is a Troubled Debt Restructuring." ASU No. 2011-02 amends the guidance within ASC Topic 310, "Receivables," to clarify how creditors determine when a restructuring constitutes a troubled debt restructuring. In addition, ASU No. 2011-02 clarifies the guidance on a creditor's evaluation of whether a debtor is experiencing financial difficulties even though the debtor may not be in payment default. The Company adopted ASU No. 2011-02 beginning June 27, 2011. Refer to Note 6 for further information regarding the Company's identification and disclosure of any troubled debt restructurings.

In July 2010, the FASB issued ASU No. 2010-20, "Disclosures about the Credit Quality of Financing Receivables and the Allowance for Credit Losses." ASU No. 2010-20 amends the guidance with ASC Topic 310, "Receivables" to facilitate financial statement users' evaluation of (1) the nature of credit risk inherent in the entity's portfolio of financing receivables; (2) how that risk is analyzed and assessed in arriving at the allowance for credit losses; and (3) the changes and reasons for those changes in the allowance for credit losses. The amendments in ASU No. 2010-20 also require an entity to provide additional disclosures such as a rollforward schedule of the allowance for credit losses on a portfolio segment basis, credit quality indicators of financing receivables and the aging of past due financing receivables. The Company adopted the majority of ASU No. 2010-20 as of December 31, 2010 with the remainder as of January 1, 2011; please refer to Note 6 for further discussion.

Consolidation of Off-Balance Sheet Special Purpose Entities

In June 2009, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 166, "Accounting for Transfers of Financial Assets, an amendment of FASB Statement No. 140." SFAS No. 166 amended the guidance within ASC Topic 860, "Transfers and Servicing," primarily by removing the concept of a qualifying special purpose entity as well as removing the exception from applying FASB Interpretation No. 46(R), "Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities." Upon the effective adoption date, former QSPEs as defined under prior U.S. GAAP had to be evaluated for consolidation within an entity's financial statements. Additionally, the guidance within ASC Topic 860 requires enhanced disclosures about the transfer of financial assets as well as an entity's continuing involvement, if any, in transferred financial assets. In connection with term asset-backed securitization transactions prior to 2009, HDFS utilized QSPEs as defined under prior U.S. GAAP which were not subject to consolidation in the Company's financial statements.

In June 2009, the FASB issued SFAS No. 167, "Amendments to FASB Interpretation No. 46(R)." SFAS No. 167 amended the guidance within ASC Topic 810, "Consolidations," by adding formerly off-balance sheet QSPEs to its scope (the concept of these entities was eliminated by SFAS No. 166). In addition, companies must perform an analysis to determine whether the company's variable interest or interests give it a controlling financial interest in a variable interest entity (VIE). Companies must also reassess on an ongoing basis whether they are the primary beneficiary of a VIE.

Effects of Adoption on January 1, 2010

The Company was required to adopt the new guidance within ASC Topic 810 and ASC Topic 860 as of January 1, 2010. The Company determined that the formerly unconsolidated QSPEs that HDFS utilized were VIEs, of which the Company was the primary beneficiary, and consolidated them into the Company's financial statements beginning January 1, 2010. In accordance with ASC Topic 810, the Company measured the initial carrying values of the assets and liabilities of the VIEs by determining what those values would have been on January 1, 2010 as if the new guidance had been in effect when the Company first met the conditions as the primary beneficiary. The adoption of ASC Topic 860 resulted in a decrease to retained earnings of $40.6 million and a reduction of accumulated other comprehensive loss of $3.5 million. The Company's VIEs are discussed in further detail in Note 7.

Financial Statement Comparability to Prior Periods

The new accounting guidance within ASC Topic 810 and ASC Topic 860 was adopted on a prospective basis. Periods prior to 2010 have not been restated and therefore will not be comparable to 2010 and 2011 as discussed below.

Under the new accounting guidance, the Company's securitization transactions are considered secured borrowings rather than asset sales. Beginning in 2010, the Company recognizes interest income and credit losses on the previously unconsolidated securitized receivables and interest expense on the related debt. The Company's statement of operations no longer includes income from securitizations which consisted of an initial gain or loss on new securitization transactions, income on the investment in retained securitization interests and servicer fees. In addition, the Company no longer incurs charges related to other-than-temporary impairments on its investment in retained securitization interests as that asset has been derecognized.

Historically, U.S. retail motorcycle finance receivables intended for securitization through off-balance sheet securitization transactions were initially classified as finance receivables held for sale. Accordingly, all of the related cash flows were classified as operating cash flows in the statement of cash flows. After the adoption of the new guidance within ASC Topic 810 and ASC Topic 860, all retail finance receivables are considered held for investment, as the Company has the intent and ability to hold the finance receivables for the foreseeable future, or until maturity. The adoption guidance within ASC Topic 810 and ASC Topic 860 requires the Company to apply the standards on a prospective basis as if they had always been in effect. Therefore, the Company has classified post-January 1, 2010 cash flows related to all of its retail motorcycle finance receivables as investing cash flows in the statement of cash flows.