Finance Receivables

The Company provides retail financial services to customers of the Company’s independent dealers in the United States and Canada. The origination of retail loans is a separate and distinct transaction between the Company and the retail customer, unrelated to the Company’s sale of product to its dealers. Retail finance receivables consist of secured promissory notes and secured installment sales contracts and are primarily related to sales of motorcycles to the dealers' customers. The Company holds either titles or liens on titles to vehicles financed by promissory notes and installment sales contracts.

The Company offers wholesale financing to the Company’s independent dealers. Wholesale loans to dealers are generally secured by financed inventory or property and are originated in the U.S. and Canada. Wholesale finance receivables are related primarily to sales of motorcycles and related parts and accessories to dealers.

Finance receivables, net, consisted of the following (in thousands):



	March 31, 2019			December 31, 2018			April 1, 2018
Retail	$	6,290,036		$	6,328,201		$	6,064,192
Wholesale	1,339,428			1,083,615			1,252,600
Total finance receivables	7,629,464			7,411,816			7,316,792
Allowance for credit losses	(190,872		)	(189,885		)	(190,350		)
Finance receivables, net	$	7,438,592		$	7,221,931		$	7,126,442

A provision for credit losses on finance receivables is charged or credited to earnings in amounts that the Company believes are sufficient to maintain the allowance for credit losses at a level that is adequate to cover losses inherent in the existing portfolio. The allowance for credit losses represents management’s estimate of probable losses inherent in the finance receivable portfolio as of the balance sheet date. However, due to the use of projections and assumptions in estimating the losses, the amount of losses actually incurred by the Company could differ from the amounts estimated.

Changes in the allowance for credit losses on finance receivables by portfolio were as follows (in thousands):



	Three months ended March 31, 2019
	Retail			Wholesale		Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	182,098		$	7,787	$	189,885
Provision for credit losses	32,832			1,659		34,491
Charge-offs	(44,721		)	—		(44,721		)
Recoveries	11,217			—		11,217
Balance, end of period	$	181,426		$	9,446	$	190,872

	Three months ended April 1, 2018
	Retail			Wholesale		Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	186,254		$	6,217	$	192,471
Provision for credit losses	28,069			1,983		30,052
Charge-offs	(45,081		)	—		(45,081		)
Recoveries	12,908			—		12,908
Balance, end of period	$	182,150		$	8,200	$	190,350

Finance receivables are considered impaired when management determines it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the terms of the loan agreement. Portions of the allowance for credit losses are established to cover estimated losses on finance receivables specifically identified for impairment. The unspecified portion of the allowance for credit losses covers estimated losses on finance receivables which are collectively reviewed for impairment.

The retail portfolio primarily consists of a large number of small balance, homogeneous finance receivables. The Company performs a periodic and systematic collective evaluation of the adequacy of the retail allowance for credit losses. The Company utilizes loss forecast models which consider a variety of factors including, but not limited to, historical loss trends, origination or vintage analysis, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, the value of the underlying collateral, recovery rates, and current economic conditions including items such as unemployment rates. Retail finance receivables are not evaluated individually for impairment prior to charge-off and, therefore, are not reported as impaired loans.

The wholesale portfolio is primarily composed of large balance, non-homogeneous loans. The Company’s evaluation for the wholesale allowance for credit losses is first based on a loan-by-loan review. A specific allowance for credit losses is established for wholesale finance receivables determined to be individually impaired when management concludes that the borrower will not be able to make full payment of the contractual amounts due based on the original terms of the loan agreement. The impairment is determined based on the cash that the Company expects to receive discounted at the loan’s original interest rate or the fair value of the collateral, if the loan is collateral-dependent. Finance receivables in the wholesale portfolio that are not considered impaired on an individual basis are segregated, based on similar risk characteristics, according to the Company’s internal risk rating system and collectively evaluated for impairment. The related allowance for credit losses is based on factors such as the specific borrower’s financial performance and ability to repay, the Company’s past loan loss experience, current economic conditions, and the value of the underlying collateral.

Generally, it is the Company’s policy not to change the terms and conditions of finance receivables. However, to minimize the economic loss, the Company may modify certain finance receivables in troubled debt restructurings. Total restructured finance receivables are not significant.

The allowance for credit losses and finance receivables by portfolio, segregated by those amounts that are individually evaluated for impairment and those that are collectively evaluated for impairment, was as follows (in thousands):



	March 31, 2019
	Retail		Wholesale		Total
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	—	$	—	$	—
Collectively evaluated for impairment	181,426		9,446		190,872
Total allowance for credit losses	$	181,426	$	9,446	$	190,872
Finance receivables, ending balance:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	—	$	—	$	—
Collectively evaluated for impairment	6,290,036		1,339,428		7,629,464
Total finance receivables	$	6,290,036	$	1,339,428	$	7,629,464

	December 31, 2018
	Retail		Wholesale		Total
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	—	$	—	$	—
Collectively evaluated for impairment	182,098		7,787		189,885
Total allowance for credit losses	$	182,098	$	7,787	$	189,885
Finance receivables, ending balance:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	—	$	—	$	—
Collectively evaluated for impairment	6,328,201		1,083,615		7,411,816
Total finance receivables	$	6,328,201	$	1,083,615	$	7,411,816

	April 1, 2018
	Retail		Wholesale		Total
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	—	$	184	$	184
Collectively evaluated for impairment	182,150		8,016		190,166
Total allowance for credit losses	$	182,150	$	8,200	$	190,350
Finance receivables, ending balance:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	—	$	220	$	220
Collectively evaluated for impairment	6,064,192		1,252,380		7,316,572
Total finance receivables	$	6,064,192	$	1,252,600	$	7,316,792

There are no wholesale finance receivables at March 31, 2019 or December 31, 2018 that are individually deemed to be impaired under ASC Topic 310, "Receivables". Additional information related to the wholesale finance receivables that are individually deemed to be impaired at April 1, 2018 includes (in thousands):



	Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance		Related Allowance		Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized
Wholesale:
No related allowance recorded	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Related allowance recorded	251		220		184		251		—
Total impaired wholesale finance receivables	$	251	$	220	$	184	$	251	$	—

Retail finance receivables are contractually delinquent if the minimum payment is not received by the specified due date. Retail finance receivables are generally charged-off when the receivable is 120 days or more delinquent, the related asset is repossessed, or the receivable is otherwise deemed uncollectible. All retail finance receivables accrue interest until either collected or charged-off. Accordingly, as of March 31, 2019, December 31, 2018 and April 1, 2018, all retail finance receivables were accounted for as interest-earning receivables, of which $39.0 million, $41.2 million and $27.9 million, respectively, were 90 days or more past due.

Wholesale finance receivables are delinquent if the minimum payment is not received by the contractual due date. Wholesale finance receivables are written down once management determines that the specific borrower does not have the ability to repay the loan in full. Interest continues to accrue on past due finance receivables until the date the finance receivable becomes uncollectible and the finance receivable is placed on non-accrual status. The Company will resume accruing interest on these accounts when payments are current according to the terms of the loans and future payments are reasonably assured. While on non-accrual status, all cash received is applied to principal or interest as appropriate. There were no wholesale receivables on non-accrual status at March 31, 2019 or December 31, 2018. The recorded investment in non-accrual status wholesale finance receivables at April 1, 2018 was $0.2 million. At March 31, 2019, December 31, 2018 and April 1, 2018, $0.8 million, $1.1 million, and $0.2 million of wholesale finance receivables were 90 days or more past due and accruing interest, respectively.

An analysis of the aging of past due finance receivables was as follows (in thousands):



	March 31, 2019
	Current		31-60 Days Past Due		61-90 Days Past Due		Greater than 90 Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Total Finance Receivables
Retail	$	6,088,894	$	119,150	$	43,028	$	38,964	$	201,142	$	6,290,036
Wholesale	1,337,429		862		355		782		1,999		1,339,428
Total	$	7,426,323	$	120,012	$	43,383	$	39,746	$	203,141	$	7,629,464

	December 31, 2018
	Current		31-60 Days Past Due		61-90 Days Past Due		Greater than 90 Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Total Finance Receivables
Retail	$	6,100,186	$	136,945	$	49,825	$	41,245	$	228,015	$	6,328,201
Wholesale	1,081,729		522		273		1,091		1,886		1,083,615
Total	$	7,181,915	$	137,467	$	50,098	$	42,336	$	229,901	$	7,411,816

	April 1, 2018
	Current		31-60 Days Past Due		61-90 Days Past Due		Greater than 90 Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Total Finance Receivables
Retail	$	5,897,632	$	105,366	$	33,275	$	27,919	$	166,560	$	6,064,192
Wholesale	1,247,175		549		4,705		171		5,425		1,252,600
Total	$	7,144,807	$	105,915	$	37,980	$	28,090	$	171,985	$	7,316,792

A significant part of managing the Company's finance receivable portfolios includes the assessment of credit risk associated with each borrower. As the credit risk varies between the retail and wholesale portfolios, the Company utilizes different credit risk indicators for each portfolio.

The Company manages retail credit risk through its credit approval policy and ongoing collection efforts. The Company uses FICO scores, a standard credit rating measurement, to differentiate the expected default rates of retail credit applicants, enabling the Company to better evaluate credit applicants for approval and to tailor pricing according to this assessment. Retail loans with a FICO score of 640 or above at origination are considered prime, and loans with a FICO score below 640 are considered sub-prime. These credit quality indicators are determined at the time of loan origination and are not updated subsequent to the loan origination date.

The recorded investment in retail finance receivables, by credit quality indicator, was as follows (in thousands):



	March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018		April 1, 2018
Prime	$	5,160,942	$	5,183,754	$	4,923,237
Sub-prime	1,129,094		1,144,447		1,140,955
Total	$	6,290,036	$	6,328,201	$	6,064,192

The Company's credit risk on the wholesale portfolio is different from that of the retail portfolio. Whereas the retail portfolio represents a relatively homogeneous pool of retail finance receivables that exhibit more consistent loss patterns, the wholesale portfolio exposures are less consistent. The Company utilizes an internal credit risk rating system to manage credit risk exposure consistently across wholesale borrowers and individually evaluates credit risk factors for each borrower. The Company uses the following internal credit quality indicators, based on an internal risk rating system, listed from highest level of risk to lowest level of risk for the wholesale portfolio: Doubtful, Substandard, Special Mention, Medium Risk and Low Risk. Based upon management’s review, the dealers classified in the Doubtful category are the dealers with the greatest likelihood of being charged-off, while the dealers classified as Low Risk are least likely to be charged-off. The internal rating system considers factors such as the specific borrower's ability to repay and the estimated value of any collateral. Dealer risk rating classifications are reviewed and updated on a quarterly basis.

The recorded investment in wholesale finance receivables, by internal credit quality indicator, was as follows (in thousands):



	March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018		April 1, 2018
Doubtful	$	8,679	$	2,210	$	1,582
Substandard	7,866		9,660		3,368
Special Mention	11,484		10,299		33,085
Medium Risk	917		25,802		10,512
Low Risk	1,310,482		1,035,644		1,204,053
Total	$	1,339,428	$	1,083,615	$	1,252,600