Finance Receivables

Finance receivables, net at December 31 for the past five years were as follows (in thousands):



	2014			2013			2012			2011			2010
Wholesale
United States	$	903,380		$	800,491		$	776,633		$	778,320		$	735,481
Canada	48,941			44,721			39,771			46,320			78,516
Total wholesale	952,321			845,212			816,404			824,640			813,997
Retail
United States	5,398,006			5,051,245			4,850,450			4,858,781			5,126,699
Canada	209,918			213,799			222,665			228,709			250,462
Total retail	5,607,924			5,265,044			5,073,115			5,087,490			5,377,161
	6,560,245			6,110,256			5,889,519			5,912,130			6,191,158
Allowance for credit losses	(127,364		)	(110,693		)	(107,667		)	(125,449		)	(173,589		)
Total finance receivables, net	$	6,432,881		$	5,999,563		$	5,781,852		$	5,786,681		$	6,017,569

HDFS offers wholesale financing to the Company’s independent dealers. Wholesale loans to dealers are generally secured by financed inventory or property and are originated in the U.S. and Canada.

HDFS provides retail financial services to customers of the Company’s independent dealers in the U.S. and Canada. The origination of retail loans is a separate and distinct transaction between HDFS and the retail customer, unrelated to the Company’s sale of product to its dealers. Retail finance receivables consist of secured promissory notes and installment loans. HDFS holds either titles or liens on titles to vehicles financed by promissory notes and installment loans. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, approximately 12% of gross outstanding finance receivables were originated in Texas; there were no other state that accounted for more than 10%.

Unused lines of credit extended to the Company's wholesale finance customers totaled $1.01 billion at both December 31, 2014 and 2013. Approved but unfunded retail finance loans totaled $168.7 million and $149.8 million at December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

Wholesale finance receivables are related primarily to motorcycles and related parts and accessories sales to independent Harley-Davidson dealers and are generally contractually due within one year. Retail finance receivables are primarily related to sales of motorcycles to the dealers’ customers. On December 31, 2014, contractual maturities of finance receivables were as follows (in thousands):



	United States		Canada		Total
2015	$	1,856,097	$	86,518	$	1,942,615
2016	1,029,075		40,378		1,069,453
2017	1,155,891		45,041		1,200,932
2018	1,259,696		50,243		1,309,939
2019	953,581		36,679		990,260
Thereafter	47,046		—		47,046
Total	$	6,301,386	$	258,859	$	6,560,245

The allowance for credit losses on finance receivables is comprised of individual components relating to wholesale and retail finance receivables. Changes in the allowance for credit losses on finance receivables by portfolio for the year ended December 31 were as follows (in thousands):



	2014
	Retail			Wholesale		Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	106,063		$	4,630	$	110,693
Provision for credit losses	80,237			709		80,946
Charge-offs	(102,831		)	—		(102,831		)
Recoveries	38,556			—		38,556
Balance, end of period	$	122,025		$	5,339	$	127,364



	2013
	Retail			Wholesale			Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	101,442		$	6,225		$	107,667
Provision for credit losses	61,603			(1,595		)	60,008
Charge-offs	(97,928		)	—			(97,928		)
Recoveries	40,946			—			40,946
Balance, end of period	$	106,063		$	4,630		$	110,693



	2012
	Retail			Wholesale			Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	116,112		$	9,337		$	125,449
Provision for credit losses	25,252			(3,013		)	22,239
Charge-offs	(86,963		)	(99		)	(87,062		)
Recoveries	47,041			—			47,041
Balance, end of period	$	101,442		$	6,225		$	107,667

The allowance for credit losses and finance receivables by portfolio, segregated by those amounts that are individually evaluated for impairment and those that are collectively evaluated for impairment, at December 31 were as follows (in thousands):



	2014
	Retail		Wholesale		Total
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	—	$	—	$	—
Collectively evaluated for impairment	122,025		5,339		127,364
Total allowance for credit losses	$	122,025	$	5,339	$	127,364
Finance receivables, ending balance:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	—	$	—	$	—
Collectively evaluated for impairment	5,607,924		952,321		6,560,245
Total finance receivables	$	5,607,924	$	952,321	$	6,560,245
	2013
	Retail		Wholesale		Total
Allowance for credit losses, ending balance:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	—	$	—	$	—
Collectively evaluated for impairment	106,063		4,630		110,693
Total allowance for credit losses	$	106,063	$	4,630	$	110,693
Finance receivables, ending balance:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	—	$	—	$	—
Collectively evaluated for impairment	5,265,044		845,212		6,110,256
Total finance receivables	$	5,265,044	$	845,212	$	6,110,256

Finance receivables are considered impaired when management determines it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the loan agreement. As retail finance receivables are collectively and not individually reviewed for impairment, this portfolio does not have specifically impaired finance receivables. At December 31, 2014 and 2013, there were no wholesale finance receivables that were on non-accrual status or individually deemed to be impaired under ASC Topic 310, “Receivables”.

An analysis of the aging of past due finance receivables at December 31 was as follows (in thousands):



	2014
	Current		31-60 Days Past Due		61-90 Days Past Due		Greater than 90 Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Total Finance Receivables
Retail	$	5,427,719	$	113,007	$	38,486	$	28,712	$	180,205	$	5,607,924
Wholesale	951,660		383		72		206		661		952,321
Total	$	6,379,379	$	113,390	$	38,558	$	28,918	$	180,866	$	6,560,245



	2013
	Current		31-60 Days Past Due		61-90 Days Past Due		Greater than 90 Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Total Finance Receivables
Retail	$	5,094,615	$	109,806	$	36,029	$	24,594	$	170,429	$	5,265,044
Wholesale	844,033		791		181		207		1,179		845,212
Total	$	5,938,648	$	110,597	$	36,210	$	24,801	$	171,608	$	6,110,256

The recorded investment of retail and wholesale finance receivables, excluding non-accrual status finance receivables, that were contractually past due 90 days or more at December 31 for the past five years was as follows (in thousands):



	2014		2013		2012		2011		2010
United States	$	27,800	$	23,770	$	26,500	$	27,171	$	34,391
Canada	1,118		1,031		1,533		1,207		1,351
Total	$	28,918	$	24,801	$	28,033	$	28,378	$	35,742

A significant part of managing the Company's finance receivable portfolios includes the assessment of credit risk associated with each borrower. As the credit risk varies between the retail and wholesale portfolios, the Company utilizes different credit risk indicators for each portfolio.

The Company manages retail credit risk through its credit approval policy and ongoing collection efforts. The Company uses FICO scores, a standard credit rating measurement, to differentiate the expected default rates of retail credit applicants enabling the Company to better evaluate credit applicants for approval and to tailor pricing according to this assessment. Retail loans with a FICO score of 640 or above at origination are considered prime, and loans with a FICO score below 640 are considered sub-prime. These credit quality indicators are determined at the time of loan origination and are not updated subsequent to the loan origination date.

The recorded investment of retail finance receivables, by credit quality indicator, at December 31 was as follows (in thousands):



	2014		2013
Prime	$	4,435,352	$	4,141,559
Sub-prime	1,172,572		1,123,485
Total	$	5,607,924	$	5,265,044

The Company's credit risk on the wholesale portfolio is different from that of the retail portfolio. Whereas the retail portfolio represents a relatively homogeneous pool of retail finance receivables that exhibit more consistent loss patterns, the wholesale portfolio exposures are less consistent. The Company utilizes an internal credit risk rating system to manage credit risk exposure consistently across wholesale borrowers and individually evaluates credit risk factors for each borrower. The Company uses the following internal credit quality indicators, based on an internal risk rating system, listed from highest level of risk to lowest level of risk, for the wholesale portfolio: Doubtful, Substandard, Special Mention, Medium Risk and Low Risk. Based upon management’s review, the dealers classified in the Doubtful category are the dealers with the greatest likelihood of being charged-off, while the dealers classified as Low Risk are least likely to be charged-off. The internal rating system considers factors such as the specific borrower's ability to repay and the estimated value of any collateral. Dealer risk rating classifications are reviewed and updated on a quarterly basis.

The recorded investment of wholesale finance receivables, by internal credit quality indicator, at December 31 was as follows (in thousands):



	2014		2013
Doubtful	$	954	$	—
Substandard	7,025		8,383
Special Mention	—		2,076
Medium Risk	11,557		5,205
Low Risk	932,785		829,548
Total	$	952,321	$	845,212