Equity Compensation

The Werner Enterprises, Inc. Amended and Restated Equity Plan (the “Equity Plan”), approved by the Company’s shareholders, provides for grants to employees and non-employee directors of the Company in the form of nonqualified stock options, restricted stock and units (“restricted awards”), performance awards, and stock appreciation rights. The Board of Directors or the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors determines the terms of each award, including the type, recipients, number of shares subject to and vesting conditions of each award. No awards of stock appreciation rights have been issued under the Equity Plan to date. The maximum number of shares of common stock that may be awarded under the Equity Plan is 20,000,000 shares. The maximum aggregate number of shares that may be awarded to any one person in any one calendar year under the Equity Plan is 500,000. As of September 30, 2018, there were 7,086,915 shares available for granting additional awards.

Equity compensation expense is included in salaries, wages and benefits within the Consolidated Statements of Income. As of September 30, 2018, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested equity compensation awards was approximately $11.1 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.0 years. The following table summarizes the equity compensation expense and related income tax benefit recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income (in thousands):



	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Stock options:
Pre-tax compensation expense	$	—	$	2	$	—	$	5
Tax benefit	—		1		—		2
Stock option expense, net of tax	$	—	$	1	$	—	$	3
Restricted awards:
Pre-tax compensation expense	$	1,028	$	941	$	3,091	$	2,440
Tax benefit	262		367		788		952
Restricted stock expense, net of tax	$	766	$	574	$	2,303	$	1,488
Performance awards:
Pre-tax compensation expense	$	992	$	308	$	2,319	$	897
Tax benefit	253		120		591		350
Performance award expense, net of tax	$	739	$	188	$	1,728	$	547

We do not have a formal policy for issuing shares upon an exercise of stock options or vesting of restricted and performance awards. Such shares are generally issued from treasury stock. From time to time, we repurchase shares of our common stock, the timing and amount of which depends on market and other factors. Historically, the shares acquired from such repurchases have provided us with sufficient quantities of stock to issue for equity compensation. Based on current treasury stock levels, we do not expect to repurchase additional shares specifically for equity compensation during 2018.

Stock Options

Stock options are granted at prices equal to the market value of the common stock on the date the option award is granted. Option awards currently outstanding become exercisable in installments from 24 to 72 months after the date of grant. The options are exercisable over a period not to exceed ten years, one day from the date of grant. The following table summarizes stock option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2018:



	Number of Options (in thousands)		Weighted Average Exercise Price ($)		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Outstanding at beginning of period	33		$	19.69
Granted	—		—
Exercised	(24	)	19.94
Forfeited	—		—
Expired	—		—
Outstanding at end of period	9		19.02		1.17	$	147
Exercisable at end of period	9		19.02		1.17	$	147

We did not grant any stock options during the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017. The fair value of stock option grants is estimated using a Black-Scholes valuation model. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $484 thousand and $1.6 million for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017, respectively.

Restricted Awards

Restricted stock entitles the holder to shares of common stock when the award vests. Restricted stock units entitle the holder to a combination of cash or stock equal to the value of common stock when the unit vests. The value of these shares may fluctuate according to market conditions and other factors. Restricted awards currently outstanding vest over periods ranging from 12 to 60 months from the grant date of the award. The restricted awards do not confer any voting or dividend rights to recipients until such shares vest and do not have any post-vesting sales restrictions. The following table summarizes restricted award activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2018:



	Number of Restricted Awards (in thousands)		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value ($)
Nonvested at beginning of period	273		$	27.69
Granted	125		37.42
Vested	(22	)	26.81
Forfeited	(10	)	29.05
Nonvested at end of period	366		31.03

We estimate the fair value of restricted awards based upon the market price of the underlying common stock on the date of grant, reduced by the present value of estimated future dividends because the awards are not entitled to receive dividends prior to vesting. Our estimate of future dividends is based on the most recent quarterly dividend rate at the time of grant, adjusted for any known future changes in the dividend rate. Cash settled restricted stock units are recorded as a liability within the Consolidated Balance Sheets and are adjusted to fair value each reporting period.

The total fair value of previously granted restricted awards vested during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2018 was $793 thousand, and for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2017 was $467 thousand. We withheld shares based on the closing stock price on the vesting date to settle the employees’ statutory obligation for the applicable income and other employment taxes. The shares withheld to satisfy the tax withholding obligations are recorded as treasury stock.

Performance Awards

Performance awards entitle the recipient to shares of common stock upon attainment of performance objectives as pre-established by the Compensation Committee. If the performance objectives are achieved, performance awards currently outstanding vest, subject to continued employment, over periods ranging from 12 to 60 months from the grant date of the award. The performance awards do not confer any voting or dividend rights to recipients until such shares vest and do not have any post-vesting sales restrictions. The following table summarizes performance award activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2018:



	Number of Performance Awards (in thousands)		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value ($)
Nonvested at beginning of period	158		$	27.20
Granted	84		37.48
Vested	(35	)	27.07
Forfeited	—		—
Nonvested at end of period	207		28.30

The 2018 performance awards are earned based upon the level of attainment by the Company of specified performance objectives related to cumulative diluted earnings per share for the two-year period from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2019. Shares earned based on cumulative diluted earnings per share may be capped based on absolute total shareholder return during the three-year period ended December 31, 2020. The 2018 performance awards will vest in one installment on the third anniversary from the grant date.

We estimate the fair value of performance awards based upon the market price of the underlying common stock on the date of grant, reduced by the present value of estimated future dividends because the awards are not entitled to receive dividends prior to vesting. Our estimate of future dividends is based on the most recent quarterly dividend rate at the time of grant, adjusted for any known future changes in the dividend rate.

The vesting date fair value of performance awards that vested during the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017 was $1.3 million and $1.0 million, respectively. We withhold shares based on the closing stock price on the vesting date to settle the employees’ statutory obligation for the applicable income and other employment taxes. The shares withheld to satisfy the tax withholding obligations are recorded as treasury stock.