Fair value measurements

Securities owned, securities sold but not yet purchased, investments and derivative contracts are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings each period.

Valuation Techniques

A description of the valuation techniques applied and inputs used in measuring the fair value of the Company's financial instruments is as follows:

U.S. Government Obligations

U.S. Treasury securities are valued using quoted market prices obtained from active market makers and inter-dealer brokers.

U.S. Agency Obligations

U.S. agency securities consist of agency issued debt securities and mortgage pass-through securities. Non-callable agency issued debt securities are generally valued using quoted market prices. Callable agency issued debt securities are valued by benchmarking model-derived prices to quoted market prices and trade data for identical or comparable securities. The fair value of mortgage pass-through securities are model driven with respect to spreads of the comparable to-be-announced ("TBA") security.

Sovereign Obligations

The fair value of sovereign obligations is determined based on quoted market prices when available or a valuation model that generally utilizes interest rate yield curves and credit spreads as inputs.

Corporate Debt and Other Obligations

The fair value of corporate bonds is estimated using recent transactions, broker quotations and bond spread information.

Mortgage and Other Asset-Backed Securities

The Company values non-agency securities collateralized by home equity and various other types of collateral based on external pricing and spread data provided by independent pricing services. When specific external pricing is not observable, the valuation is based on yields and spreads for comparable bonds.

Municipal Obligations

The fair value of municipal obligations is estimated using recently executed transactions, broker quotations, and bond spread information.

Convertible Bonds

The fair value of convertible bonds is estimated using recently executed transactions and dollar-neutral price quotations, where observable. When observable price quotations are not available, fair value is determined based on cash flow models using yield curves and bond spreads as key inputs.

Corporate Equities

Equity securities and options are generally valued based on quoted prices from the exchange or market where traded. To the extent quoted prices are not available, fair values are generally derived using bid/ask spreads.

Auction Rate Securities ("ARS")

In February 2010, Oppenheimer finalized settlements with each of the New York Attorney General's office ("NYAG") and the Massachusetts Securities Division ("MSD" and, together with the NYAG, the "Regulators") concluding investigations and administrative proceedings by the Regulators concerning Oppenheimer's marketing and sale of ARS. Pursuant to the settlements with the Regulators, Oppenheimer agreed to extend offers to repurchase ARS from certain of its clients subject to certain terms and conditions more fully described below. As of March 31, 2019, the Company had no outstanding ARS purchase commitments related to the settlements with the Regulators. In addition to the settlements with the Regulators, Oppenheimer has also reached settlements of and received adverse awards in legal proceedings with various clients where the Company is obligated to purchase ARS. Pursuant to completed Purchase Offers (as defined) under the settlements with the Regulators and client-related legal settlements and awards to purchase ARS, as of March 31, 2019, the Company purchased and holds (net of redemptions) approximately $40.7 million in ARS from its clients. Eligible Investors for future buybacks under the settlements with the Regulators held approximately $7.0 million of ARS as of March 31, 2019. In addition, the Company is committed to purchase another $7.4 million in ARS from clients through 2020 under legal settlements and awards.

The ARS positions that the Company owns and is committed to purchase primarily represent auction rate preferred securities issued by closed-end funds and, to a lesser extent, municipal auction rate securities that are municipal bonds wrapped by municipal bond insurance and student loan auction rate securities that are asset-backed securities backed by student loans.

Interest rates on ARS typically reset through periodic auctions. Due to the auction mechanism and generally liquid markets, ARS have historically been classified as Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. Beginning in February 2008, uncertainties in the credit markets resulted in substantially all of the ARS market experiencing failed auctions. Once the auctions failed, the ARS could no longer be valued using observable prices set in the auctions. The Company has used less observable determinants of the fair value of ARS, including the strength in the underlying credits, announced issuer redemptions, completed issuer redemptions, and announcements from issuers regarding their intentions with respect to their outstanding ARS. The Company has also developed an internal methodology to discount for the lack of liquidity and non-performance risk of the failed auctions. Due to liquidity problems associated with the ARS market, ARS that lack liquidity are setting their interest rates according to a maximum rate formula. For example, an auction rate preferred security maximum rate may be set at 200% of a short-term index such as LIBOR or U.S. Treasury yield. For fair value purposes, the Company has determined that the maximum spread would be an adequate risk premium to account for illiquidity in the market. Accordingly, the Company applies a spread to the short-term index for each asset class to derive the discount rate. The Company uses short-term U.S. Treasury yields as its benchmark short-term index. The risk of non-performance is typically reflected in the prices of ARS positions where the fair value is derived from recent trades in the secondary market.

The ARS purchase commitment, or derivative asset or liability, arises from both the settlements with the Regulators and legal settlements and awards. The ARS purchase commitment represents the difference between the principal value and the fair value of the ARS the Company is committed to purchase. The Company utilizes the same valuation methodology for the ARS purchase commitment as it does for the ARS it owns. Additionally, the present value of the future principal value of ARS purchase commitments under legal settlements and awards is used in the discounted valuation model to reflect the time value of money over the period of time that the commitments are outstanding. The amount of the ARS purchase commitment only becomes determinable once the Company has met with its primary regulator and the NYAG and agreed upon a buyback amount, commenced the ARS buyback offer to clients, and received notice from its clients which ARS they are tendering. As a result, it is not possible to observe the current yields actually paid on the ARS until all of these events have happened which is typically very close to the time that the Company actually purchases the ARS. For ARS purchase commitments pursuant to legal settlements and awards, the criteria for purchasing ARS from clients is based on the nature of the settlement or award which will stipulate a time period and amount for each repurchase. The Company will not know which ARS will be tendered by the client until the stipulated time for repurchase is reached. Therefore, the Company uses the current yields of ARS owned in its discounted valuation model to determine a fair value of ARS purchase commitments. The Company also uses these current yields by asset class (i.e., auction rate preferred securities, municipal auction rate securities, and student loan auction rate securities) in its discounted valuation model to determine the fair value of ARS purchase commitments. In addition, the Company uses the discount rate and duration of ARS owned, by asset class, as a proxy for the duration of ARS purchase commitments.

Additional information regarding the valuation technique and inputs for ARS used is as follows:



(Expressed in thousands)
Quantitative Information about ARS Level 3 Fair Value Measurements as of March 31, 2019
Product	Principal		Valuation Adjustment		Fair Value		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Range	Weighted Average
Auction Rate Securities Owned ⁽¹⁾
Auction Rate Preferred Securities	$	21,350	$	—	$	21,350	Discounted Cash Flow	Discount Rate ⁽²⁾	2.63% to 3.58%	3.57%
								Duration	1 Year	1 Year
								Current Yield ⁽³⁾	2.72% to 4.09%	4.07%

Auction Rate Preferred Securities	18,950		2,697		16,253		Tender Offer ⁽⁷⁾	N/A	N/A	N/A

Municipal Auction Rate Securities	75		—		75		Discounted Cash Flow	Discount Rate ⁽⁴⁾	3.96%	3.96%
								Duration	2 Years	2 Years
								Current Yield ⁽³⁾	5.50%	5.50%

Student Loan Auction Rate Securities	275		—		275		Discounted Cash Flow	Discount Rate ⁽⁵⁾	3.42%	3.42%
								Duration	4 Years	4 Years
								Current Yield ⁽³⁾	3.95%	3.95%
	$	40,650	$	2,697	$	37,953
Auction Rate Securities Commitments to Purchase ⁽⁶⁾
Auction Rate Preferred Securities	7,429		1,114		6,315		Tender Offer ⁽⁷⁾	N/A	N/A	N/A

	$	7,429	$	1,114	$	6,315
Total	$	48,079	$	3,811	$	44,268


(1)	Principal amount represents the par value of the ARS and is included in Securities Owned on the

condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2019. The valuation adjustment amount is

included as a reduction to Securities Owned on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of

March 31, 2019.


(2)	Derived by applying a multiple to the spread of between 110% to 150% to the U.S. Treasury rate

of 2.60%.


(3)	Based on current yields for ARS positions owned.


(4)	Derived by applying a multiple to the spread of 175% to the U.S. Treasury rate of 2.49%.


(5)	Derived by applying the sum of the spread of 1.20% to the U.S. Treasury rate of 2.48%.


(6)	Principal amount represents the present value of the ARS par value that the Company is committed

to purchase at a future date. This principal amount is presented as an off-balance sheet item. The

valuation adjustment amount is included in Accounts Payable and Other Liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2019.


(7)	Residual ARS amounts owned and ARS commitments to purchase that were subject to tender offers

were priced at the tender offer price. Included in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

The fair value of ARS and ARS purchase commitments is particularly sensitive to movements in interest rates. Increases in short-term interest rates would increase the discount rate input used in the ARS valuation and thus reduce the fair value of the ARS (increase the valuation adjustment). Conversely, decreases in short-term interest rates would decrease the discount rate and thus increase the fair value of ARS (decrease the valuation adjustment). However, an increase (decrease) in the discount rate input would be partially mitigated by an increase (decrease) in the current yield earned on the underlying ARS asset increasing the cash flows and thus the fair value. Furthermore, movements in short term interest rates would likely impact the ARS duration (i.e., sensitivity of the price to a change in interest rates), which would also have a mitigating effect on interest rate movements. For example, as interest rates increase, issuers of ARS have an incentive to redeem outstanding securities as servicing the interest payments gets prohibitively expensive which would lower the duration assumption thereby increasing the ARS fair value. Alternatively, ARS issuers are less likely to redeem ARS in a lower interest rate environment as it is a relatively inexpensive source of financing which would increase the duration assumption thereby decreasing the ARS fair value.

Due to the less observable nature of these inputs, ARS are primarily categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. As of March 31, 2019, the Company had a valuation adjustment (unrealized loss) of $2.7 million for ARS owned which is included as a reduction to securities owned on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. As of March 31, 2019, the Company also had a valuation adjustment of $1.1 million on ARS purchase commitments from legal settlements and awards which is included in accounts payable and other liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. The total valuation adjustment was $3.8 million as of March 31, 2019. The valuation adjustment represents the difference between the principal value and the fair value of the ARS owned and ARS purchase commitments.

Investments

In its role as general partner in certain hedge funds and private equity funds, the Company, through its subsidiaries, holds direct investments in such funds. The Company uses the net asset value of the underlying fund as a basis for estimating the fair value of its investment.

The following table provides information about the Company's investments in Company-sponsored funds as of March 31, 2019:



(Expressed in thousands)
	Fair Value		Unfunded Commitments		Redemption Frequency	Redemption Notice Period
Hedge funds ⁽¹⁾	$	1,647	$	—	Annually	30 - 120 Days
Private equity funds ⁽²⁾	4,765		1,399		N/A	N/A
	$	6,412	$	1,399


(1)	Includes investments in hedge funds and hedge fund of funds that pursue long/short, event-driven,

and activist strategies. Each hedge fund has various restrictions regarding redemption; no investment

is locked-up for a period greater than one year.


(2)	Includes private equity funds and private equity fund of funds with a focus on diversified portfolios,

real estate and global natural resources. Due to the illiquid nature of these funds, investors are not

permitted to make withdrawals without the consent of the general partner. The lock-up period of the

private equity funds can extend to 10 years.

Valuation Process

The Company's Finance & Accounting ("F&A") group is responsible for the Company's fair value policies, processes and procedures. F&A is independent from the business units and trading desks and is headed by the Company's Chief Financial Officer ("CFO"), who has final authority over the valuation of the Company's financial instruments. The Finance Control Group ("FCG") within F&A is responsible for daily profit and loss reporting, front-end trading system position reconciliations, monthly profit and loss reporting, and independent price verification procedures.

For financial instruments categorized in Levels 1 and 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the FCG performs a monthly independent price verification to determine the reasonableness of the prices provided by the Company's independent pricing vendor. The FCG uses its third-party pricing vendor, executed transactions, and broker-dealer quotes for validating the fair values of financial instruments.

For financial instruments categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy measured on a recurring basis, primarily for ARS, a group comprised of the CFO, the Controller, and an Operations Director are responsible for the ARS valuation model and resulting fair valuations. Procedures performed include aggregating all ARS owned by type from firm inventory accounts and ARS purchase commitments from regulatory and legal settlements and awards provided by the Legal Department. Observable and unobservable inputs are aggregated from various sources and entered into the ARS valuation model. For unobservable inputs, the group reviews the appropriateness of the inputs to ensure consistency with how a market participant would arrive at the unobservable input. For example, for the duration assumption, the group would consider recent policy statements regarding short-term interest rates by the Federal Reserve and recent ARS issuer redemptions and announcements for future redemptions. The model output is reviewed for reasonableness and consistency. Where available, comparisons are performed between ARS owned or committed to purchase with ARS that are trading in the secondary market.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value

The Company's assets and liabilities, recorded at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, have been categorized based upon the above fair value hierarchy as follows:

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2019



(Expressed in thousands)
	Fair Value Measurements as of March 31, 2019
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Cash equivalents	$	10,500	$	—	$	—	$	10,500
Deposits with clearing organizations	30,340		—		—		30,340
Securities owned:
U.S. Treasury securities	747,130		—		—		747,130
U.S. Agency securities	987		10,223		—		11,210
Sovereign obligations	—		305		—		305
Corporate debt and other obligations	—		7,921		—		7,921
Mortgage and other asset-backed securities	—		8,905		—		8,905
Municipal obligations	—		45,193		—		45,193
Convertible bonds	—		21,906		—		21,906
Corporate equities	27,795		—		—		27,795
Money markets	3,150		—		—		3,150
Auction rate securities	—		16,253		21,700		37,953
Securities owned, at fair value	779,062		110,706		21,700		911,468
Investments ⁽¹⁾	—		—		104		104
Total	$	819,902	$	110,706	$	21,804	$	952,412
Liabilities
Securities sold but not yet purchased:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	108,527	$	—	$	—	$	108,527
U.S. Agency securities	—		3		—		3
Sovereign obligations	—		240		—		240
Corporate debt and other obligations			5,324				5,324
Convertible bonds	—		9,218		—		9,218
Corporate equities	13,974		—		—		13,974
Securities sold but not yet purchased, at fair value	122,501		14,785		—		137,286
Derivative contracts:
Futures	959		—		—		959
Foreign exchange forward contracts	2		—		—		2
TBAs	—		47		—		47
ARS purchase commitments	—		1,114		—		1,114
Derivative contracts, total	961		1,161		—		2,122
Total	$	123,462	$	15,946	$	—	$	139,408

(1) Included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2018



(Expressed in thousands)
	Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2018
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Cash equivalents	$	10,500	$	—	$	—	$	10,500
Deposits with clearing organizations	34,599		—		—		34,599
Securities owned:
U.S. Treasury securities	657,208		—		—		657,208
U.S. Agency securities	812		6,494		—		7,306
Sovereign obligations	—		214		—		214
Corporate debt and other obligations	—		20,665		—		20,665
Mortgage and other asset-backed securities	—		2,486		—		2,486
Municipal obligations	—		52,261		—		52,261
Convertible bonds	—		31,270		—		31,270
Corporate equities	28,215		—		—		28,215
Money markets	7		—		—		7
Auction rate securities	—		16,253		21,699		37,952
Securities owned, at fair value	686,242		129,643		21,699		837,584
Investments ⁽¹⁾	—		—		101		101
Derivative contracts:
TBAs	—		4,873		—		4,873
Total	$	731,341	$	134,516	$	21,800	$	887,657
Liabilities
Securities sold but not yet purchased:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	53,646	$	—	$	—	$	53,646
U.S. Agency securities	—		3		—		3
Sovereign obligations	—		78		—		78
Corporate debt and other obligations	—		7,236		—		7,236
Convertible bonds	—		9,709		—		9,709
Corporate equities	14,774		—		—		14,774
Securities sold but not yet purchased, at fair value	68,420		17,026		—		85,446
Derivative contracts:
Futures	807		—		—		807
Foreign exchange forward contracts	4		—		—		4
TBAs	—		4,873		—		4,873
ARS purchase commitments	—		1,096		—		1,096
Derivative contracts, total	811		5,969		—		6,780
Total	$	69,231	$	22,995	$	—	$	92,226

(1) Included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

The following tables present changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:



(Expressed in thousands)
	Level 3 Assets and Liabilities
	For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
	Beginning Balance		Total Realized and Unrealized Gains⁽²⁾⁽³⁾		Purchases and Issuances		Sales and Settlements		Transfers In / Out		Ending Balance


Assets
Auction rate securities ⁽¹⁾	$	21,699	$	1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	21,700
Investments	101		3		—		—		—		104


(1)	Represents auction rate preferred securities, municipal auction rate securities and student loan

auction rate securities that failed in the auction rate market.


(2)	Included in principal transactions in the condensed consolidated statement of income, except for

gains from investments which are included in other income in the condensed consolidated

statement of income.


(3)	Unrealized gains are attributable to assets or liabilities that are still held at the reporting date.



(Expressed in thousands)
	Level 3 Assets and Liabilities
	For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018
	Beginning Balance		Total Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) ⁽³⁾⁽⁴⁾			Purchases and Issuances		Sales and Settlements			Transfers In (Out)		Ending Balance


Assets
Municipal obligations	$	35	$	14		$	76	$	(125	)	$	—	$	—
Auction rate securities ⁽¹⁾	87,398		847			50		(945		)	—		87,350
Investments	169		(1		)	—		—			—		168
Liabilities
ARS purchase commitments ⁽²⁾	8		(175		)	—		—			—		183


(1)	Represents auction rate preferred securities, municipal auction rate securities and student loan

auction rate securities that failed in the auction rate market.


(2)	Represents the difference in principal and fair value for auction rate securities purchase

commitments outstanding at the end of the period.


(3)	Included in principal transactions in the condensed consolidated statement of income, except

for gains (losses) from investments which are included in other income in the condensed

consolidated statement of income.


(4)	Unrealized gains (losses) are attributable to assets or liabilities that are still held at the reporting date.

Financial Instruments Not Measured at Fair Value

The table below presents the carrying value, fair value and fair value hierarchy category of certain financial instruments that are not measured at fair value on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The table below excludes non-financial assets and liabilities (e.g., right-of-use lease assets, lease liabilities, furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements and accrued compensation).

The carrying value of financial instruments not measured at fair value categorized in the fair value hierarchy as Level 1 or Level 2 approximates fair value because of the relatively short term nature of the underlying assets. The fair value of the Company's senior secured notes, categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, is based on quoted prices from the market in which the notes trade.

Assets and liabilities not measured at fair value as of March 31, 2019



(Expressed in thousands)			Fair Value Measurement: Assets
	Carrying Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Cash	$	72,573	$	72,573	$	—	$	—	$	72,573
Deposits with clearing organization	24,729		24,729		—		—		24,729
Receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations:
Securities borrowed	109,712		—		109,712		—		109,712
Receivables from brokers	17,438		—		17,438		—		17,438
Securities failed to deliver	23,524		—		23,524		—		23,524
Clearing organizations	27,874		—		27,874		—		27,874
Other	1,720		—		1,720		—		1,720
	180,268		—		180,268		—		180,268
Receivable from customers	753,625		—		753,625		—		753,625
Securities purchased under agreements to resell	589		—		589		—		589
Notes receivable, net	43,921		—		43,921		—		43,921
Investments ⁽¹⁾	67,093		—		67,093		—		67,093

(1) Included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.



(Expressed in thousands)			Fair Value Measurement: Liabilities
	Carrying Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Drafts payable	$	13,533	$	13,533	$	—	$	—	$	13,533
Bank call loans			—				—		—
Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations:
Securities loaned	232,370		—		232,370		—		232,370
Payable to brokers	2,256		—		2,256		—		2,256
Securities failed to receive	30,064		—		30,064		—		30,064
Other	368,684		—		368,684		—		368,684
	633,374		—		633,374		—		633,374
Payables to customers	334,376		—		334,376		—		334,376
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	268,621		—		268,621		—		268,621
Senior secured notes	200,000		—		203,904		—		203,904

Assets and liabilities not measured at fair value as of December 31, 2018



(Expressed in thousands)			Fair Value Measurement: Assets
	Carrying Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Cash	$	80,175	$	80,175	$	—	$	—	$	80,175
Deposits with clearing organization	33,079		33,079		—		—		33,079
Receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations:
Securities borrowed	108,144		—		108,144		—		108,144
Receivables from brokers	20,140		—		20,140		—		20,140
Securities failed to deliver	7,021		—		7,021		—		7,021
Clearing organizations	28,777		—		28,777		—		28,777
Other	2,411		—		2,411		—		2,411
	166,493		—		166,493		—		166,493
Receivable from customers	720,777		—		720,777		—		720,777
Securities purchased under agreements to resell	290		—		290		—		290
Notes receivable, net	44,058		—		44,058		—		44,058
Investments ⁽¹⁾	59,765		—		59,765		—		59,765

(1) Included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.



(Expressed in thousands)			Fair Value Measurement: Liabilities
	Carrying Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Drafts payable	$	16,348	$	16,348	$	—	$	—	$	16,348
Bank call loans	15,000		—		15,000		—		15,000
Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations:
Securities loaned	146,815		—		146,815		—		146,815
Payable to brokers	158		—		158		—		158
Securities failed to receive	27,799		—		27,799		—		27,799
Other	113,628		—		113,628		—		113,628
	288,400		—		288,400		—		288,400
Payables to customers	336,616		—		336,616		—		336,616
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	484,218		—		484,218		—		484,218
Senior secured notes	200,000		—		199,722		—		199,722

Fair Value Option

The Company elected the fair value option for securities sold under agreements to repurchase ("repurchase agreements") and securities purchased under agreements to resell ("reverse repurchase agreements") that do not settle overnight or have an open settlement date. The Company has elected the fair value option for these instruments to reflect more accurately market and economic events in its earnings and to mitigate a potential mismatch in earnings caused by using different measurement attributes (i.e. fair value versus carrying value) for certain assets and liabilities. As of March 31, 2019, the Company did not have any repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements that do not settle overnight or have an open settlement date.

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

The Company transacts, on a limited basis, in exchange traded and over-the-counter derivatives for both asset and liability management as well as for trading and investment purposes. Risks managed using derivative instruments include interest rate risk and, to a lesser extent, foreign exchange risk. All derivative instruments are measured at fair value and are recognized as either assets or liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

Foreign exchange hedges

From time to time, the Company also utilizes forward and options contracts to hedge the foreign currency risk associated with compensation obligations to Oppenheimer Israel (OPCO) Ltd. employees denominated in New Israeli Shekel ("NIS"). Such hedges have not been designated as accounting hedges. Unrealized gains and losses on foreign exchange forward contracts are recorded in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet and other income in the condensed consolidated statement of income.

Derivatives used for trading and investment purposes

Futures contracts represent commitments to purchase or sell securities or other commodities at a future date and at a specified price. Market risk exists with respect to these instruments. Notional or contractual amounts are used to express the volume of these transactions and do not represent the amounts potentially subject to market risk. The Company uses futures contracts, including U.S. Treasury notes, Federal Funds, General Collateral futures and Eurodollar contracts primarily as an economic hedge of interest rate risk associated with government trading activities. Unrealized gains and losses on futures contracts are recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheet in payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations and in the condensed consolidated statement of income as principal transactions revenue, net.

To-be-announced securities

The Company also transacts in pass-through mortgage-backed securities eligible to be sold in the TBA market as economic hedges against mortgage-backed securities that it owns or has sold but not yet purchased. TBAs provide for the forward or delayed delivery of the underlying instrument with settlement up to 180 days. The contractual or notional amounts related to these financial instruments reflect the volume of activity and do not reflect the amounts at risk. Net unrealized gains and losses on TBAs are recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheet in receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations or payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations and in the condensed consolidated statement of income as principal transactions revenue, net.

The notional amounts and fair values of the Company's derivatives as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 by product were as follows:



(Expressed in thousands)
	Fair Value of Derivative Instruments as of March 31, 2019
	Description	Notional		Fair Value
Liabilities:
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments ⁽¹⁾
Commodity contracts	Futures	$	4,473,000	$	959
Other contracts	Foreign exchange forward contracts	600		2
	TBAs	3,400		47
	ARS purchase commitments	7,429		1,114
		$	4,484,429	$	2,122


(1)	See "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" above for description of derivative financial instruments. Such derivative instruments are not subject to master netting agreements, thus the

related amounts are not offset.



(Expressed in thousands)
	Fair Value of Derivative Instruments as of December 31, 2018
	Description	Notional		Fair Value
Assets:
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments ⁽¹⁾
Other contracts	TBAs	$	729,500	$	4,873
		$	729,500	$	4,873
Liabilities:
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments⁽¹⁾
Commodity contracts	Futures	$	4,580,800	$	807
Other contracts	Foreign exchange forward contracts	200		4
	TBAs	729,500		4,873
	ARS purchase commitments	7,305		1,096
		$	5,317,805	$	6,780


(1)	See "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" above for a description of derivative financial instruments. Such derivative instruments are not subject to master netting agreements, thus the

related amounts are not offset.

The following table presents the location and fair value amounts of the Company's derivative instruments and their effect in the condensed consolidated statements of income for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:



(Expressed in thousands)
	The Effect of Derivative Instruments in the Income Statement
	For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
		Recognized in Income on Derivatives (pre-tax)
Types	Description	Location	Net Gain (Loss)
Commodity contracts	Futures	Principal transactions revenue	$	(576	)
Other contracts	Foreign exchange forward contracts	Other revenue	(2		)
	TBAs	Principal transactions revenue	10
	ARS purchase commitments	Principal transactions revenue	(18		)
			$	(586	)

(Expressed in thousands)
	The Effect of Derivative Instruments in the Income Statement
	For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018
		Recognized in Income on Derivatives (pre-tax)
Types	Description	Location	Net Gain (Loss)
Commodity contracts	Futures	Principal transactions revenue	$	1,029
Other contracts	TBAs	Principal transactions revenue	34
	Other TBAs	Other revenue	75
	ARS purchase commitments	Principal transactions revenue	(175		)
			$	963