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Allowance for Credit Losses and Credit Quality of Loans (Policies)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Allowance for Credit Losses and Credit Quality of Loans [Abstract]  
Allowance for Credit Losses
Allowance for Credit Losses

The Day 1 increase in the allowance for credit loss on loans relating to adoption of ASU 2016-13 was $3.0 million, which decreased retained earnings by $2.3 million and increased the deferred tax asset by $0.7 million. There were no new loans purchased with credit deterioration during the first quarter of 2020. The Company made a policy election to report AIR in the other assets line item on the balance sheet. AIR on loans totaled $54.0 million at March 31, 2020 and was excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

The Day 1 and March 31, 2020 the allowance for credit losses calculation incorporated a 6-quarter forecast period to account for forecast economic conditions under each scenario utilized in the measurement. For periods beyond the 6-quarter forecast, the model reverts to long-term economic conditions over a 4-quarter reversion period on a straight-line basis. The quantitative model incorporated a baseline economic outlook sourced from a reputable third-party that reflects continued economic deterioration, with unemployment peaking in the second quarter of 2020 and remaining elevated well above the pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels well into 2021 and a negative-GDP environment in the next quarter with a rebound that begins in the second half of 2020 and stabilizing in 2021. A short-term reduction in prepayment and curtailment speeds was also applied to more reasonably model payment behavior during the COVID-19 national emergency. Additionally, downside and upside scenarios were incorporated and weighted, along with the baseline outlook, to accommodate other potential economic conditions in the quantitative model. These scenarios and their respective weightings are evaluated at each measurement date and reflect management’s expectations as of March 31, 2020. Additional adjustments for COVID-19 related factors were not incorporated in the forecasts, such as the mitigating impact of unprecedented stimulus, including direct payments to individuals, increased unemployment benefits, deferral/modification initiatives and various government-sponsored loan programs. These factors were considered through a separate quantitative process and incorporated into the estimate for allowance for credit losses at March 31, 2020.

The increase in the allowance for credit losses from Day 1 to March 31, 2020 was primarily due to macroeconomic factors surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic.

Individually Evaluated Loans

As of March 31, 2020, only one relationship was identified to be evaluated for loss on an individual basis which had an amortized cost basis of $4.2 million. This loan’s allowance for credit loss was $2.1 million and was determined by an estimate of the fair value of the collateral which consisted of business assets (accounts receivable, inventory and machinery and equipment).


Credit Quality Indicators

The Company has developed an internal loan grading system to evaluate and quantify the Company’s loan portfolio with respect to quality and risk. The system focuses on, among other things, financial strength of borrowers, experience and depth of borrower’s management, primary and secondary sources of repayment, payment history, nature of the business and outlook on particular industries. The internal grading system enables the Company to monitor the quality of the entire loan portfolio on a consistent basis and provide management with an early warning system, enabling recognition and response to problem loans and potential problem loans.

Commercial Grading System

For C&I and CRE loans, the Company uses a grading system that relies on quantifiable and measurable characteristics when available. This includes comparison of financial strength to available industry averages, comparison of transaction factors (loan terms and conditions) to loan policy and comparison of credit history to stated repayment terms and industry averages. Some grading factors are necessarily more subjective such as economic and industry factors, regulatory environment and management. C&I and CRE loans are graded Doubtful, Substandard, Special Mention and Pass.

Doubtful

A Doubtful loan has a high probability of total or substantial loss, but because of specific pending events that may strengthen the asset, its classification as a loss is deferred. Doubtful borrowers are usually in default, lack adequate liquidity or capital and lack the resources necessary to remain an operating entity. Pending events can include mergers, acquisitions, liquidations, capital injections, the perfection of liens on additional collateral, the valuation of collateral and refinancing. Generally, pending events should be resolved within a relatively short period and the ratings will be adjusted based on the new information. Nonaccrual treatment is required for Doubtful assets because of the high probability of loss.

Substandard

Substandard loans have a high probability of payment default or they have other well-defined weaknesses. They require more intensive supervision by bank management. Substandard loans are generally characterized by current or expected unprofitable operations, inadequate debt service coverage, inadequate liquidity or marginal capitalization. Repayment may depend on collateral or other credit risk mitigants. For some Substandard loans, the likelihood of full collection of interest and principal may be in doubt and those loans should be placed on nonaccrual. Although Substandard assets in the aggregate will have a distinct potential for loss, an individual asset’s loss potential does not have to be distinct for the asset to be rated Substandard.

Special Mention

Special Mention loans have potential weaknesses that may, if not checked or corrected, weaken the asset or inadequately protect the Company’s position at some future date. These loans pose elevated risk, but their weakness does not yet justify a Substandard classification. Borrowers may be experiencing adverse operating trends (i.e., declining revenues or margins) or may be struggling with an ill-proportioned balance sheet (i.e., increasing inventory without an increase in sales, high leverage, tight liquidity). Adverse economic or market conditions, such as interest rate increases or the entry of a new competitor, may also support a Special Mention rating. Although a Special Mention loan has a higher probability of default than a Pass asset, its default is not imminent.

Pass

Loans graded as Pass encompass all loans not graded as Doubtful, Substandard or Special Mention. Pass loans are in compliance with loan covenants and payments are generally made as agreed. Pass loans range from superior quality to fair quality.

Consumer and Residential Grading System

Consumer and Residential loans are graded as either Nonperforming or Performing.

Nonperforming

Nonperforming loans are loans that are 1) over 90 days past due and interest is still accruing or 2) on nonaccrual status.

Performing


All loans not meeting any of the above criteria are considered Performing.
Troubled Debt Restructuring
Troubled Debt Restructuring

When the Company modifies a loan in a troubled debt restructuring, such modifications generally include one or a combination of the following: an extension of the maturity date at a stated rate of interest lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk; temporary reduction in the interest rate; or change in scheduled payment amount. Residential and Consumer TDRs occurring during 2020 were due to the reduction in the interest rate or extension of the term.

An allowance for impaired commercial and consumer loans that have been modified in a TDR is measured based on the present value of the expected future cash flows, discounted at the contractual interest rate of the original loan agreement, except when the sole (remaining) source of repayment for the loan is the operation or liquidation of the collateral. In these cases, management uses the current fair value of the collateral, less selling costs. If management determines that the value of the modified loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan an impairment charge would be recorded.

The Company began offering short-term loan modifications to assist borrowers during the COVID-19 national emergency. The CARES Act, along with a joint agency statement issued by banking regulatory agencies, provides that short-term modifications made in response to COVID-19 do not need to be accounted for as a TDR. The Company evaluated the short-term modification programs provided to its borrowers and has concluded the modifications were generally made to borrowers who were in good standing prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and the modifications were temporary and minor in nature and therefore do not qualify for designation as TDRs.