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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
The Company evaluates and updates its estimated annual effective income tax rate on a quarterly basis based on current and forecasted operating results and tax laws. Consequently, based upon the mix and timing of actual earnings compared to projections of earnings between entities that benefit from percentage depletion and those that do not, the effective tax rate may vary quarterly. The quarterly income tax provision is generally comprised of tax expense on income or a benefit on a loss at the most recent estimated annual effective income tax rate, adjusted for the effect of discrete items.

The Company recorded income tax expense of $1.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020, or 18.8%, on income before income tax of $9.9 million, compared to income tax expense of $1.4 million, or 11.7%, on income before income tax of $11.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The three months ended September 30, 2020 include $4.2 million of discrete tax charges primarily related to settlement of tax examinations and changes in uncertain tax positions partially offset by a discrete tax benefit of $2.2 million, primarily due to return to provision adjustments. Discrete tax items in the three months ended September 30, 2019 were not material.

The Company recorded income tax expense of $1.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, or 6.1%, on income before income tax of $21.6 million, compared to income tax expense of $5.5 million, or 14.1%, on income before income tax of $38.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The nine months ended September 30, 2020 include $4.2 million of discrete tax charges primarily related to settlement of tax examinations and changes in uncertain tax positions partially offset by a benefit of $1.8 million, primarily due to return to provision adjustments. Discrete tax items in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 were not material.

The return to provision adjustments recognized in 2020 include the utilization of the net operating loss carry back provisions allowed under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act ("CARES Act") enacted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act contains numerous income tax provisions, including among other items, temporary changes regarding the utilization of net operating losses. The CARES Act allows net operating tax losses incurred in 2018, 2019, and 2020 to be carried back to each of the five preceding taxable years to generate a refund of previously paid income taxes.

The Company’s estimated annual effective income tax rate, excluding discrete items, was (5.2%) and 14.0% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The estimated annual effective income tax rate differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate due to the benefit from percentage depletion and in 2020 includes the benefit of utilizing the forecasted current year net operating tax loss that would otherwise be deductible at the current 21% statutory rate to offset taxable income in years that were taxed at a 35% rate. The Company expects to generate a net operating tax loss in 2020 primarily due to the realization of certain deferred tax assets.