Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2015

Schedule of Income Tax Expense (Benefit)

The components of income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax provision (benefit) and the income tax provision (benefit) for the years ended December 31 are as follows:



	2015			2014			2013
Income (loss) before income tax provision (benefit)
Domestic	$	26,383		$	(74,402	)	$	54,630
Foreign	(1,584		)	(2,171		)	1,090
	$	24,799		$	(76,573	)	$	55,720
Income tax provision (benefit)
Current income tax provision (benefit):
Federal	$	6,427		$	2,778		$	15,392
State	2,185			(472		)	1,965
Foreign	1,145			586			1,559
Total current	9,757			2,892			18,916
Deferred income tax provision (benefit):
Federal	(7,472		)	(38,829		)	(5,490		)
State	925			(1,817		)	(1,141		)
Foreign	(395		)	(701		)	(1,015		)
Total deferred	(6,942		)	(41,347		)	(7,646		)
	$	2,815		$	(38,455	)	$	11,270

Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation

A reconciliation of the federal statutory and effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31 is as follows:



	2015			2014			2013
Income (loss) before income tax provision (benefit)	$	24,799		$	(76,573	)	$	55,720
Statutory taxes (benefit) at 35.0%	$	8,679		$	(26,801	)	$	19,502
State and local income taxes	(439		)	(7,112		)	136
Valuation allowance	3,525			5,742			(12		)
Non-deductible expenses	787			632			1,081
Percentage depletion	(8,406		)	(8,572		)	(8,057		)
R&D and other federal credits	(1,854		)	(1,397		)	(1,173		)
Other, net	(332		)	322			520
Tax settlements	855			(1,269		)	(727		)
Income tax provision	$	2,815		$	(38,455	)	$	11,270
Effective income tax rate	11.4		%	50.2		%	20.2		%

Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

A detailed summary of the total deferred tax assets and liabilities in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets resulting from differences in the book and tax basis of assets and liabilities follows:



	December 31
	2015		2014
Deferred tax assets
Tax carryforwards	$	12,812	$	8,531
Inventories	4,680		7,027
Accrued expenses and reserves	30,640		28,842
Other employee benefits	14,253		13,264
Partnership investment - development costs	21,766		14,536
Other	16,170		14,885
Total deferred tax assets	100,321		87,085
Less: Valuation allowance	11,723		8,521
	88,598		78,564
Deferred tax liabilities
Depreciation and depletion	42,679		43,111
Accrued pension benefits	3,610		858
Unremitted foreign earnings	296		223
Total deferred tax liabilities	46,585		44,192
Net deferred asset	$	42,013	$	34,372

Summary of Tax Credit Carryforwards

The following table summarizes the tax carryforwards and associated carryforward periods and related valuation allowances where the Company has determined that realization is uncertain:



	December 31, 2015
	Net deferred tax asset		Valuation allowance		Carryforwards expire during:
Non-U.S. net operating loss	$	915	$	915	2021 - Indefinite
State losses	11,098		7,605		2016 - 2034
Research credit	2,807		—		2028 - 2029
Alternative minimum tax credit	1,871		—		Indefinite
Total	$	16,691	$	8,520



	December 31, 2014
	Net deferred tax asset		Valuation allowance		Carryforwards expire during:
Non-U.S. net operating loss	$	772	$	772	2020 - Indefinite
State losses	9,791		5,687		2015 - 2033
Alternative minimum tax credit	1,396		—		Indefinite
Total	$	11,959	$	6,459

Unrecognized Tax Benefits Roll Forward

The following is a reconciliation of the Company's total gross unrecognized tax benefits, defined as the aggregate tax effect of differences between tax return positions and the benefits recognized in the financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. Approximately $3.9 million and $3.0 million of these gross amounts as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, relate to permanent items that, if recognized, would impact the effective income tax rate. This amount differs from the gross unrecognized tax benefits presented in the table below due to the decrease in U.S. federal income taxes which would occur upon the recognition of the state tax benefits included herein.



	2015			2014			2013
Balance at January 1	$	3,466		$	7,848		$	2,691
Additions based on tax positions related to prior years	1,230			453			5,615
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year	531			921			78
Reductions due to settlements with taxing authorities	(256		)	(4,701		)	(191		)
Reductions due to lapse of the applicable statute of limitations	(101		)	(1,055		)	(345		)
Balance at December 31	$	4,870		$	3,466		$	7,848