UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)
| ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | ||||||||
For the fiscal year ended December 31 , 2023
OR
| TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | ||||||||
| For the transition period from ____________ to ____________ | ||||||||
Commission file number 001-09148
THE BRINK’S CO MPANY
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
| (State or other jurisdiction of | (I.R.S. Employer | |||||||||||||
| incorporation or organization) | Identification No.) | |||||||||||||
P.O. Box 18100, 1801 Bayberry Court , Richmond , Virginia 23226-8100
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
(804 ) 289-9600
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
| Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: | ||||||||
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered | ||||||
| Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None | ||||||||
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.
Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes ☐ No ☒
As of February 26, 2024, there were issued and outstanding 44,412,599 shares of common stock. The aggregate market value of shares of common stock held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2023, was $3,140,790,959 based on the closing sale price as reported on the New York Stock Exchange.
Documents incorporated by reference: Part III of this Form 10-K incorporates by reference portions of the Registrant’s definitive 2024 Proxy Statement expected to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days from December 31, 2023.
THE BRINK’S COMPANY
FORM 10-K
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| Page | ||||||||
| Item 9C. | ||||||||
| Item 16. | ||||||||
| PART I | ||
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Overview
The Brink’s Company is a leading global provider of cash and valuables management, digital retail solutions, and ATM managed services. Our customers include financial institutions, retailers, government agencies, mints, jewelers and other commercial operations around the world. Our global network serves customers in more than 100 countries. We have controlling ownership interests in companies in 52 countries and agency relationships with companies in additional countries. We employ approximately 68,200 people and our operations include approximately 1,300 facilities and 16,400 vehicles.
We manage our business in the following four segments:
•North America – operations in the U.S. and Canada, including the Brink’s Global Services ("BGS") line of business,
•Latin America – operations in Latin American countries where we have an ownership interest, including the BGS line of business,
•Europe – total operations in European countries that primarily provide services outside of the BGS line of business, and
•Rest of World – operations in the Middle East, Africa and Asia. This segment also includes total operations in European countries that primarily provide BGS services and BGS activity in Latin American countries where we do not have an ownership interest.
Brink’s was founded in 1859 and The Brink’s Company was first incorporated in 1930 under the laws of the State of Delaware (at that time, the Company was named The Pittston Company). It succeeded to the business of a Virginia corporation in 1986 and was renamed The Brink’s Company in 2003. Our headquarters are located in Richmond, Virginia. The Brink’s Company, along with its subsidiaries, is referred to as “we,” “our,”, “us,” “Brink’s,” or “the Company” throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2023 ("this Form 10-K").
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Strategy
Our strategy is to grow Brink’s by providing a superior customer experience and driving continuous improvement. We will achieve this by delivering on four strategic pillars: Growth and Customer Loyalty, Innovation, Operational Excellence, and Talent. This framework considers our global footprint and values-driven culture:
•Placing customers at the center of everything we do and understanding their current and future needs to better define our value proposition;
•Leveraging technology to drive product and business innovation to maintain our competitive advantage and increase revenue;
•Sharing infrastructure and best practices across our operations to increase scale and profitability; and
•Establishing a workplace and employer brand that attracts, develops, and empowers diverse talent to ensure we have the best people and perspectives to achieve our goals.
We will prioritize Growth and Customer Loyalty by creating a consistent and exceptional experience across all service lines and deploying sales fundamentals & standardized processes.
We will pursue Innovation by using tech-enabled solutions to introduce new value propositions and optimize operations, challenging convention to differentiate our services and reshape our business.
We will achieve Operational Excellence by leveraging the Brink's Business System to drive a continuous improvement culture focused on customer experience and by building scale by sharing activities, infrastructure and knowledge.
We will develop our Talent by attracting, developing, and empowering the best people, by strengthening core competencies across the company and by fostering an inclusive culture that inspires excellence.
To execute our objectives, we manage the business with multi-year plans. In our current strategic plan, we are focusing on the implementation of the strategic pillars across our service lines: Cash and Valuables Management, Digital Retail Solutions and ATM Managed Services. We remain focused on how we will accelerate revenue growth, margin improvement and cash flows and position Brink’s to win across the evolving payments ecosystem.
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Services
We design customized services to meet the cash and valuables supply chain needs of our customers. We enter into contracts with our customers to establish pricing and other terms. Cash logistics services contracts usually cover an initial term of at least one year and in many cases one to three years, and generally remain in effect thereafter until canceled by either party. Contracts for cash management services, digital retail solutions, and ATM managed services are typically longer. Following are descriptions of our service offerings:
Cash and Valuables Management (79% of total revenues in 2023)
Cash and valuables management services are provided to customers throughout the world. Revenues are affected by the level of economic activity in various markets as well as the volume of business for specific customers. Valuables management includes the transportation and storage of banknotes, precious metals and other valuables across the world. These services may be impacted by global economic conditions, interest rates as well as regional demand for precious metals and luxury goods. Cash and valuables management services generated approximately $3.9 billion of revenues in 2023 ($3.8 billion in 2022 and $3.7 billion in 2021).
Cash-in-transit services – Serving customers since 1859, our success in cash-in-transit ("CIT") is driven by a combination of rigorous security practices, high-quality customer service, risk management and logistics expertise. Cash-in-transit services include the secure transportation of cash between retail businesses and financial institutions, such as banks and credit unions; cash, securities and other valuables between commercial banks, central banks and investment banking and brokerage firms; and new currency, coins, bullion and precious metals for central banks and other customers.
Basic ATM services – We provide customers who own and operate ATMs a variety of service options. Basic ATM management services include cash replenishment, treasury management and first line maintenance.
Brink's Global Services ("BGS") – Serving customers in more than 100 countries, BGS is the leading global provider of secure transport of high-value commodities including diamonds, jewelry, luxury goods, precious metals, securities, banknotes, currency, high-tech devices, electronics, pharmaceuticals and fine art. Additional BGS services include pick-up, packaging, customs clearance, secure storage and inventory management. BGS also has specialized diamond and jewelry operations in the world’s major diamond and jewelry centers.
Cash management services – We offer a variety of cash management services, depending on customers’ unique needs. These include money processing (e.g., counting, sorting, wrapping, checking condition of bills, etc.), check imaging services and other cash management services (e.g., cashier balancing, counterfeit detection, account consolidation and electronic reporting).
Vaulting services – Vaulting services combine cash-in-transit services, cash management services, vaulting and electronic reporting technologies to help banks expand into new markets while minimizing investment in vaults and branch facilities. In addition to providing secure storage, we process deposits, provide check imaging and reconciliation services, perform currency inventory management, process ATM replenishment orders and electronically transmit banking transactions.
Other Services – Guarding services, commercial security systems services, and payment services.
Digital Retail Solutions ("DRS"), and ATM Managed Services ("AMS") (21% of total revenues in 2023)
DRS and AMS are technology enabled services provided to customers throughout the world. Revenues are typically contractually recurring with multi-year terms. DRS and AMS services generated approximately $1.0 billion of revenues in 2023 ($0.7 billion in 2022 and $0.5 billion in 2021).
Digital Retail Solutions – DRS includes services that facilitate faster access to cash deposits leveraging Brink’s tech-enabled sales and software platforms and enable enhanced customer analytics and visibility. DRS offers businesses of all sizes a cost-effective solution that simplifies cash acceptance and enables merchants to access their cash without visiting a bank. In addition, DRS allows more small and mid-size retailers to safely and affordably accept and receive cash quickly. DRS includes our patented Brink’s CompleteTM and CompuSafe® services.
ATM Managed Services – We provide comprehensive services for ATM management beyond basic ATM services including cash forecasting, cash optimization, ATM remote monitoring, service call dispatching, transaction processing, and installation services. AMS provides an economical solution for financial institutions, retailers and independent ATM owners to outsource day-to-day operation of ATMs. For certain customers, we take ownership of ATM devices as part of our managed services offering.
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Industry and Competition
Brink’s competes with large multinational, regional and smaller companies throughout the world. Our largest multinational competitors are Loomis AB (Sweden); Prosegur, Compania de Seguridad, S.A. (Spain); and Garda World Security Corporation (Canada).
We believe the primary factors in attracting and retaining customers are security expertise, service quality, value-added solutions and price. Our competitive advantages include:
•brand name recognition
•reputation for a high level of service and security
•risk management and logistics expertise
•global network and customer base
•proven operational excellence, and
•high-quality insurance coverage and financial strength
Although we face competitive pricing pressure in many markets, we resist competing on price alone. We believe our high levels of service, security expertise and value-added solutions differentiate us from competitors.
Seasonality
Our revenues and earnings are typically higher in the second half of the year, particularly in the fourth quarter, due to generally increased activity associated with the holiday season.
Insurance Coverage
The availability of high-quality and reliable insurance coverage is an important factor in our ability to attract and retain customers and manage the risks inherent in our business. We purchase insurance coverage for losses in excess of what we consider to be prudent levels of self-insurance. Our insurance policies cover losses from most causes, with the exception of war, nuclear risk and certain other exclusions typical in such policies.
Insurance for security is provided by different groups of underwriters at negotiated rates and terms. Premiums fluctuate depending on market conditions. The security loss experience of Brink’s and, to a limited extent, other armored carriers affects our premium rates.
Service Mark and Patents
BRINKS is a registered service mark in the U.S. and certain foreign countries. Brink's name and marks are of material significance to our business. We own patents for safes, cash devices and related processes, including Brink’s CompleteTM, CompuSafe®, iDeposit, and Daily Credit. Brink's patents will expire between 2028 and 2040. These patents provide us with important advantages. However, we are not dependent on the existence of these patents.
We have licensed the Brink’s name to a limited number of companies, including a company that provides residential smart home and home security services and a distributor of security products (padlocks, door hardware, etc.) to customers through major retail chains.
Government Regulation
Aspects of our business are, and anticipated products and services may be, subject to regulation by various federal, state and foreign governmental agencies. Various federal, state and local agencies in the U.S. and other countries in which we operate regulate certain current aspects of our business, including commercial lending, safety of operations, equipment and financial responsibility. Movement of valuable shipments are generally subject to import/export regulations. We are also subject to certain firearm regulations in connection with our armored logistics operations. We must comply with licensing, permits and registration requirements imposed by various federal, state and local governmental agencies in the U.S. and other countries in which we operate. Our permits and licensing requirements vary by jurisdictions based on the scope of business conducted and applicable laws and regulations. In addition, in the U.S., Brink’s Capital LLC has federally registered as a Money Services Business in anticipation of offering money transmission and payment services to customers.
Human Capital Management
Culture and Values
At Brink’s, the following values underpin our company culture: Safety, Integrity, Engagement, Continuous Improvement, Customer Focus and Diversity and Inclusion. Our values guide the way we work and are the cornerstone of our culture. Our values ensure that we work safely to protect ourselves and others, consider the customer first in all we do, display the highest standards of ethics, engage and empower employees, continually find new ways to improve the way we work, and foster a diverse and inclusive workplace.
Workforce Demographics
We have a culturally and geographically diverse workforce that serves customers in more than 100 countries. Based upon business demand, we have a need for a flexible workforce. In certain geographic regions, statutory employee protections may limit our ability to increase or decrease our workforce without significant expense.
At December 31, 2023, our company had approximately 66,000 full-time and 2,200 part-time employees. Approximately 88% or 60,100 of our employees are outside the United States. Of our approximately 8,100 employees in the United States, approximately 200 were classified as part-time employees. Certain employees in the United States provide corporate services for the various regions in which we operate.
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During 2023, we continued to take steps to develop a deep talent pool to meet the ever-changing needs of our business. Specifically, we maintained focus on enhancing workforce planning, talent planning for critical roles, identifying high potential employees and enhancing our brand attractiveness by further establishing Brink’s as a company that is relevant, digital, inclusive and growing. We also continued to evaluate, and sought to maintain, the competitiveness of our compensation and benefits programs to assist with talent attraction and retention.
We continue to use employee opinion surveys to take the pulse of our employees on a global basis. In 2023, we conducted a global engagement survey and achieved our goal for employee participation. The results of this survey have helped us to better understand the thoughts and perspectives of our employees around the world, validate our existing strengths, and gain valuable insights for continuous improvement. We believe meaningful actions based on employee feedback gleaned in the survey will result in ongoing high engagement with our employees.
Globally, we are sharing our vision of a winning culture with our leadership through country communication plans and using global leadership training and performance assessments to reinforce our values and critical success factors throughout the organization. In 2023, we continued our focus on onboarding and other training programs for employees which are designed to represent our culture and values, focus on retention, increase employee engagement, reduce employee turnover and ensure that employees act in accordance with applicable law and industry best practices.
Employee Safety and Wellness
Employee safety is of paramount importance as we strive to bring every employee home safely every night. In this respect, we maintain our commitment to providing a safe workplace that protects against and limits personal injury and other types of harm for our employees and the communities in which we operate. We also follow international standards and regulations for employee safety and evaluate risks using both government-required procedures and best practices to ensure that we understand residual risk and appropriately protect our employees.
We believe in supporting our employees’ health and well-being. We continue to maintain a flexible work program that allows certain employees to work remotely as approved by their managers. For instance, in the U.S., we recently implemented a hybrid return to work policy referred to as “Flex and Connect,” which is intended to help our corporate employees maintain a reasonable professional/personal life balance as we continue to invest in and protect our strong Company culture and foster in-person creativity, collaboration, connection, and celebration. We also offer our employees a wide array of market-competitive benefits specific to the markets in which we operate, including life and health (medical, dental and vision) insurance, mental and emotional health resources, paid time off, retirement benefits, family leave and family care resources.
Diversity and Inclusion
We are committed to providing a diverse and inclusive workplace and culture. Accordingly, we continue to identify opportunities to execute on our commitment to diversity and inclusion (“D&I”). For instance, we continue to improve upon our aspiration to increase the representation of women in leadership, regularly reporting our progress to senior leadership and the Board.
We have a Diversity and Inclusion Council in each of the U.S., Europe, Asia and Latin America, made up of the Company’s senior leaders in various functions, and the executive sponsors and chairs of our employee resource groups (“ERGs”) (generally known as "affinity groups" outside of the U.S.) to promote a diverse and inclusive workplace and culture.
In the United States, we have dedicated ERGs for women, Black, Asian Pacific Islander and Latinx employees, as well as military veterans. In Brazil, Argentina, and Europe, we have affinity groups focusing on women, LGBTQ+ employees, and individuals with disabilities. Brazil specifically has a dedicated affinity group for Black employees. In Canada, Mexico, and Chile, affinity groups are in place to support women. In 2023, we expanded our affinity groups further by introducing two new affinity groups in Asia—one dedicated to India's women and another for Asia Diversity. In Latin America, a new ERG was formed in Chile focusing on cultural transformation.
We firmly believe that ERGs and affinity groups play a pivotal role in cultivating an inclusive culture within Brink's and providing crucial support. We remain steadfast in our commitment to supporting the formation and success of ERGs and affinity groups and continuing to champion D&I across our global enterprise.
Talent
To maintain a competitive workforce, we continually evolve and enhance how we train, identify and promote key talent. We also regularly evaluate and improve our employee review process – encouraging regular performance reviews and feedback that set clear expectations, motivate employees and reinforce the connection between pay and performance.
We are committed to accelerating the development of our leaders through various programs such as our “Future Leaders” program, which is designed to build capable and confident leaders that can lead and inspire a diverse workforce in an ever-changing environment. Future Leaders is an intense and immersive 10-month leadership development program for our emerging leaders. In 2024, we will have a cohort of leaders in our Europe, Middle East, Africa and Asia regions as well as in the Americas.
Labor Relations
As of December 31, 2023, approximately 29,000 of our employees in various countries in which we operate, or approximately 43% of our total workforce, were represented by trade union organizations and/or covered by collective bargaining agreements, which have various expiration dates from 2024 to 2028.
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We are an equal opportunity employer and prohibit discrimination in employment decisions based upon any category protected by applicable federal, state, or local law. It is also our policy to provide employment opportunities without regard to race, color, age, sex, sexual orientation, religious creed, national origin or any other status protected by law.
We believe our employee relations are satisfactory.
For more information on our Sustainability Program, including our environmental, social and governance priorities, please refer to the 2022 Sustainability Report, which can be found on our Sustainability page on our website.
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Business Divestitures
We exited our Russia-based operations in 2023 and recognized a $2.0 million loss on disposal.
Business Acquisitions
On October 3, 2022, we acquired 100% of the capital stock of NoteMachine for approximately $194 million. NoteMachine is based in the United Kingdom and manages a portfolio of ATMs. NoteMachine generated approximately $150 million in revenues in the twelve month period prior to the acquisition.
On April 1, 2021, we acquired 100% of the capital stock of PAI Midco, Inc., which directly or indirectly owns 100% of the ownership interests in four additional entities (collectively, "PAI"), for approximately $216 million. PAI was the largest privately-held provider of ATM services in the U.S. and generated approximately $94 million in revenues in 2020.
See Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements for more detailed information on the acquired assets and liabilities from these acquisitions.
Reorganization and Restructuring
2022 Global Restructuring Plan
In the first quarter of 2023, management completed the review and approval of remaining actions included in the previously disclosed restructuring plan across our global business operations. The actions were taken to enable growth, reduce costs and related infrastructure, and to mitigate the potential impact of external economic conditions. In total, we have recognized $33.2 million in charges under the program, including $11.0 million in 2023. We expect total expenses from the program to be between $38 million and $42 million, primarily severance costs.
Other Restructurings
Management periodically implements restructuring actions in targeted sections of our business. As a result of these actions, we recognized $43.6 million net costs in 2021, primarily severance costs. We recognized $16.6 million net costs in 2022, primarily severance costs. We recognized $6.6 million net costs in 2023. The majority of the costs in both the 2023 and 2022 periods result from the exit of a line of business in a specific geography with most of the remaining costs due to management initiatives to address the COVID-19 pandemic.
See Note 24 to the consolidated financial statements for more detailed information on reorganization and restructuring activities.
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Available Information and Corporate Governance Documents
The following items are available free of charge on our website (www.brinks.com) as soon as reasonably possible after filing or furnishing them with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”):
•Annual reports on Form 10-K
•Quarterly reports on Form 10-Q
•Current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports
The following documents are also available free of charge on our website:
•Corporate Governance Guidelines
•Code of Ethics
•The charters of the following committees of our Board of Directors (the “Board”): Audit and Ethics, Compensation and Human Capital, Corporate Governance and Nominating, and Finance and Business Development
Printed versions of these items will be mailed free of charge to shareholders upon request. Such requests can be made by contacting the Corporate Secretary at 1801 Bayberry Court, P. O. Box 18100, Richmond, Virginia 23226-8100.
Additional information about the Company may be found elsewhere in this report and in the Company's other public filings, which are available without charge through the SEC's website at http://www.sec.gov.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Business Risks
Our strategy may not be successful.
Our strategy is to grow Brink's by providing a superior customer experience and driving continuous improvement. We may not be successful in growing revenue in our services lines or in improving the cost to serve our customers through process improvements. We also may not be successful in strengthening and leveraging our IT capabilities to deliver tech-enabled services. If we are unable to achieve our strategic objectives and anticipated operating profit improvements, our results of operations and cash flows may be adversely affected.
We operate in highly competitive industries.
We compete in industries that are subject to significant competition and pricing pressures in most markets. In addition, our business model requires significant fixed costs associated with offering many of our services including costs to operate a fleet of armored vehicles and a network of secure branches. Because we believe we have competitive advantages such as brand name recognition and a reputation for a high level of service and security, we resist competing on price alone. However, continued pricing pressure from competitors, failure to achieve pricing based on the competitive advantages identified above and/or inability to offset inflationary cost increases through price increases could result in lost volume of business and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, given the highly competitive nature of our industries, it is important to develop new solutions and product and service offerings to help retain and expand our customer base. Failure to develop, sell and execute new solutions and offerings in a timely and efficient manner could also negatively affect our ability to retain our existing customer base or pricing structure and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Decreased use of cash could have a negative impact on our business.
While cash remains one of the most popular forms of consumer payment in the U.S. and globally, the growth of payment options other than cash could reduce the need for services related to cash, thereby affecting our financial results. We are developing new services that offer current and prospective customers with opportunities to streamline their cash processing, making cash more competitive with other forms of payment. There is a risk that these initiatives may not offset the risks associated with a decline in the overall share of cash payments and that our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be negatively impacted.
We may not be successful in pursuing strategic investments or acquisitions or realize the expected benefits of those transactions because of integration difficulties and other challenges.
While we may identify opportunities for acquisitions and investments to support our growth strategy, our due diligence examinations and positions that we may take with respect to appropriate valuations for acquisitions and divestitures and other transaction terms and conditions may hinder our ability to successfully complete business transactions to achieve our strategic goals. We compete with others within and outside our industry for suitable acquisition candidates. This competition may increase the price for acquisitions and reduce the number of acquisition candidates available to us. As a result, our ability to acquire businesses in the future, and to acquire such businesses on favorable terms, may be limited. Our ability to realize the anticipated benefits from acquisitions will depend, in part, on successfully integrating each business with our company as well as improving operating performance and profitability through our management efforts and capital investments. The risks to a successful integration and improvement of operating performance and profitability include, among others, failure to implement our business plan, unanticipated issues in integrating operations with ours, unanticipated changes in laws and regulations, labor unrest resulting from union operations, regulatory, environmental and permitting issues, unfavorable customer reactions, the effect on our
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internal controls and compliance with the regulatory requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and difficulties in fully identifying and evaluating potential liabilities, risks and operating issues. In order to finance such acquisitions, we may need to obtain additional funds either through public or private financings, including bank and other secured and unsecured borrowings and the issuance of debt or equity securities. There can be no assurance that such financings would be available to us on reasonable terms or that any future issuances of securities in connection with acquisitions will not be dilutive to our shareholders. The occurrence of any of these events may adversely affect our expected benefits of any acquisitions and may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
We have certain environmental and other exposures related to our former coal operations.
We may incur future environmental and other liabilities in connection with our former coal operations, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
We may be exposed to certain regulatory and financial risks related to climate change.
Growing concerns about climate change may result in the imposition of additional environmental regulations to which we are subject. The U.S. federal government, certain U.S. states and certain other countries and regions have adopted or are considering legislation or regulation imposing overall caps or taxes on greenhouse gas emissions (including carbon dioxide) from certain sectors or facility categories. Such new laws or regulations, or stricter enforcement of existing laws and regulations, could increase the costs of operating our businesses, including, among other things, increased fuel prices or additional taxes or emission allowances, and reduce the demand for our products and services, any or all of which could adversely affect our operations. Additionally, we may not be able to recover the cost of compliance with new or more stringent environmental laws and regulations from our customers, which could adversely affect our business. Furthermore, the potential effects of climate change and related regulation on our customers are highly uncertain and may adversely affect our operations.
Operational Risks
We have significant operations outside the United States.
We currently serve customers in more than 100 countries, including 52 countries where we operate subsidiaries. Seventy percent (70%) of our revenues in 2023 came from operations outside the U.S. We expect revenues outside the U.S. to continue to represent a significant portion of total revenues. Business operations outside the U.S. are subject to political, economic and other risks inherent in operating in foreign countries, such as:
•the difficulty of enforcing agreements, collecting receivables and protecting assets through foreign legal systems;
•trade protection measures and import or export licensing requirements;
•difficulty in staffing and managing widespread operations;
•required compliance with a variety of foreign laws and regulations;
•enforcement of our global compliance program in foreign countries with a variety of laws, cultures and customs;
•varying permitting and licensing requirements in different jurisdictions;
•foreign ownership laws;
•changes in the general political and economic conditions in the countries where we operate, particularly in emerging markets;
•threat of nationalization and expropriation;
•higher costs and risks of doing business in a number of foreign jurisdictions;
•laws or other requirements and restrictions associated with organized labor;
•limitations on the repatriation of earnings;
•fluctuations in equity, revenues and profits due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, including measures taken by governments to devalue official currency exchange rates;
•inflation levels exceeding that of the U.S; and
•the inability to collect for services provided to government entities.
We are exposed to certain risks when we operate in countries that have high levels of inflation, including the risk that:
•the rate of price increases for services will not keep pace with the cost of inflation;
•adverse economic conditions may discourage business growth which could affect demand for our services;
•the devaluation of the currency may exceed the rate of inflation and reported U.S. dollar revenues and profits may decline; and
•these countries may be deemed “highly inflationary” for U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) purposes.
We manage these risks by monitoring current and anticipated political and economic developments, monitoring adherence to our global compliance program and adjusting operations as appropriate. Changes in the political or economic environments of the countries in which we operate could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
We operate in regulated industries.
Our U.S. operations are subject to regulation by the U.S. Department of Transportation with respect to safety of operations and equipment and financial responsibility. Intrastate operations in the U.S. are subject to regulation by state regulatory authorities and interprovincial operations
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in Canada are subject to regulation by Canadian and provincial regulatory authorities. Our other international operations are regulated to varying degrees by the countries in which we operate. Many countries have permit requirements for security services and prohibit foreign companies from providing different types of security services.
Additionally, Brink’s Capital LLC, a subsidiary of the Company, is federally registered as a “Money Services Business” with the U.S. Department of Treasury’s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network and is currently registered and/or licensed in some, and may in the future be registered and/or licensed as a “money transmitter” or similar designation with various state or local jurisdictions in the U.S. related to delivering future products and services. These Registrations subject us to, among other things, having an effective anti-money laundering (AML) compliance program, record-keeping requirements and reporting requirements, and examination by state and federal regulatory agencies, and these and our other regulatory obligations may significantly increase our costs or impact our operations.
Changes in laws or regulations could require a change in the way we operate, which could increase costs or otherwise disrupt operations. In addition, failure to comply with any applicable laws or regulations could result in substantial fines or revocation of our operating permits and licenses. If laws and regulations were to change or we failed to comply with any applicable laws or regulations, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected.
We may be unable to achieve, or may be delayed in achieving, our initiatives to drive efficiency and control costs.
We have launched a number of initiatives to improve efficiencies and reduce operating costs. Although we have achieved annual cost savings associated with these initiatives, we may be unable to sustain the cost savings that we have achieved. In addition, if we are unable to achieve, or have any unexpected delays in achieving additional cost savings, our results of operations and cash flows may be adversely affected. Even if we meet our goals as a result of these initiatives, we may not receive the expected financial benefits of these initiatives.
Labor shortages and increased labor costs could have a material adverse effect on our operations.
While we have historically experienced some level of ordinary course turnover of employees, labor shortages and turnover continue to be a widespread problem in the United States, resulting in higher labor costs. Labor is our largest operating cost. If we face labor shortages and increased labor costs as a result of increased competition for employees, higher employee turnover rates, inflationary pressures on employee wages and salaries or other employee benefits costs, our operating expenses could increase and our growth and results of operations could be adversely impacted. We may be unable to increase prices in order to pass future increased labor costs onto our customers, in which case our margins would be negatively affected. Additionally, if product prices are increased by us to cover increased labor costs, the higher prices could adversely affect sales volumes.
Financial Risks
We have significant retirement obligations. Poor investment performance of retirement plan holdings and/or lower interest rates used to discount the obligations could unfavorably affect our liquidity and results of operations.
We have substantial pension and retiree medical obligations, a portion of which have been funded. The amount of these obligations is significantly affected by factors that are not in our control, including interest rates used to determine the present value of future payment streams, investment returns, medical inflation rates, participation rates and changes in laws and regulations. The funded status of the primary U.S. pension plan was approximately 98% as of December 31, 2023. Based on our actuarial assumptions at the end of 2023, we do not expect to make contributions until 2027. A change in assumptions could result in funding obligations that could adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to use our resources to make acquisitions and to otherwise grow our business.
We have $348 million of actuarial losses recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at the end of 2023. These losses relate to changes in actuarial assumptions that have increased the net liability for benefit plans. These losses have not been recognized in earnings. These losses will be recognized in earnings in future periods to the extent they are not offset by future actuarial gains. Our projections of future cash requirements and expenses for these plans could be adversely affected if our retirement plans have additional actuarial losses.
We have significant deferred tax assets in the United States that may not be realized.
Deferred tax assets are future tax deductions that result primarily from the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial statement and income tax purposes. At December 31, 2023, we had $170 million of U.S. deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowances, primarily related to our retirement plan obligations. These future tax deductions may not be realized if tax rules change in the future, or if forecasted U.S. operational results or any other U.S. projected future taxable income is insufficient. Consequently, not realizing our U.S. deferred tax assets may significantly and materially affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Our effective income tax rate could change.
We operate subsidiaries in 52 countries, all of which have different income tax laws and associated income tax rates. Our effective income tax rate can be significantly affected by changes in the mix of pretax earnings by country and the related income tax rates in those countries. In addition, our effective income tax rate is significantly affected by the ability to realize deferred tax assets, including those
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associated with net operating losses. Changes in income tax laws, income apportionment, or estimates of the ability to realize deferred tax assets, could significantly affect our effective income tax rate, financial position and results of operations. We are subject to the regular examination of our income tax returns by various tax authorities. We regularly assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes. There can be no assurance that the outcomes from these examinations will not have a material adverse effect on our business.
It is possible that our restructuring plans may not achieve their intended results and that we will incur restructuring charges in the future.
It is possible that our restructuring plans may not achieve their intended results and may have other consequences, such as attrition beyond our planned reduction in workforce or our ability to attract highly skilled employees. As a result, our restructuring plans may affect our revenue and other operating results in the future.
In addition, it is possible we will take additional restructuring actions, including in connection with acquisitions, in one or more of our markets in the future to reduce expenses. These actions could result in significant restructuring charges at these subsidiaries, including recognizing impairment charges to write down assets and recording accruals for employee severance. Our restructuring activities may subject us to litigation risks and expenses. These charges, if required, could significantly and materially affect results of operations and cash flows.
Our inability to access capital or significant increases in our cost of capital could adversely affect our business.
Our ability to obtain adequate and cost-effective financing depends on our credit quality as well as the liquidity of financial markets. A negative change in our ratings outlook or any downgrade in our credit ratings by the rating agencies could adversely affect our cost and/or access to sources of liquidity and capital. Disruptions in the capital and credit markets could adversely affect our ability to access short-term and long-term capital. Our access to funds under current credit facilities is dependent on the ability of the participating banks to meet their funding commitments. Those banks may not be able to meet their funding commitments if they experience shortages of capital and liquidity. Longer disruptions in the capital and credit markets as a result of uncertainty, changing or increased regulation, reduced alternatives, or failures of significant financial institutions could adversely affect our access to capital needed for our business.
We are subject to covenants for our credit facilities and our unsecured notes.
Our senior secured credit facility, senior unsecured notes, letter of credit facilities and bank guarantee facilities contain various financial and other covenants. The financial covenants include a limit on the ratio of net secured debt to earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization and a limit on the ratio of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization to interest expense. Other covenants, among other things, limit our ability to provide liens, restrict fundamental changes, limit transactions with affiliates and unrestricted subsidiaries, restrict changes to our fiscal year and to organization documents, limit asset dispositions, limit the use of proceeds from asset sales, limit sale and leaseback transactions, limit investments, limit the ability to incur debt, restrict certain payments to shareholders, limit negative pledges and limit the ability to change the nature of our business. Although we believe none of these covenants are presently restrictive to operations, the ability to meet financial and other covenants can be affected by changes in our results of operations or financial condition. We cannot provide assurance that we will meet these covenants. A breach of these covenants could result in a default under existing credit facilities. Upon the occurrence of an event of default under any of our credit facilities, the lenders could cause amounts outstanding to be immediately payable and terminate all commitments to extend further credit. The occurrence of these events would have a significant effect on our liquidity and cash flows.
Our earnings and cash flow could be materially affected by increased losses of customer valuables.
We purchase insurance coverage for losses of customer valuables for amounts in excess of what we consider prudent deductibles and/or retentions. Insurance is provided by different groups of underwriters at negotiated rates and terms. Coverage is available to us in major insurance markets, although premiums charged are subject to fluctuations depending on market conditions. Our loss experience and that of other companies in our industry affects premium rates. We are not insured for losses below our coverage limits and recognize expense up to these limits for actual losses. Our insurance policies cover losses from most causes, with the exception of war, nuclear risk and various other exclusions typical for such policies. The availability of high-quality and reliable insurance coverage is an important factor in obtaining and retaining customers and managing the risks of our business. If our losses increase, or if we are unable to obtain adequate insurance coverage at reasonable rates, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected.
Cybersecurity and Information Technology Risks
Risks associated with cybersecurity and information technology can expose Brink’s to business disruptions, cybersecurity breaches and regulatory violations.
We rely on our information technology ("IT") infrastructure, including the Brink's Global Information Security ("GIS") Program, which is designed to reduce risk by ensuring that computer systems are secure through protecting networks, systems, hardware, and data to mitigate cybersecurity risk and efficiently run our business. If there were to be significant problems with our IT infrastructure, such as IT data center or system failures or unplanned system disruptions, failure to develop new technology platforms to support new initiatives and product and service offerings, or a failure of our GIS Program, it could halt or delay our ability to service our customers, hinder our ability to conduct and expand our business and require significant remediation costs. Remote work by our personnel and remote access to our systems have also increased significantly, which could increase our cybersecurity risk profile. We believe our cybersecurity risks will further increase as we expand services, complete mergers & acquisitions, and employ emerging technologies, mobile applications, third-party service providers and
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cloud-based services. Hacking, phishing attacks, ransomware, insider threats, physical breaches or other actions may cause confidential information belonging to Brink’s, its employees or customers to be misused. Moreover, the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to networks or to sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not recognized until launched against a target. We may be unable to anticipate these emerging techniques, react in a timely manner, or implement adequate preventative measures. We have experienced cybersecurity incidents and unplanned system disruptions in the past, but none of these incidents or disruptions, individually or in the aggregate, have had a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. A significant cybersecurity incident that impacts our system, application or data center that houses sensitive and confidential data, including, but not limited to, personally identifiable information and business sensitive information, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Additionally, such an incident may result in significant challenges and costs related to coordination with third-party service providers in order to resolve related issues.
If our third-party providers do not respond in a timely manner to our needs, disaster recovery, business continuity and crisis management activities could be negatively impacted. We have programs in place that are intended to identify, protect, detect, respond, and recover from cybersecurity incidents and breaches and that provides employee awareness training regarding cyber risks; however, due to evolving and advanced sophisticated attackers, cyber attacks remain increasingly difficult to detect and we may need to allocate additional resources to continue to enhance our information security measures and/or to investigate and remediate any security vulnerabilities. Cyber attacks and security breaches may also persist undetected over extended periods of time and may not be mitigated in a timely manner to minimize the impact of a cyber attacks or security breach. Any significant cybersecurity incident, involving Brink's or its third-party service providers, could damage our reputation, expose us to the risks of litigation and liability, disrupt our business or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Although the Company maintains cybersecurity insurance, the Company's insurance may not be adequate to cover all losses that may be incurred in the event of a significant disruption or failure of its information technology systems.
As a global company we must adhere to applicable laws and regulations in numerous regions regarding data privacy, data protection, and data security. Privacy and data protection laws vary between countries and are subject to interpretation, which may create inconsistent or conflicting requirements. For example, the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which became effective in May 2018, greatly increased the jurisdictional reach of European Union law. Since its inception, more geographies in which we operate have enacted laws similar to GDPR, including several countries in Asia and states in the U.S. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act (the “CCPA”), which became effective on January 1, 2020, imposes stringent data privacy and data protection requirements regarding the personal information of California residents, and provides for penalties for noncompliance, as well as a private right of action from individuals for certain security breaches. Additionally, the California Privacy Rights Act, which became effective on January 1, 2023, significantly modified the CCPA and has resulted in further uncertainty. The GDPR and these other privacy and data protection laws impose requirements related to the handling of personal data, mandates public disclosure of certain data breaches, and provides for substantial penalties for non-compliance. Our efforts to comply with GDPR and other privacy and data protection laws may impose significant costs that are likely to increase over time. A breach of the GDPR or other such data protection regulations could result in regulatory investigations, reputational damages, fines and sanctions, orders to cease or change our processing of our data, enforcement notices, or assessment notices (for a compulsory audit). We could incur substantial penalties or be subject to litigation related to violation of existing or future data privacy laws, including representative actions and other class action-type litigation, which could amount to significant compensation or damages liabilities, as well as associated costs, diversion of internal resources, and reputational harm, all of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Risks Related to the Company’s Securities
We cannot guarantee that we will repurchase our common stock pursuant to our share repurchase program or that our share repurchase program will enhance long-term shareholder value. Share repurchases could also increase the volatility of the price of our common stock and could diminish our cash reserves.
On November 2, 2023, the Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program that will expire on December 31, 2025. Under the new program, we are authorized to repurchase shares of common stock for an aggregate purchase price not to exceed $500 million, excluding fees, commissions and other ancillary expenses. The new authorization replaced the prior $250 million program, which expired on December 31, 2023 with $28 million remaining available.
Although the Board of Directors has authorized the share repurchase program, the share repurchase program does not obligate the Company to repurchase any specific dollar amount or to acquire any specific number of shares. The timing and amount of repurchases, if any, will depend upon several factors, including market and business conditions, the trading price of the Company’s common stock and the nature of other investment opportunities. A potential tax on share repurchases that would make share repurchases more expensive, may also impact our decision to engage in share repurchases. Also, our ability to repurchase shares of stock may be limited by restrictive covenants in our debt agreements and indentures in our Senior Notes. The repurchase program may be limited, suspended or discontinued at any time without prior notice. In addition, repurchases of our common stock pursuant to our share repurchase program could affect our stock price and increase its volatility. The existence of a share repurchase program could cause our stock price to be higher than it would be in the absence of such a program and could potentially reduce the market liquidity for our stock. Additionally, our share repurchase program could diminish our cash reserves, which may impact our ability to finance future growth and to pursue possible future strategic opportunities and acquisitions. There can be no assurance that any share repurchases will enhance stockholder value because the market price of our common stock may decline below the levels at which we repurchased shares of stock. Although our share repurchase program is intended to enhance long-term stockholder value, there is no assurance that it will do so and short-term stock price fluctuations could reduce the program’s effectiveness.
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General Risks
The identification of a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting in the future could, if not remediated, adversely affect our ability to report our financial condition and results of operations in a timely and accurate manner, investor confidence in our company, and the value of our common stock.
Pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, we are required to document and test our internal control procedures and to provide a report by management on internal control over financial reporting, including management’s assessment of the effectiveness of such control. The Company had a material weakness in its internal control over financial reporting identified during 2022, which was fully remediated by December 31, 2023; however, there can be no assurances that a material weakness will not occur in the future. Deficiencies, including any material weakness, in our internal control over financial reporting that may occur in the future could result in misstatements of our results of operations, restatements of our financial statements, a decline in our stock price, or otherwise materially adversely affect our business, reputation, results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity.
The Company could be negatively affected as a result of the actions of activist or hostile shareholders.
Shareholder activism, which could take many forms and arise in a variety of situations, has been increasing among publicly traded companies. Shareholder activism, including potential proxy contests, requires significant time and attention by management and the Board of Directors, potentially hindering the Company’s ability to execute its strategic plan and negatively affecting the trading value of our common stock. Additionally, shareholder activism could give rise to perceived uncertainties as to the Company’s future direction, adversely affect its relationships with key executives, customers and other business partners, or make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel. If the Company is targeted by an activist shareholder, it could incur significant legal fees and other expenses related to activist shareholder matters. Any of these impacts could materially and adversely affect the Company and operating results.
Negative public perception of our reputation or brand could lead to a loss of revenues or profitability.
We are a leading global provider of cash and valuables management, digital retail solutions and ATM managed services, and our success and longevity are based to a large extent on our reputation for trust, reliability and integrity. Our reputation or brand, particularly the trust placed in us by our customers, could be negatively impacted in the event of perceived or actual breaches in our ability to conduct our business ethically, securely and responsibly. In addition, we have licensing arrangements that permit certain entities to use Brink’s name and/or other intellectual property in connection with their businesses. If any of these entities experienced an actual or perceived breach in its ability to conduct its business ethically, securely or responsibly, it could have a negative effect on our name and/or brand. Any damage to our reputation or brand could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Our business success depends on retaining our leadership team and attracting and retaining qualified personnel.
Talent is a key enabler of our strategy. Our future success depends, in part, on the continuing services and contributions of our leadership team to execute on our strategic plan and to identify and pursue new opportunities. Our future success also depends, in part, on our continued ability to attract and retain the skills and capabilities in the many countries we operate. Any unplanned turnover in senior management or inability to attract and retain a workforce with the skills and in the locations we need to operate and grow our business could have a negative effect on our results. Unplanned turnover in key leadership positions within the Company may adversely affect our ability to manage the company efficiently and effectively, could be disruptive and distracting to management and may lead to additional departures of current personnel, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and overall results.
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Forward-Looking Statements
This document contains both historical and forward-looking information. Words such as “anticipates,” “assumes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “projects,” “predicts,” “intends,” “plans,” “potential,” “believes,” "could," “may,” “should” and similar expressions may identify forward-looking information. Forward-looking information in this document includes, but is not limited to, statements regarding future performance of The Brink’s Company and its global operations, including: the impact of the Company's ongoing transformation initiatives; costs associated with labor rate increases related to future payments to the Maco unions; difficulty in repatriating cash; continued strengthening of the U.S. dollar; anticipated costs of our reorganization and restructuring activities, including the global restructuring activities implemented in the third quarter of 2022; our ability to consummate acquisitions and integrate their operations successfully, collection of receivables related to the internal loss in the U.S. global services operations; support for our Venezuela business; changes in allowance calculation methods; the impact of foreign currency forward and swap contracts; our effective tax rate, including the impact of Pillar Two rules; realization of deferred tax assets; the ability to meet liquidity needs; expenses and payouts for the U.S. retirement plans and the funded status of the primary pension plan; expected liability for and future contributions to the UMWA plans; liability for black lung obligations; the effect of pending legal matters, including the Chile antitrust matter; the impacts of the operating environment in Argentina; and expected future payments under contractual obligations. Forward-looking information in this document is subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and contingencies, which are difficult to quantify and which could cause actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those that are anticipated.
These risks, uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control, include, but are not limited to:
•our ability to improve profitability and execute further cost and operational improvements and efficiencies in our core businesses;
•our ability to improve service levels and quality in our core businesses;
•market volatility and commodity price fluctuations;
•general economic issues, including supply chain disruptions, fuel price increases, inflation and changes in interests rates
•seasonality, pricing and other competitive industry factors;
•investment in information technology and its impact on revenue and profit growth;
•our ability to maintain an effective IT infrastructure and safeguard confidential information, including from a cybersecurity incident;
•our ability to effectively develop and implement solutions for our customers;
•risks associated with operating in foreign countries, including changing political, labor and economic conditions (including political conflict or unrest), regulatory issues (including the imposition of international sanctions, including by the U.S. government), military conflicts (including but not limited to the conflict in Israel and surrounding areas, as well as the possible expansion of such conflicts and potential geopolitical consequences), currency restrictions and devaluations, restrictions on and cost of repatriating earnings and capital, impact on the Company's financial results as a result of jurisdictions' higher-than-expected inflation and those determined to be highly inflationary, and restrictive government actions, including nationalization;
•labor issues, including labor shortages, negotiations with organized labor and work stoppages;
•pandemics, acts of terrorism, strikes or other extraordinary events that negatively affect global or regional cash commerce;
•the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies and foreign currency exchange rates;
•our ability to identify, evaluate and complete acquisitions and other strategic transactions and to successfully integrate acquired companies;
•costs related to dispositions and product or market exits;
•our ability to obtain appropriate insurance coverage, positions taken by insurers relative to claims and the financial condition of insurers;
•safety and security performance and loss experience;
•employee, environmental and other liabilities in connection with former coal operations, including black lung claims;
•the impact of the American Rescue Plan Act and Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act on legacy liabilities and ongoing operations;
•funding requirements, accounting treatment, and investment performance of our pension plans, the VEBA and other employee benefits;
•changes to estimated liabilities and assets in actuarial assumptions;
•the nature of hedging relationships and counterparty risk;
•access to the capital and credit markets;
•our ability to realize deferred tax assets;
•the impact of foreign tax credit regulations;
•the impact of foreign tax credit regulations;
•the outcome of pending and future claims, litigation, and administrative proceedings;
•public perception of our business, reputation and brand;
•changes in estimates and assumptions underlying our critical accounting policies; and
•the promulgation and adoption of new accounting standards, new government regulations and interpretation of existing standards and regulations.
This list of risks, uncertainties and contingencies is not intended to be exhaustive. Additional factors that could cause our results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements can be found under “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of this Form 10-K and in our other public filings with the SEC. The information included in this document is representative only as of the date of this document, and The Brink’s Company undertakes no obligation to update any information contained in this document.
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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY
Overview
The Company’s Global Chief Information Officer (“Global CIO”) leads all aspects of the Company’s information technology (“IT”) strategy, including digital capabilities and information systems. The Company’s Global Chief Information Security Officer (“Global CISO”), who reports to the Global CIO, is responsible for leading our enterprise-wide cybersecurity strategy, policy, standards, architecture and processes, including the Brink’s Global Information Security (“GIS”) Program. The Global CIO, with support from the Global CISO, provides periodic reports to the Board of Directors (the “Board”), the Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) (to whom the Global CIO reports) and other members of our senior management. These reports include updates on our cybersecurity risks and threats, the status of projects to strengthen our information security systems, assessments of the information security program and the emerging threat landscape. The GIS Program is regularly evaluated internally and externally, including by third-party experts, and the results of those evaluations are reported to senior management and the Board. The Company also actively engages with key vendors, industry participants and intelligence and law enforcement communities as part of its continuing efforts to evaluate and enhance the effectiveness of its information security program, policies and procedures.
Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy
The Company’s Processes for Assessing, Identifying, and Managing Material Cybersecurity Risks
The Company's processes for assessing, identifying, and managing cybersecurity risks generally follow frameworks established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The Company relies on its IT infrastructure, including the GIS Program, which is designed to reduce cybersecurity risks by ensuring that computer systems are secure through protecting networks, systems, applications, hardware, and data to mitigate cyber attacks. Our business includes managing, processing, storing and transmitting proprietary and confidential data, including personally identifiable information and other confidential information. The Company’s IT infrastructure and GIS Program are critical to its business activities, and any unauthorized access to, unplanned disruptions or failures of, or cybersecurity attacks, on these systems pose risks to our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The Company has an enterprise risk management ("ERM") program, for which the Board has oversight responsibility. Under the ERM program, senior leaders from across the Company’s global footprint annually evaluate risks according to likelihood, significance and velocity to identify and prioritize the most significant risks facing the Company. "IT and Cybersecurity risk" has been identified as part of the ERM program as a significant risk, and the CFO is assigned to this risk area to ensure the development of mitigation plans, monitor progress against those plans, and maintain and measure against a set of key risk indicators.
In addition, the Company’s Global Security Operations Center (the “GSOC”), an internal monitoring and reporting center that is a part of the GIS Program, provides 24/7 monitoring, detection and response capabilities for cybersecurity events. The GSOC also analyzes cyber threat intelligence from a variety of paid and non-paid sources..
Cybersecurity Risk Management and Mitigation
The Global CISO manages our risk monitoring and mitigation processes and is responsible for cybersecurity risk management. The Company has adopted physical, technological and administrative cybersecurity controls and has defined procedures for incident detection, containment, response and remediation. The Global CISO works with business units and IT to ensure the appropriate policies are in place and to improve efficiency. Our global IT governance, risk and compliance team, which is a part of the GIS Program, manages IT general controls and cybersecurity best practices. We have an internal cybersecurity incident response plan designed to minimize the impact of cyber incidents and ensure consistent responses to any such incident. This plan undergoes regular reviews and updates.
The Company builds information security awareness among our employees by conducting regular training on our cybersecurity and data protection policies and executing vulnerability testing with employee simulated email threats. The Company also regularly updates employees on cybersecurity issues, assesses for susceptibility to email phishing and provides tools to alert the global information security team to potential phishing activity. Our employees have multiple mechanisms for reporting cybersecurity and data privacy concerns to the Company, including the Brink’s GSOC and the Brink’s Ethics Hotline. We believe providing ongoing training and real-world learnings to the Company’s workforce is a crucial part of ensuring security and defending against future attacks.
The Company internally assesses its cybersecurity regularly and engages a third-party external auditor to conduct annual cybersecurity risk assessments , both of which allow us to identify key cybersecurity and data protection risks and develop plans, policies, and procedures to mitigate such risks.
We also have a vulnerability management program in place that is designed to protect our external and internal networks and critical assets. In addition, we have designed policies and procedures so that our Disclosure Committee, which is composed of members of management and is co-chaired by the Company’s CFO and General Counsel, is appropriately informed of significant cybersecurity matters to ensure compliance with applicable cybersecurity disclosure requirements for our public filings. The Disclosure Committee meets on a quarterly basis and more often as necessary.
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We maintain cybersecurity insurance and regularly consult with third-party cybersecurity experts during our review of cybersecurity controls in place. We also perform periodic assessments of our key vendors, which allows the Company to identify vendor cybersecurity risks and to develop reasonable mitigation plans.
Impacts of Cybersecurity Threats and Prior Incidents
We have experienced and expect to continue to experience cybersecurity attacks and have expended human and financial resources to respond to such attacks.
Although we have taken significant steps to mitigate cybersecurity risk across a range of functions, such measures can never eliminate the risk entirely or provide absolute security. As of December 31, 2023, management has determined that none of the cyberattacks we have experienced, individually or in the aggregate, have had a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations, but we cannot provide assurance that we will not be materially affected in the future by such risks or any future material incidents. For more information about these risks, see the risk factor titled “Risks associated with information technology can expose Brink’s to business disruptions, cybersecurity breaches and regulatory violations” under Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and incorporated by reference herein.
Cybersecurity Governance
Board’s Oversight of Risks from Cybersecurity Threats
The Board oversees our ERM program, including the review of cybersecurity and IT risks. The Board is also regularly briefed by the Global CIO, with the support of the Global CISO, on our cybersecurity risk management framework and completed, ongoing and planned actions relating managing to cybersecurity risks. These reports also include updates on the status of projects to strengthen our information security systems, recent assessments of the information security program and the emerging threat landscape.
Management’s Role in Assessing and Managing our Material Risks from Cybersecurity Threats
Ms. Sethi serves as the Company’s Global CIO and reports to Kurt McMaken, the Company’s CFO. Ms. Sethi has over 25 years of experience in the IT field and oversees all aspects of our IT, from planning and implementing enterprise IT systems to improving service quality, compliance and corporate development. Ms. Sethi sets our strategic vision and roadmap to define, build and optimize our IT systems, policies and operations. Ms. Sethi regularly reports to the Board regarding cybersecurity risks.
James Holley, the Global CISO, oversees our information, cyber, and technology security and reports to Neelu Sethi, the Company’s Global CIO. Mr. Holley has over 30 years of leadership, operational and technical experience in information security. He leads the development, implementation and enforcement of security policies and data breach resiliency plans, as well as works with internal and external cybersecurity and IT teams to monitor and maintain the security of our IT infrastructure. Mr. Holley holds a Master's Degree in Computer Science with a concentration in information security as well as multiple information security certifications.
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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
We have property and equipment in locations throughout the world. Branch facilities generally have office space to support operations, a vault to securely process and store valuables and a garage to house armored vehicles and serve as a vehicle terminal. Many branches have additional space to repair and maintain vehicles.
We own or lease armored vehicles, panel trucks and other vehicles that are primarily service vehicles. Our armored vehicles are of bullet-resistant construction and are specially designed and equipped to provide security for the crew and cargo.
The following table discloses leased and owned facilities and vehicles for Brink’s most significant operations as of December 31, 2023.
| Facilities | Vehicles | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Segments | Leased | Owned | Total | Leased | Owned | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| North America | 234 | 35 | 269 | 3,309 | 944 | 4,253 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Latin America | 333 | 83 | 416 | 834 | 4,216 | 5,050 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Europe | 155 | 36 | 191 | 2,656 | 1,758 | 4,414 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rest of World | 414 | 9 | 423 | 867 | 1,801 | 2,668 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate Items | 5 | — | 5 | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 1,141 | 163 | 1,304 | 7,666 | 8,719 | 16,385 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
For a discussion of legal proceedings, see Note 23 to the consolidated financial statements, “Other Commitments and Contingencies,” in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
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Information about Our Executive Officers
The following is a list as of February 29, 2024, of the names and ages of the executive officers of the Company indicating the principal positions and offices held by each. There are no family relationships among any of the officers named.
| Name | Age | Positions and Offices Held | Held Since | ||||||||||||||
| Mark Eubanks | 51 | President and Chief Executive Officer | 2022 | ||||||||||||||
| Kurt B. McMaken | 54 | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer | 2022 | ||||||||||||||
| Dominik Bossart | 49 | Executive Vice President and President, Latin America and Brink's Global Services | 2023 | ||||||||||||||
| Elizabeth A. Galloway | 46 | Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer | 2023 | ||||||||||||||
| Lindsay K. Blackwood | 47 | Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
| James K. Parks | 55 | Executive Vice President and President, Europe, Middle East, Africa and Asia | 2023 | ||||||||||||||
| Daniel J. Castillo | 55 | Executive Vice President and President, North America | 2022 | ||||||||||||||
Executive and other officers of the Company are elected annually and serve at the pleasure of the Board of Directors.
Mr. Eubanks was appointed President and Chief Executive Officer, effective May 2022. Prior to that, he served as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of the Company from September 2021 to May 2022. Before joining Brink’s, Mr. Eubanks most recently served as President, Europe, Middle East and Africa for Otis Worldwide Corporation, the leading elevator and escalator manufacturing, installation and service company, from April 2019 to September 2020. Prior to that, he was Group President, Electrical Products, for Eaton Corporation plc ("Eaton"), an intelligent power management company, from 2015 to 2019.
Mr. McMaken was appointed Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in August 2022. Prior to that, he served in a number of financial and management roles of increasing responsibility at Eaton from 2001 to 2022, most recently as Senior Vice President, Operations Finance and Transformation. Prior to joining Eaton, Mr. McMaken served in Audit & Business Advisory Services at PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP from 1992 to 1999.
Mr. Bossart was appointed as Executive Vice President and President, Latin America and Brink's Global Services in May 2023. Prior to that, he served as Executive Vice President and President MEA, Asia and Brink’s Global Services from September 2021 to May 2023. Prior to that, he served as Senior Vice President from July 2019 until September 2021. From 2014 to 2019, he led the Brink’s Global Services business in the Americas and the Company’s cash-in-transit business in South America (with the exception of Mexico and Brazil).
Ms. Galloway was appointed as the Company’s Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer in May 2023. Prior to that, she served as Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer at Invitation Homes, Inc. from 2019 to May 2023. Prior to that, she served as Chief Human Resources Officer at At Home Group Inc. ("At Home") from 2018 to 2019. Before At Home, Ms. Galloway also served in human resources leadership roles at PepsiCo, Inc., Owens Corning, and Marathon Petroleum Corporation.
Ms. Blackwood was appointed as the Company's Executive Vice President and General Counsel and Corporate Secretary in November 2021. Ms. Blackwood joined the Company in 2012 as assistant general counsel and served in that role until 2020, when she was named Vice President, Associate General Counsel. She has served as the Company’s Corporate Secretary since 2013. Prior to joining Brink’s, she served as Associate Chief Counsel and Corporate Secretary for Cigna Corporation.
Mr. Parks was appointed as Executive Vice President and President, Europe, Middle East, Africa and Asia in May 2023. Prior to that, he served as Executive Vice President and President of Europe from September 2021 to May 2023 and, before that, as Senior Vice President from December 2020 to September 2021. He has oversight responsibility for the Company's operations in Europe. From January to December 2020 Mr. Parks was Senior Vice President, Strategy Deployment & Execution. From 2018 to January 2020, he was Senior Vice President, Integration. From 2015 to 2018 he served as the President and General Manager of Brink’s Canada.
Mr. Castillo was appointed as Executive Vice President and President, North America in June 2022. Prior to that, Mr. Castillo served as the Executive Vice President, North America at JELD-WEN, Inc. ("JELD-WEN"), one of the world's largest building products manufacturers, from 2020 to May 2022. Mr. Castillo joined JELD-WEN in February in 2018 as Senior Vice President, North America - Doors. Previously, he served as president of Cree Lighting from 2016 until 2017, and, between 2001 and 2015, he held positions at Cooper Industries and Cooper Lighting in various roles of increasing responsibility.
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| PART II | ||
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Our common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “BCO.” As of February 26, 2024, there were 1,004 shareholders of record of common stock. The number of record holders does not include beneficial owners of our securities whose shares are held in the names of various security brokers, dealers and registered clearing agencies.
Share Repurchase Program
On November 2, 2023, our Board of Directors authorized a $500 million share repurchase program that expires on December 31, 2025 (the “2023 Repurchase Program”).
Under the 2023 Repurchase Program, we are not obligated to repurchase any specific dollar amount or number of shares. The.timing and volume of share repurchases may be executed at the discretion of management on an opportunistic basis, or pursuant to trading plans or other arrangements. Share repurchases under the 2023 Repurchase Program may be made in the open market, in privately negotiated transactions, or otherwise.
In October 2021, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized a $250 million share repurchase program (the "2021 Repurchase Program"). Under the 2021 Repurchase Program, in 2023, we repurchased a total of 2,297,955 shares of our common stock for an aggregate of $169.9 million and an average price of $73.92 per share. In 2022, we repurchased a total of 948,395 shares of our common stock for an aggregate of $52.2 million and an average price of $55.01 per share. These shares were retired upon repurchase. The 2021 Repurchase Program expired on December 31, 2023 with approximately $28 million remaining available.
Our Board of Directors previously authorized a $250 million repurchase program (the “2020 Repurchase Program”) in February 2020.
Under the 2020 Repurchase Program, we entered into three accelerated share repurchase arrangements (each, an "ASR") with a financial institution. In each case, in exchange for an upfront payment at the beginning of each purchase period, the financial institution delivered to us shares of our common stock. The shares received were retired in the period they were delivered to us, and the upfront payment was accounted for as a reduction to shareholders' equity in the consolidated balance sheet. For purposes of calculating earnings per share, we reported each ASR as a repurchase of our common stock and as a forward contract indexed to our common stock. Each ASR met the applicable criteria for equity classification, and, as a result, none were accounted for as a derivative instrument.
Below is a summary of each ASR entered into under the 2020 Repurchase Program:
| Upfront Payment | Shares Received | Average Repurchase Price | |||||||||||||||
| August 2020 | $ | 50,000,000 | 849,978 | $ | 58.83 | ||||||||||||
| September 2020 | — | 246,676 | — | ||||||||||||||
| $ | 50,000,000 | 1,096,654 | $ | 45.59 | |||||||||||||
| August 2021 | $ | 50,000,000 | 524,315 | $ | 95.36 | ||||||||||||
| September 2021 | — | 131,384 | — | ||||||||||||||
| $ | 50,000,000 | 655,699 | $ | 76.25 | |||||||||||||
November 2021(a) | $ | 150,000,000 | 1,742,160 | $ | 86.10 | ||||||||||||
April 2022(a) | — | 546,993 | — | ||||||||||||||
| $ | 150,000,000 | 2,289,153 | $ | 65.53 | |||||||||||||
| $ | 250,000,000 | 4,041,506 | $ | 61.86 | |||||||||||||
(a)We received 1,742,160 shares in November 2021. Under this ASR, the purchase period had a scheduled termination date of June 1, 2022, although the financial institution was eligible to early terminate the ASR after January 31, 2022. In April 2022, the financial institution early terminated this ASR and we received additional 546,993 shares.
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The following table provides information about common stock repurchases by the Company during the quarter then ended December 31, 2023.
Period | (a) Total Number of Shares Purchased | (b) Average Price Paid per Share | (c) Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(1) | (d) Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs(1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| October 1 through | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| October 31, 2023 | 306,508 | $70.71 | 306,508 | $ | 70,449,787 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| November 1 through | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| November 30, 2023 | 298,380 | $74.09 | 604,888 | 48,343,349 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 1 through | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2023 | 239,494 | $85.08 | 844,382 | 27,967,551 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
(1)On October 27, 2021, the Company's Board of Directors approved a $250 million share repurchase program that expired on December 31, 2023, with approximately $28 million remaining under the program.
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The following graph compares the cumulative 5-year total return provided to shareholders of The Brink’s Company’s common stock compared to the cumulative total returns of the S&P Midcap 400 index and the common stocks of a selected peer group of companies. Given our unique service offerings, we do not believe that any single published industry index is appropriate for comparing shareholder return. Therefore, the peer group used in the performance graph combines publicly traded companies in the logistics services industry that have similar operational characteristics, such as route-based delivery of services. The companies included in the peer group are Cintas Corporation, Iron Mountain, Inc., Euronet Worldwide, Inc., Stericycle, Inc., UniFirst Corporation and Waste Management, Inc.
The graph tracks the performance of a $100 investment in our common stock and in each index from December 31, 2018, through December 31, 2023. The performance of The Brink’s Company’s common stock assumes that the shareholder reinvested all dividends received during the period.
*$100 invested on 12/31/18 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends
Fiscal Year ending December 31.
Source: Zacks Investment Research, Inc.
Comparison of Five-Year Cumulative Total Return(a)
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| The Brink's Company | $ | 100.00 | 141.27 | 113.61 | 104.52 | 86.75 | 143.83 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| S&P MidCap 400 Index | 100.00 | 126.20 | 143.44 | 178.95 | 155.58 | 181.15 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Peer Group | 100.00 | 138.62 | 154.49 | 204.70 | 198.74 | 246.80 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(a)For the line designated as “The Brink’s Company” the graph depicts the cumulative return on $100 invested in The Brink’s Company’s common stock at December 31, 2018. The cumulative return for each index is measured on an annual basis for the periods from December 31, 2018, through December 31, 2023, with the value of each index set to $100 on December 31, 2018. Total return assumes reinvestment of dividends. We chose the S&P Midcap 400 Index and our custom peer group as we are included in the S&P Midcap 400 Index, and we believe the custom peer group has more similar characteristics to our company for the factors noted above.
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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
THE BRINK’S COMPANY
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023 AND 2022
AND FOR EACH OF THE YEARS IN THE THREE-YEAR PERIOD ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| Page | ||||||||
The discussion of operating results and financial condition comparing 2022 versus 2021 can be found in Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 ("2022 10-K"), starting on page 20.
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OPERATIONS
The Brink’s Company is a leading global provider of cash and valuables management, digital retail solutions, and ATM managed services throughout the world. These services include:
Cash and Valuables Management
•Cash-in-transit ("CIT") services – armored vehicle transportation of cash and coin
•Basic ATM services – replenishing funds and providing basic maintenance services to our customers’ automated teller machines
•Brink's Global Services ("BGS") – secure international transportation, pick-up, packaging, customs clearance, secure vault storage, and inventory management of high-value commodities
•Cash management services – counting, sorting, wrapping, check imaging, cashier balancing, counterfeit detection, account consolidation and electronic reporting
•Vaulting services – combines cash-in-transit services, cash management, vaulting and electronic reporting technologies for banks
•Other Services – guarding, commercial security, and payment services
Digital Retail Solutions ("DRS") and ATM Managed Services ("AMS")
•Digital Retail Solutions – services that facilitate faster access to cash deposits leveraging Brink’s tech-enabled devices and software platforms that enable enhanced customer analytics and visibility
•ATM managed services – comprehensive solutions for ATM management, including cash forecasting, cash optimization, ATM remote monitoring, service call dispatching, transaction processing, and installation services
We manage our business in the following four segments:
•North America – operations in the U.S. and Canada, including the Brink’s Global Services ("BGS") line of business,
•Latin America – operations in Latin American countries where we have an ownership interest, including the BGS line of business,
•Europe – total operations in European countries that primarily provide services outside of the BGS line of business, and
•Rest of World – operations in the Middle East, Africa and Asia. This segment also includes total operations in European countries that primarily provide BGS services and BGS activity in Latin American countries where we do not have an ownership interest.
We believe that Brink’s has significant competitive advantages including:
•brand recognition
•reputation for a high level of service and security
•risk management and logistics expertise
•global network and customer base
•proven operational excellence
•high-quality insurance coverage and financial strength, and
•innovative technology-enabled offerings
Our strategy is to grow Brink’s by providing a superior customer experience and driving continuous improvement. We will achieve this by delivering on four strategic pillars: Growth and Customer Loyalty, Innovation, Operational Excellence, and Talent. This framework considers our global footprint and values-driven culture.
We focus our time and resources on service quality, protecting and strengthening our brand, and addressing our risks. Our marketing and sales efforts are enhanced by the “Brink’s” brand, so we seek to protect and build its value. Because our services focus on handling, transporting, protecting, and managing valuables, we strive to understand and manage risk.
To earn an adequate return on capital, we focus on the effective and efficient use of resources in addition to our pricing discipline. We attempt to optimize the business that flows through our branches, vehicles, and systems to obtain the lowest costs possible without compromising safety, security, or service.
Operating results may vary from period to period. Our cash and valuables management revenues are generated from charges per service performed or based on the value of goods transported, which may be affected by both the level of economic activity and the volume of business for specific customers. We also periodically incur costs to change the scale of our operations when volumes increase or decrease. Incremental costs incurred usually relate to increasing or decreasing the number of employees and increasing or decreasing branches or administrative facilities. In addition, security costs can vary depending on performance, the cost of insurance coverage, and changes in crime rates (e.g., attacks and robberies).
Brink’s revenues and related operating profit are generally higher in the second half of the year, particularly in the fourth quarter, due to generally increased economic activity associated with the holiday season.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Analysis of Results
Consolidated Results
GAAP and Non-GAAP Financial Measures We provide an analysis of our operations below on both a generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and non-GAAP basis. The purpose of the non-GAAP information is to report our operating profit, income from continuing operations and earnings per share without certain income and expense items that do not reflect the regular earnings of our operations. The non-GAAP financial measures are intended to provide investors with a supplemental comparison of our operating results and trends for the periods presented. Our management believes these measures are also useful to investors as such measures allow investors to evaluate our performance using the same metrics that our management uses to evaluate past performance and prospects for future performance. We do not consider these items to be reflective of our core operating performance. The non-GAAP adjustments used to reconcile our GAAP results are described in detail on pages 28-30 and are reconciled to comparable GAAP measures on pages 35-37.
Definition of Organic Growth Organic growth represents the change in revenues or operating profit between the current and prior period excluding the effect of acquisitions and dispositions for one year after the transaction and changes in currency exchange rates. See definitions on page 26.
| Years Ended December 31, | % change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions, except for per share amounts) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GAAP | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues | $ | 4,874.6 | 4,535.5 | 4,200.2 | 7 | 8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenues | 3,707.1 | 3,461.9 | 3,235.8 | 7 | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative expenses | 688.1 | 687.0 | 629.7 | — | 9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating profit | 425.2 | 361.3 | 354.7 | 18 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Income (loss) from continuing operations(a) | 86.0 | 173.5 | 103.1 | (50) | 68 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Diluted EPS from continuing operations(a) | $ | 1.83 | 3.63 | 2.06 | (50) | 76 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-GAAP(b) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-GAAP revenues | $ | 4,874.6 | 4,535.5 | 4,200.2 | 7 | 8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-GAAP operating profit | 615.0 | 550.3 | 470.5 | 12 | 17 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-GAAP income from continuing operations(a) | 344.6 | 286.4 | 237.9 | 20 | 20 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-GAAP diluted EPS from continuing operations(a) | $ | 7.35 | 5.99 | 4.75 | 23 | 26 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
(a)Amounts reported in this table are attributable to the shareholders of Brink’s and exclude earnings related to noncontrolling interests.
GAAP Basis
Analysis of Consolidated Results: 2023 versus 2022
Consolidated Revenues Revenues increased $339.1 million due to organic increases in Latin America ($282.0 million), Europe ($71.4 million), Rest of World ($22.7 million), and North America ($18.3 million) and the favorable impact of acquisitions ($105.5 million), partially offset by the unfavorable impact of currency exchange rates ($160.8 million). The unfavorable currency impact was driven primarily by the Argentine peso. Revenues increased 9% on an organic basis primarily due to inflation-based price increases and growth in AMS and DRS revenue. See above for our definition of “organic.”
Consolidated Costs and Expenses Cost of revenues increased 7% to $3,707.1 million primarily due to higher revenue, including the impact of acquisitions, partially offset by the impact of currency exchange rates and lower costs related to restructuring actions and cost productivity. Selling, general and administrative costs increased 0.2% to $688.1 million primarily due to organic increases in labor and other administrative costs and the impact of acquisitions partially offset by the 2022 unfavorable impact of a change in allowance estimate ($15.6 million) due to a modification in our methodology to estimate the allowance for doubtful accounts and the impact of currency exchange rates.
Consolidated Operating Profit Operating profit increased $63.9 million due mainly to:
•organic increases in Latin America ($77.4 million), North America ($25.2 million), Europe ($9.1 million), and Rest of World ($3.3 million),
•lower costs incurred related to reorganization and restructuring ($21.2 million),
•favorable operating impact of business acquisitions ($16.1 million), excluding intangible amortization and acquisition-related charges,
•lower costs related to the impact of a change in allowance estimate ($15.6 million) recorded in 2022 due to a modification in our methodology to estimate the allowance for doubtful accounts,
•lower costs related to business acquisitions and dispositions ($15.7 million), including the impact of acquisition-related charges and intangible asset amortization, included in "Other items not allocated to segments", and
•lower corporate expenses on an organic basis ($4.8 million),
24
partially offset by:
•unfavorable changes in currency exchange rates ($118.5 million) primarily driven by the Argentine peso.
Consolidated Income from Continuing Operations Attributable to Brink’s and Related Per Share Amounts Income from continuing operations attributable to Brink’s shareholders decreased $87.5 million to $86.0 million due to higher income tax expense ($97.8 million) and higher interest expense ($65.0 million), partially offset by the increase in operating profit mentioned above, higher interest and other nonoperating income ($10.7 million), and lower noncontrolling interest ($0.7 million). Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations was $1.83, down from $3.63 in 2022.
Non-GAAP Basis
Analysis of Consolidated Results: 2023 versus 2022
Non-GAAP Consolidated Revenues There is no difference between GAAP and Non-GAAP revenue amounts for the periods presented. See page 24 for details.
Non-GAAP Consolidated Operating Profit Non-GAAP operating profit increased $64.7 million due mainly to:
•organic increases in Latin America ($77.4 million), North America ($25.2 million), Europe ($9.1 million), and Rest of World ($3.3 million),
•the favorable operating impact of business acquisitions ($16.1 million), excluding intangible amortization and acquisition-related charges, and
•lower corporate expenses on an organic basis ($4.8 million),
partially offset by:
•unfavorable changes in currency exchange rates ($71.2 million), driven primarily by the Argentine peso.
Non-GAAP Consolidated Income from Continuing Operations Attributable to Brink’s and Related Per Share Amounts Non-GAAP income from continuing operations attributable to Brink’s shareholders increased $58.2 million to $344.6 million due to the operating profit increase mentioned above, higher interest and other nonoperating income ($45.7 million), lower income tax expense ($12.3 million), and lower noncontrolling interest ($0.9 million), partially offset by higher interest expense ($65.4 million). Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations was $7.35, up from $5.99 in 2022.
25
Revenues and Operating Profit by Segment
| Organic | Acquisitions / | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2022 | Change | Dispositions(a) | Currency(b) | 2023 | Total | Organic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| North America | $ | 1,584.1 | 18.3 | 3.2 | (4.5) | 1,601.1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Latin America | 1,210.6 | 282.0 | 2.5 | (162.8) | 1,332.3 | 10 | 23 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Europe | 931.4 | 71.4 | 107.0 | 27.0 | 1,136.8 | 22 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rest of World | 809.4 | 22.7 | (7.2) | (20.5) | 804.4 | (1) | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Segment revenues(c) | 4,535.5 | 394.4 | 105.5 | (160.8) | 4,874.6 | 7 | 9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues - GAAP | $ | 4,535.5 | 394.4 | 105.5 | (160.8) | 4,874.6 | 7 | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating profit: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| North America | $ | 159.1 | 25.2 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 185.2 | 16 | 16 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Latin America | 277.7 | 77.4 | 0.8 | (75.6) | 280.3 | 1 | 28 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Europe | 98.4 | 9.1 | 13.5 | 4.0 | 125.0 | 27 | 9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rest of World | 163.9 | 3.3 | 1.0 | (4.1) | 164.1 | — | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Segment operating profit | 699.1 | 115.0 | 16.1 | (75.6) | 754.6 | 8 | 16 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Corporate(d) | (148.8) | 4.8 | — | 4.4 | (139.6) | (6) | (3) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating profit - non-GAAP | 550.3 | 119.8 | 16.1 | (71.2) | 615.0 | 12 | 22 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other items not allocated to segments(e) | (189.0) | 30.8 | 15.7 | (47.3) | (189.8) | — | (16) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating profit (loss) - GAAP | $ | 361.3 | 150.6 | 31.8 | (118.5) | 425.2 | 18 | 42 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amounts may not add due to rounding.
(a)Non-GAAP amounts include the impact of prior year comparable period results for acquired and disposed businesses. GAAP results also include the impact of acquisition-related intangible amortization, restructuring and other charges, and disposition related gains/losses.
(b)The amounts in the “Currency” column consist of the effects of Argentina devaluations under highly inflationary accounting and the sum of monthly currency changes. Monthly currency changes represent the accumulation throughout the year of the impact on current period results of changes in foreign currency rates from the prior year period.
(c)Segment revenues equal our total reported non-GAAP revenues.
(d)Corporate expenses are not allocated to segment results. Corporate expenses include salaries and other costs to manage the global business and to perform activities required by public companies.
Analysis of Segment Results: 2023 versus 2022
North America
Revenues increased 1% ($17.0 million) primarily due to a 1% organic increase ($18.3 million) and the favorable impact of acquisitions ($3.2 million), partially offset by the unfavorable impact of currency exchange rates ($4.5 million) from the Canadian dollar. Organic revenue increased primarily due to price increases in the U.S. partially offset by volume reductions due to the rationalization of our customer portfolio to optimize profitability and lower BGS revenue. Operating profit increased ($26.1 million), primarily due to a 16% organic increase ($25.2 million), the favorable impact of acquisitions ($0.8 million), and favorable impact of currency exchange rates ($0.1 million). The organic increase resulted primarily from higher revenue which outpaced the impact of labor and other cost increases, the impact of cost savings related to restructuring primarily in the U.S., and cost productivity.
A change in estimation methodology resulted in a $16.7 million incremental bad debt expense recorded in the first quarter of 2022 that was associated with U.S. aged receivables. In the subsequent quarters of 2022, the additional allowance was reduced by $1.1 million as a result of collections. However, as discussed in Note 1, this amount was recorded as part of "Other items not allocated to segments" and is not included in the North America segment results.
Latin America
Revenues increased 10% ($121.7 million) primarily due to a 23% organic increase of ($282.0 million) and the favorable impact of acquisitions ($2.5 million), partially offset by the unfavorable impact of currency exchange rates ($162.8 million), primarily from the Argentine peso partially offset by favorable impact from the Mexican peso. The organic increase was driven by inflation-based price increases across the segment and growth in AMS and DRS revenue. Operating profit was up 1% ($2.6 million) primarily due to a 28% organic increase ($77.4 million) and the favorable impact of acquisitions ($0.8 million), partially offset by unfavorable currency exchange rates ($75.6 million). The organic increase was driven by higher revenue which outpaced the impact of labor and other cost increases.
Europe
Revenues increased 22% ($205.4 million) due to the favorable impact of the NoteMachine acquisition ($107.0 million), a 8% organic increase ($71.4 million), and the favorable impact of currency exchange rates ($27.0 million). The favorable currency impact was driven by the euro. The organic increase was primarily due to price increases throughout the segment and the growth of AMS and DRS revenue. Operating profit increased ($26.6 million) primarily due to the favorable impact of acquisitions ($13.5 million), an organic increase ($9.1 million), and the favorable impact of currency exchange rates ($4.0 million). The organic increase was primarily driven by higher revenue which outpaced the impact of labor and other cost increases and the revenue mix benefit of higher AMS and DRS revenue.
26
Rest of World
Revenues decreased 1% ($5.0 million) due to the unfavorable impact of currency exchange rates ($20.5 million) and dispositions ($7.2 million), partially offset by a 3% organic increase ($22.7 million). The organic increase was primarily due to growth in AMS and DRS. Operating profit increased $0.2 million primarily due to a 2% organic increase ($3.3 million) and the favorable impact of dispositions ($1.0 million), partially offset by the unfavorable impact of currency exchange rates ($4.1 million), driven by most currencies throughout the segment. The disposition impact relates to the disposition of our Russian based operations. The organic increase was primarily due to the impact of labor and other operational cost saving actions throughout the segment and the revenue mix benefit of higher AMS and DRS revenue.
27
Income and Expense Not Allocated to Segments
Corporate Expenses
| Years Ended December 31, | % change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| General, administrative and other expenses | $ | (152.8) | (161.5) | (141.7) | (5) | 14 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) | 15.3 | 10.9 | 2.7 | 40 | fav | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reconciliation of segment policies to GAAP | (2.1) | 1.8 | (17.5) | unfav | fav | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate expenses | $ | (139.6) | (148.8) | (156.5) | (6) | (5) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Corporate expenses include corporate headquarters costs, regional management costs, currency transaction gains and losses, costs related to global initiatives and adjustments to reconcile segment accounting policies to U.S. GAAP.
Corporate expenses in 2023 decreased $9.2 million versus the prior year. This was primarily driven by lower net compensation costs, including share-based compensation and bonus accruals ($24.1 million), as well as an increase in foreign currency transaction gains ($4.4 million). These lower costs were partially offset by increased charges related to insurance and security losses ($10.8 million), higher professional fees ($5.3 million) and higher bad debt expense ($3.5 million) reported as part of the reconciliation of segment policies to U.S. GAAP.
Historically, all Brink’s business units followed an internal accounting policy for determining an allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowances were then reconciled to the required U.S. GAAP estimated consolidated allowance, with any differences reported as part of Corporate expense. In 2021, the Corporate reconciling adjustment was an increase of Corporate expense of $17.5 million. The 2021 increase was primarily from a change in the first quarter of 2021 to the allowance calculation method of the North America segment’s U.S. business. This change resulted in a $12.3 million increase to Corporate expense offset by a $12.3 million operating profit increase in the North America segment, resulting in no impact to consolidated operating profit for the first quarter of 2021. We changed the U.S. calculation of the allowance in order to more closely align it with the U.S. GAAP consolidated calculation and to minimize reconciling differences. Other than for the U.S. business, the reconciling differences were not significant. The bad debt expense increase excludes the impact of the internal loss in our U.S. global services operations described on the page 30.
Other Items Not Allocated to Segments
| Years Ended December 31, | % change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating profit: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reorganization and Restructuring | $ | (17.6) | (38.8) | (43.6) | (55) | (11) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisitions and dispositions | (70.6) | (86.6) | (71.9) | (18) | 20 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Argentina highly inflationary impact | (86.8) | (41.7) | (11.9) | unfav | unfav | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Transformation initiatives | (5.5) | — | — | unfav | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-routine auto loss matter | (8.0) | — | — | unfav | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Change in allowance estimate | — | (15.6) | — | (100) | unfav | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ship loss matter | — | (4.9) | — | (100) | unfav | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chile antitrust matter | (0.5) | (1.4) | (9.5) | (64) | (85) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Internal loss | — | — | 21.1 | — | (100) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reporting compliance | (0.8) | — | — | unfav | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating profit | $ | (189.8) | (189.0) | (115.8) | — | 63 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Reorganization and Restructuring
2022 Global Restructuring Plan
In the first quarter of 2023, management completed the review and approval of remaining actions included in the previously disclosed restructuring program across our global business operations. The actions were taken to enable growth, reduce costs and related infrastructure, and to mitigate the potential impact of external economic conditions. In total, we have recognized $33.2 million in charges under this program, including $11.0 million in 2023. We expect total expenses from the program to be between $38 million and $42 million. When completed, the current restructuring actions are expected to reduce our workforce by 3,200 to 3,400 positions and result in annualized cost savings of approximately $60 million.
Other Restructurings
Management periodically implements restructuring actions in targeted sections of our business. As a result of these actions, we recognized $43.6 million of net costs in 2021, primarily severance costs. We recognized $16.6 million of net costs in 2022, primarily severance costs. We recognized $6.6 million of net costs in 2023. The majority of the costs in both 2023 and 2022 periods result from the exit of a line of business in a specific geography with most of the remaining costs due to management initiatives to address the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Due to the unique circumstances around these charges, they have not been allocated to segment results and are excluded from non-GAAP results. Charges related to the employees, assets, leases and contracts impacted by these restructuring actions were excluded from the segments and corporate expenses as shown in the table below.
| Years Ended December 31, | % change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reportable Segments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| North America | $ | (4.2) | (11.8) | 0.1 | (64) | unfav | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Latin America | (4.9) | (15.7) | (13.0) | (69) | 21 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Europe | (6.1) | (9.7) | (27.6) | (37) | (65) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rest of World | (1.2) | (1.2) | (3.2) | — | (63) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total reportable segments | (16.4) | (38.4) | (43.7) | (57) | (12) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate items | (1.2) | (0.4) | 0.1 | unfav | unfav | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | (17.6) | (38.8) | (43.6) | (55) | (11) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Acquisitions and dispositions Certain acquisition and disposition items that are not considered part of the ongoing activities of the business
and are special in nature are consistently excluded from segment and non-GAAP results. These items are described below:
2023 Acquisitions and Dispositions Items
•Amortization expense for acquisition-related intangible assets was $57.8 million in 2023.
•We derecognized a contingent consideration liability related to the NoteMachine business acquisition and recognized a gain of $4.8 million. We also derecognized a contingent consideration liability related to the Touchpoint 21 acquisition and recognized a gain of $1.4 million.
•We recognized $4.9 million in charges in Argentina in 2023 for an inflation-adjusted labor increase to expected payments to union workers of the Maco Transportadora and Maco Litoral businesses (together, "Maco"). Although the Maco operations were acquired in 2017, formal antitrust approval was obtained in 2021, which triggered negotiation and approval of the expected payments in 2022.
•Net charges of $3.4 million were incurred for post-acquisition adjustments to indemnification assets related to previous business acquisitions.
•We incurred $2.2 million in integration costs, primarily related to PAI, in 2023.
•Transaction costs related to business acquisitions were $4.2 million in 2023.
•We recognized a $2.0 million loss on the disposition of Russia-based operations in 2023.
•Compensation expense related to the retention of key PAI employees was $1.6 million in 2023.
2022 Acquisitions and Dispositions Items
•Amortization expense for acquisition-related intangible assets was $52.0 million in 2022.
•We recognized $12.5 million in charges in Argentina in 2022 for expected payments to union workers of the Maco businesses.
•Net charges of $7.8 million were incurred for post-acquisition adjustments to indemnification assets related to previous business acquisitions.
•We incurred $4.8 million in integration costs, primarily related to PAI and G4S, in 2022.
•Transaction costs related to business acquisitions were $5.6 million in 2022.
•Restructuring costs related to acquisitions were $0.2 million in 2022.
•Compensation expense related to the retention of key PAI employees was $3.5 million in 2022
2021 Acquisitions and Dispositions Items
•Amortization expense for acquisition-related intangible assets was $47.7 million in 2021.
•We incurred $10.5 million in integration costs related primarily to G4S in 2021.
•Transaction costs related to business acquisitions were $6.5 million in 2021.
•Restructuring costs related to acquisitions were $5.3 million in 2021.
•Compensation expense related to the retention of key PAI employees was $1.8 million in 2021.
Argentina highly inflationary impact Beginning in the third quarter of 2018, we designated Argentina's economy as highly inflationary for accounting purposes. As a result, Argentine peso-denominated monetary assets and liabilities are now remeasured at each balance sheet date to the currency exchange rate then in effect, with currency remeasurement gains and losses recognized in earnings. In addition, nonmonetary assets retain a higher historical basis when the currency is devalued. The higher historical basis results in incremental expense being recognized when the nonmonetary assets are consumed. In 2021, we recognized $11.9 million in pretax charges related to highly inflationary accounting, including currency remeasurement losses of $9.0 million. In 2022, we recognized $41.7 million in pretax charges related to highly inflationary accounting, including currency remeasurement losses of $37.6 million. In December 2023, the administration of the newly inaugurated President of Argentina allowed the peso to devalue by more than 50%. In total, in 2023, the Argentine peso declined approximately 79%. In 2023, we recognized $86.8 million in pretax charges related to highly inflationary accounting, including currency remeasurement losses of $79.1 million. These amounts are excluded from segment and non-GAAP results.
Transformation initiatives During 2023, we initiated a multi-year program intended to accelerate growth and drive margin expansion through transformation of our business model in the U.S., with expectations to then leverage the transformation changes and learnings
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globally. The program is designed to help us standardize our commercial and operational systems and processes, drive continuous improvement and achieve operational excellence. Accordingly, we have incurred $5.5 million of expense in 2023. The transformation costs primarily include third party professional services and project management charges and are excluded from segment and non-GAAP results.
Non-routine auto loss matter In 2023, a Brink’s employee was involved in a motor vehicle accident with unique circumstances that resulted in the death of a third party and, in connection with the ensuing litigation, Brink’s recognized an $8.0 million charge. Due to the unusual nature of the contingency, we have excluded this charge from segment and non-GAAP results.
Change in allowance estimate In the first quarter of 2022, we refined our global methodology of estimating the allowance for doubtful accounts. Our previous method to estimate currently expected credit losses in receivables (the allowance) was weighted significantly to a review of historical loss rates and specific identification of higher risk customer accounts. It also considered current and expected economic conditions in determining an appropriate allowance. As many of our regions begin to recover from the pandemic, we have re-assessed those earlier assumptions and estimates. Our updated method now also includes an estimated allowance for accounts receivable significantly past due in order to adjust for at-risk receivables not captured in our previous method. As part of the analysis under the updated estimation methodology, we noted an increase in accounts receivable significantly past due, particularly in the U.S., and we recorded an additional allowance of $16.7 million. In the subsequent quarters of 2022, the additional allowance was reduced by $1.1 million as a result of collections. Due to the fact that management has excluded these amounts when evaluating internal performance, we have excluded these amounts from segment and non-GAAP results.
Ship loss matter In 2015, Brink’s placed cargo containing customer valuables on a ship which suffered damages and losses. Brink’s cargo did not suffer any damage. The ship owner declared a general average claim to recover losses to the ship and cargo from customers with undamaged cargo, including Brink’s, based on the pro rata value of ship cargo. Brink’s continues to defend itself against the claim. In the fourth quarter of 2022, we recognized a $4.9 million charge for our estimate of the probable loss. Due to the unusual nature of the contingency and the fact that management has excluded these amounts when evaluating internal performance, we have excluded this charge from segment and non-GAAP results.
Chile antitrust matter We recognized an estimated loss of $9.5 million in the third quarter of 2021 related to a potential fine. In 2022, we recognized an additional $1.4 million adjustment and, in 2023, we recognized an additional $0.5 million adjustment to our estimated loss. The adjustments result from a change in currency rates. Due to the special nature of this matter, this charge has not been allocated to segment results and is excluded from non-GAAP results. See Note 23 for details.
Internal loss A former non-management employee in our U.S. global services operations embezzled funds from Brink's in prior years. In an effort to cover up the embezzlement, the former employee intentionally misstated the underlying accounts receivable subledger data. In 2020, we incurred $0.3 million in costs (primarily third party expenses) to reconstruct the accounts receivables subledger.
Based on the reconstructed subledger, we were able to analyze and quantify the uncollected receivables from prior periods. In 2021, we recognized a decrease in bad debt expense of $3.7 million, primarily related to collection of receivables previously recognized as bad debt expense. We also recognized $1.3 million of legal charges in 2021 as we attempted to collect additional insurance recoveries related to these receivables losses. In the fourth quarter of 2021, we successfully collected $18.8 million of insurance recoveries related to these internal losses. In 2022 and 2023, we did not incur any charges related to the internal loss. Due to the fact that management has excluded these amounts when evaluating internal performance, we have excluded these amounts from segment and non-GAAP results.
Reporting compliance Certain compliance costs (primarily third party expenses) are excluded from segment and non-GAAP results. In 2023, we incurred $0.8 million in costs related to remediation of the material weakness. We did not incur any such costs in 2022 or 2021.
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Other Operating Income and Expense
Amounts below represent consolidated other operating income and expense.
| Years Ended December 31, | % change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency items: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Transaction losses | $ | (85.1) | (68.7) | (30.5) | 24 | unfav | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivative instrument gains (losses) | 21.3 | 42.0 | 24.2 | (49) | 74 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Royalty income | 7.5 | 9.1 | 5.6 | (18) | 63 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Impairment losses | (10.3) | (9.0) | (9.5) | 14 | (5) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Indemnification asset adjustments | (3.4) | (7.8) | — | (56) | unfav | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Contingent consideration liability adjustments | 6.2 | — | — | fav | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gains on sale of property and other assets | 1.9 | 2.7 | — | (30) | fav | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share in earnings of equity method affiliates | 2.8 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 33 | 91 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Insurance recoveries - Internal Loss | — | — | 18.8 | — | (100) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gains related to litigation | — | — | 4.4 | — | (100) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Indemnity for forced relocation | — | — | 1.7 | — | (100) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 4.9 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 14 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other operating income (expense) | $ | (54.2) | (25.3) | 20.0 | unfav | unfav | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2023 versus 2022
We reported other operating expense of $54.2 million in 2023 versus other operating expense of $25.3 million in the prior year. The change was primarily due to higher net losses of $37.1 million from foreign currency items in 2023 driven by remeasurement losses due to the highly inflationary economy in Argentina. The higher currency losses were partially offset by gains from contingent consideration liability adjustments in 2023 along with lower losses due to acquisition-related tax indemnification asset adjustments in the current year. The foreign currency items above do not include business acquisition-related currency items which are reported in interest and other nonoperating income (expense).
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Nonoperating Income and Expense
Interest Expense
| Years Ended December 31, | % change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | $ | 203.8 | 138.8 | 112.2 | 47 | 24 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest expense was higher in 2023 primarily due to higher interest rates on corporate debt. Borrowings were used to fund general corporate initiatives and other working capital needs. See Note 15 for further information.
Interest and Other Nonoperating Income (Expense)
| Years Ended December 31, | % change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | $ | 36.3 | 23.6 | 12.1 | 54 | 95 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retirement benefit cost other than service cost | (0.5) | (16.7) | (38.7) | (97) | (57) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses)(a) | (1.1) | 2.4 | 0.4 | unfav | fav | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-income taxes on intercompany billings(b) | (2.6) | (2.3) | (3.9) | 13 | (41) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Argentina turnover tax(c) | (6.8) | (1.8) | — | unfav | unfav | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gain (loss) on equity and debt securities(d) | (12.8) | — | 16.0 | — | (100) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
G4S indemnification asset adjustment(e) | — | — | 2.7 | — | (100) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 1.9 | (1.5) | 4.4 | fav | unfav | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest and other nonoperating income (expense) | $ | 14.4 | 3.7 | (7.0) | fav | fav | |||||||||||||||||||||||
(a)Amounts primarily represent currency transaction gains and losses on contingent consideration payable related to G4S business acquisitions.
(b)Certain of our Latin American subsidiaries incur non-income taxes related to the billing of intercompany charges. These intercompany charges do not impact Latin America segment results and are eliminated in our consolidation.
(c)State government tax incurred by our subsidiaries in Argentina on financial income generated by investments in mutual funds and other financial instruments.
(d)In 2023, the loss is primarily related to the impact of highly inflationary accounting on investments in marketable securities held by Argentina. In 2021, the gain was related to the market value increase of an investment in MoneyGram International, Inc. The investment was sold in 2021 and the gain was fully realized.
(e)Adjustments to indemnification asset related to business operations acquired from G4S. This adjustment was recognized outside of the measurement period for the related business operations acquired from G4S.
Interest and other nonoperating income (expense) was higher in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to interest income on surplus cash in money market investments. Further, the company experienced a reduction in retirement benefit costs attributed to lower amortization of actuarial losses from the prior year. Refer to Note 4 for further explanation.
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Income Taxes
Summary Rate Reconciliation – GAAP
(In percentages) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
| U.S. federal tax rate | 21.0 | % | 21.0 | % | 21.0 | % | |||||||||||
| Increases (reductions) in taxes due to: | |||||||||||||||||
| Foreign rate differential | 4.7 | 7.5 | 7.6 | ||||||||||||||
| Taxes on cross border income, net of credits | 7.9 | 6.9 | 4.6 | ||||||||||||||
| Adjustments to valuation allowances | 18.5 | (21.1) | 6.7 | ||||||||||||||
| Foreign income taxes | 6.0 | (0.7) | 6.1 | ||||||||||||||
| French business tax | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.7 | ||||||||||||||
| State income taxes, net | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.9 | ||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | 1.8 | 1.3 | 0.2 | ||||||||||||||
| Acquisition costs | 0.2 | — | 0.5 | ||||||||||||||
| Other | (2.1) | 1.9 | 2.8 | ||||||||||||||
| Income tax rate on continuing operations | 59.0 | % | 18.3 | % | 51.1 | % | |||||||||||
Summary Rate Reconciliation – Non-GAAP(a)
(In percentages) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
| U.S. federal tax rate | 21.0 | % | 21.0 | % | 21.0 | % | |||||||||||
| Increases (reductions) in taxes due to: | |||||||||||||||||
| Foreign rate differential | 7.0 | 5.4 | 6.1 | ||||||||||||||
| Adjustments to valuation allowances | 4.2 | 2.4 | 1.4 | ||||||||||||||
| French business tax | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.4 | ||||||||||||||
| Other | (7.6) | 1.1 | 4.7 | ||||||||||||||
| Income tax rate on Non-GAAP continuing operations | 24.8 | % | 30.3 | % | 33.6 | % | |||||||||||
Overview
Our effective tax rate has varied in the past three years from the statutory U.S. federal rate due to various factors, including
•changes in judgment about the need for valuation allowances,
•changes in the geographical mix of earnings,
•changes in laws in the U.S., France, Mexico, Brazil and Argentina,
•timing of benefit recognition for uncertain tax positions,
•state income taxes, and
•tax benefit for distributions of share-based payments.
We establish or reverse valuation allowances for deferred tax assets depending on all available information including historical and expected future operating performance of our subsidiaries. Changes in judgment about the future realization of deferred tax assets can result in significant adjustments to the valuation allowances. Based on our historical and future expected taxable earnings, we believe it is more-likely-than-not that we will realize the benefit of the deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowances.
Numerous foreign jurisdictions have enacted or are in the process of enacting legislation to adopt a minimum effective tax rate described in the Global Anti-Base Erosion ("Pillar Two") model rules issued by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. A minimum effective tax rate of 15% would apply to multinational companies with consolidated revenue above €750 million.
Under the Pillar Two rules, a company would be required to determine a combined effective tax rate for all entities located in a jurisdiction. If the jurisdictional effective tax rate determined under the Pillar Two rules is less than 15%, a top-up tax will be due to bring the jurisdictional effective tax rate up to 15%. We are continuing to monitor the pending implementation of Pillar Two by individual countries and the potential effects of Pillar Two on our business. We do not expect the provisions effective in 2024 will have a materially adverse impact on our results of operations, financial position or cash flows.
Continuing Operations
2023 Compared to U.S. Statutory Rate
The effective income tax rate on continuing operations in 2023 was greater than the 21% U.S. statutory tax rate primarily due to the geographical mix of earnings, nondeductible expenses in Mexico, taxes on cross border payments and U.S. taxable income and credit
33
limitations, the increase of valuation allowances on U.S. foreign tax credits, and Argentina nondeductible inflation net of deductible Argentina inflation adjustments.
2022 Compared to U.S. Statutory Rate
The effective income tax rate on continuing operations in 2022 was less than the 21% U.S. statutory tax rate primarily due to the release of valuation allowances on U.S. tax credits deemed realizable as a result of the issuance of U.S. final foreign tax credit regulations, offset by the geographical mix of earnings, book losses for which no tax benefit can be recorded, nondeductible expenses in Mexico, taxes on cross border payments and U.S. taxable income limitations, and the characterization of a French business tax as an income tax.
Noncontrolling Interests
| Years Ended December 31, | % change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | $ | 10.6 | 11.3 | 12.1 | (6) | (7) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Compared to 2022, the decrease in net income attributable to noncontrolling interests to $10.6 million in 2023 is primarily due to the acquisition of noncontrolling interest in the second half of 2022. Compared to 2021, the decrease in net income attributable to noncontrolling interests to $11.3 million in 2022 is primarily due to lower 2022 operating results reported by certain less than wholly-owned subsidiaries in Asia.
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Non-GAAP Results Reconciled to GAAP
Non-GAAP results described in this filing are financial measures that are not required by or presented in accordance with GAAP. The purpose of the Non-GAAP results is to report financial information from the primary operations of our business by excluding the effects of certain income and expenses that do not reflect the ordinary earnings of our operations. The specific items excluded have not been allocated to segments, are described in detail on pages 28–30, and are reconciled to comparable GAAP measures below. The full-year Non-GAAP tax rate in each year excludes certain pretax and income tax amounts. Amounts reported for prior periods have been updated in this report to present information consistently for all periods presented.
The Non-GAAP financial measures are intended to provide investors with a supplemental comparison of our operating results and trends for the periods presented. Our management believes these measures are also useful to investors as such measures allow investors to evaluate our performance using the same metrics that our management uses to evaluate past performance and prospects for future performance. We do not consider these items to be reflective of our operating performance as they result from events and circumstances that are not a part of our core business. Additionally, non-GAAP results are utilized as performance measures in certain management incentive compensation plans.
Non-GAAP results should not be considered as an alternative to revenue, income or earnings per share amounts determined in accordance with GAAP and should be read in conjunction with their GAAP counterparts. Non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to Non-GAAP financial measures presented by other companies.
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions, except for percentages) | Pre-tax income | Income tax | Effective tax rate | Pre-tax income | Income tax | Effective tax rate | Pre-tax income | Income tax | Effective tax rate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Effective Income Tax Rate(a) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| GAAP | $ | 235.8 | 139.2 | 59.0 | % | $ | 226.2 | 41.4 | 18.3 | % | $ | 235.5 | 120.3 | 51.1 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Retirement plans(c) | (9.0) | (2.0) | 11.1 | 2.9 | 29.8 | 7.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reorganization and Restructuring(b) | 17.6 | 3.4 | 38.8 | 8.2 | 43.6 | 11.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Acquisitions and dispositions(b) | 72.6 | 8.9 | 85.2 | 20.7 | 68.8 | 2.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Argentina highly inflationary impact(b) | 142.0 | (4.5) | 45.6 | (2.0) | 12.3 | (1.1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Transformation initiatives(b) | 5.5 | 0.1 | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-routine auto loss matter(b) | 8.0 | 0.2 | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Change in allowance estimate(b) | — | — | 15.6 | 3.7 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Valuation allowance on tax credits(d) | — | (27.8) | — | 53.2 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ship loss matter(b) | — | — | 4.9 | 1.3 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chile antitrust matter(b) | 0.5 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 9.5 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Internal loss(b) | — | — | — | — | (21.1) | (1.3) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reporting compliance(b) | 0.8 | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Deferred tax valuation allowance(e) | — | — | — | — | — | (12.8) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-GAAP | $ | 473.8 | 117.6 | 24.8 | % | $ | 428.8 | 129.9 | 30.3 | % | $ | 378.4 | 127.0 | 33.6 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amounts may not add due to rounding.
(a)From continuing operations.
(b)See “Other Items Not Allocated To Segments” on pages 28–30 for details. We do not consider these items to be reflective of our operating performance as they result from events and circumstances that are not a part of our core business.
(c)Our U.S. retirement plans are frozen and costs related to these plans are excluded from non-GAAP results. Certain non-U.S. operations also have retirement plans. Settlement charges and curtailment gains related to these non-U.S. plans and costs related to our frozen non-U.S. retirement plans are also excluded from non-GAAP results.
(d)In 2023, we recorded a portion of our valuation allowance on certain U.S. deferred tax assets primarily related to foreign tax credit carryforward attributes. The valuation allowance increase was due to new foreign tax credit Notices published by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service in 2023, which provided taxpayers relief from the 2022 foreign tax credit regulations until additional guidance is issued and effective date of such guidance is provided. In 2022, we released a portion of our valuation allowance on certain U.S. deferred tax assets primarily due to new foreign tax credit regulations published by the U.S. Treasury in January 2022.
(e)There was a change in judgement resulting in a valuation allowance against certain tax attributes with a limited statutory carryforward period that are no longer more-likely-than-not to be realized due to lower than expected Canada operating results.
(f)Amounts include interest incurred on a cross currency swap hedging foreign currency risk on the intercompany financing of the Rodoban acquisition.
35
Non-GAAP reconciled to GAAP
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
| Revenues: | |||||||||||||||||
| GAAP | $ | 4,874.6 | 4,535.5 | 4,200.2 | |||||||||||||
| Non-GAAP | $ | 4,874.6 | 4,535.5 | 4,200.2 | |||||||||||||
| Operating profit: | |||||||||||||||||
| GAAP | $ | 425.2 | 361.3 | 354.7 | |||||||||||||
Reorganization and Restructuring(b) | 17.6 | 38.8 | 43.6 | ||||||||||||||
Acquisitions and dispositions(b) | 70.6 | 86.6 | 71.9 | ||||||||||||||
Argentina highly inflationary impact(b) | 86.8 | 41.7 | 11.9 | ||||||||||||||
Transformation initiatives(b) | 5.5 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
Non-routine auto loss matter(b) | 8.0 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
Change in allowance estimate(b) | — | 15.6 | — | ||||||||||||||
Ship loss matter(b) | — | 4.9 | — | ||||||||||||||
Chile antitrust matter(b) | 0.5 | 1.4 | 9.5 | ||||||||||||||
Internal loss(b) | — | — | (21.1) | ||||||||||||||
Reporting compliance(b) | 0.8 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Non-GAAP | $ | 615.0 | 550.3 | 470.5 | |||||||||||||
Non-GAAP operating profit margin | 12.6 | % | 12.1 | % | 11.2 | % | |||||||||||
| Interest expense: | |||||||||||||||||
| GAAP | $ | (203.8) | (138.8) | (112.2) | |||||||||||||
Acquisitions and dispositions(b)(f) | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.3 | ||||||||||||||
| Non-GAAP | $ | (203.0) | (137.6) | (110.9) | |||||||||||||
| Interest and other nonoperating income (expense): | |||||||||||||||||
| GAAP | $ | 14.4 | 3.7 | (7.0) | |||||||||||||
Retirement plans(c) | (9.0) | 11.1 | 29.8 | ||||||||||||||
Acquisitions and dispositions(b)(g) | 1.2 | (2.6) | (4.4) | ||||||||||||||
Argentina highly inflationary impact(b) | 55.2 | 3.9 | 0.4 | ||||||||||||||
| Non-GAAP | $ | 61.8 | 16.1 | 18.8 | |||||||||||||
| Provision for income taxes: | |||||||||||||||||
| GAAP | $ | 139.2 | 41.4 | 120.3 | |||||||||||||
Retirement plans(c) | (2.0) | 2.9 | 7.7 | ||||||||||||||
Reorganization and Restructuring(b) | 3.4 | 8.2 | 11.7 | ||||||||||||||
Acquisitions and dispositions(b)(f) | 8.9 | 20.7 | 2.5 | ||||||||||||||
Argentina highly inflationary impact(b) | (4.5) | (2.0) | (1.1) | ||||||||||||||
Transformation initiatives(b) | 0.1 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
Non-routine auto loss matter(b) | 0.2 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
Change in allowance estimate(b) | — | 3.7 | — | ||||||||||||||
Valuation allowance on tax credits(d) | (27.8) | 53.2 | — | ||||||||||||||
Ship loss matter(b) | — | 1.3 | — | ||||||||||||||
Chile antitrust matter(b) | 0.1 | 0.5 | — | ||||||||||||||
Internal loss(b) | — | — | (1.3) | ||||||||||||||
Reporting compliance(b) | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
Deferred tax valuation allowance(e) | — | — | (12.8) | ||||||||||||||
| Non-GAAP | $ | 117.6 | 129.9 | 127.0 | |||||||||||||
Amounts may not add due to rounding.
See page 35 for footnote explanations.
36
Non-GAAP reconciled to GAAP
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions, except for per share amounts) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests: | |||||||||||||||||
| GAAP | $ | 10.6 | 11.3 | 12.1 | |||||||||||||
Retirement plans(c) | — | 0.1 | — | ||||||||||||||
Reorganization and Restructuring(b) | — | 0.1 | 0.5 | ||||||||||||||
Acquisitions and dispositions(b) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.9 | ||||||||||||||
| Non-GAAP | $ | 11.6 | 12.5 | 13.5 | |||||||||||||
| Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to Brink's: | |||||||||||||||||
| GAAP | $ | 86.0 | 173.5 | 103.1 | |||||||||||||
Retirement plans(c) | (7.0) | 8.1 | 22.1 | ||||||||||||||
Reorganization and Restructuring(b) | 14.2 | 30.5 | 31.4 | ||||||||||||||
Acquisitions and dispositions(b) | 62.7 | 63.5 | 65.4 | ||||||||||||||
Argentina highly inflationary impact(b) | 146.5 | 47.6 | 13.4 | ||||||||||||||
Transformation initiatives(b) | 5.4 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
Non-routine auto loss matter(b) | 7.8 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
Change in allowance estimate(b) | — | 11.9 | — | ||||||||||||||
Valuation allowance on tax credits(d) | 27.8 | (53.2) | — | ||||||||||||||
Ship loss matter(b) | — | 3.6 | — | ||||||||||||||
Chile antitrust matter(b) | 0.4 | 0.9 | 9.5 | ||||||||||||||
Internal loss(b) | — | — | (19.8) | ||||||||||||||
Reporting compliance(b) | 0.8 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
Deferred tax valuation allowance(e) | — | — | 12.8 | ||||||||||||||
| Non-GAAP | $ | 344.6 | 286.4 | 237.9 | |||||||||||||
| Diluted EPS | |||||||||||||||||
| GAAP | $ | 1.83 | 3.63 | 2.06 | |||||||||||||
Retirement plans(c) | (0.15) | 0.17 | 0.44 | ||||||||||||||
Reorganization and Restructuring(b) | 0.30 | 0.64 | 0.63 | ||||||||||||||
Acquisitions and dispositions(b) | 1.33 | 1.33 | 1.31 | ||||||||||||||
Argentina highly inflationary impact(b) | 3.13 | 1.00 | 0.27 | ||||||||||||||
Transformation initiatives(b) | 0.12 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
Non-routine auto loss matter(b) | 0.17 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
Change in allowance estimate(b) | — | 0.25 | — | ||||||||||||||
Valuation allowance on tax credits(d) | 0.59 | (1.11) | — | ||||||||||||||
Ship loss matter(b) | — | 0.08 | — | ||||||||||||||
Chile antitrust matter(b) | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.19 | ||||||||||||||
Internal loss(b) | — | — | (0.40) | ||||||||||||||
Reporting compliance(b) | 0.02 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
Deferred tax valuation allowance(e) | — | — | 0.26 | ||||||||||||||
| Non-GAAP | $ | 7.35 | 5.99 | 4.75 | |||||||||||||
Amounts may not add due to rounding.
See page 35 for footnote explanations.
37
Foreign Operations
We currently serve customers in more than 100 countries, including 52 countries where we operate subsidiaries.
We are subject to risks customarily associated with doing business in foreign countries, including labor and economic conditions, the imposition of international sanctions, including by the U.S. government, political instability, controls on repatriation of earnings and capital, nationalization, expropriation and other forms of restrictive action by local governments. Changes in the political or economic environments in the countries in which we operate could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The future effects, if any, of these risks are unknown. In April 2019, the U.S. government sanctioned the Venezuela central bank and, as a result, we have ceased support of our Venezuela business.
Our international operations conduct a majority of their business in local currencies. Because our financial results are reported in U.S. dollars, they are affected by changes in the value of various local currencies in relation to the U.S. dollar. Recent strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to certain currencies has reduced our reported dollar revenues and operating profit, which may continue in 2024. See Application of Critical Accounting Policies—Foreign Currency Translation on pages 57–58 for a description of our accounting methods and assumptions used to include our Argentina operations in our consolidated financial statements, and a description of the accounting for subsidiaries operating in highly inflationary economies. See also Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements for a description of how we account for currency remeasurement for our Argentine subsidiaries, beginning July 1, 2018 under the heading, "Argentina".
At December 31, 2023, Argentina's economy remains highly inflationary for accounting purposes. At December 31, 2023, we had net monetary assets denominated in Argentine pesos of $72.1 million (including cash of $62.5 million) and nonmonetary net assets of $141.9 million (including $99.8 million of goodwill, $1.1 million in equity securities denominated in Argentine pesos and $5.6 million in debt securities denominated in pesos).
We have previously elected to use other market mechanisms to convert Argentine pesos into U.S. dollars. Conversions under these other market mechanisms generally settle at rates that are less favorable than the rates at which we remeasure the financial statements of Brink’s Argentina. We did not have any such conversion losses in the last three years.
Although the Argentine government has implemented currency controls, Brink’s management continues to provide guidance and strategic oversight, including budgeting and forecasting for Brink’s Argentina. We continue to control our Argentina business for purposes of consolidation of our financial statements and continue to monitor the situation in Argentina.
Changes in exchange rates may also affect transactions which are denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of a given foreign entity. From time to time, we use short term foreign currency forward and swap contracts to hedge transactional risks associated with foreign currencies, as discussed in Item 7A on pages 59-60. At December 31, 2023, the notional value of our short term outstanding foreign currency forward and swap contracts was $678 million with average contract maturities of approximately one month. These short term foreign currency forward and swap contracts primarily offset exposures in the euro and the Mexican peso. Additionally, these short term contracts are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes, and accordingly, changes in their fair value are recorded immediately in earnings. At December 31, 2023, the fair value of our short term foreign currency contracts was a net liability of $1.1 million, of which $8.7 million was included in prepaid expenses and other and $9.8 million was included in accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. At December 31, 2022, the fair value of these foreign currency contracts was a net liability of approximately $7.0 million, of which $3.5 million was included in prepaid expenses and other and $10.5 million was included in accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet.
Amounts under these contracts were recognized in other operating income (expense) as follows:
| Twelve Months Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
| Derivative instrument gains (losses) included in other operating income (expense) | $ | 21.3 | 42.0 | 24.2 | |||||||||||||
We also had a long term cross currency swap contract to hedge exposure in Brazilian real, which was designated as a cash flow hedge for accounting purposes. Accordingly, changes in the fair value of the cash flow hedge were initially recorded in the gains (losses) on cash flow hedges component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). We immediately reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to earnings an amount to offset the remeasurement recognized in earnings associated with the respective intercompany loan. Additionally, we reclassified amounts from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to interest expense amounts that were associated with the interest rate differential between a U.S. dollar denominated intercompany loan and a Brazilian real denominated intercompany loan. This cross currency swap contract matured and was fully settled in the fourth quarter of 2023. At December 31, 2022, the fair value of this cross currency swap contract was an asset of $14.6 million and was included in prepaid expenses and other on the consolidated balance sheet.
38
Before final settlement occurred in the fourth quarter of 2023, amounts under this contract were recognized in other operating income (expense) to offset transaction gains or losses and in interest expense as follows:
| Twelve Months Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
Derivative instrument gains (losses) included in other operating income (expense) | $ | (7.9) | (8.9) | 0.2 | |||||||||||||
Offsetting transaction gains (losses) | 7.9 | 8.9 | (0.2) | ||||||||||||||
| Derivative instrument losses included in interest expense | (0.8) | (1.3) | (1.3) | ||||||||||||||
Net derivative instrument losses | (8.7) | (10.2) | (1.1) | ||||||||||||||
In the second quarter of 2021, we entered into ten cross currency swaps to hedge a portion of our net investments in certain of our subsidiaries with euro functional currencies. We elected to use the spot method to assess effectiveness for these derivatives that are designated as net investment hedges. Accordingly, changes in fair value attributable to changes in the undiscounted spot rates are recorded in the foreign currency translation adjustments component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and will remain there until the hedged net investments are sold or substantially liquidated. We have elected to exclude the spot-forward difference from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and are amortizing this amount separately on a straight-line basis over the term of these cross currency swaps.
In the third quarter of 2022, we terminated these cross currency swap contracts and received $67 million in cash as settlement. We subsequently entered into a total of nine cross currency swaps with a total notional value of $400 million to hedge a portion of our net investment in certain of our subsidiaries with euro functional currencies. Swaps with a total notional value of $215 million will terminate in May 2026 and swaps with a total notional value of $185 million will terminate in April 2031. We have designated these swaps as net investment hedges for accounting purposes.
In the third quarter of 2023, we entered into a zero cost foreign exchange collar contract with a $215 million notional amount and a May 2026 expiration date. We sold a put option with a lower strike price and bought a call option with a higher strike price to manage the foreign exchange risk related to the final settlement of the $215 million notional cross currency swaps. Upon the execution of the zero cost foreign exchange collar contract, we de-designated the existing $215 million notional cross currency swaps and re-designated the combined $215 million notional cross currency swaps and zero cost collar into a new hedging instrument. At re-designation, the existing $215 million notional cross currency swaps had a non-zero fair value representing an off-market component of the participating cross currency swaps. The off-market value is being ratably amortized into earnings through May 2026. The combined cross currency swaps and zero cost collar has been designated as a net investment hedge for accounting purposes.
At December 31, 2023, the notional value of these cross currency swap contracts was $400 million with a remaining weighted average maturity of 2.0 years for the cross currency swaps maturing in May 2026 and a remaining weighted average maturity of 6.3 years for the cross currency swaps with maturity in April 2031. At December 31, 2023, the fair value of these currency swaps was a net liability of $34.6 million, of which $5.6 million was included in prepaid expenses and other and $40.2 million was included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. At December 31, 2022, the fair value of these currency swaps was a net liability of $11.7 million, of which $5.6 million was included in prepaid expenses and other and $17.3 million was included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. At December 31, 2023, the fair value of the zero cost collar was an asset of $0.1 million included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet.
In the fourth quarter of 2023, we entered into a foreign exchange forward swap contract to hedge a portion of our net investments in certain of our subsidiaries with Hong Kong dollar functional currencies. As the contract is designated as a net investment hedge for accounting purposes, we will use the spot method to assess effectiveness of this derivative contract. We will record changes in fair value attributable to changes in the Hong Kong dollar undiscounted spot rates in the foreign currency translation adjustments component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) with amounts remaining in accumulated comprehensive income (loss) until the hedged net investments are sold or substantially liquidated. We have elected to exclude the spot-forward difference from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and are amortizing this amount separately on a straight-line basis over the term of the foreign exchange forward swap contract.
At December 31, 2023, the notional value of this foreign exchange forward swap contract was $55 million with a remaining weighted average maturity of 0.9 years. At December 31, 2023, the fair value of this foreign exchange forward swap was an asset of $0.1 million which was included in prepaid expenses and other on the consolidated balance sheet.
The effect of the amortization of the spot-forward difference on the net investment hedges cross currency swaps and foreign exchange forward swap contracts is included in interest expense as follows:
| Twelve Months Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
| Net derivative instrument gains included in interest expense | $ | (5.2) | (5.8) | (4.1) | |||||||||||||
39
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Overview
The discussion of liquidity and capital resources comparing 2022 versus 2021 can be found in Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations of our 2022 10-K, starting on page 38.
Over the last three years, we used cash generated from our operations and borrowings to
•acquire new business operations ($500 million),
•invest in the infrastructure of our business (new facilities, cash sorting and other equipment for our cash management services operations, armored trucks, DRS devices, and information technology) ($553 million),
•repurchase shares of Brink's common stock ($422 million), and
•pay dividends to Brink’s shareholders ($114 million).
Cash flows from operating activities increased by $222.5 million in 2023 as compared to the prior year primarily due to higher operating profit, working capital changes, lower amounts paid for income taxes, changes in customer obligations related to certain of our secure cash management services operations and an increase in restricted cash held for customers, partially offset by higher amounts paid for interest. Cash used for investing activities decreased by $151.4 million in 2023 due to lower amounts paid for business acquisitions in 2023. Cash also decreased $42.4 million in 2023 as a result of the strengthening of the U.S. dollar in 2023, primarily against the Argentine peso. We financed our liquidity needs in 2023 with cash flows from operations.
Operating Activities
| Years Ended December 31, | $ change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating activities - GAAP | $ | 702.4 | 479.9 | 478.0 | $ | 222.5 | 1.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Increase) decrease in restricted cash held for customers | (59.5) | (50.0) | (60.2) | (9.5) | 10.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Increase) decrease in certain customer obligations(a) | (66.0) | (50.0) | (15.7) | (16.0) | (34.3) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| G4S intercompany payments | — | — | 2.6 | — | (2.6) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating activities - non-GAAP | $ | 576.9 | 379.9 | 404.7 | $ | 197.0 | (24.8) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
(a)To adjust for the change in the balance of customer obligations related to cash received and processed in certain of our secure cash management services operations. The title to this cash transfers to us for a short period of time. The cash is generally credited to customers’ accounts the following day and we do not consider it as available for general corporate purposes in the management of our liquidity and capital resources.
Non-GAAP cash flows from operating activities is a supplemental financial measure that is not required by, or presented in accordance with, GAAP. The purpose of this non-GAAP measure is to report financial information excluding cash flows from restricted cash held for customers, the impact of cash received and processed in certain of our secure cash management services operations and the impact of payments made to G4S for net intercompany receivables from the acquired subsidiaries. We believe this measure is helpful in assessing cash flows from operations, enables period-to-period comparability and is useful in predicting future operating cash flows. This non-GAAP measure should not be considered as an alternative to cash flows from operating activities determined in accordance with GAAP and should be read in conjunction with our consolidated statements of cash flows.
2023 versus 2022
GAAP
Cash flows from operating activities increased by $222.5 million in 2023 compared to 2022. The increase was attributed to higher operating profit (operating profit was $425.2 million in 2023 compared to $361.3 million in 2022), lower amounts paid for income taxes (we had $96.3 million in cash payments for taxes in 2023 as compared to $127.8 million in 2022), working capital changes (we had cash received of $164.5 million in 2023 compared to cash payments of $12.1 million in 2022), changes in customer obligations related to certain of our secure cash management services operations (certain customer obligations increased by $66.0 million in 2023 compared to an increase of $50.0 million in 2022) and restricted cash held for customers (restricted cash held for customers increased by $59.5 million in 2023 compared to an increase of $50.0 million in 2022), partially offset by higher amounts paid for interest (we had $195.8 million in cash payments for interest in 2023 as compared to $117.5 million in 2022).
Non-GAAP
Non-GAAP cash flows from operating activities increased by $197.0 million in 2023 as compared to 2022. The increase was attributed to higher operating profit, lower amounts paid for income taxes, and working capital changes, partially offset by higher amounts paid for interest.
40
Investing Activities
| Years Ended December 31, | $ change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from investing activities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Capital expenditures | $ | (202.7) | (182.6) | (167.9) | $ | (20.1) | (14.7) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisitions, net of cash acquired | (1.5) | (173.9) | (313.2) | 172.4 | 139.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dispositions, net of cash disposed | 1.1 | — | — | 1.1 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Marketable securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchases | (134.7) | (30.3) | (15.6) | (104.4) | (14.7) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sales | 150.4 | 11.7 | 35.1 | 138.7 | (23.4) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from sale of property, equipment and investments | 18.4 | 5.7 | 7.7 | 12.7 | (2.0) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from settlement of cross currency swap | — | 64.3 | — | (64.3) | 64.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net change in loans held for investment | (11.1) | (25.9) | — | 14.8 | (25.9) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | (0.6) | (0.2) | (0.8) | (0.4) | 0.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Discontinued operations | 0.9 | — | — | 0.9 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investing activities | $ | (179.8) | (331.2) | (454.7) | $ | 151.4 | 123.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Cash used by investing activities decreased by $151.4 million in 2023 as compared to 2022. The decrease was primarily due to decreased payments for acquisitions in 2023 (we had $1.5 million in cash paid for acquisitions in 2023 compared to $173.9 million in 2022), increases in cash received for the net purchases and sales of marketable securities (we had $15.7 million in net cash received compared to $18.6 million in net cash paid in 2022) and a decrease in cash paid for loans held for investment (cash paid for loans held for investment increased by $11.1 million in 2023 compared to an increase of $25.9 million in 2022), as discussed in Note 20. This was partially offset by the proceeds from the settlement of the euro cross currency swaps in 2022, as discussed in Note 12.
41
Capital expenditures and depreciation and amortization were as follows:
| Years Ended December 31, | $ change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Property and Equipment Acquired during the year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Capital expenditures(a): | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| North America | $ | 43.8 | 41.4 | 40.4 | $ | 2.4 | 1.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Latin America | 48.8 | 50.1 | 45.0 | (1.3) | 5.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Europe | 72.1 | 50.5 | 50.6 | 21.6 | (0.1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rest of World | 30.6 | 34.4 | 26.0 | (3.8) | 8.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate | 7.4 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 1.2 | 0.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Capital expenditures - GAAP and non-GAAP | $ | 202.7 | 182.6 | 167.9 | $ | 20.1 | 14.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Financing leases(b): | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| North America | $ | 59.4 | 46.3 | 50.6 | $ | 13.1 | (4.3) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Latin America | 11.0 | 10.9 | 14.2 | 0.1 | (3.3) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Europe | 21.4 | 8.1 | 20.6 | 13.3 | (12.5) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rest of World | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.5 | (0.2) | (0.1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Financing leases - GAAP and non-GAAP | $ | 92.0 | 65.7 | 85.9 | $ | 26.3 | (20.2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| North America | $ | 103.2 | 87.7 | 91.0 | $ | 15.5 | (3.3) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Latin America | 59.8 | 61.0 | 59.2 | (1.2) | 1.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Europe | 93.5 | 58.6 | 71.2 | 34.9 | (12.6) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rest of World | 30.8 | 34.8 | 26.5 | (4.0) | 8.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate | 7.4 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 1.2 | 0.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total property and equipment acquired | $ | 294.7 | 248.3 | 253.8 | $ | 46.4 | (5.5) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization(a) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| North America | $ | 73.9 | 69.1 | 68.7 | $ | 4.8 | 0.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Latin America | 53.6 | 49.1 | 46.2 | 4.5 | 2.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Europe | 54.2 | 39.6 | 41.4 | 14.6 | (1.8) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rest of World | 24.4 | 23.6 | 23.2 | 0.8 | 0.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate | 5.3 | 8.4 | 9.7 | (3.1) | (1.3) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization - non-GAAP | 211.4 | 189.8 | 189.2 | 21.6 | 0.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Argentina highly inflationary impact | 5.4 | 2.9 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 0.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reorganization and Restructuring | 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisitions and dispositions | — | 0.1 | 0.1 | (0.1) | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of intangible assets | 57.8 | 52.0 | 47.7 | 5.8 | 4.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization - GAAP | $ | 275.8 | 245.8 | 239.5 | $ | 30.0 | 6.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
(a)Incremental depreciation related to highly inflationary accounting in Argentina, accelerated depreciation related to restructuring activities and acquisition-related integration activities, and amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets have also been excluded from non-GAAP amounts.
(b)Represents the amount of property and equipment acquired using financing leases. Because the assets are acquired without using cash, the acquisitions are not reflected in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Amounts are provided here to assist in the comparison of assets acquired in the current year versus prior years.
Non-GAAP capital expenditures and non-GAAP depreciation and amortization are supplemental financial measures that are not required by, or presented in accordance with GAAP. The purpose of these non-GAAP measures is to report financial information excluding incremental depreciation resulting from highly inflationary accounting in Argentina, accelerated depreciation from restructuring activities and acquisition-related integration activities, and amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets. We believe these measures are helpful in assessing capital expenditures and depreciation and amortization, enable period-to-period comparability and are useful in predicting future investing cash flows. These non-GAAP measures should not be considered as alternatives to capital expenditures and depreciation and amortization determined in accordance with GAAP and should be read in conjunction with our consolidated statements of cash flows.
Our reinvestment ratio, which we define as the annual amount of property and equipment acquired during the year divided by the annual amount of depreciation, was 1.4 in 2023, 1.3 in 2022, and 1.3 in 2021.
Capital expenditures in 2023 for our operating units were primarily for cash devices, information technology, armored vehicles, and machinery and equipment. Capital expenditures in 2023 were $20.1 million higher compared to 2022. Total property and equipment acquired in 2023 was $46.4 million higher than the prior year. This increase was primarily due to an increase in investments in information technology, armored vehicles and DRS devices.
Corporate capital expenditures in the last three years were primarily for investing in information technology.
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Financing Activities
| Years Ended December 31, | $ change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from financing activities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Borrowings and repayments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term borrowings | $ | 98.6 | 37.7 | (4.3) | $ | 60.9 | 42.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Long-term revolving credit facilities, net | (8.1) | 226.0 | 548.7 | (234.1) | (322.7) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other long-term debt, net | (71.7) | 102.9 | (133.0) | (174.6) | 235.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Borrowings (repayments) | 18.8 | 366.6 | 411.4 | (347.8) | (44.8) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisition of noncontrolling interest | (0.6) | (7.8) | — | 7.2 | (7.8) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Debt financing costs | — | (5.6) | (0.8) | 5.6 | (4.8) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Repurchase shares of Brink's common stock | (169.9) | (52.2) | (200.0) | (117.7) | 147.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividends to: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shareholders of Brink’s | (39.6) | (37.6) | (37.2) | (2.0) | (0.4) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries | (7.7) | (7.1) | (5.1) | (0.6) | (2.0) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisition-related financing activities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Settlement of acquisition-related contingencies | — | — | 6.2 | — | (6.2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Payment of acquisition-related obligation | (11.1) | (2.8) | (4.0) | (8.3) | 1.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from exercise of stock options | — | — | 2.3 | — | (2.3) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tax withholdings associated with share-based compensation | (8.0) | (12.2) | (5.5) | 4.2 | (6.7) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 11.0 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 7.1 | (0.1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Financing activities | $ | (207.1) | 245.2 | 171.3 | $ | (452.3) | 73.9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2023 versus 2022
Cash flows from financing activities decreased by $452.3 million in 2023 compared to 2022 as we had net cash used in financing activities of $207.1 million in 2023 compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $245.2 million in 2022. The change was driven by a decrease in net borrowings compared to the prior year. Additionally, we used an additional $117.7 million to repurchase shares of common stock in the current year (we used $169.9 million in cash to repurchase shares of common stock in 2023, compared to $52.2 million in 2022).
Dividends
We paid dividends to Brink’s shareholders of $0.22 per share in each of the last three quarters, paid $0.20 per share in the eight quarters prior, and $0.15 per share in the first quarter of 2021. Future dividends are dependent on our earnings, financial condition, shareholders’ equity levels, our cash flow and business requirements, as determined by the Board of Directors.
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash and Cash Equivalents
Changes in currency exchange rates decreased the amount of cash and cash equivalents by $42.4 million during 2023, compared to a decrease of $70.1 million in 2022 and a decrease of $50.8 million in 2021. The decrease in 2023 was due to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar in 2023, primarily against the Argentine peso, partially offset with the weakening of the U.S. dollar against the Mexican peso and euro.
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Capitalization
We use a combination of debt, leases and equity to capitalize our operations.
As of December 31, 2023, debt as a percentage of capitalization (defined as total debt and equity) was 87%, which increased from 86% at December 31, 2022.
Summary of Debt, Equity and Other Liquidity Information
| Amount available under credit facilities | Outstanding balance | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, | December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2023 | 2022 | $ change(a) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Debt: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term borrowings | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | $ | 44.6 | $ | 151.7 | 47.2 | $ | 104.5 | ||||||||||||||||
| Total Short-term borrowings | $ | 44.6 | $ | 151.7 | 47.2 | $ | 104.5 | ||||||||||||||||
| Long-term debt | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revolving Facility | $ | 457.9 | $ | 542.1 | 646.9 | (104.8) | |||||||||||||||||
| Term Loan A | — | 1,343.5 | 1,377.4 | (33.9) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Senior Unsecured Notes | — | 994.4 | 992.1 | 2.3 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Letter of Credit Facilities | 40.0 | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other facilities | 46.8 | 265.8 | 147.0 | 118.8 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Financing leases | — | 233.8 | 192.2 | 41.6 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total Long-term debt | $ | 544.7 | $ | 3,379.6 | 3,355.6 | $ | 24.0 | ||||||||||||||||
| Total Debt | $ | 589.3 | $ | 3,531.3 | 3,402.8 | $ | 128.5 | ||||||||||||||||
| Total equity | $ | 520.2 | 570.2 | $ | (50.0) | ||||||||||||||||||
(a)In addition to cash borrowings and repayments, the change in the debt balance also includes changes in currency exchange rates.
Reconciliation of Net Debt to U.S. GAAP Measures
| December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | $ change | ||||||||||||||
| Debt: | |||||||||||||||||
| Short-term borrowings | $ | 151.7 | 47.2 | $ | 104.5 | ||||||||||||
| Long-term debt | 3,379.6 | 3,355.6 | 24.0 | ||||||||||||||
| Total Debt | 3,531.3 | 3,402.8 | 128.5 | ||||||||||||||
| Less: | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | 1,176.6 | 972.0 | 204.6 | ||||||||||||||
Amounts held by cash management services operations(a) | (166.2) | (85.2) | (81.0) | ||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents available for general corporate purposes | 1,010.4 | 886.8 | 123.6 | ||||||||||||||
Net Debt(b) | $ | 2,520.9 | 2,516.0 | $ | 4.9 | ||||||||||||
(a)Title to cash received and processed in certain of our secure Cash Management Services operations transfers to us for a short period of time. The cash is generally credited to customers’ accounts the following day and we do not consider it as available for general corporate purposes in the management of our liquidity and capital resources and in our computation of Net Debt.
(b)Included within Net Debt is net cash from our Argentina operations of $63 million at December 31, 2023 and $58 million at December 31, 2022 (see Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements for a discussion of currency controls in Argentina).
Net Debt is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure that is not required by or presented in accordance with GAAP. We use Net Debt as a measure of our financial leverage. We believe that investors also may find Net Debt to be helpful in evaluating our financial leverage. Net Debt should not be considered as an alternative to Debt determined in accordance with GAAP and should be reviewed in conjunction with our consolidated balance sheets. Set forth above is a reconciliation of Net Debt, a non-GAAP financial measure, to Debt, which is the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and reported in accordance with GAAP, as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022.
Net debt at the end of 2023 increased by $5 million when compared to Net debt at the end of 2022 to fund corporate purposes and other working capital needs.
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Liquidity Needs
Our operating liquidity needs are typically financed by cash from operations, short-term borrowings and the available borrowing capacity under our $1 billion revolving credit facility ("Revolving Credit Facility") (our debt facilities are described in more detail in Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements, including certain limitations and considerations related to the cash and borrowing capacity). As of December 31, 2023, $458 million was available under the Revolving Credit Facility. Based on our current cash on hand, amounts available under our credit facilities and current projections of cash flows from operations, we believe that we will be able to meet our liquidity needs for more than the next twelve months.
Limitations on dividends from foreign subsidiaries. A significant portion of our operations are outside the U.S. which may make it difficult to or costly to repatriate additional cash for use in the U.S. See Item 1A., Risk Factors, for more information on the risks associated with having businesses outside the U.S.
Our conclusion that we will be able to fund our cash requirements for the next 12 months by using existing capital resources, cash on hand, and cash generated from operations does not take into account any potential material worsening of economic conditions or material increases in inflation that would adversely affect our business. The anticipated cash needs of our business could change significantly if we pursue and complete additional business acquisitions, if our business plans change, or if other economic conditions change, such as material increases in inflation, from those currently prevailing or from those now anticipated, such as higher inflation or if other unexpected circumstances arise that may have a material effect on the cash flow or profitability of our business, including material negative changes in the health and welfare of our employees or changes in the condition of our customers or suppliers, and the operating performance or financial results of our business. Any of these events or circumstances, including any new business opportunities, could involve significant additional funding needs in excess of the identified currently available sources and could require us to raise additional debt or equity funding to meet those needs. Our ability to raise additional capital, if necessary, is subject to a variety of factors that we cannot predict with certainty, including:
• our future profitability;
• the quality of our accounts receivable;
• our relative levels of debt and equity;
• the volatility and overall condition of the capital markets; and
• the market prices of our securities.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
At December 31, 2023, we had $1,176.6 million in cash and cash equivalents, compared to $972.0 million at December 31, 2022. We plan to use the current cash and cash equivalents for working capital needs, capital expenditures, acquisitions, share repurchases, and other general corporate purposes.
Equity
Common Stock
At December 31, 2023, we had 100 million shares of common stock authorized and 44.5 million shares issued and outstanding.
Preferred Stock
At December 31, 2023, we had the authority to issue up to 2 million shares of preferred stock, par value $10 per share.
Share Repurchase Program
In November 2023, our Board of Directors authorized a $500 million share repurchase program that expires on December 31, 2025 (the "2023 Repurchase Program").
Under the 2023 Repurchase Program, we are not obligated to repurchase any specific dollar amount or number of shares. The timing and volume of share repurchases may be executed at the discretion of management on an opportunistic basis, or pursuant to trading plans or other arrangements. Share repurchases under this program may be made in the open market, in privately negotiated transactions, or otherwise.
In October 2021, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized a $250 million share repurchase program (the "2021 Repurchase Program"). Under the 2021 Repurchase Program, in 2023, we repurchased a total of 2,297,955 shares of our common stock for an aggregate of $169.9 million and an average price of $73.92 per share. These shares were retired upon repurchase. The 2021 Repurchase Program expired on December 31, 2023 with approximately $28 million remaining available.
Our Board of Directors previously authorized a $250 million repurchase program (the "2020 Repurchase Program") in February 2020. Under the 2020 Repurchase Program, we entered into three accelerated share repurchase arrangements ("ASR") with a financial institution. In each case, in exchange for an upfront payment at the beginning of each purchase period, the financial institution delivered to us shares of our common stock. The shares received were retired in the period they were delivered to us, and the upfront payment was accounted for as a reduction to shareholders' equity in the consolidated balance sheet. For purposes of calculating earnings per share, we reported each ASR as a repurchase of our common stock and as a forward contract indexed to our common stock. Each ASR met the applicable criteria for equity classification, and, as a result, none were accounted for as a derivative instrument.
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Below is a summary of each ASR entered into under the 2020 Repurchase Program:
| Upfront Payment | Shares Received | Average Repurchase Price | |||||||||||||||
| August 2020 | $ | 50,000,000 | 849,978 | $ | 58.83 | ||||||||||||
| September 2020 | — | 246,676 | — | ||||||||||||||
| $ | 50,000,000 | 1,096,654 | $ | 45.59 | |||||||||||||
| August 2021 | $ | 50,000,000 | 524,315 | $ | 95.36 | ||||||||||||
| September 2021 | — | 131,384 | — | ||||||||||||||
| $ | 50,000,000 | 655,699 | $ | 76.25 | |||||||||||||
| November 2021 | $ | 150,000,000 | 1,742,160 | $ | 86.10 | ||||||||||||
April 2022(a) | — | 546,993 | — | ||||||||||||||
| $ | 150,000,000 | 2,289,153 | $ | 65.53 | |||||||||||||
| $ | 250,000,000 | 4,041,506 | $ | 61.86 | |||||||||||||
(a)We received 1,742,160 shares in early November 2021. Under this ASR, the purchase period had a scheduled termination date of June 1, 2022, although the financial institution was eligible to early terminate the ASR after January 31, 2022. In April 2022, the financial institution early terminated this ASR and we received additional 546,993 shares.
Off Balance Sheet Arrangements
We have certain operating leases that are considered short term and are not capitalized to the balance sheet. We use operating leases both on and off balance sheet to lower our cost of financings. We believe that operating leases are an important component of our capital structure.
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U.S. Retirement Liabilities
Assumptions for U.S. Retirement Obligations
We have made various assumptions to estimate the amount of payments to be made in the future. The most significant assumptions include:
•Changing discount rates and other assumptions in effect at measurement dates (normally December 31)
•Investment returns on plan assets
•Addition of new claimants (historically immaterial due to freezing of pension benefits and exit from coal business)
•Mortality rates
•Change in laws
Funded Status of U.S. Retirement Plans
| Actual | Projected | |||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 | 2027 | 2028 | ||||||||||||||
| Primary U.S. pension plan | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning funded status | $ | (24.0) | (10.9) | (5.4) | 3.1 | 11.7 | 20.3 | |||||||||||||
Net periodic pension credit(a) | 15.1 | 15.8 | 14.5 | 12.8 | 10.8 | 11.6 | ||||||||||||||
| Payment from Brink’s | — | — | — | — | 0.1 | 4.6 | ||||||||||||||
Benefit plan actuarial loss | (2.0) | (10.3) | (6.0) | (4.2) | (2.3) | (2.3) | ||||||||||||||
| Ending funded status | $ | (10.9) | (5.4) | 3.1 | 11.7 | 20.3 | 34.2 | |||||||||||||
| UMWA plans | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning funded status | $ | (94.9) | (77.9) | (78.2) | (78.7) | (79.5) | (80.7) | |||||||||||||
Net periodic postretirement cost(a) | (0.8) | (0.3) | (0.5) | (0.8) | (1.2) | (1.4) | ||||||||||||||
| Benefit plan actuarial gain | 15.1 | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Other | 2.7 | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Ending funded status | $ | (77.9) | (78.2) | (78.7) | (79.5) | (80.7) | (82.1) | |||||||||||||
| Black Lung plans | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning funded status | $ | (75.8) | (74.4) | (68.7) | (63.4) | (58.5) | (54.1) | |||||||||||||
Net periodic postretirement cost(a) | (3.9) | (3.6) | (3.3) | (3.0) | (2.8) | (2.6) | ||||||||||||||
| Payment from Brink’s | 7.7 | 9.3 | 8.6 | 7.9 | 7.2 | 6.7 | ||||||||||||||
Benefit plan actuarial loss | (2.4) | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Ending funded status | $ | (74.4) | (68.7) | (63.4) | (58.5) | (54.1) | (50.0) | |||||||||||||
(a)Excludes amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
Primary U.S. Pension Plan
Pension benefits provided to eligible U.S. employees were frozen on December 31, 2005, and benefits are not provided to employees hired after 2005 or to those covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We did not make cash contributions to the primary U.S. pension plan in 2023. There are approximately 10,500 beneficiaries in the plan.
Based on our current assumptions, we do not expect to make contributions until 2027.
UMWA Plan
Retirement benefits related to former coal operations include medical benefits provided by the Pittston Coal Group Companies Employee Benefit Plan for UMWA Represented Employees. There are approximately 2,400 beneficiaries in the UMWA plans. The company does not expect to make contributions to these plans until 2036, based on our actuarial assumptions.
Black Lung
Under the Federal Black Lung Benefits Act of 1972, Brink’s is responsible for paying lifetime black lung benefits to miners and their dependents for claims filed and approved after June 30, 1973. There are approximately 700 black lung beneficiaries as of December 31, 2023.
Non-U.S. defined-benefit pension plans. We have various defined-benefit pension plans covering eligible current and former employees of some of our international operations. See Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements for information about these non-U.S. plans' benefit obligation and estimated future benefit payments over the next 10 years.
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Summary of Total Expenses Related to All U.S. Retirement Liabilities
This table summarizes actual and projected expense (income) related to U.S. retirement liabilities. These expenses are not allocated to segment results.
| Actual | Projected | |||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 | 2027 | 2028 | ||||||||||||||
| Primary U.S. pension plan | $ | (13.6) | (9.9) | (5.0) | 0.6 | 6.2 | 3.1 | |||||||||||||
| UMWA plans | (5.1) | (5.6) | (5.6) | (0.9) | (0.8) | (0.7) | ||||||||||||||
| Black Lung plans | 8.5 | 8.0 | 7.5 | 6.9 | 6.4 | 5.9 | ||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | (10.2) | (7.5) | (3.1) | 6.6 | 11.8 | 8.3 | |||||||||||||
Summary of Total Payments from U.S. Plans to Participants
This table summarizes actual and estimated payments from the plans to participants.
| Actual | Projected | |||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 | 2027 | 2028 | ||||||||||||||
| Payments from U.S. Plans to participants | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary U.S. pension plan | $ | 44.5 | 48.1 | 48.0 | 47.9 | 47.6 | 47.1 | |||||||||||||
| UMWA plans | 19.8 | 18.5 | 18.3 | 18.1 | 18.0 | 17.9 | ||||||||||||||
| Black Lung plans | 7.7 | 9.3 | 8.6 | 7.9 | 7.2 | 6.7 | ||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 72.0 | 75.9 | 74.9 | 73.9 | 72.8 | 71.7 | |||||||||||||
Summary of Projected Payments from Brink’s to U.S. Plans
This table summarizes estimated payments from Brink’s to U.S. retirement plans.
| Projected Payments to Plans from Brink's | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Primary U.S. Pension Plan | UMWA Plans | Black Lung Plans | Total | |||||||||||||||||||
| Projected payments | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2024 | $ | — | — | 9.3 | 9.3 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | — | — | 8.6 | 8.6 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2026 | — | — | 7.9 | 7.9 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2027 | 0.1 | — | 7.2 | 7.3 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2028 | 4.6 | — | 6.7 | 11.3 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2029 | 3.3 | — | 6.1 | 9.4 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2030 | 1.0 | — | 5.7 | 6.7 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2031 | — | — | 5.3 | 5.3 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2032 | — | — | 4.9 | 4.9 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2033 | — | — | 4.6 | 4.6 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2034 | — | — | 4.3 | 4.3 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2035 | — | — | 4.0 | 4.0 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2036 | — | 11.7 | 3.7 | 15.4 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2037 | — | 12.9 | 3.4 | 16.3 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2038 and thereafter | — | 127.0 | 34.0 | 161.0 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total projected payments | $ | 9.0 | 151.6 | 115.7 | 276.3 | ||||||||||||||||||
The amounts in the tables above are based on a variety of estimates, including actuarial assumptions as of December 31, 2023. The estimated amounts will change in the future to reflect payments made, investment returns, actuarial revaluations, and other changes in estimates. Actual amounts could differ materially from the estimated amounts.
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Contingent Matters
In August 2020, the Company received a subpoena issued in connection with an investigation being conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice (the “DOJ”). The Company is fully cooperating with the investigation and has responded to requests from the DOJ for documents and other information, primarily related to cross-border shipments of cash and things of value and anti-money laundering compliance. Given that the investigation is still ongoing and that no civil or criminal claims have been brought to date, the Company cannot predict the outcome of the investigation, the timing of the ultimate resolution of the matter, or reasonably estimate the possible range of loss, if any, that may result from this matter. Accordingly, no accruals have been made with respect to this matter.
At the end of the fourth quarter of 2018, we became aware of an investigation initiated by the Chilean Fiscalía Nacional Económica (the Chilean antitrust agency) (“FNE”) related to potential anti-competitive practices among competitors in the cash logistics industry in Chile. In October 2021, the FNE filed a complaint before the Chilean antitrust court alleging that Brink’s Chile (as well as competitor companies) engaged in collusion in 2017 and 2018 and requested that the court approve a fine of $30.5 million. The Company filed its response to the complaint in November 2022, which signaled the beginning of the evidentiary phase. The Company intends to vigorously defend itself against the FNE's complaint. Based on available information to date, the Company recorded a charge of $9.5 million in the third quarter of 2021 in connection with this matter. In 2022, we recognized an additional $1.4 million adjustment and, in 2023, we recognized an additional $0.5 million adjustment to our estimated loss. The adjustments resulted from changes in currency rates.
In addition, we are involved in various other lawsuits and claims in the ordinary course of business. We are not able to estimate the loss or range of losses for some of these matters. We have recorded accruals for losses that are considered probable and reasonably estimable. Except as otherwise noted, we do not believe that it is reasonably possible the ultimate disposition of any of the legal matters currently pending against the Company could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial position or results of operations.
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APPLICATION OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The application of accounting principles requires the use of assumptions, estimates and judgments. We make assumptions, estimates and judgments based on, among other things, knowledge of operations, markets, historical trends and likely future changes, similarly situated businesses and, when appropriate, the opinions of advisors with relevant knowledge and experience. Reported results could have been materially different had we used a different set of assumptions, estimates and judgments.
Deferred Tax Asset Valuation Allowance
Deferred tax assets result primarily from net operating losses, tax credit carryforwards, and the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial statement and income tax purposes, as determined under enacted tax laws and rates.
Accounting Policy
We establish valuation allowances, in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, when we estimate it is not more-likely-than-not that a deferred tax asset will be realized. We decide to record valuation allowances primarily based on an assessment of positive and negative evidence including historical earnings and future taxable income that incorporates prudent, feasible tax-planning strategies. We assess deferred tax assets on an individual jurisdiction basis. Changes in tax statutes, the timing of deductibility of expenses or expectations for future performance could result in material adjustments to our valuation allowances, which would increase or decrease tax expense. Our valuation allowances are as follows.
Valuation Allowances
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||
| U.S. | $ | 54.9 | 24.4 | ||||||||
| Non-U.S. | 73.1 | 52.9 | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 128.0 | 77.3 | ||||||||
Application of Accounting Policy
U.S. Deferred Tax Assets
We had $175 million of net deferred tax assets at December 31, 2023, of which $170 million in deferred tax assets are related to U.S. jurisdictions.
In 2023, we concluded that we were not more-likely-than-not to realize assets related to certain attributes with a limited statutory carryforward, and we recorded a $33 million valuation allowance detriment through income from continuing operations and an additional $1 million valuation allowance increase through other comprehensive income (loss). Our conclusion was based upon Internal Revenue Notices 2023-55 and 2023-80, both issued in 2023 (the "Notices"), which provide taxpayers relief in determining whether a foreign tax meets the definition of a foreign income tax as required under final foreign tax credit regulations the U.S. Treasury published in the Federal Register on January 4, 2022. The Notices provide relief for foreign taxes paid in any taxable year beginning on or after December 28, 2021, and ending before the date that a notice or other guidance withdrawing or modifying the temporary relief is issued (or any later date specified in such notice or other guidance). We determined a significant amount of the post-2021 foreign withholding taxes will now be eligible for U.S. foreign income tax credit treatment and therefore our U.S. operations will annually be generating new foreign tax credits which should be creditable in the year generated. As a result, we no longer expect to be able to utilize a substantial amount of our foreign tax credit carryforwards to offset future tax prior to their expiration.
Additionally, we concluded that we were more-likely-than-not to realize certain state deferred tax assets, and as a result we recorded a $4 million valuation allowance benefit through income from continuing operations.
In 2022, we concluded that we were more-likely-than-not to realize assets related to certain attributes with a limited statutory carryforward and we recorded a $56 million valuation allowance benefit through income from continuing operations and an additional $14 million valuation allowance reduction through other comprehensive income (loss). Our conclusion was based upon the final foreign tax credit regulations that the U.S. Treasury published in the Federal Register on January 4, 2022. We determined a significant amount of the post-2021 foreign withholding taxes will now be ineligible for U.S. foreign income tax credit treatment and therefore our U.S. operations will no longer annually be generating new foreign tax credits in excess of its annual foreign tax credit utilization limit. As a result, we expect to be able to utilize a substantial amount of our foreign tax credit and general business tax credit carryforwards to offset future tax prior to their expiration.
We used various estimates and assumptions to evaluate the need for the valuation allowance in the U.S. These included
•projected revenues and operating income for our U.S. entities,
•projected royalties and management fees paid to U.S. entities from subsidiaries outside the U.S.,
•projected Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income ("GILTI") inclusion in our U.S. taxable income,
•estimated required contributions to our U.S. retirement plans,
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•the estimated impact of U.S. tax reform and other U.S. tax legislation, and
•interest rates on projected U.S. borrowings.
Our projections assumed continued growth of our revenues and operating profit both in the U.S. and outside the U.S. Had we used different assumptions, we might have made different conclusions about the need for valuation allowances. For example, if we did not have growth in either the U.S. or non-U.S. jurisdictions with respect to the GILTI inclusions or using different assumptions, we might have concluded that we require a full valuation allowance offsetting our U.S. deferred tax assets.
Non-U.S. Deferred Tax Assets
In 2023, we recognized a tax expense of $2 million through income from continuing operations from a change in judgment about the need for valuation allowances for deferred tax assets in certain non-U.S. jurisdictions. In 2022, we recognized a tax expense of $1 million through income from continuing operations from a change in judgment about the need for valuation allowances for deferred tax assets in certain non-U.S. jurisdictions.
Business Acquisitions
Accounting Policy
In the three years ended December 31, 2023, we have completed multiple business acquisitions. When we acquire a controlling interest in an entity that is determined to meet the definition of a business, we apply the acquisition method described in FASB ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations. Using the acquisition method, we allocate the total purchase price to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values at the acquisition date. Any excess purchase price over the fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed is recognized as goodwill.
Application of Accounting Policy
The purchase price allocation process requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions, primarily related to intangible assets. The allocation of the purchase consideration transferred may be subject to revision based on the final determination of fair values during the measurement period. We use all available information to make these fair value determinations and, for material business acquisitions, we engage an outside valuation specialist to assist in the fair value determination of the acquired intangible assets.
We typically use an income method to estimate the fair value of intangible assets, which is based primarily on future cash flow projections. The forecasted cash flows also reflect significant assumptions related to expected customer attrition rates, revenue growth rates, market participant synergies and discount rates applied to the cash flows. Unanticipated events and circumstances may occur which may affect the accuracy or validity of such assumptions. The estimated fair values assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a purchase price allocation can have a significant effect on future results of operations. For example, a higher fair value assigned to intangible assets results in higher amortization expense, which results in lower net income.
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Goodwill, Other Intangible Assets and Property and Equipment Valuations
Accounting Policy
At December 31, 2023, we had property and equipment of $1,013.3 million, goodwill of $1,473.8 million and other intangible assets of $488.3 million, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. We review these assets for possible impairment using the guidance in FASB ASC Topic 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other, for goodwill and other intangible assets and FASB ASC Topic 360, Property, Plant and Equipment, for property and equipment. Our review for impairment requires the use of significant judgments about the future performance of our operating subsidiaries. Due to the many variables inherent in the estimates of the fair value of these assets, differences in assumptions could have a material effect on the impairment analyses.
Goodwill
We review goodwill for impairment annually and whenever events or circumstances make it more-likely-than-not that impairment may have occurred. Application of the goodwill impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assignment of assets and liabilities to reporting units, assignment of goodwill to reporting units, and determination of the fair value of each reporting unit.
Under U.S. GAAP, the annual impairment test may be either a quantitative test or a qualitative assessment. The qualitative assessment can be performed in order to determine whether facts and circumstances support a determination that reporting unit fair values are greater than their carrying values.
We performed a goodwill impairment test on these reporting units as of October 1, 2023 and elected to forego the optional qualitative assessment and performed a quantitative goodwill impairment assessment instead. We estimated the fair value of each reporting unit using a weighting of two valuation methodologies: the Income Approach and the Public Company Market Multiple Method, with greatest weight placed on the Income Approach. The resulting reporting unit fair values were compared to each reporting unit's carrying value. As a result of the evaluation, we concluded that goodwill was not impaired, and the fair value of each reporting unit exceeded its carrying value for all reporting units.
Finite-lived Intangible Assets and Property and Equipment
We review finite-lived intangible assets and property and equipment for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the related carrying amounts may not be recoverable. For purposes of assessing impairment, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which there are identifiable cash flows that are largely independent of the cash flows of other groups of assets. To determine whether impairment has occurred, we compare estimates of the future undiscounted net cash flows of groups of assets to their carrying value.
Estimates of Future Cash Flows
We made significant assumptions when preparing financial projections of cash flow used in our impairment analyses, including assumptions of future results of operations including revenue growth rate and operating income over the forecast period, capital requirements, income taxes, long-term growth rates for determining terminal value, and discount rates. Our projections assumed continued growth of our revenues and operating profit both in the U.S. and outside the U.S. Our conclusions regarding asset impairment may have been different if we had used different assumptions.
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Retirement and Post employment Benefit Obligations
We provide benefits through defined benefit pension plans and retiree medical benefit plans and under statutory requirements.
Accounting Policy
We account for pension and other retirement benefit obligations under FASB ASC Topic 715, Compensation – Retirement Benefits. We account for post employment benefit obligations, including workers’ compensation obligations, under FASB ASC Topic 712, Compensation – Non retirement Post employment Benefits.
To account for these benefits, we make assumptions of expected return on assets, discount rates, inflation, demographic factors and changes in the laws and regulations covering the benefit obligations. Because of the inherent volatility of these items and because the obligations are significant, changes in the assumptions could have a material effect on our liabilities and expenses related to these benefits.
Our most significant retirement plans include our primary U.S. pension plan and the retiree medical plans of our former coal business that were collectively bargained with the United Mine Workers of America (the “UMWA”). The critical accounting estimates that determine the carrying values of liabilities and the resulting annual expense are discussed below.
Application of Accounting Policy
Discount Rate Assumptions
For plans accounted under FASB ASC Topic 715, we discount estimated future payments using discount rates based on market conditions at the end of the year. In general, our liability changes in an inverse relationship to interest rates. That is, the lower the discount rate, the higher the associated plan obligation.
U.S. Plans
For our largest retirement plans, including the primary U.S. pension and UMWA plans and Black Lung obligations, we derive the discount rates used to measure the present value of benefit obligations using the cash flow matching method. Under this method, we compare the plan’s projected payment obligations by year with the corresponding yields on a Mercer yield curve. Each year’s projected cash flows are then discounted back to their present value at the measurement date and an overall discount rate is determined. The overall discount rate is then rounded to the nearest tenth of a percentage point.
We used Mercer’s Above-Mean Curve to determine the discount rates for retirement cost and the year-end benefit obligation. To derive the Above-Mean Curve, Mercer uses only those bonds with a yield higher than the mean yield of the same portfolio of high quality bonds. The Above-Mean Curve reflects the way an active investment manager would select high-quality bonds to match the cash flows of the plan.
Non-U.S. Plans
We use the same cash flow matching method to derive the discount rates for our major non-U.S. retirement plans. Where the cash flow matching method is not possible, rates of local high-quality long-term government bonds are used to estimate the discount rate.
The discount rates for the primary U.S. pension plan, UMWA retiree medical plans and Black Lung obligations were:
| Primary U.S. Plan | UMWA Plans | Black Lung | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Discount rate: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retirement cost | 5.4 | % | 2.8 | % | 2.4 | % | 5.4 | % | 2.8 | % | 2.3 | % | 5.4 | % | 2.7 | % | 2.2 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Benefit obligation at year end | 5.1 | % | 5.4 | % | 2.8 | % | 5.1 | % | 5.4 | % | 2.8 | % | 5.1 | % | 5.4 | % | 2.7 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sensitivity Analysis
The discount rate we select at year end materially affects the valuations of plan obligations at year end and the calculations of net periodic expenses for the following year. The tables below compare hypothetical plan obligation valuations for our largest plans as of December 31, 2023, actual expenses for 2023 and projected expenses for 2024 assuming we had used discount rates that were one percentage point lower or higher.
Plan Obligations at December 31, 2023
(In millions) | Hypothetical 1% lower | Actual | Hypothetical 1% higher | ||||||||
| Primary U.S. pension plan | $ | 686.7 | 622.5 | 568.2 | |||||||
| UMWA plans | 233.3 | 214.0 | 197.4 | ||||||||
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Actual 2023 and Projected 2024 Expense (Income)
| (In millions, except for percentages) | Hypothetical sensitivity analysis for discount rate assumption | Hypothetical sensitivity analysis for discount rate assumption | ||||||||||||||||||
| Actual | 1% lower | 1% higher | Projected | 1% lower | 1% higher | |||||||||||||||
| Years Ending December 31, | 2023 | 2023 | 2023 | 2024 | 2024 | 2024 | ||||||||||||||
| Primary U.S. pension plan | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Discount rate assumption | 5.4 | % | 4.4 | % | 6.4 | % | 5.1 | % | 4.1 | % | 6.1 | % | ||||||||
| Retirement cost | $ | (13.6) | (8.3) | (12.6) | $ | (9.9) | (4.9) | (13.0) | ||||||||||||
| UMWA plans | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Discount rate assumption | 5.4 | % | 4.4 | % | 6.4 | % | 5.1 | % | 4.1 | % | 6.1 | % | ||||||||
| Retirement cost | $ | (5.1) | (4.7) | (5.6) | $ | (5.6) | (5.1) | (6.0) | ||||||||||||
Expected-Return-on-Assets Assumption
Our expected-return-on-assets assumption, which materially affects our net periodic benefit cost, reflects the long-term average rate of return we expect the plan assets to earn. We select the expected-return-on-assets assumption using advice from our investment advisor considering each plan’s asset allocation targets and expected overall investment manager performance and a review of the most recent long-term historical average compounded rates of return, as applicable. We selected 7.00% as the expected-return-on-assets assumption for our primary U.S. pension plan and 8.00% for our UMWA retiree medical plans for actual 2023 expense. We selected 7.00% as the expected-return-on-assets assumption for our primary U.S. pension plan and 8.00% for our UMWA retiree medical plans for projected 2024 expense.
The twenty to thirty year compound annual return of our primary U.S. pension plan has averaged from 6.2% to 7.6%.
Sensitivity Analysis
Effect of using different expected-rate-of-return assumptions. Our 2023 and projected 2024 expense would have been different if we had used different expected-rate-of-return assumptions. For every hypothetical change of one percentage point in the assumed long-term rate of return on plan assets (and holding other assumptions constant), our actual 2023 and projected 2024 expense would be as follows:
| (In millions, except for percentages) | Hypothetical sensitivity analysis for expected-return-on asset assumption | Hypothetical sensitivity analysis for expected-return-on asset assumption | ||||||||||||||||||
| Actual | 1% lower | 1% higher | Projected | 1% lower | 1% higher | |||||||||||||||
| Years Ending December 31, | 2023 | 2023 | 2023 | 2024 | 2024 | 2024 | ||||||||||||||
| Expected-return-on-asset assumption | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary U.S. pension plan | 7.00 | % | 6.00 | % | 8.00 | % | 7.00 | % | 6.00 | % | 8.00 | % | ||||||||
| UMWA plans | 8.00 | % | 7.00 | % | 9.00 | % | 8.00 | % | 7.00 | % | 9.00 | % | ||||||||
| Primary U.S. pension plan | $ | (13.6) | (6.9) | (20.3) | $ | (9.9) | (3.3) | (16.5) | ||||||||||||
| UMWA plans | (5.1) | (3.8) | (6.4) | (5.6) | (4.3) | (6.9) | ||||||||||||||
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Effect of improving or deteriorating actual future market returns. Our funded status at December 31, 2024, and our 2025 expense will be different from currently projected amounts if our projected 2024 returns are better or worse than the returns we have assumed for each plan.
(In millions, except for percentages) | Hypothetical sensitivity analysis of 2024 asset return better or worse than expected | ||||||||||
| Years Ending December 31, | Projected | Better return | Worse return | ||||||||
Return on investments in 2024 | |||||||||||
| Primary U.S. pension plan | 7.00 | % | 14.00 | % | — | % | |||||
| UMWA plans | 8.00 | % | 16.00 | % | — | % | |||||
Projected Funded Status at December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||
| Primary U.S. pension plan | $ | (5) | 36 | (46) | |||||||
| UMWA plans | (78) | (67) | (88) | ||||||||
2025 Expense(a) | |||||||||||
| Primary U.S. pension plan | $ | (5) | (7) | (3) | |||||||
| UMWA plans | (6) | (8) | (4) | ||||||||
(a)Actual future returns on investments will not affect our earnings until 2025 since the earnings in 2024 will be based on the "expected return on assets" assumption.
Effect of using fair market value of assets to determine expense. For our defined-benefit pension plans, we calculate expected investment returns by applying the expected long-term rate of return to the market-related value of plan assets. In addition, our plan asset actuarial gains and losses that are subject to amortization are based on the market-related value.
The market-related value of the plan assets is different from the actual or fair market value of the assets. The actual or fair market value is, at a point in time, the value of the assets that is available to make payments to pensioners and to cover any transaction costs. The market-related value recognizes changes in fair value from the expected value on a straight-line basis over five years. This recognition method spreads the effects of year-over-year volatility in the financial markets over several years.
Our expenses related to our primary U.S. pension plan would have been different if our accounting policy were to use the fair market value of plan assets instead of the market-related value to recognize investment gains and losses.
(In millions) | Based on market-related value of assets | Hypothetical(a) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Actual | Projected | Projected | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years Ending December 31, | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary U.S. pension plan expense | $ | (13.6) | (9.9) | (5.0) | $ | 7.7 | 3.0 | 3.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(a)Assumes that our accounting policy was to use the fair market value of assets instead of the market-related value of assets to determine our expense related to our primary U.S. pension plan.
For our UMWA plans, we calculate expected investment returns by applying the expected long-term rate of return to the fair market value of the assets at the beginning of the year. This method is likely to cause the expected return on assets, which is recorded in earnings, to fluctuate more than had we used the accounting methodology of our defined-benefit pension plans.
Medical Inflation Assumption
We estimate the trend in healthcare cost inflation to predict future cash flows related to our retiree medical plans. Our assumption is based on recent plan experience and industry trends.
For the UMWA plans, our largest retiree medical plans, we have assumed a medical inflation rate of 6.8% for 2024, and we project this rate to decline to 5% in 2031 and hold at 5% thereafter. Our overall medical inflation rate assumption, including the assumption that medical inflation rates will gradually decline over the next eight years and hold at 5%, is based on macroeconomic assumptions of gross domestic growth rates, the excess of national health expenditures over other goods and services, and population growth. Our assumption of a medical inflation rate of 6.8% for 2024 is based on the above-described factors, combined with our recent actual experience.
Workers’ Compensation
Besides the effects of changes in medical costs, worker’s compensation costs are affected by the severity and types of injuries, changes in state and federal regulations and their application and the quality of programs which assist an employee’s return to work. Our liability for future payments for workers’ compensation claims is evaluated annually with the assistance of an actuary.
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Numbers of Participants
Mortality tables. We use the Society of Actuaries base mortality tables for private sector plans, Pri-2012, and the Mercer modified MP-2021 projection scale, with a Blue Collar adjustment factor for the majority of our U.S. retirement plans and a White Collar adjustment factor for our nonqualified U.S. pension plan.
Number of participants. The number of participants by major plan in the past five years is as follows:
| Number of participants | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Plan | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| UMWA plans | 2,400 | 2,500 | 2,700 | 2,900 | 3,000 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Black Lung | 700 | 800 | 800 | 700 | 800 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. pension | 10,500 | 10,700 | 10,800 | 11,000 | 11,200 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Because we are no longer operating in the coal industry, we anticipate that the number of participants in the UMWA retirement medical plan will decline over time due to mortality. Because the U.S. pension plan has been frozen, the number of its participants will also decline over time.
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Foreign Currency Translation
The majority of our subsidiaries outside the U.S. conduct business in their local currencies. Our financial results are reported in U.S. dollars, which include the results of these subsidiaries.
Accounting Policy
Our accounting policy for foreign currency translation is different depending on whether the economy in which our foreign subsidiary operates has been designated as highly inflationary. Economies with a three-year cumulative inflation rate of more than 100% are considered highly inflationary. Subsequent reductions in cumulative inflation rates below 100% do not change the method of translation unless the reduction is deemed to be other than temporary.
Non-Highly Inflationary Economies
Assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries in non-highly inflationary economies are translated into U.S. dollars using rates of exchange at the balance sheet date. Translation adjustments are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss). Revenues and expenses are translated at rates of exchange in effect during the year. Transaction gains and losses are recorded in net income.
Highly Inflationary Economies
Foreign subsidiaries that operate in highly inflationary countries must use the reporting currency (the U.S. dollar) as the functional currency. Local-currency monetary assets and liabilities are remeasured into dollars each balance sheet date, with remeasurement adjustments and other transaction gains and losses recognized in earnings. Other than nonmonetary equity and available-for-sale debt securities, nonmonetary assets and liabilities do not fluctuate with changes in local currency exchange rates to the dollar. For nonmonetary equity securities traded in highly inflationary economies, the fair market value of the equity securities are remeasured at the current exchange rates to determine gain or loss to be recorded in net income. For nonmonetary available-for-sale debt securities traded in highly inflationary economies, the fair market value of these debt securities are remeasured at the current exchange rates, with changes recorded in the gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). We reclassify amounts from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings when these debt securities are sold.
Application of Accounting Policy
Argentina
We operate in Argentina through wholly owned subsidiaries and a smaller controlled subsidiary (together "Brink's Argentina"). Revenues from Brink's Argentina represented approximately 4% of our consolidated revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.
The operating environment in Argentina continues to present business challenges, including ongoing devaluation of the Argentine peso and significant inflation. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Argentine peso declined by approximately 19% (from 84.0 to 103.1 pesos to the U.S. dollar). For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Argentine peso declined by approximately 42% (from 103.1 to 178.6 pesos to the U.S. dollar). For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Argentine peso declined approximately 79% (from 178.6 to 833.3 pesos to the U.S. dollar).
Beginning July 1, 2018, we designated Argentina's economy as highly inflationary for accounting purposes. As a result, we consolidated Brink's Argentina using our accounting policy for subsidiaries operating in highly inflationary economies beginning with the third quarter of 2018. Argentine peso-denominated monetary assets and liabilities are now remeasured at each balance sheet date using the currency exchange rate then in effect, with currency remeasurement gains and losses recognized in earnings. In 2023, we recognized $79.1 million in pretax remeasurement losses. In 2022 and in 2021, we recognized $37.6 million and $9.0 million in pretax remeasurement losses, respectively.
At December 31, 2023, Argentina's economy remained highly inflationary for accounting purposes. At December 31, 2023, we had net monetary assets denominated in Argentine pesos of $72.1 million, including cash of $62.5 million. At December 31, 2023, we had net nonmonetary assets of $141.9 million (including $99.8 million of goodwill, $1.1 million in equity securities denominated in Argentine pesos and $5.6 million in debt securities denominated in Argentine pesos).
At December 31, 2022, we had net monetary assets denominated in Argentine pesos of $66.2 million (including cash of $57.7 million) and net nonmonetary assets of $168.2 million (including $99.8 million of goodwill, $1.9 million in equity securities denominated in Argentine pesos and $27.4 million in debt securities denominated in Argentine pesos).
During September 2019, the Argentine government announced currency controls on both companies and individuals. Under the exchange procedures implemented by the central bank, approval is required for many transactions, including dividend repatriation abroad.
We have previously elected to use other market mechanisms to convert Argentine pesos into U.S. dollars. Conversions under these other market mechanisms generally settle at rates that are less favorable than the rates at which we remeasure the financial statements of Brink’s Argentina. We did not have any such conversion losses in the last three years.
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Although the Argentine government has implemented currency controls, Brink’s management continues to provide guidance and strategic oversight, including budgeting and forecasting for Brink’s Argentina. We continue to control our Argentina business for purposes of consolidation of our financial statements and continue to monitor the situation in Argentina.
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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
We currently serve customers in more than 100 countries, including 52 countries where we operate subsidiaries. These operations expose us to a variety of market risks, including the effects of changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. These financial exposures are monitored and managed by us as an integral part of our overall risk management program.
We may periodically use various derivative and non-derivative financial instruments, as discussed below, to hedge our interest rate and foreign currency exposures when appropriate. The risk that counterparties to these instruments may be unable to perform is minimized by limiting the counterparties used to major financial institutions with investment grade credit ratings. We do not expect to incur a loss from the failure of any counterparty to perform under the agreements. We do not use derivative financial instruments for purposes other than hedging underlying financial exposures.
The sensitivity analyses discussed below for the market risk exposures were based on the facts and circumstances in effect at December 31, 2023. Actual results will be determined by a number of factors that are not under management’s control and could vary materially from those disclosed.
Interest Rate Risk
We use both fixed and floating rate debt and leases to finance our operations. Floating rate obligations, including both the term loan facility and the revolving credit facility under our senior secured credit facility, expose us to fluctuations in cash flows due to changes in the general level of interest rates. Fixed rate obligations, including our senior unsecured notes, are subject to fluctuations in fair values as a result of changes in interest rates.
Our floating rate debt typically is based on an underlying floating rate component as well as a fixed rate margin component. Based on the contractual interest rates on our floating rate debt at December 31, 2023, a hypothetical 10% increase in rates would increase cash outflows by approximately $7.6 million over a twelve-month period. In other words, the weighted-average interest rate on our floating rate instruments (including any fixed rate margin component) was 7.46% per annum at December 31, 2023. If the underlying floating rate component were to increase by 10%, our average rate on this debt would increase by 0.51 percentage points to 7.97%. The effect on the fair values of our $600 million and $400 million unsecured senior notes of a hypothetical 10% decrease in the yield curve from year-end 2023 levels would result in a $19.4 million increase in the fair value of our unsecured senior notes.
Foreign Currency Risk
We have exposure to the effects of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations on the results of all of our foreign operations. Our foreign operations generally use local currencies to conduct business, but their results are reported in U.S. dollars.
We are also exposed periodically to the foreign currency rate fluctuations that affect transactions not denominated in the functional currency of our domestic and foreign operations. To mitigate these exposures, we enter into foreign currency forward and swap contracts from time to time. At December 31, 2023, the notional value of our shorter outstanding foreign currency forward and swap contracts was $678.0 million with average contract maturities of approximately one month. These contracts primarily offset exposures in the euro and the Mexican peso. Additionally, these contracts are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes, and accordingly, changes in their fair value are recorded immediately in earnings.
In the second quarter of 2021, we entered into ten cross currency swap contracts to hedge a portion of our net investments in certain of our subsidiaries with euro functional currencies. In July 2022, we terminated these cross currency swap contracts and received $67 million in cash for the fair value of the derivative assets at the settlement date. We subsequently entered into a total of nine cross currency swap contracts with a total notional value of $400 million to hedge a portion of our net investments in certain of our subsidiaries with euro functional currency. At December 31, 2023, the notional value of these cross currency swaps contracts was $400 million with a weighted-average remaining maturity of 2.0 years for the cross currency swaps maturing in May 2026 and a remaining weighted average maturity of 6.3 years for the cross currency swaps maturing in April 2031. The effect on the fair value of these cross currency swaps of a hypothetical 10% appreciation in the forward May 2026 euro exchange rate and a hypothetical 10% appreciation in the forward April 2031 euro exchange rate from year-end 2023 levels would result in a $39.8 million change in fair values, changing the December 31, 2023 net liability of $34.6 million to a net liability of $74.4 million.
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The effects of a hypothetical simultaneous 10% appreciation in the U.S. dollar from the 2023 levels against all other currencies of countries in which we have continuing operations are as follows:
(In millions) | Hypothetical Effects Increase/ (decrease) | ||||
| Effect on Earnings: | |||||
Translation of 2023 earnings into U.S. dollars | $ | (52.1) | |||
Transaction gains (losses)(a) | (8.5) | ||||
| Effect on Other Comprehensive Income (Loss): | |||||
Translation of net assets of foreign subsidiaries (a) | (174.1) | ||||
(a) Net of outstanding foreign currency swap and forward contracts.
The hypothetical foreign currency effects above detail the consolidated effect attributable to Brink’s of a simultaneous change in the value of a large number of foreign currencies relative to the U. S. dollar. The foreign currency exposure effect related to a change in an individual currency could be significantly different.
60
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
THE BRINK’S COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023 AND 2022
AND FOR EACH OF THE YEARS IN THE THREE-YEAR PERIOD ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| Page | ||||||||
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm - (PCAOB ID | ||||||||
Note 16 – Accounts Receivable and Credit Losses | ||||||||
61
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
The Brink's Company:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of The Brink's Company and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 29, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Valuation of goodwill for the Europe reporting unit
As discussed in Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements, the goodwill balance as of December 31, 2023 was $1,473.8 million, a portion of which related to the Europe reporting unit. The Company performs goodwill impairment testing on an annual basis and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that an impairment may have occurred. The impairment test is performed by comparing the estimated fair value of a reporting unit to the carrying value of the reporting unit. The Company estimates the fair value using a weighting of two valuation methodologies, with greater weight placed on the income approach.
We identified the evaluation of the Company’s assessment of goodwill for impairment for the Europe reporting unit as a critical audit matter. The revenue growth rates, forecasted operating margin and the discount rate used to estimate the fair value of the Europe reporting unit in the income approach are inherently uncertain and required management to make significant estimates and judgments related to the future results of operations. In addition, individuals with specialized skills and knowledge were required to assess the discount rate used to estimate the fair value of the Europe reporting unit in the income approach.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address the critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the Company’s assessment of goodwill for impairment, including controls related to the:
•determination of the revenue growth rates and forecasted operating margin
•selection of the discount rate.
62
We performed sensitivity analyses over the revenue growth rate and forecasted operating margin to assess their impact on the Company’s determination that the fair value of the Europe reporting unit exceeded its carrying value. We evaluated the forecasted revenue growth rates and operating margin used to value the Europe reporting unit by comparing them to budgets, supporting documentation, and to historical growth rates. We compared the Company’s historical revenue and operating margin forecasts for the Europe reporting unit to actual results to assess the Company’s ability to accurately forecast. In addition, we involved valuation professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in:
•evaluating the discount rate used in the fair value model in the income approach by comparing it against a discount rate that was independently developed using publicly available market data for comparable entities
•developing an estimate of the Europe reporting unit’s fair value using the Company’s cash flow forecast and an independently developed discount rate, and comparing the results of our estimate to the Company’s estimate.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2020.
February 29, 2024
63
THE BRINK’S COMPANY
and subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| (In millions, except for per share amounts) | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||
| ASSETS | |||||||||||
| Current assets: | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | ||||||||||
| Restricted cash | |||||||||||
Accounts receivable (net of allowance: 2023 - $ | |||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other | |||||||||||
| Total current assets | |||||||||||
| Right-of-use assets, net | |||||||||||
| Property and equipment, net | |||||||||||
| Goodwill | |||||||||||
| Other intangibles | |||||||||||
| Deferred income taxes | |||||||||||
| Other | |||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | ||||||||||
| LIABILITIES AND EQUITY | |||||||||||
| Current liabilities: | |||||||||||
| Short-term borrowings | $ | ||||||||||
| Current maturities of long-term debt | |||||||||||
| Accounts payable | |||||||||||
| Accrued liabilities | |||||||||||
| Restricted cash held for customers | |||||||||||
| Total current liabilities | |||||||||||
| Long-term debt | |||||||||||
| Accrued pension costs | |||||||||||
| Retirement benefits other than pensions | |||||||||||
| Lease liabilities | |||||||||||
| Deferred income taxes | |||||||||||
| Other | |||||||||||
| Total liabilities | |||||||||||
| Commitments and contingent liabilities (notes 4, 5, 15, 17, 23 and 24) | |||||||||||
| Equity: | |||||||||||
| The Brink’s Company (“Brink’s”) shareholders: | |||||||||||
Common stock, par value $ | |||||||||||
Shares authorized: | |||||||||||
Shares issued and outstanding: 2023 - | |||||||||||
| Capital in excess of par value | |||||||||||
| Retained earnings | |||||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss): | |||||||||||
| Benefit plan adjustments | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Foreign currency translation | ( | ( | |||||||||
Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities | ( | ( | |||||||||
Unrealized gains on cash flow hedges | |||||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Brink’s shareholders | |||||||||||
| Noncontrolling interests | |||||||||||
| Total equity | |||||||||||
| Total liabilities and equity | $ | ||||||||||
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
64
THE BRINK’S COMPANY
and subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Operations
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions, except for per share amounts) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
| Revenues | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Costs and expenses: | |||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenues | |||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative expenses | |||||||||||||||||
| Total costs and expenses | |||||||||||||||||
| Other operating income (expense) | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Operating profit | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Interest and other nonoperating income (expense) | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Income from continuing operations before tax | |||||||||||||||||
| Provision for income taxes | |||||||||||||||||
| Income from continuing operations | |||||||||||||||||
| Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Net income | |||||||||||||||||
| Less net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income attributable to Brink’s | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Amounts attributable to Brink’s: | |||||||||||||||||
| Continuing operations | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Discontinued operations | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Net income attributable to Brink’s | $ | ||||||||||||||||
Earnings (loss) per share attributable to Brink’s common shareholders(a): | |||||||||||||||||
| Basic: | |||||||||||||||||
| Continuing operations | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Discontinued operations | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Net income | |||||||||||||||||
| Diluted: | |||||||||||||||||
| Continuing operations | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Discontinued operations | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Net income | |||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average shares | |||||||||||||||||
| Basic | |||||||||||||||||
| Diluted | |||||||||||||||||
(a) Amounts may not add due to rounding.
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
65
THE BRINK’S COMPANY
and subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Benefit plan adjustments: | |||||||||||||||||
| Benefit plan actuarial gains (losses) | ( | ||||||||||||||||
Benefit plan prior service credit (costs) | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Deferred profit sharing | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Total benefit plan adjustments | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
Gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Gains (losses) on cash flow hedges | ( | ||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income before tax | |||||||||||||||||
| Provision (benefit) for income taxes | ( | ||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income | |||||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive income | |||||||||||||||||
| Less comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests | |||||||||||||||||
Comprehensive income attributable to Brink’s | $ | ||||||||||||||||
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
66
THE BRINK’S COMPANY
and subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Equity
Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
(In millions) | Shares | Common Stock | Capital in Excess of Par Value | Retained Earnings | AOCI* | Noncontrolling Interests | Total | ||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2020 | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||
| — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | — | — | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
| Shares repurchased | ( | ( | ( | ( | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Dividends to: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Brink’s common shareholders ($ | — | — | — | ( | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Noncontrolling interests | — | — | — | — | — | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock options and awards: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Compensation expense | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| Consideration from exercise of stock options | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other share-based benefit transactions | ( | ( | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisitions with noncontrolling interests | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| Capital contributions from noncontrolling interest | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2021 | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | — | — | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
| Shares repurchased | ( | ( | ( | ( | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Dividends to: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Brink’s common shareholders ($ | — | — | — | ( | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Noncontrolling interests | — | — | — | — | — | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock options and awards: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Compensation expense | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other share-based benefit transactions | ( | ( | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
Acquisitions of noncontrolling interests(b) | — | — | ( | — | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||
| Acquisitions with noncontrolling interests | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| Capital contributions from noncontrolling interest | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2022 | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | — | — | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
Shares repurchased(c) | ( | ( | ( | ( | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Dividends to: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Brink’s common shareholders ($ | — | — | — | ( | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Noncontrolling interests | — | — | — | — | — | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock options and awards: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Compensation expense | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other share-based benefit transactions | ( | ( | — | — | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisitions of noncontrolling interests | — | — | — | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2023 | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||
(a)Effective January 1, 2021, we adopted the provisions of ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. We recognized a cumulative effect adjustment to January 1, 2021 retained earnings as a result of adopting this standard. See Note 1 for further details.
(b)This amount represents the impact of transactions in which we acquired or disposed of noncontrolling ownership interests in certain companies where we had an existing controlling interest prior to and after the related acquisition or disposal transactions.
(c)During 2023, we repurchased a total of 2,297,955 shares of our common stock for an aggregate of $169.9 million in cash. On the last two days of December 2023, our agent broker purchased additional shares of our common stock pursuant to a trading plan in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. We are obligated to pay $2.0 million to repurchase those shares and, as of December 31, 2023, this obligation has been reported as a current liability and a corresponding reduction to equity in our condensed consolidated financial statements. For year ended December 31, 2023, shares repurchased include the 1% excise tax imposed under the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 of approximately $1.4 million.
* Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
67
THE BRINK’S COMPANY
and subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | |||||||||||||||||
(Income) loss from discontinued operations, net of tax | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | |||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation expense | |||||||||||||||||
| Deferred income taxes | ( | ||||||||||||||||
(Gain) loss on marketable securities and sale of property and equipment | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Impairment losses | |||||||||||||||||
| Retirement benefit funding (more) less than expense: | |||||||||||||||||
| Pension | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Other than pension | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Remeasurement losses due to Argentina currency devaluation | |||||||||||||||||
| Other operating | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquisitions: | |||||||||||||||||
| (Increase) decrease in accounts receivable and income taxes receivable | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Increase (decrease) in accounts payable, income taxes payable and accrued liabilities | ( | ||||||||||||||||
Increase in restricted cash held for customers | |||||||||||||||||
Increase in customer obligations | |||||||||||||||||
(Increase) decrease in prepaid and other current assets | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Other | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from investing activities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Capital expenditures | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Acquisitions, net of cash acquired | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Dispositions, net of cash disposed | |||||||||||||||||
| Marketable securities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Purchases | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Sales | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash proceeds from sale of property, equipment and investments | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash proceeds from settlement of cross currency swap | |||||||||||||||||
| Net change in loans held for investment | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Other | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Discontinued operations | |||||||||||||||||
| Net cash used by investing activities | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from financing activities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Borrowings (repayments) of debt: | |||||||||||||||||
| Short-term borrowings | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Long-term revolving credit facilities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Borrowings | |||||||||||||||||
| Repayments | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Other long-term debt: | |||||||||||||||||
| Borrowings | |||||||||||||||||
| Repayments | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Acquisition of noncontrolling interests | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Cash received from acquisition related settlements | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash paid for acquisition related settlements and obligations | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Debt financing costs | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Repurchase shares of Brink's common stock | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Dividends to: | |||||||||||||||||
| Shareholders of Brink’s | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from exercise of stock options | |||||||||||||||||
| Tax withholdings associated with share-based compensation | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Other | |||||||||||||||||
Net cash (used) provided by financing activities | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash: | |||||||||||||||||
| Increase | |||||||||||||||||
| Balance at beginning of period | |||||||||||||||||
| Balance at end of period | $ | ||||||||||||||||
68
THE BRINK’S COMPANY
and subsidiaries
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The Brink’s Company (along with its subsidiaries, “we,” “our,” “Brink’s” or the “Company”), based in Richmond, Virginia, is a leading provider of cash and valuables management, digital retail solutions ("DRS"), and ATM managed services ("AMS") to financial institutions, retailers, government agencies, mints, jewelers and other commercial operations around the world. Brink’s is the oldest and largest secure transportation and cash management services company in the U.S., and a market leader in many other countries.
Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include our controlled subsidiaries. Control is determined based on ownership rights or, when applicable, based on whether we are considered to be the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity. See "Venezuela" section below for further information. For controlled subsidiaries that are not wholly-owned, the noncontrolling interests are included in net income and in total equity.
Revenue Recognition
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, demand deposits and investments with original maturities of three months or less. Cash and cash equivalents include amounts held by certain of our secure cash management services operations for customers for which, under local regulations, the title transfers to us for a short period of time. The cash is generally credited to customers’ accounts the following day and we do not consider it as available for general corporate purposes in the management of our liquidity and capital resources. We record a liability for the amounts owed to customers (see Note 13).
Restricted Cash
Trade Accounts Receivable
Right-of-Use Assets
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation is calculated principally on the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of individual assets or classes of assets.
69
Leased property and equipment meeting financing lease criteria are capitalized at the lower of the present value of the related lease payments or the fair value of the leased asset at the inception of the lease. Amortization is calculated on the straight-line method based on the lease term. See Note 17 for further information.
Leasehold improvements are recorded at cost. Amortization is calculated principally on the straight-line method over the lesser of the estimated useful life of the leasehold improvement or the lease term. Renewal periods are included in the lease term when the renewal is determined to be reasonably assured.
Part of the costs related to the development or purchase of internal-use software is capitalized and amortized over the estimated useful life of the software. Costs that are capitalized include external direct costs of materials and services to develop or obtain the software, and internal costs, including compensation and employee benefits for employees directly associated with a software development project.
Estimated Useful Lives | Years | ||||
| Buildings | |||||
| Building leasehold improvements | |||||
| Vehicles | |||||
| Capitalized software | |||||
| Other machinery and equipment | |||||
Expenditures for routine maintenance and repairs on property and equipment are charged to expense. Major renewals, betterments and modifications are capitalized and depreciated over the lesser of the remaining life of the asset or, if applicable, the lease term.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Impairment of Goodwill and Long-Lived Assets
Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment at least annually, as of October 1, and whenever events or circumstances in interim periods indicate that it is more-likely-than-not that an impairment may have occurred. We perform the test of goodwill impairment at the reporting unit level, which is one level below an operating segment. Goodwill is assigned to one or more reporting units at the date of acquisition.
Based on our management structure, we have four reporting units, which are equal to our operating segments:
•North America
•Latin America
•Europe
•Rest of World
We performed a goodwill impairment test on these reporting units as of October 1, 2023 and elected to forego the optional qualitative assessment and performed a quantitative goodwill impairment assessment instead. We estimated the fair value of each reporting unit using a weighting of two valuation methodologies: the Income Approach and the Public Company Market Multiple Method, with greatest weight placed on the Income Approach. The resulting reporting unit fair values were compared to each reporting unit's carrying value. As a result of the evaluation, we concluded that goodwill was not impaired, and the fair value of each reporting unit exceeded its carrying value for all reporting units.
We completed these goodwill impairment tests, as well as the tests in the previous two years, with no impairment charges required.
Indefinite-lived intangibles are also tested for impairment at least annually by comparing their carrying values to their estimated fair values. We have had no significant impairments of indefinite-lived intangibles in the last three years.
70
Retirement Benefit Plans
We account for retirement benefit obligations under Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 715, Compensation – Retirement Benefits. For U.S. and certain non-U.S. retirement plans, we derive the discount rates used to measure the present value of benefit obligations using the cash flow matching method. Under this method, we compare the plan’s projected payment obligations by year with the corresponding yields on a Mercer yield curve. Each year’s projected cash flows are then discounted back to their present value at the measurement date and an overall discount rate is determined. The overall discount rate is then rounded to the nearest tenth of a percentage point. We used Mercer’s Above-Mean Curve to determine the discount rates for the year-end benefit obligations and retirement cost of our U.S. retirement plans. We use a local or regional version of the Mercer yield curve in the majority of our non-U.S. locations. In non-U.S. locations where the cash flow matching method is not possible, rates of local high-quality long-term government bonds are used to select the discount rate.
We select the expected long-term rate of return assumption for our U.S. pension plan and retiree medical plans using advice from our investment advisor. The selected rate considers plan asset allocation targets, expected overall investment manager performance and long-term historical average compounded rates of return.
Benefit plan actuarial gains and losses are recognized in other comprehensive income (loss). Accumulated net benefit plan actuarial gains and losses that exceed 10% of the greater of a plan’s benefit obligation or plan assets at the beginning of the year are amortized into earnings from other comprehensive income (loss) on a straight-line basis. The amortization period for pension plans is the average remaining service period of employees expected to receive benefits under the plans. The amortization period for other retirement plans is primarily the average remaining life expectancy of inactive participants.
Income Taxes
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded to recognize the expected future tax benefits or costs of events that have been, or will be, reported in different years for financial statement purposes than tax purposes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which these items are expected to reverse. We recognize tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions if we believe it is more-likely-than-not the benefit will be realized. We review our deferred tax assets to determine if it is more-likely-than-not that they will be realized. If we determine it is not more-likely-than-not that a deferred tax asset will be realized, we record a valuation allowance to reverse the previously recognized tax benefit. See Note 5 for further information.
Foreign Currency Translation
Our consolidated financial statements are reported in U.S. dollars. Our foreign subsidiaries maintain their records primarily in the currency of the country in which they operate. The method of translating local currency financial information into U.S. dollars depends on whether the economy in which our foreign subsidiary operates has been designated as highly inflationary or not. Economies with a three-year cumulative inflation rate of more than 100% are considered highly inflationary.
Assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries in non-highly inflationary economies are translated into U.S. dollars using rates of exchange at the balance sheet date. Translation adjustments are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss). Revenues and expenses are translated at rates of exchange in effect during the year. Transaction gains and losses are recorded in net income.
Foreign subsidiaries that operate in highly inflationary countries use the U.S. dollar as their functional currency. Local currency monetary assets and liabilities are remeasured into U.S. dollars using rates of exchange as of each balance sheet date, with remeasurement adjustments and other transaction gains and losses recognized in earnings. Other than nonmonetary equity and available for sale debt securities, nonmonetary assets and liabilities do not fluctuate with changes in local currency exchange rates to the dollar. For nonmonetary equity securities traded in highly inflationary economies, the fair market value of the equity securities are remeasured at the current exchange rates to determine gain or loss to be recorded in net income. For nonmonetary available for sale debt securities traded in highly inflationary economies, the fair market value of these debt securities are remeasured at the current exchange rates, with changes recorded in the gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). We reclassify amounts from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings when these debt securities are sold. Revenues and expenses are translated at rates of exchange in effect during the year. See "Venezuela" and "Argentina" sections below for further information.
Argentina
We operate in Argentina through wholly owned subsidiaries and a smaller controlled subsidiary (together "Brink's Argentina"). Revenues from Brink's Argentina represented approximately 4
The operating environment in Argentina continues to present business challenges, including ongoing devaluation of the Argentine peso and significant inflation. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Argentine peso declined by approximately 19 % (from 84.0 to 103.1 pesos to the U.S. dollar). For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Argentine peso declined by approximately 42 % (from 103.1 to 178.6 pesos to the U.S. dollar). In December 2023, a newly inaugurated President took office in Argentina. As part of various measures to address the country’s economic crisis, the new administration allowed the peso to devalue by more than 50% during the month of December 2023. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Argentine peso declined approximately 79 % (from 178.6 to 833.3 pesos to the U.S. dollar).
Beginning July 1, 2018, we designated Argentina's economy as highly inflationary for accounting purposes. As a result, we consolidated Brink's Argentina using our accounting policy for subsidiaries operating in highly inflationary economies beginning with the third quarter of 2018. Argentine peso-denominated monetary assets and liabilities are now remeasured at each balance sheet date using the currency exchange rate then in effect, with currency remeasurement gains and losses recognized in earnings. In 2023, we recognized $79.1 million in
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pretax remeasurement losses. In 2022 and in 2021, we recognized $37.6 million and $9.0 million in pretax remeasurement losses, respectively.
At December 31, 2023, Argentina's economy remains highly inflationary for accounting purposes. At December 31, 2023, we had net monetary assets denominated in Argentine pesos of $72.1 million (including cash of $62.5 million). At December 31, 2023, we had net nonmonetary assets of $141.9 million (including $99.8 million of goodwill, $1.1 million in equity securities denominated in Argentine pesos and $5.6 million in debt securities denominated in Argentine pesos).
At December 31, 2022, we had net monetary assets denominated in Argentine pesos of $66.2 million (including cash of $57.7 million) and net nonmonetary assets of $168.2 million (including $99.8 million of goodwill, $1.9 million in equity securities denominated in Argentine pesos and $27.4 million in debt securities denominated in Argentine pesos).
During September 2019, the Argentine government announced currency controls on both companies and individuals. The Argentine central bank issued details as to how the exchange control procedures would operate in practice. Under these procedures, central bank approval is required for many transactions, including dividend repatriation abroad.
We have previously elected to use other market mechanisms to convert Argentine pesos into U.S. dollars. Conversions under these other market mechanisms generally settle at rates that are less favorable than the rates at which we remeasure the financial statements of Brink’s Argentina. We did not have any such conversion losses in the last three years.
Although the Argentine government has implemented currency controls, Brink’s management continues to provide guidance and strategic oversight, including budgeting and forecasting for Brink’s Argentina. We continue to control our Argentina business for purposes of consolidation of our financial statements and continue to monitor the situation in Argentina.
Venezuela
Our Venezuelan operations offer transportation and route-based logistics management services for cash and valuables throughout Venezuela. Currency exchange regulations, combined with other government regulations, such as price controls and strict labor laws, significantly limit our ability to make and execute operational decisions at our Venezuelan subsidiaries. As a result of the conditions, we do not meet the accounting criteria for control over our Venezuelan operations and, as a result, we began reporting the results of our investment in our Venezuelan subsidiaries using the cost method of accounting, the basis of which approximates zero. Prior to the imposition of the U.S. government sanctions, we provided immaterial amounts of financial support to our Venezuela operations. We continue to monitor the situation in Venezuela, including the imposition of sanctions by the U.S. government targeting Venezuela.
Internal loss
A former non-management employee in our U.S. global services operations embezzled funds from Brink's in prior years. Except for a small deductible amount, the amount of the internal loss related to the embezzlement was covered by our insurance. In an effort to cover up the embezzlement, the former employee intentionally misstated the underlying accounts receivable subledger data. In 2021, we recognized a decrease in bad debt expense of $3.7 million, primarily related to collection of receivables previously recognized as bad debt expense. We also recognized $1.3 million of legal charges in 2021 as we attempted to collect additional insurance recoveries related to these receivable losses. In the fourth quarter of 2021, we successfully collected $18.8 million of insurance recoveries related to these internal losses. In 2022 and 2023, we did not incur any charges related to the internal loss.
We defined accounts receivable impacted by the embezzlement as accounts receivable recorded as of and prior to the third quarter of 2019. Due to the unusual nature of this internal loss and the related errors in the subledger data, along with the fact that management has excluded these amounts when evaluating internal performance, we have excluded these amounts from segment results.
Concentration of Credit Risks
We routinely assess the financial strength of significant customers and this assessment, combined with the large number and geographic diversity of our customers, limits our concentration of risk with respect to accounts receivable. Financial instruments which potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risks are principally cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivables. Cash and cash equivalents are held by major financial institutions.
Use of Estimates
In accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), we have made a number of estimates and assumptions relating to the reporting of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities to prepare these consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. The most significant estimates are related to goodwill, intangibles and other long-lived assets, pension and other retirement benefit assets and obligations, legal contingencies, allowance for doubtful accounts, deferred tax assets and purchase price allocations.
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In the first quarter of 2022, we further refined our global methodology of estimating the allowance for doubtful accounts. Our previous method to estimate currently expected credit losses in receivables (the allowance) was weighted significantly to a review of historical loss rates and specific identification of higher risk customer accounts. It also considered current and expected economic conditions, particularly the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, in determining an appropriate allowance. As many of our regions began to recover from the pandemic, we re-assessed those earlier assumptions and estimates. Our updated method now also includes an estimated allowance for accounts receivable significantly past due in order to adjust for at-risk receivables not captured in our previous method. As part of the analysis under the updated estimation methodology, we noted an increase in accounts receivable significantly past due, particularly in the U.S., and we recorded an additional allowance of $16.7 million in the first quarter of 2022. In the subsequent three quarters of 2022, the additional allowance was reduced by $1.1 million as a result of collections. Due to the fact that management has excluded this amount when evaluating internal performance, we have excluded it from segment results.
Fair-value estimates. We have various financial instruments included in our financial statements. Financial instruments are carried in our financial statements at either cost or fair value. We estimate fair value of assets using the following hierarchy using the highest level possible:
Level 1: Quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
Level 2: Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, or quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or inputs other than quoted prices that are directly or indirectly observable, or inputs that are derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data by correlation or other means.
Level 3: Unobservable inputs that reflect estimates and assumptions.
New Accounting Standards
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, which removes certain exceptions for recognizing deferred taxes for investments, performing intraperiod tax allocations and calculating income taxes in interim periods. The ASU also adds guidance to reduce complexity in certain areas, including recognizing deferred taxes for tax goodwill and allocating taxes to members of a consolidated group. ASU 2019-12 was effective for us on January 1, 2021. We recognized a cumulative-effect adjustment increasing retained earnings by $0.5 million on January 1, 2021.
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires expanded disclosures about significant segment expenses and information used to assess segment performance. ASU 2023-07 will be effective for us on January 1, 2024 for annual reporting periods. For interim reporting periods, it will be effective for us on January 1, 2025. We are currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of this standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which expands annual disclosures in an entity’s income tax rate reconciliation table and requires annual disclosures regarding cash taxes paid both in the U.S. (federal and state) and foreign jurisdictions. The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, although early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of this standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.
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Note 2 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers
Performance Obligations
We provide various services to meet the needs of our customers and we group these service offerings into two broad categories: cash and valuables management; and digital retail solutions and ATM managed services.
Cash and Valuables Management
Cash and valuables management services are provided to customers throughout the world. Cash-in-transit services include the secure transportation of cash, securities and other valuables between businesses, financial institutions and central banks. Basic ATM management services include cash replenishment, treasury management and first line maintenance. Our global services business provides secure transport of high-value commodities including diamonds, jewelry, precious metals, securities, banknotes, currency, high-tech devices, electronics and pharmaceuticals. Additional global services include pick-up, packaging, customs clearance, secure vault storage and inventory management. We also offer a variety of cash management services including money processing (e.g., counting, sorting, wrapping, checking condition of bills, etc.), check imaging and other cash management services (e.g., cashier balancing, counterfeit detection, account consolidation and electronic reporting). Our vaulting services combine cash-in-transit services, cash management services, vaulting and electronic reporting technologies to help banks expand into new markets while minimizing investment in vaults and branch facilities. In addition to providing secure storage, we process deposits, provide check imaging and reconciliation services, perform currency inventory management, process ATM replenishment orders and electronically transmit banking transactions.
Digital Retail Solutions and ATM Managed Services
DRS and AMS are technology enabled services provided to customers throughout the world. DRS includes services that leverage Brink’s tech-enabled sales and software platforms to simplify cash acceptance, enables merchants to access their cash without visiting a bank and provide customers with enhanced analytics and visibility. DRS includes our patented Brink’s CompleteTM and CompuSafe® services. AMS provides comprehensive services beyond basic ATM services including cash forecasting, cash optimization, ATM remote monitoring, service call dispatching, transaction processing, and installation services. These services allow financial institutions, retailers and independent ATM owners to outsource day-to-day operation of ATMs. For certain customers, we take ownership of ATM devices as part of our managed services offering.
For performance obligations related to the services described above, we generally satisfy our obligations as each action to provide the service to the customer occurs. Because the customers simultaneously receive and consume the benefits from our services, these performance obligations are deemed to be satisfied over time. We use an output method, units of service provided, to recognize revenue because that is the best method to represent the transfer of our services to the customer at the agreed upon rate for each action.
Although not as significant as our service offerings, we also sell goods to customers from time to time, such as safe devices. In those transactions, we satisfy our performance obligation at a point in time. We recognize revenue when the goods are delivered to the customer as that is the point in time that best represents when control has transferred to the customer.
Our contracts with customers describe the services we can provide along with the fees for each action to provide the service. We typically send invoices to customers for all of the services we have provided within a monthly period and payments are generally due within 30 to 60 days of the invoice date.
Although our customer contracts specify the fees for each action to provide service, the majority of the services stated in our contracts do not have a defined quantity over the contract term. Accordingly, the transaction price is considered variable as there is an unknown volume of services that will be rendered over the course of the contract. We recognize revenue for these services in the period in which they are provided to the customer based on the contractual rate at which we have the right to invoice the customer for each action.
Some of our contracts with customers contain clauses that define the level of service that the customer will receive. The service level agreements (“SLA”) within those contracts contain specific calculations to determine whether the appropriate level of service has been met within a specific period, which is typically a month. We estimate SLA penalties and recognize the amounts as a reduction to revenue.
Taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are not included in revenues in the consolidated statements of operations.
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Revenue Disaggregated by Reportable Segment and Type of Service
(In millions) | Cash and Valuables Management | DRS and AMS | Total | ||||||||||||||
| Twelve months ended December 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||
| Reportable Segments: | |||||||||||||||||
| North America | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Latin America | |||||||||||||||||
| Europe | |||||||||||||||||
| Rest of World | |||||||||||||||||
| Total reportable segments | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Twelve months ended December 31, 2022 | |||||||||||||||||
| Reportable Segments: | |||||||||||||||||
| North America | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Latin America | |||||||||||||||||
| Europe | |||||||||||||||||
| Rest of World | |||||||||||||||||
| Total reportable segments | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Twelve months ended December 31, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||
| Reportable Segments: | |||||||||||||||||
| North America | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Latin America | |||||||||||||||||
| Europe | |||||||||||||||||
| Rest of World | |||||||||||||||||
| Total reportable segments | |||||||||||||||||
Certain of our services involve the leasing of assets, such as safes, to our customers along with the regular servicing of those safe devices. Revenues related to the leasing of these assets are recognized in accordance with applicable lease guidance, but are included in the above table as the amounts are a small percentage of overall revenues.
Contract Balances
Contract Assets
Although payment terms and conditions can vary, for the majority of our customer contracts, we invoice for all of the services provided to the customer within a monthly period. For certain customer contracts, the timing of our performance may precede our right to invoice the customer for the total transaction price. For example, Brink's affiliates in certain countries, primarily in Latin America, negotiate annual price adjustments with certain customers and, once the price increases are finalized, the pricing changes are made retroactive to services provided in earlier periods. These retroactive pricing adjustments are estimated and recognized as revenue with a corresponding contract asset in the same period in which the related services are performed. As the estimate of the ultimate transaction price changes, we recognize a cumulative catch-up adjustment for the change in estimate. In our Rest of World segment, certain Brink's affiliates provide services to specific customers and, per contract, a portion of the consideration is retained by the customers until the contract is completed. The retention amounts are reported as contract assets until we have the right to bill the customer for these amounts. Contract assets expected to be collected within one year ($6.4 million at December 31, 2023) are included in prepaid expenses and other on the consolidated balance sheet. Amounts not expected to be billed and collected within one year ($9.0 million at December 31, 2023) are reported in other noncurrent assets on the consolidated balance sheet.
Contract Liabilities
For other customer contracts, we may obtain the right to payment or receive customer payments prior to performing the related services under the contract. When the right to customer payments or receipt of payments precedes our performance, we recognize a contract liability, which is included in accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet.
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The opening and closing balances of receivables, contract assets and contract liabilities related to contracts with customers are as follows:
(In millions) | Receivables | Contract Assets | Contract Liabilities | ||||||||||||||
| Opening (January 1, 2023) | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Closing (December 31, 2023) | |||||||||||||||||
| Increase (decrease) | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||
The amount of revenue recognized in 2023 that was included in the January 1, 2023 contract liability balance was $16.6 million. This revenue consists of services provided to customers who had prepaid for those services prior to the current year.
Revenue recognized in the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 from performance obligations satisfied in the prior year was not
significant. This revenue is a result of changes in the transaction price of our contracts with customers.
Contract Costs
Sales commissions directly related to obtaining new contracts with customers are capitalized when incurred and are then amortized to expense ratably over the term of the contracts. At December 31, 2023, the net capitalized costs to obtain contracts was included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. The capitalized amounts at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were $3.7 million and $3.7 million, respectively. The amortization expense in 2023 and 2022 was $2.0 million and $1.3 million, respectively.
Practical Expedients
For the majority of our contracts with customers, we invoice a fixed amount for each unit of service we have provided. These contracts provide us with the right to invoice for an amount or rate that corresponds to the value we have delivered to our customers. The volume of services that will be provided to customers over the term is not known at inception of these contracts. Therefore, while the rate per unit of service is known, the transaction price itself is variable. For this reason, we recognize revenue from these contracts equal to the amount for which we have the contractual right to invoice the customers. Because we are not required to estimate variable consideration related to the transaction price in order to recognize revenue, we are also not required to estimate the variable consideration to provide certain disclosures. As a result, we have elected to use the optional exemption related to the disclosure of transaction prices, amounts allocated to remaining performance obligations and the future periods in which revenue will be recognized, sometimes referred to as backlog.
We have also elected to use the practical expedient for financing components related to our contract liabilities. We do not recognize interest expense on contracts for which the period between our receipt of customer payments and our service to the customer is one year or less.
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Note 3 - Segment Information
We identify our operating segments based on how our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) allocates resources, assesses performance and makes decisions. Our CODM is our President and Chief Executive Officer. Our CODM evaluates performance and allocates resources to each operating segment based on a profit or loss measure which, at the reportable segment level, excludes the following:
•Corporate expenses - includes corporate headquarters costs, regional management costs, currency transaction gains and losses, adjustments to reconcile segment accounting policies to U.S. GAAP, and costs related to global initiatives.
•Other items not allocated to segments - certain items that are not considered part of the ongoing activities of the business are excluded from segment results. See further explanation for each item not allocated to segments on page 78.
We currently serve customers in more than 100 countries, including 52 countries where we operate subsidiaries.
We manage our business in the following four segments:
•North America – operations in the U.S. and Canada, including the Brink’s Global Services ("BGS") line of business,
•Latin America – operations in Latin American countries where we have an ownership interest, including the BGS line of business,
•Europe – total operations in European countries that primarily provide services outside of the BGS line of business, and
•Rest of World – operations in the Middle East, Africa and Asia. This segment also includes total operations in European countries that primarily provide BGS services and BGS activity in Latin American countries where we do not have an ownership interest.
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| Revenues | Operating Profit | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reportable Segments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| North America | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Latin America | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Europe | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rest of World | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total reportable segments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reconciling Items: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate expenses: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| General, administrative and other expenses | — | — | — | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency transaction gains (losses) | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reconciliation of segment policies to GAAP(a) | — | — | — | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other items not allocated to segments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reorganization and Restructuring(b) | — | — | — | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Acquisitions and dispositions(c) | — | — | — | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Argentina highly inflationary impact(d) | — | — | — | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Transformation initiatives(e) | — | — | — | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-routine auto loss matter(f) | — | — | — | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Change in allowance estimate(g) | — | — | — | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ship loss matter(h) | — | — | — | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chile antitrust matter(i) | — | — | — | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Internal loss(j) | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reporting compliance(k) | — | — | — | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(a)This line item includes adjustments to bad debt expense and a Mexico profit sharing plan accrual reported by the segments to the estimated consolidated amounts required by U.S. GAAP.
(b)Management periodically implements restructuring actions in targeted sections of our business. In 2022, management began a restructuring plan across our global business operations to enable growth, reduce costs and related infrastructure, and to mitigate the potential impact of external economic conditions. Due to the unique circumstances around the charges related to these actions, they have not been allocated to segment results.
(c)Certain acquisition-related and disposition-related items that are not considered part of the ongoing activities of the business and are special in nature are consistently excluded from segment results. These items include amortization expense for acquisition-related intangible assets and integration, transaction and restructuring costs related to business acquisitions.
(d)We have designated Argentina's economy as highly inflationary for accounting purposes. Currency remeasurement gains and losses related to peso-denominated monetary assets and liabilities as well as incremental expense related to nonmonetary assets are excluded from segment results.
(e)Costs (primarily third party professional services and project management charges) related to a management-directed program to accelerate growth and drive margin expansion through transformation of our business model.
(f)We have estimated a probable loss related to a motor vehicle accident with unique circumstances that resulted in the death of a third party in 2023.
(g)Represents impact of a change in our methodology to estimate our allowance for doubtful accounts in the first quarter of 2022. See Note 1 and Note 16 for further details.
(h)We have excluded an estimate of our share of costs for damages and losses suffered by a ship owner that was carrying cargo for Brink's.
(i)See details regarding the Chile antitrust matter at Note 23.
(j)See details regarding the impact of the Internal loss at Note 1.
(k)Costs (primarily third party expenses) related to material weakness remediation. Additional information provided at page 30.
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| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
| Capital Expenditures by Reportable Segment | |||||||||||||||||
| North America | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Latin America | |||||||||||||||||
| Europe | |||||||||||||||||
| Rest of World | |||||||||||||||||
| Total reportable segments | |||||||||||||||||
| Corporate items | |||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and Amortization by Reportable Segment | |||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment: | |||||||||||||||||
| North America | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Latin America | |||||||||||||||||
| Europe | |||||||||||||||||
| Rest of World | |||||||||||||||||
| Total reportable segments | |||||||||||||||||
| Corporate items | |||||||||||||||||
| Argentina highly inflationary impact | |||||||||||||||||
| Acquisitions and dispositions | |||||||||||||||||
| Reorganization and Restructuring | |||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment | |||||||||||||||||
Amortization of intangible assets(a) | |||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | ||||||||||||||||
(a)Amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets has been excluded from reportable segment amounts.
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||
| Assets held by Reportable Segment | |||||||||||
| North America | $ | ||||||||||
| Latin America | |||||||||||
| Europe | |||||||||||
| Rest of World | |||||||||||
| Total reportable segments | |||||||||||
| Corporate items | |||||||||||
| Total | $ | ||||||||||
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||
Long-Lived Assets by Significant Country(a) | |||||||||||
| Non-U.S.: | |||||||||||
| Mexico | $ | ||||||||||
| France | |||||||||||
| Brazil | |||||||||||
| United Kingdom | |||||||||||
| Canada | |||||||||||
| Other | |||||||||||
| Subtotal | |||||||||||
| U.S. | |||||||||||
| Total | $ | ||||||||||
(a)Long-lived assets include only property and equipment, net.
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| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
Revenues by Significant Country(a) | |||||||||||||||||
| Outside the U.S.: | |||||||||||||||||
| Mexico | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| France | |||||||||||||||||
| Brazil | |||||||||||||||||
| Argentina | |||||||||||||||||
United Kingdom | |||||||||||||||||
| Netherlands | |||||||||||||||||
| Canada | |||||||||||||||||
| Other | |||||||||||||||||
| Subtotal | |||||||||||||||||
| U.S. | |||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||
Net assets outside the U.S. by Geographic Area | |||||||||||
Canada | $ | ||||||||||
Latin America(a) | |||||||||||
Europe(a)(b) | |||||||||||
Middle East, Africa and Asia ("MEAA") (a)(b) | |||||||||||
| Total | $ | ||||||||||
(a)Amounts include net assets of Corporate entities domiciled outside the U.S.
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Note 4 - Retirement Benefits
Defined-benefit Pension Plans
Summary
We have various defined-benefit pension plans covering eligible current and former employees. Benefits under most plans are based on salary and years of service. There are limits to the amount of benefits which can be paid to participants from a U.S. qualified pension plan. We maintain a nonqualified U.S. plan to pay benefits for those eligible current and former employees in the U.S. whose benefits exceed the regulatory limits Pension benefits provided to eligible U.S. employees were frozen on December 31, 2005.
Components of Net Periodic Pension Cost (Credit)
(In millions) | U.S. Plans | Non-U.S. Plans | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Service cost | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest cost on projected benefit obligation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Return on assets – expected | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of losses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Curtailment gain | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Settlement loss(a) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net periodic pension cost (credit) | $ | ( | ( | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(a)Non-U.S. Plans settlement losses to terminated employees that participate in a Mexican severance indemnity program ("Mexico Plan") that is accounted for as a defined benefit plan were offset by a settlement gain related to our defined benefit plan in Ireland, which was terminated during 2023. Non-U.S. Plans settlement losses in 2022 and 2021 relate primarily to lump-sum payouts in Canada as well as terminated employees that participate in the Mexico Plan that is accounted for as a defined benefit plan.
The components of net periodic pension cost and net periodic post-retirement cost other than the service cost component are included in interest and other nonoperating income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations.
81
Obligations and Funded Status
Changes in the projected benefit obligation (“PBO”) and plan assets for our pension plans are as follows:
(In millions) | U.S. Plans | Non-U.S. Plans | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | 2023 | 2022 | 2023 | 2022 | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Benefit obligation at beginning of year | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Service cost | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest cost | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Participant contributions | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Plan amendments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Plan combinations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Curtailments | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Settlements | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Benefits paid | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Divestitures(a) | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Actuarial (gains) losses | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency exchange effects | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Benefit obligation at end of year | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Return on assets – actual | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Participant contributions | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Plan combinations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Employer contributions | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Settlements | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Benefits paid | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Divestitures(a) | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency exchange effects | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair value of plan assets at end of year | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Funded status | $ | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Included in: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Noncurrent asset | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current liability, included in accrued liabilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Noncurrent liability | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net pension liability | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(a)During 2023, we terminated our defined-benefit pension plan in Ireland.
82
Other Changes in Plan Assets and Benefit Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(In millions) | U.S. Plans | Non-U.S. Plans | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | 2023 | 2022 | 2023 | 2022 | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Benefit plan net actuarial losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss): | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning of year | $ | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net actuarial gains (losses) arising during the year | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reclassification adjustment for amortization of prior actuarial losses included in net income (loss) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency exchange effects | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| End of year | $ | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Benefit plan prior service cost recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss): | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning of year | $ | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior service credit (cost) from plan amendments during the year | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency exchange effects | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| End of year | $ | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. Plans
The net actuarial losses of $2.1 million in 2023 and gains of $17.4 million in 2022 were mainly driven by changes in the primary U.S. pension plan. The 2023 net actuarial losses arose primarily from a lower discount rate at the end of the year ($18 million), which was largely offset by higher actual return on assets than expected ($13 million). The 2022 net actuarial gains arose primarily from a higher discount rate at the end of the year ($193 million), which was largely offset by lower actual return on assets than expected ($173 million).
Non-U.S. Plans
The net actuarial losses of $24.0 million in 2023 were primarily due to lower discount rates at the end of the year ($30 million), which were offset by actual return on assets being higher than expected ($10 million). The net actuarial gains of $33.5 million in 2022 were primarily due to higher discount rates at the end of the year ($133 million), largely offset by actual return on assets being lower than expected ($94 million).
Information Comparing Plan Assets to Plan Obligations
Information comparing plan assets to plan obligations as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are aggregated below. The accumulated benefit obligation (“ABO”) differs from the PBO in that the ABO is based on the benefit earned through the date noted. The PBO includes assumptions about future compensation levels for plans that have not been frozen. The total ABO for our U.S. pension plans was $629.2 million in 2023 and $627.2 million in 2022. The total ABO for our Non-U.S. pension plans was $346.6 million in 2023 and $304.2 million in 2022.
(In millions) | U.S. Plans | Non-U.S. Plans | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, | 2023 | 2022 | 2023 | 2022 | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Information for pension plans with an ABO in excess of plan assets: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair value of plan assets | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accumulated benefit obligation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Projected benefit obligation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
83
Assumptions
The weighted-average assumptions used to determine the net pension cost and benefit obligations for our pension plans were as follows:
| U.S. Plans | Non-U.S. Plans | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Discount rate: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pension cost | % | % | % | % | % | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Benefit obligation at year end | % | % | % | % | % | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Expected return on assets – pension cost | % | % | % | % | % | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Average rate of increase in salaries(a): | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pension cost | N/A | N/A | N/A | % | % | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Benefit obligation at year end | N/A | N/A | N/A | % | % | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(a)Salary scale assumptions are determined through historical experience and vary by age and industry. The U.S. plan benefits are frozen and will not increase due to future salary increases.
Mortality Tables for our U.S. Retirement Benefits
We use the Society of Actuaries base mortality tables for private sector plans, Pri-2012, and the Mercer modified MP-2021 projection scale, with a Blue Collar adjustment factor for the majority of our U.S. retirement plans and a White Collar adjustment factor for our nonqualified U.S. pension plan.
Estimated Future Cash Flows
Estimated Future Contributions from the Company into Plan Assets
Our policy is to fund at least the minimum actuarially determined amounts required by applicable regulations. We do not expect to make contributions to our primary U.S. pension plan in 2024. We expect to contribute $9.7 million to our non-U.S. pension plans and $0.6 million to our nonqualified U.S. pension plan in 2024.
Estimated Future Benefit Payments from Plan Assets to Beneficiaries
Projected benefit payments of the plans in the next 10 years using assumptions in effect at December 31, 2023, are as follows:
(In millions) | U.S. Plans | Non-U.S. Plans | Total | ||||||||||||||
| 2024 | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | |||||||||||||||||
| 2026 | |||||||||||||||||
| 2027 | |||||||||||||||||
| 2028 | |||||||||||||||||
| 2029 through 2033 | |||||||||||||||||
84
Retirement Benefits Other than Pensions
Summary
We provide retirement healthcare benefits for eligible current and former U.S., Canadian, and Brazilian employees. Retirement benefits related to our former U.S. coal operation include medical benefits provided by the Pittston Coal Group Companies Employee Benefit Plan for United Mine Workers of America Represented Employees (the “UMWA plans”) as well as costs related to Black Lung obligations.
Components of Net Periodic Postretirement Cost
The components of net periodic postretirement cost related to retirement benefits other than pensions were as follows:
(In millions) | UMWA Plans | Black Lung and Other Plans | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Service cost | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest cost on APBO | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Return on assets – expected | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of losses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of prior service credit | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net periodic postretirement cost (credit) | $ | ( | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The components of net periodic pension cost and net periodic postretirement cost other than the service cost component are included in interest and other nonoperating income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations.
Obligations and Funded Status
Changes in the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation (“APBO’) and plan assets related to retirement healthcare benefits are as follows:
(In millions) | UMWA Plans | Black Lung and Other Plans | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | 2023 | 2022 | 2023 | 2022 | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| APBO at beginning of year | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Service cost | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest cost | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Plan amendments | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Benefits paid | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Actuarial (gains) losses, net | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency exchange effects | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| APBO at end of year | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Return on assets – actual | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Employer contributions | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net transfers to (from) plan assets | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Benefits paid | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair value of plan assets at end of year | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Funded status | $ | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Included in: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current, included in accrued liabilities | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Noncurrent | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retirement benefits other than pension liability | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
85
Other Changes in Plan Assets and Benefit Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) of our retirement benefit plans other than pensions are as follows:
(In millions) | UMWA Plans | Black Lung and Other Plans | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | 2023 | 2022 | 2023 | 2022 | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Benefit plan net actuarial gain (loss) recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss): | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning of year | $ | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net actuarial gains (losses) arising during the year | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reclassification adjustment for amortization of prior actuarial losses included in net income (loss) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency exchange effects | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| End of year | $ | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Benefit plan prior service (cost) credit recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss): | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beginning of year | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prior service credit from plan amendments during the year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reclassification adjustment for amortization or curtailment of prior service cost included in net income (loss) | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency exchange effects | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| End of year | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
UMWA Plans
The net actuarial gains of $15.1 million in 2023 arose primarily due to claim assumptions updates ($17 million) and higher actual return on assets than expected ($4 million), which were partially offset by lower discount rate at the end of the year ($5 million). The net actuarial gains of $58.5 million in 2022 arose primarily due to a higher discount rate at the end of the year ($78 million) and favorable medical claims experience ($12 million). This was partially offset by lower actual return on assets than expected ($28 million) and updates to the UMWA census data ($12 million). We recognized a prior service credit in 2022 associated with UMWA obligations due to a plan amendment that changed the medical plan to a group Medicare Advantage plan ($67 million), which reduced future expected net per capita claims costs.
Black Lung and Other Plans
We recognized net actuarial losses of $3.3 million in 2023. This was primarily due to a lower discount rate compared to the prior period ($2 million). We recognized net actuarial gains of $18.9 million in 2022. This was primarily due to a higher discount rate compared to the prior period ($18 million).
Assumptions
See Mortality Tables for our U.S. Retirement Benefits on page 84 for a description of the mortality assumptions.
The APBO for each of the plans was determined using the unit credit method and assumed rates as follows:
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average discount rate: | |||||||||||||||||
| Postretirement cost: | |||||||||||||||||
| UMWA plans | % | % | % | ||||||||||||||
| Black lung | % | % | % | ||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average | % | % | % | ||||||||||||||
| Benefit obligation at year end: | |||||||||||||||||
| UMWA plans | % | % | % | ||||||||||||||
| Black lung | % | % | % | ||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average | % | % | % | ||||||||||||||
| Expected return on assets | % | % | % | ||||||||||||||
86
Healthcare Cost Trend Rates
For UMWA plans, the assumed healthcare cost trend rate used to compute the 2023 APBO is 6.8 % for 2024, declining to 5.0 % in 2031 and thereafter (in 2022: 7.0 % for 2023 declining to 5.0 % in 2031 and thereafter). For the black lung obligation, the assumed healthcare cost trend rate used to compute the 2023 APBO was 5.0 % (in 2022: 5.0 %). Other plans in the U.S. provide for fixed-dollar value coverage for eligible participants and, accordingly, are not adjusted for inflation.
For the Canadian plan, the assumed healthcare cost trend rate used to compute the 2023 APBO is 6.8 % for 2024, declining to 5.0 % in 2031 (in 2022: 7.0 % for 2023, declining to 5.0 % in 2031). For the Brazilian plan, the assumed healthcare cost trend rate used to compute the 2023 APBO is 4.8 % (in 2022: 4.8 %).
We provide healthcare benefits to our UMWA retirees who are eligible for the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 (the “Medicare Act”) subsidy reimbursement under an employer group waiver plan (“EGWP”). Under this arrangement, a government approved health insurance provider receives the Medicare Act subsidy reimbursement on our behalf and passes these savings to us. Additionally, by providing healthcare benefits under an EGWP, we are able to benefit from the mandatory 50 % discount that pharmaceutical companies must provide for Medicare Act-eligible prescription drugs.
In 2022, we amended our UWMA plans by transferring the majority of our retirees from a self-insured medical plan to a fully insured group Medicare Advantage plan starting in 2023. As a result, we updated our claims assumption for the plan amendment as of December 31, 2022, which reduced our obligation by $66.7 million and was recognized as a prior service credit as of December 31, 2022.
Cash Flows
Estimated Contributions from the Company to Plan Assets
Based on the funded status and assumptions at December 31, 2023, we expect the Company to contribute $9.6 million in cash to the plans to pay 2024 beneficiary payments for black lung and other plans. We do not expect to contribute cash to our UMWA plans in 2024 since we believe these plans have sufficient amounts held in trust to pay for beneficiary payments until 2036 based on actuarial assumptions. Our UMWA plans are not covered by ERISA or other funding laws or regulations that require these plans to meet funding ratios.
Estimated Future Benefit Payments from Plan Assets to Beneficiaries
Projected benefit payments of the plans in the next 10 years using assumptions in effect at December 31, 2023, are as follows:
(In millions) | UMWA Plans | Black Lung and Other Plans | Total | ||||||||||||||
| 2024 | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | |||||||||||||||||
| 2026 | |||||||||||||||||
| 2027 | |||||||||||||||||
| 2028 | |||||||||||||||||
| 2029 through 2033 | |||||||||||||||||
87
Retirement Plan Assets
U.S. Plans
| December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions, except for percentages) | Fair Value Level | Total Fair Value | % Actual Allocation | % Target Allocation | Total Fair Value | % Actual Allocation | % Target Allocation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Pension Plans | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and receivables | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. large-cap(a) | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. small/mid-cap(a) | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
International(a) | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Emerging markets(b) | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dynamic asset allocation(c) | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed-income securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Long duration - mutual fund(d) | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Long duration - Treasury strips(d) | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other types of investments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Core property(g) (l) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Structured credit(h) (l) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| UMWA Plans | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and receivables | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. large-cap(a) | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. small/mid-cap(a) | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
International(a) | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Emerging markets(b) | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dynamic asset allocation(c) | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed-income securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
High yield(e) | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Emerging markets(f) | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Multi asset real return(i) | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other types of investments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Core property(g) (l) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Structured credit(h) (l) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Global private equity(j) (l) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Energy debt(k) (l) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(a)These categories include a passively managed U.S. large-cap equity mutual fund, an actively managed U.S. small/mid-cap equity and a Non-U.S. equity mutual fund that track various indices such as the S&P 500 Index, the Russell 2500 Index and the MSCI All Country World Ex-U.S. Index.
(b)This category represents an actively managed mutual fund that invests primarily in equity securities of emerging market issuers. Emerging market countries are those countries that are characterized as developing or emerging by any of the World Bank, the United Nations, the International Finance Corporation, or the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development or included in an emerging markets index by a recognized index provider.
(c)This category represents an actively managed mutual fund that seeks to generate, over time, a total return in excess of the broad U.S. equity market by selecting investments from among a broad range of asset classes based upon the manager's expectations of risk and return. The fund’s allocations among asset classes may be adjusted over short periods and can vary from multiple to a single asset class.
(d)This category represents actively managed mutual funds that seek to duplicate the risk and return characteristics of an intermediate to a long-term fixed-income security portfolio with an approximate duration of 10 to15 years and longer. This is achieved by using an intermediate duration credit bond fund and a long duration credit bond mutual fund. This category also includes Treasury future contracts and zero-coupon securities created by the U.S. Treasury.
(e)This category represents an actively managed mutual fund that invests primarily in fixed-income securities rated below investment grade, including corporate bonds and debentures, convertible and preferred securities and zero-coupon obligations. The fund’s average weighted maturity may vary and will generally not exceed ten years .
(f)This category represents an actively managed mutual fund that invests primarily in U.S. dollar-denominated debt securities of government, government-related and corporate issuers in emerging market countries, as well as entities organized to restructure the outstanding debt of such issuers.
(g)This category represents an actively managed real estate fund of funds that seeks both current income and long-term capital appreciation through investing in underlying funds that acquire, manage, and dispose of commercial real estate properties. These properties are high-quality, low-leveraged, income-generating office, industrial, retail, and multi-family properties, generally fully-leased to creditworthy companies and governmental entities.
(h)This category invests primarily in a diversified portfolio comprised primarily of collateralized loan obligations and other structured credit investments backed primarily by bank loans.
(i)This category represents an actively managed mutual fund that invests primarily in fixed income and equity securities and commodity linked instruments. The category seeks total returns that exceed the rate of inflation over a full market cycle regardless of market conditions.
(j)This category will offer exposure to a diversified pool of global private assets fund investments. Further, the category will seek to shorten the duration of the typical private assets fund of funds through a dedicated focus on secondary strategies (i.e. funds whose investment strategy is to purchase interests in other private market investments/funds as a way to provide the original investors liquidity prior to the end of those investments’/funds’ contracted end date), income-producing investment strategies (e.g. debt, real estate, and to a lesser extent, real assets), and underlying funds whose stated life is to seven years , as opposed to the more typical 10 -year life of private assets funds.
(k)This category invests in credit securities of commodity oriented companies affected by the dislocation in the commodity markets with the investment objective of producing an equity like return with less downside risk than equity or commodity investments.
(l)In accordance with ASC Subtopic 820-10, certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the consolidated balance sheets.
Assets of our U.S. plans are invested with an objective of maximizing the total return, taking into consideration the liabilities of the plan, and minimizing the risks that could create the need for excessive contributions. Plan assets are invested primarily using actively managed
88
accounts with asset allocation targets listed in the tables above. Our policy does not permit the purchase of Brink’s common stock if immediately after any such purchase the aggregate fair market value of the plan assets invested in Brink’s common stock exceeds 10% of the aggregate fair market value of the assets of the plan, except as permitted by an exemption under ERISA. The plans rebalance their assets on a quarterly basis if actual allocations of assets are outside predetermined ranges. Among other factors, the performance of asset groups and investment managers will affect the long-term rate of return.
In 2018, the UMWA plans re-locked their energy debt investment for another three years , which expired in 2022. We did not re-lock the energy debt investment as the fund intends to be fully liquidated in 2024.
The global private equity investment cannot be redeemed due to the nature of the underlying investments. As the global private equity investment matures and becomes fully invested, liquidating distributions will be provided back to investors. We expect to receive liquidating distributions over the stated life of the underlying investments. We have $4 million in unfunded commitments related to the global private equity investment.
Most of the investments of our U.S. retirement plans can be redeemed daily. The structured credit investments can be redeemed quarterly with 65 days’ notice. The core property fund investment can be redeemed quarterly with 105 days’ notice.
We believe all plans have sufficient liquidity to meet the needs of the plans' beneficiaries in all market scenarios.
Non-U.S. Plans
| December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions, except for percentages) | Total Fair Value | % Actual Allocation | % Target Allocation | Total Fair Value | % Actual Allocation | % Target Allocation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-U.S. Pension Plans | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. equity funds(a) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Canadian equity funds(a) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
European equity funds(a) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other global equity funds(a) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total equity securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed-income securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Canadian fixed-income securities(b) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
European fixed-income funds(c) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
High-yield(d) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Emerging markets(e) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Long-duration(f) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total fixed-income securities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other types of investments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Guaranteed contract value(g) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Property funds(h) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Global infrastructure fund(i) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total other types of investments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(a)These categories are comprised of equity index actively and passively managed funds that track various indices such as S&P 500 Composite Total Return Index, Russell 2500 Index, MSCI World Index, S&P/TSX Composite Index and others. Some of these funds use a dynamic asset allocation investment strategy seeking to generate total return over time by selecting investments from among a broad range of asset classes, investing primarily through the use of derivatives.
(b)This category seeks to duplicate the risk and return characteristics of an intermediate to a long-term fixed-income security portfolio with an approximate duration of 10 to15 years and longer. This is achieved by using a mix of actively managed fixed income mutual funds, which invest in bonds issued by Canadian issuers, as well as Canadian-dollar denominated zero-coupon securities issued by the Canadian Federal and Provincial governments, and agencies thereof.
(c)This category is primarily designed to generate income and exhibit volatility similar to that of the Sterling denominated bond market. This category primarily invests in investment grade or better securities.
(d)This category consists of global high-yield bonds. This category invests in lower rated and unrated fixed income, floating rate and other debt securities issued by European and American companies.
(e)This category consists of a diversified portfolio of debt securities issued by governments, financial institutions, companies or other entities domiciled in emerging market countries.
(f)This category is designed to achieve a return consistent with holding longer term debt instruments. This category invests in interest rate and inflation derivatives, government-issued bonds, real-return bonds, and futures contracts.
(g)This represents the guaranteed contract value of insurance contracts in the Netherlands pension plan.
(h)This category offers exposure to limited partnerships invested in diversified real estate, participating mortgages, and property for development and resale.
(i)This category is a limited partnership invested in fund of funds designed to acquire and maintain a diversified portfolio of global infrastructure investments (within targeted sub-sectors with varied maturities) that realizes a minimum of 10% annual return over a three-year rolling period.
Asset allocation strategies for our non-U.S. plans are designed to accumulate a diversified portfolio among markets and asset classes in order to reduce market risk and increase the likelihood that pension assets are available to pay benefits as they are due. Assets of non-U.S. pension plans are invested primarily using actively managed accounts. The weighted-average asset allocation targets are listed in the table above, and
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reflect limitations on types of investments held and allocations among assets classes, as required by local regulation or market practice of the country where the assets are invested. Most of the investments of our non-U.S. retirement plans can be redeemed at least monthly, except for a portion of “Other” in the above table, which can be redeemed quarterly.
Non-U.S. Plans - Fair Value Measurements
(In millions) | December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | |||||||||
| Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) | $ | ||||||||||
| Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) | |||||||||||
Guaranteed contract value (Level 3)(a) | |||||||||||
Other insurance contract value (Level 3)(b) | |||||||||||
Net asset value per share practical expedient(c) | |||||||||||
| Total fair value | $ | ||||||||||
(a)In 2020, we acquired operations in the Netherlands as part of the U.K.-based G4S plc ("G4S") acquisition. As a result, we acquired insurance contract assets related to the Netherlands pension plan. These investments are valued at the highest value available at year end, either the reported cash surrender value of the contract or the vested benefit obligation ("VBO"). The VBO for a defined benefit pension plan is the actuarial present value of the vested benefits to which the employee is currently entitled but based on the employee's expected date of separation or retirement. Both the cash surrender value and the VBO are determined based on unobservable inputs, which are contractually or actuarially determined, regarding returns, fees, the present value of the future cash flows of the contract and benefit obligations. The contract is classified as a Level 3 investment.
(b)In 2021, our Belgium plans invested in a traditional group insurance policy, where assets are invested in the insurers' main fund with a minimum guaranteed rate. The contracts are valued based on the weighted average return of each individual insured contract. The contract value is determined based on unobservable inputs.. The contract is classified as a Level 3 investment.
(c)In accordance with ASC Subtopic 820-10, certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the consolidated balance sheets.
Savings Plans
We sponsor various defined contribution plans to help eligible employees provide for retirement. We record expense for amounts that we contribute on behalf of employees, usually in the form of matching contributions. We matched the first 2 % of employees' eligible contributions to our U.S. 401(k) plan. Our matching contribution expense is as follows:
(In millions) | |||||||||||||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
| U.S. 401(K) | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Other plans | |||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | ||||||||||||||||
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Note 5 - Income Taxes
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
| Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes | |||||||||||||||||
| U.S. | $ | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Foreign | |||||||||||||||||
| Income from continuing operations before income taxes | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Provision (benefit) for income taxes from continuing operations | |||||||||||||||||
| Current tax expense (benefit) | |||||||||||||||||
| U.S. federal | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| State | |||||||||||||||||
| Foreign | |||||||||||||||||
| Current tax expense | |||||||||||||||||
| Deferred tax expense (benefit) | |||||||||||||||||
| U.S. federal | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| State | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Foreign | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Deferred tax expense (benefit) | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Provision for income taxes of continuing operations | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive provision (benefit) for income taxes allocable to | |||||||||||||||||
| Continuing operations | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Discontinued operations | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Equity | |||||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive provision for income taxes | $ | ||||||||||||||||
Rate Reconciliation
The following table reconciles the difference between the actual tax rate on continuing operations and the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate of 21% for 2023, 2022 and 2021.
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In percentages) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
| U.S. federal tax rate | % | % | % | ||||||||||||||
| Increases (reductions) in taxes due to: | |||||||||||||||||
| Foreign rate differential | |||||||||||||||||
| Taxes on cross border income, net of credits | |||||||||||||||||
| Adjustments to valuation allowances | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Foreign income taxes | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| French business tax | |||||||||||||||||
| State income taxes, net | |||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | |||||||||||||||||
| Acquisition costs | |||||||||||||||||
Other(a) | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Actual income tax rate on continuing operations | % | % | % | ||||||||||||||
(a)No individual item is above a 5% threshold.
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Components of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||
| Deferred tax assets | |||||||||||
| Pension liabilities | $ | ||||||||||
| Retirement benefits other than pensions | |||||||||||
| Lease liabilities | |||||||||||
| Workers’ compensation and other claims | |||||||||||
| Property and equipment, net | |||||||||||
| Other assets and liabilities | |||||||||||
| Net operating loss carryforwards | |||||||||||
Interest limitations and other tax carryforwards(a) | |||||||||||
Foreign tax and other tax credits(b) | |||||||||||
| Subtotal | |||||||||||
| Valuation allowances | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Total deferred tax assets | |||||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities | |||||||||||
| Right-of-use assets, net | |||||||||||
| Goodwill and other intangibles | |||||||||||
| Other assets and miscellaneous | |||||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities | |||||||||||
| Net deferred tax asset | $ | ||||||||||
| Included in: | |||||||||||
| Noncurrent assets | $ | ||||||||||
| Noncurrent liabilities | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Net deferred tax asset | $ | ||||||||||
(a)U.S. interest limitation carryforward of $31.8 million has an unlimited carryforward and is not subject to a valuation allowance. In addition, foreign interest limitation and other tax carryforwards of $17.0 million have an unlimited carryforward and are subject to a full valuation allowance.
(b)U.S. foreign tax credits of $55.8 million expire in various years between 2024 and 2032 and other remaining credits of $6.0 million have various expiration periods. The U.S. foreign tax credits and other credits have a valuation allowance of $45.3 million.
Valuation Allowances
Valuation allowances relate to deferred tax assets for certain federal credit carryforwards, certain state and non-U.S. jurisdictions. Based on our analysis of positive and negative evidence including historical and expected future taxable earnings, and a consideration of available tax-planning strategies, we believe it is more-likely-than-not that we will realize the benefit of the existing deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowances, at December 31, 2023.
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
| Valuation allowances: | |||||||||||||||||
| Beginning of year | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Expiring tax credits | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Acquisitions and dispositions | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
Changes in judgment about deferred tax assets(a) | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Other changes in deferred tax assets, charged to: | |||||||||||||||||
| Income from continuing operations | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency exchange effects | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| End of year | $ | ||||||||||||||||
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Net Operating Losses
The gross amount of the net operating loss carryforwards as of December 31, 2023, was $430.9 million. The tax benefit of net operating loss carryforwards, before valuation allowances, as of December 31, 2023, was $57.2 million, and expires as follows:
(In millions) | Federal | State | Foreign | Total | |||||||||||||||||||
| Years of expiration | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2024-2028 | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2029-2033 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2034 and thereafter | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unlimited | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Uncertain Tax Positions
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
| Uncertain tax positions: | |||||||||||||||||
| Beginning of year | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Increases related to prior-year tax positions | |||||||||||||||||
| Decreases related to prior-year tax positions | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Increases related to current-year tax positions | |||||||||||||||||
| Increases related to acquisitions | |||||||||||||||||
| Settlements | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Effect of the expiration of statutes of limitation | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency exchange effects | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| End of year | $ | ||||||||||||||||
Included in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2023, are potential benefits of approximately $20.1 million that, if recognized, will reduce the effective tax rate on income from continuing operations.
We recognize accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in the provision for income taxes. We reverse interest and penalty accruals when a statute of limitation lapses or when we otherwise conclude the amounts should not be accrued. The impact of interest and penalties on the 2023, 2022 and 2021 tax provisions was not significant. We had accrued interest and penalties of $6.5 million at December 31, 2023, and $5.8 million at December 31, 2022.
We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal and various state and foreign jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2023, we are subject to U.S. Federal income tax examination by tax authorities for the taxable year ending December 31, 2019, but with few exceptions, we are no longer subject to any state and local, or non-U.S. income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2019. Additionally, due to statute of limitations expirations and audit settlements, it is reasonably possible that approximately $4.1 million of currently remaining unrecognized tax positions may be recognized by the end of 2024.
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Note 6 - Property and Equipment
The following table presents our property and equipment that is classified as held and used:
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||
| Land | $ | ||||||||||
| Buildings | |||||||||||
| Leasehold improvements | |||||||||||
| Vehicles | |||||||||||
Capitalized software(a) | |||||||||||
| DRS devices leased to customers | |||||||||||
| Other machinery and equipment | |||||||||||
| Accumulated depreciation and amortization | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Property and equipment, net | $ | ||||||||||
(a)Amortization of capitalized software costs included in continuing operations was $15.5 million in 2023, $16.1 million in 2022 and $14.5 million in 2021.
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Note 7 - Acquisitions and Dispositions
In 2022, we acquired United Kingdom-based business operations that manage ATMs. We also acquired net assets from an ATM and cash management solutions company in the U.S., which we have accounted for as a business combination. See details of the 2022 acquisitions below. We accounted for these acquisitions as business combinations using the acquisition method. Under the acquisition method of accounting, assets acquired and liabilities assumed from these operations are recorded at fair value on the date of acquisition. The consolidated statements of operations include the results of operations for each acquired entity from the date of acquisition.
NoteMachine Limited Acquisition
On October 3, 2022 , we acquired 100 % of the capital stock of NoteMachine Limited and Testlink Services Limited. At the acquisition date, these two entities directly owned 100% of the ownership interests in three additional entities (collectively, the five entities are referred to as "NoteMachine"). We acquired the NoteMachine businesses for approximately $194 million. NoteMachine is based in the United Kingdom and manages a portfolio of ATMs. NoteMachine generated approximately $150 million in revenues in the twelve month period prior to the acquisition.
We estimated fair values for the assets purchased, liabilities assumed and purchase consideration as of the date of the acquisition. The determination of estimated fair value required management to make significant estimates and assumptions. We finalized our purchase price accounting for NoteMachine in the third quarter of 2023.
(In millions) | Estimated Fair Value at Acquisition Date | ||||
| Fair value of purchase consideration | |||||
| Purchase consideration, excluding contingent consideration | $ | ||||
Contingent consideration at acquisition-date fair value(a) | |||||
| Fair value of purchase consideration | $ | ||||
| Fair value of net assets acquired | |||||
| Cash | $ | ||||
| Restricted cash | |||||
| Accounts receivable | |||||
| Other current assets | |||||
| Property and equipment, net | |||||
Intangible assets(b) | |||||
Goodwill(c) | |||||
| Other noncurrent assets | |||||
| Current liabilities | ( | ||||
| Other noncurrent liabilities | ( | ||||
| Fair value of net assets acquired | $ | ||||
(a)The contingent consideration has three components. The largest component was based on post-acquisition collections of ATM tax rate rebates from municipal governments in the U.K. The consideration was estimated at $10.5 million at the acquisition date. Through December 31, 2023, approximately $10 million has been paid to the seller for this component. A smaller component was based on post-acquisition increases in the ATM cash withdrawal interchange fees through June 30, 2023. The consideration was estimated at $4.3 million at the acquisition date. The post-acquisition fee increases did not occur and the liability was derecognized in the second quarter of 2023 resulting in a $4.8 million gain classified as other operating income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations.
(b)Intangible assets are composed of customer relationships ($47 million fair value and 13 year amortization period), developed technology ($27 million fair value and 12 year amortization period) and a trade name ($10 million fair value and 5 year amortization period).
(c)Consists of intangible assets that do not qualify for separate recognition, combined with synergies expected from integrating NoteMachine's operations with our existing Brink's operations. Goodwill of $63 million has been assigned to the Europe reporting unit and goodwill of $1 million has been assigned to the North America reporting unit. We do not expect goodwill in these reporting units to be deductible for tax purposes.
Touchpoint 21 Acquisition
In January 2022, we acquired net assets from Touchpoint 21 LLC, an ATM and cash management solutions company operating in Texas and Oklahoma. We have determined that this acquisition represents a business combination and we have recorded acquired assets and liabilities at estimated fair value. The purchase consideration was approximately $15 million.
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PAI, Midco Inc. Acquisition
On April 1, 2021, we acquired 100 % of the capital stock of PAI Midco, Inc., which directly or indirectly owns 100% of the ownership interests in four additional entities (collectively, "PAI"), for approximately $216 million. PAI was the largest privately-held provider of ATM services in the U.S. and generated approximately $94 million in revenues in 2020.
We estimated fair values for the assets purchased, liabilities assumed and purchase consideration as of the date of the acquisition. The determination of estimated fair value required management to make significant estimates and assumptions. We finalized our purchase price accounting for PAI in the first quarter of 2022. There were no material changes in 2022 to the amounts previously disclosed.
(In millions) | Estimated Fair Value at Acquisition Date | ||||
| Fair value of purchase consideration | |||||
Cash paid | $ | ||||
| Fair value of purchase consideration | $ | ||||
| Fair value of net assets acquired | |||||
| Cash | $ | ||||
| Accounts receivable | |||||
| Other current assets | |||||
| Property and equipment, net | |||||
Intangible assets(a) | |||||
Goodwill(b) | |||||
| Other noncurrent assets | |||||
| Current liabilities | ( | ||||
| Other noncurrent liabilities | ( | ||||
| Fair value of net assets acquired | $ | ||||
(a)Intangible assets are composed of customer relationships ($60 million fair value and 10 year amortization period), developed technology ($26 million fair value and 12 year amortization period) and a trade name ($9 million fair value and 5 year amortization period).
(b)Consists of intangible assets that do not qualify for separate recognition, combined with synergies expected from integrating PAI's operations with our existing Brink's U.S. operations. All goodwill has been assigned to the North America reporting unit. We expect less than $2 million of goodwill to be deductible for tax purposes.
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G4S Acquisitions
On February 26, 2020, we announced that we agreed to acquire the majority of the cash management operations of U.K.-based G4S, with closings planned in multiple phases in 2020. In March 2020, we acquired 100 % of the capital stock of G4S International Logistics Group Limited, a company which directly or indirectly owns controlling interests in multiple businesses providing secure international transportation of valuables. In the second quarter of 2020, we acquired cash management operations from G4S located in the Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, Hong Kong, Cyprus, Romania, the Czech Republic, Malaysia, the Dominican Republic and the Philippines. In the third quarter of 2020, we acquired operations in Indonesia, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. In the first quarter of 2021, we acquired operations in Macau, Luxembourg and Kuwait, which completed the remaining planned G4S transactions. For the majority of the acquisitions in 2020 and the first quarter of 2021, we acquired 100 % of the ownership interests. In Malaysia, the Dominican Republic, the Philippines, Indonesia and Kuwait, we acquired ownership interests of less than 100 %. We believe that we meet the accounting criteria for consolidating these subsidiaries. In the aggregate, the purchase consideration for the G4S acquisitions is $826 million. We also paid G4S approximately $114 million for net intercompany receivables from the acquired subsidiaries. The indemnification assets are primarily related to pre-acquisition income tax contingencies for which the seller has indemnified Brink's against loss. The G4S businesses acquired generated approximately $800 million in revenues in 2019.
The contingent consideration noted in the following table below is related to the acquisition of the Malaysia operations. The consideration will be paid when minimum dividend distributions are received by Brink's relating to cash on the balance sheets of the Malaysia subsidiaries as of the acquisition date. We used a probability-weighted approach to estimate the fair value of the contingent consideration. The fair value of the contingent consideration reflected in the table below is the full $22 million that remains potentially payable as of December 31, 2023 as we believe it is unlikely that the contingent consideration payments will be reduced.
We estimated fair values for the assets purchased, liabilities assumed and purchase consideration as of the date of the acquisition. The determination of estimated fair value required management to make significant estimates and assumptions. We finalized our purchase price accounting in 2021 for the businesses we acquired in 2020. For the remaining businesses acquired from G4S in 2021, we finalized our purchase accounting in the first quarter of 2022. There were no material changes in 2022 to the amounts previously disclosed.
(In millions) | Estimated Fair Value at Acquisition Date | ||||
| Fair value of purchase consideration | |||||
Cash paid through December 31, 2023 | $ | ||||
| Contingent consideration | |||||
| Liabilities assumed from seller | |||||
| Indemnification assets | ( | ||||
| Fair value of purchase consideration | $ | ||||
| Fair value of net assets acquired | |||||
| Cash | $ | ||||
| Restricted cash | |||||
| Accounts receivable | |||||
| Other current assets | |||||
| Property and equipment, net | |||||
| Right-of-use assets, net | |||||
Intangible assets(a) | |||||
Goodwill(b) | |||||
| Other noncurrent assets | |||||
| Current liabilities | ( | ||||
| Lease liabilities | ( | ||||
| Other noncurrent liabilities | ( | ||||
| Fair value of net assets acquired | $ | ||||
| Less: Fair value of noncontrolling interest | ( | ||||
| Fair value of purchase consideration | $ | ||||
(a)Intangible assets are composed of customer relationships ($207 million fair value and 15 year amortization period).
(b)Consists of intangible assets that do not qualify for separate recognition, combined with synergies expected from integrating G4S operations with our existing operations. Goodwill has been provisionally assigned to the Europe reporting unit ($191 million), the Rest of World reporting unit ($340 million) and the Latin America reporting unit ($3 million). We do not currently expect goodwill in these reporting units to be deductible for tax purposes.
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Actual and Pro Forma (unaudited) disclosures
Below are the actual results included in Brink's consolidated results for the 2022 NoteMachine acquisition.
(In millions) | Revenue | Net income attributable to Brink's | |||||||||
| Actual results included in Brink's consolidated 2023 and 2022 results for businesses acquired in the same year from the date of acquisition | |||||||||||
| Twelve months ended December 31, 2023 | |||||||||||
| NoteMachine | $ | ( | |||||||||
| Total | $ | ( | |||||||||
| Twelve months ended December 31, 2022 | |||||||||||
| NoteMachine | $ | ||||||||||
| Total | $ | ||||||||||
The pro forma consolidated results of Brink’s presented below are unaudited and reflect a hypothetical ownership on January 1, 2021 of the businesses we acquired during 2022.
(In millions) | Revenue | Net income attributable to Brink's | |||||||||
| Pro forma results of Brink's for the twelve months ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2023 | |||||||||||
| Brink's as reported | $ | ||||||||||
NoteMachine(a) | |||||||||||
| Total | $ | ||||||||||
| 2022 | |||||||||||
| Brink's as reported | $ | ||||||||||
NoteMachine(a) | |||||||||||
| Total | $ | ||||||||||
(a)Represents amounts prior to acquisition by Brink's.
Argentina Union Payments
In the third quarter of 2017, we acquired 100 % of the shares of Maco Transportadora de Caudales S.A. ("Maco Transportadora") and Maco Litoral, S.A. ("Maco Litoral" and, together with Maco Transportadora, "Maco"). Maco Transportadora is a Cash-in-transit ("CIT") and money processing business and Maco Litoral provides CIT and ATM services. Both businesses operate in Argentina.
Although the Maco operations were acquired by Brink's Argentina in 2017, the National Antitrust Authority did not formally approve the business acquisitions until 2021. The approval was issued conditioned on the divestiture of certain armored vehicles and relocation of other armored vehicles. These actions were completed in 2022. Upon the acquisition approval by the National Antitrust Authority, the national teamster unions demanded that Maco employees be paid severance benefits as if the employees had been terminated in 2022 and then immediately rehired by Brink's Argentina without their seniority.
Brink's Argentina management finalized negotiations with the Maco unions and has agreed to pay amounts to the union members in monthly installments through June 2024. We recognized $12.5 million in related costs in 2022. In 2023, we recognized a $4.9 million charge for an inflation-adjusted labor increase to the expected payments. Changes in the liability as a result of currency-related remeasurement are reflected in our operating results as described in Note 1. Changes in the liability as a result of labor rate increases are reflected as acquisition-related costs.
Due to the fact that management has excluded this amount when evaluating internal performance, we have excluded the amounts from segment results.
Acquisition costs
We have incurred $4.2 million in transaction costs related to business acquisitions in 2023 ($5.6 million in 2022 and $6.5 million in 2021). These costs are classified in the consolidated statements of operations as selling, general and administrative expenses.
98
Note 8 - Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill
The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by operating segment for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
| December 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Beginning Balance | Acquisitions/ Dispositions(a) | Currency | Ending Balance | |||||||||||||||||||
| Goodwill: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| North America | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Latin America | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Europe | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rest of World | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Goodwill | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
(a)Includes adjustments related to the finalization of valuations in prior year acquisitions ($1.9 million increase in Europe).
| December 31, 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Beginning Balance | Acquisitions/ Dispositions(a) | Currency | Ending Balance | |||||||||||||||||||
| Goodwill: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| North America | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Latin America | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Europe | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rest of World | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Goodwill | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||
Intangible Assets
The following table summarizes our other intangible assets by category:
| December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Gross Carrying Amount | Accumulated Amortization | Net Carrying Amount | Gross Carrying Amount | Accumulated Amortization | Net Carrying Amount | Weighted-average amortization period | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Customer relationships | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Indefinite-lived trade names | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Finite-lived trade names | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Developed technology | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | ( | ( | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total amortization expense for our finite-lived intangible assets was $57.8 million in 2023 and $52 million in 2022. Our estimated aggregate amortization expense for finite-lived intangibles recorded at December 31, 2023, for the next five years is as follows:
(In millions) | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 | 2027 | 2028 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization expense | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
99
Note 9 - Prepaid Expenses and Other
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||
| Prepaid expenses | $ | ||||||||||
| Derivative instruments | |||||||||||
| Income tax receivable | |||||||||||
| Other | |||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other | $ | ||||||||||
Note 10 - Other Assets
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||
| Sale-type lease receivables | $ | ||||||||||
| Deposits | |||||||||||
| Loans held for investment (see Note 20) | |||||||||||
| Marketable securities | |||||||||||
| Prepaid pension assets | |||||||||||
| Indemnification assets | |||||||||||
| Derivative instruments | |||||||||||
| Other | |||||||||||
| Other assets | $ | ||||||||||
100
Note 11 - Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The following tables provide the components of other comprehensive income (loss), including the amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings:
| Amounts Arising During the Current Period | Amounts Reclassified to Net Income (Loss) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Pretax | Income Tax | Pretax | Income Tax | Total Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amounts attributable to Brink's: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Benefit plan adjustments | $ | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gains (losses) on cash flow hedges | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amounts attributable to noncontrolling interests: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Benefit plan adjustments | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Benefit plan adjustments(a) | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency translation adjustments(b) | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities(c) | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gains (losses) on cash flow hedges(d) | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amounts attributable to Brink's: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Benefit plan adjustments | $ | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gains (losses) on cash flow hedges | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amounts attributable to noncontrolling interests: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Benefit plan adjustments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Benefit plan adjustments(a) | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency translation adjustments(b) | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities(c) | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gains (losses) on cash flow hedges(d) | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See page 102 for footnote explanations.
101
| Amounts Arising During the Current Period | Amounts Reclassified to Net Income (Loss) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pretax | Income Tax | Pretax | Income Tax | Total Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amounts attributable to Brink's: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Benefit plan adjustments | $ | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gains (losses) on cash flow hedges | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amounts attributable to noncontrolling interests: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Benefit plan adjustments | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Benefit plan adjustments(a) | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency translation adjustments(b) | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities(c) | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gains (losses) on cash flow hedges(d) | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(a)The amortization of actuarial losses and prior service cost is part of total net periodic retirement benefit cost when reclassified to net income (loss). Net periodic retirement benefit cost also includes service cost, interest cost, expected returns on assets, and settlement costs. Total service cost is allocated between cost of revenues and selling, general and administrative expenses on a plan-by-plan basis and the remaining net periodic retirement benefit cost items are allocated to interest and other nonoperating income (expense):
| December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
| Total net periodic retirement benefit cost included in: | |||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenues | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative expenses | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest and other nonoperating income (expense) | |||||||||||||||||
(b)2023 foreign currency translation adjustment amounts reflect primarily the appreciation of the Mexican peso, the Brazilian real, the British pound, and the euro. 2022 foreign currency translation adjustment amounts reflect primarily the devaluation of the British pound and the Chilean peso, partially offset by appreciation of the Mexican peso and the Brazilian real. 2021 foreign currency translation adjustment amounts reflect primarily the devaluation of the euro, the Chilean peso, the Brazilian real and the Mexican peso.
(c)Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale debt securities are initially recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). When sold, gains and losses are then realized and reclassified to the consolidated statement of operations in the same period. Pretax amounts are classified in the consolidated statements of operations as interest and other income (expense). We realized a $5.0 million loss in 2023, a $0.3 million loss in 2022 and no gain or loss in 2021 on sales of available-for-sale debt securities.
(d)Pretax gains and losses on cash flow hedges are classified in the consolidated statements of operations as
•other operating income (expense) ($7.8 million loss in 2023, $8.9 million loss in 2022 and $0.1 million gain in 2021.)
•interest expense ($19.1 million reduction to expense in 2023, $3.5 million of expense in 2022 and $11.1 million in 2021.)
102
The changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss attributable to Brink’s are as follows:
(In millions) | Benefit Plan Adjustments | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments | Gains (Losses) on Available-for-Sale Securities | Gains (Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2020 | $ | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to net income (loss) | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Brink's | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2021 | ( | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to net income (loss) | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Brink's | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisitions of noncontrolling interests | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2022 | ( | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to net income (loss) | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Brink's | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2023 | $ | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
103
Note 12 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Investments in Marketable Securities
We have investments in mutual funds, equity securities and available for sale debt securities that are carried at fair value in the financial statements and are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. For these investments, fair value was based on quoted market prices, which we have categorized as a Level 1 valuation.
Fixed-Rate Debt
The fair value and carrying value of our material fixed-rate debt, excluding any unamortized debt issuance costs, are as follows:
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||
| $600 million Senior unsecured notes | |||||||||||
| Carrying value | $ | ||||||||||
| Fair value | |||||||||||
| $400 million Senior unsecured notes | |||||||||||
| Carrying value | $ | ||||||||||
| Fair value | |||||||||||
Pricing inputs for nonpublic debt are often not observable. The fair value estimates of our senior notes reflect unobservable estimates and assumptions, which we have categorized as a Level 3 valuation. Our fair value estimates were based on the present value of future cash flows, discounted at rates for public debt at the measurement date. The rates for public debt were additionally adjusted for a factor which represented the change in the interest spreads between the inception rates and the public debt rates at the measurement date.
Forward and Swap Contracts
We have outstanding foreign currency forward and swap contracts to hedge transactional risks associated with foreign currencies. At December 31, 2023, the notional value of our outstanding foreign currency forward and swap contracts was $678 million, with average maturities of approximately one month . These foreign currency forward and swap contracts primarily offset exposures in the euro and the Mexican peso and are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes. Accordingly, changes in their fair value are recorded immediately in earnings.
At December 31, 2023, the fair value of our short term foreign currency contracts was a net liability of $1.1 million, of which $8.7 million was included in prepaid expenses and other and $9.8 million was included in accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. At December 31, 2022, the fair value of these foreign currency contracts was a net liability of $7.0 million, of which $3.5 million was included in prepaid expenses and other and $10.5 million was included in accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet.
At December 31, 2023, the fair value of our short term foreign currency contracts was a net liability of $
Amounts under these contracts were recognized in other operating income (expense) as follows:
| Twelve Months Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
Derivative instrument gains included in other operating income (expense) | $ | ||||||||||||||||
In the first quarter of 2019, we entered into a long term cross currency swap contract to hedge exposure in Brazilian real. This cross currency swap contract matured and was fully settled in the fourth quarter of 2023. The swap contract was designated as a cash flow hedge for accounting purposes and changes in the fair value of the cash flow hedge were initially recorded in the gains (losses) on cash flow hedges component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). We immediately reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to earnings an amount to offset the remeasurement recognized in earnings associated with the respective intercompany loan. Additionally, we reclassified amounts from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to interest expense that were associated with the interest rate differential between a U.S. dollar denominated intercompany loan and a Brazilian real denominated intercompany loan. At December 31, 2022, the fair value of this cross currency swap contract was an asset of $14.6 million and was included in prepaid expenses and other on the consolidated balance sheet.
104
Before final settlement occurred in the fourth quarter of 2023, amounts under this contract were recognized in other operating income (expense) to offset transaction gains or losses and in interest expense as follows:
| Twelve Months Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
| Derivative instrument gains (losses) included in other operating income (expense) | $ | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Offsetting transaction gains (losses) | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Derivative instrument losses included in interest expense | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
Net derivative instrument losses | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
In the first quarter of 2019, we entered into ten interest rate swaps with a maturity date of January 2024. These interest rate swaps hedge cash flow risk associated with changes in variable interest rates and that are designated as cash flow hedges for accounting purposes. Accordingly, changes in the fair value of these cash flow hedges are initially recorded in the gains (losses) on cash flow hedges component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). We reclassify amounts from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings in the same periods that the hedged debt affects earnings.
At December 31, 2023, the notional value of these contracts was $400 million with a remaining weighted-average maturity of 0.1 years. At December 31, 2023, the fair value of these interest rate swaps was a net asset of $1.1 million which was included in prepaid expenses and other on the consolidated balance sheet. At December 31, 2022, the fair value of these interest rate swaps was a net asset of $10.0 million, of which $9.3 million was included in prepaid expenses and other and $0.7 million was included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet.
In the first quarter of 2022, we entered into four forward-starting interest rate swaps that hedge cash flow risk associated with changes in variable interest rates and that were designated as cash flow hedges for accounting purposes. The forward-starting interest rate swaps had a maturity date in July 2030 and had a mandatory settlement scheduled to occur in July 2022. In July 2022, an amendment was executed to terminate the four forward-starting interest rates swaps and concurrently enter into three forward-starting interest rate swaps with an amended maturity in June 2027. We designated these interest rates swaps as cash flow hedges for accounting purposes. Accordingly, the changes in the fair value of these cash flow hedges are initially recorded in the gains (losses) on cash flow hedges component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). We reclassify amounts from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings in the same periods that the hedged debt affects earnings.
As of the July 2022 termination date of the four previous interest rate swaps, a cumulative net gain of $9.2 million was recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). This amount is reclassified to earnings as forecasted interest payments occur through the original maturity date in July 2030. The three new interest rate swaps had an inception date fair value equal to a $9.2 million asset, approximating the settlement value of the four previous interest rate swaps. Instead of receiving cash upon termination of the previous swaps, we elected to negotiate a lower off-market fixed rate for the three new interest rate swaps. This inception date fair value will be amortized to earnings on a ratable and systematic basis through the maturity date of the new interest rate swaps in June 2027.
At December 31, 2023, the notional value of these contracts was $200 million with a remaining weighted-average maturity of 1.8 years. At December 31, 2023, the fair value of these interest rate swaps was a net asset of $12.2 million, of which $5.8 million was included in prepaid expenses and other and $6.4 million was included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. At December 31, 2022, the fair value of these interest rate swaps was a net asset of $16.4 million, of which $6.0 million was included in prepaid expenses and other and $10.4 million was included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet.
In the fourth quarter of 2022, we entered into two interest rate swaps with a maturity date of June 2027. These swaps are intended to hedge cash flow risk associated with changes in variable interest rates and were designated as cash flow hedges for accounting purposes. Accordingly, changes in the fair value of these cash flow hedges are initially recorded in the gains (losses) on cash flow hedges component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). We reclassify amounts from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings in the same periods that the hedged debt affects earnings.
At December 31, 2023, the notional value of these contracts was $175 million with a remaining weighted-average maturity of 1.8 years. At
December 31, 2023, the fair value of these interest rate swaps was a net asset of $0.1 million, of which $1.9 million was included in prepaid expenses and other and $1.8 million was included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. At December 31, 2022, the fair value of these interest rate swaps was a net asset of $1.0 million of which $2.0 million was included in prepaid expenses and other and $1.0 million was included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet.
In the second quarter of 2023, we entered into eight forward-starting interest rate swaps which became effective in January 2024. The forward-starting interest rate swaps have a maturity date in June 2027. These swaps are intended to replace the existing $400 million interest rate swaps that matured on the same date in January 2024 that the forward-starting swaps became effective. These swaps are intended to hedge cash flow risk associated with changes in variable interest rates and were designated as cash flow hedges for accounting purposes.
105
Accordingly, changes in the fair value of these cash flow hedges are initially recorded in the gains (losses) on cash flow hedges component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
At December 31, 2023, the notional value of these contracts was $400 million with a remaining weighted-average maturity of 1.8 years. At December 31, 2023, the fair value of these interest rate swaps was an asset of $5.7 million, of which $5.4 million was included in prepaid expenses and other and $0.3 million was included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet.
In the second quarter of 2021, we entered into ten cross currency swaps to hedge a portion of our net investments in certain of our subsidiaries with euro functional currencies. As net investment hedges for accounting purposes, we elected to use the spot method to assess effectiveness for these derivatives that are designated as net investment hedges. Accordingly, changes in fair value attributable to changes in the undiscounted spot rates are recorded in the foreign currency translation adjustments component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and will remain there until the hedged net investments are sold or substantially liquidated. We have elected to exclude the spot-forward difference from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and are amortizing this amount separately on a straight-line basis over the term of these cross currency swaps.
In the third quarter of 2022, we terminated these cross currency swap contracts and received $67 million in cash for the fair value of the derivative assets at the settlement date. We subsequently entered into a total of nine cross currency swaps with a total notional value of $400 million to hedge a portion of our net investment in certain of our subsidiaries with euro functional currencies. Swaps with a total notional value of $215 million will terminate in May 2026 and swaps with a total notional value of $185 million will terminate in April 2031. We have designated these swaps as net investment hedges for accounting purposes.
In the third quarter of 2023, we entered into a zero cost foreign exchange collar contract with a $215 million notional amount and a May 2026 expiration date. We sold a put option with a lower strike price and bought a call option with a higher strike price to manage the foreign exchange risk related to the final settlement of the $215 million notional cross currency swaps. Upon the execution of the zero cost foreign exchange collar contract, we de-designated the existing $215 million notional cross currency swaps and re-designated the combined $215 million notional cross currency swaps and zero cost collar into a new hedging instrument. At re-designation, the existing $215 million notional cross currency swaps had a non-zero fair value representing an off-market component of the participating cross currency swaps. The off-market value is being ratably amortized into earnings through May 2026. The combined cross currency swaps and zero cost collar has been designated as a net investment hedge for accounting purposes.
At December 31, 2023, the notional value of these cross currency swap contracts was $400 million with a remaining weighted average maturity of 2.0 years for the cross currency swaps maturing in May 2026 and a remaining weighted average maturity of 6.3 years for the cross currency swaps maturing in April 2031. At December 31, 2023, the fair value of these cross currency swaps was a net liability of $34.6 million, of which $5.6 million was included in prepaid expenses and other and $40.2 million was included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. At December 31, 2022, the fair value of these cross currency swaps was a net liability of $11.7 million, of which $5.6 million was included in prepaid expenses and other and $17.3 million was included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. At December 31, 2023, the fair value of the zero cost collar was an asset of $0.1 million included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet.
In the fourth quarter of 2023, we entered into a foreign exchange forward swap contract to hedge a portion of our net investments in certain of our subsidiaries with Hong Kong dollar functional currencies. As the contract is designated as a net investment hedge for accounting purposes, we will use the spot method to assess effectiveness of this derivative contract. We will record changes in fair value attributable to changes in the Hong Kong dollar undiscounted spot rates in the foreign currency translation adjustments component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) with amounts remaining in accumulated comprehensive income (loss) until the hedged net investments are sold or substantially liquidated. We have elected to exclude the spot-forward difference from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and are amortizing this amount separately on a straight-line basis over the term of the foreign exchange forward swap contract.
At December 31, 2023, the notional value of this foreign exchange forward swap contract was $55 million with a remaining weighted average maturity of 0.9 years. At December 31, 2023, the fair value of this derivative contract was an asset of $0.1 million which was included in prepaid expenses and other on the consolidated balance sheet.
The effect of the interest rate swaps and the amortization of the spot-forward difference on the net investment hedges cross currency swaps and foreign exchange forward swap contract is included in interest expense as follows:
| Twelve Months Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
| Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||
| Cross currency swaps designated as net investment hedges | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Net derivative instrument (gains) losses included in interest expense | $ | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
The fair values of these forward and swap contracts are based on the present value of net future cash payments and receipts, as well as inputs
related to forward interest rates and forward currency rates that are derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data,
106
which we have categorized as a Level 2 valuation. The majority of cash flows associated with our forward and swap contracts are included as changes in other operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. If a contract has a significant financing element, cash flows are included within the financing activities section of the consolidated statements of cash flows.
Contingent Consideration
In the second quarter of 2020, we acquired cash management operations in Malaysia from U.K.-based G4S and have recorded a payable for contingent consideration. The contingent consideration will be paid when minimum dividend distributions are received by Brink's relating to cash on the balance sheets of the Malaysia subsidiaries as of the acquisition date. We used a probability-weighted approach to estimate the fair value of the contingent consideration. The fair value of the contingent consideration is the full $22 million that remains potentially payable as of December 31, 2023 as we believe it is unlikely that the contingent consideration payments will be reduced.
In the fourth quarter of 2022, we acquired NoteMachine and recognized a payable for contingent consideration, consisting of two components. The first component was a payable based on post-acquisition increases in ATM cash withdrawal interchange fees through June 30, 2023. This payable was written off in the second quarter of 2023 as no increases in the fee occurred through June 30, 2023. The $4.8 million gain is classified as other operating income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations. The second component is a payable contingent on our post-acquisition collection of ATM tax rate rebates from municipal governments in the U.K. The fair value of this payable was estimated at $10.5 million as of the October 3, 2022 acquisition date. Approximately $10 million of the contingent consideration has been paid through December 31, 2023, and we do not expect any material change to the payable estimated as of the acquisition date.
Other Financial Instruments
Other financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, floating rate debt, accounts payable and accrued liabilities. The financial statement carrying amounts of these items approximate the fair value.
There were no transfers in or out of any of the levels of the valuation hierarchy in 2023.
107
Note 13 - Accrued Liabilities
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||
Cash supply chain deposit liability(a) | $ | ||||||||||
Cash held by cash management services operations(b) | |||||||||||
| Payroll and other employee liabilities | |||||||||||
| Taxes, except income taxes | |||||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities | |||||||||||
| Income taxes payable | |||||||||||
| Accrued interest | |||||||||||
| Workers’ compensation and other claims | |||||||||||
| ATM surcharge/interchange payables | |||||||||||
| Contract liability | |||||||||||
Retirement benefits | |||||||||||
Chile antitrust matter(c) | |||||||||||
| Derivative instruments | |||||||||||
| Acquisition and disposition related obligations | |||||||||||
| Other | |||||||||||
| Accrued liabilities | $ | ||||||||||
(a)In France, we offer services to certain customers requiring us to take temporary title to the cash received from the management of our customers' cash supply chains. The cash for which we have temporary title is restricted and cannot be used for any other purpose other than to service our customers who participate in this service offering.
(b)Title to cash received and processed in certain of our secure cash management services operations transfers to us for a short period of time. The cash is generally credited to customers’ accounts the following day and we record a liability while the cash is in our possession.
Note 14 - Other Liabilities
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||
| Workers’ compensation and other claims | $ | ||||||||||
| Derivative instruments | |||||||||||
| Asset retirement and remediation obligations | |||||||||||
| Acquisition-related obligations | |||||||||||
| Noncurrent tax liabilities | |||||||||||
| Deferred compensation | |||||||||||
| Post-employment benefits | |||||||||||
| Other | |||||||||||
| Other liabilities | $ | ||||||||||
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Note 15 - Debt
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||
| Debt: | |||||||||||
| Short-term borrowings | |||||||||||
Other (year end weighted average interest rate of | $ | ||||||||||
| Total short-term borrowings | $ | ||||||||||
| Long-term debt | |||||||||||
| Bank credit facilities: | |||||||||||
Term loan A (year-end weighted average interest rate of | |||||||||||
less unamortized issuance cost of $ | $ | ||||||||||
Senior unsecured notes (year-end effective interest rate of | |||||||||||
less unamortized issuance cost of $ | |||||||||||
Revolving Credit Facility (year-end weighted average interest rate of | |||||||||||
Other facilities (year-end weighted-average interest rate of | |||||||||||
Financing leases (year-end weighted-average interest rate of | |||||||||||
| Total long-term debt | $ | ||||||||||
| Total Debt | $ | ||||||||||
| Included in: | |||||||||||
| Current liabilities | $ | ||||||||||
| Noncurrent liabilities | |||||||||||
| Total debt | $ | ||||||||||
(a)Other facilities includes $209.3 million related to the Brink’s Capital credit facility at December 31, 2023, compared to $106.8 million at December 31, 2022. The facility had $7,110.5 million in borrowings and $7,008.1 million in repayments in 2023, which is reflected in the long-term revolving credit facilities movement in the consolidated statements of cash flows.
Long-Term Debt
Senior Secured Credit Facility
In June 2022, we amended our senior secured credit facility (the “Senior Secured Credit Facility”) with Bank of America, N.A. as administrative agent. After the amendment, the Senior Secured Credit Facility consisted of a $1 billion revolving credit facility (the "Revolving Credit Facility") and $1.4 billion of term loans (the "Term Loans").
All loans under the Revolving Credit Facility and the Term Loans mature on June 23, 2027. Principal payments for the Term Loans are due quarterly in an amount equal to 0.625 % of the initial loan amount for the first eight quarterly installment payments and 1.25 % for subsequent payments with a final lump sum payment due on June 23, 2027. Interest rates for the Senior Secured Credit Facility are based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus a margin or an alternate base rate plus a margin. The Revolving Credit Facility allows us to borrow money or issue letters of credit (or otherwise satisfy credit needs) on a revolving basis over the term of the facility. As of December 31, 2023, $458 million was available under the Revolving Credit Facility. The obligations under the Senior Secured Credit Facility are secured by a first-priority lien on all or substantially all of the assets of the Company and certain of its domestic subsidiaries, including a first-priority lien on equity interests of certain of the Company’s direct and indirect subsidiaries. The Company and certain of its domestic subsidiaries also guarantee the obligations under the Senior Secured Credit Facility.
The margin on both SOFR and alternate base rate borrowings under the Senior Secured Credit Facility is based on the Company’s total net debt leverage ratio. The margin on SOFR borrowings, which can range from 1.25 % to 1.75 %, was 1.50 % at December 31, 2023. The margin on alternate base rate borrowings, which can range from 0.25 % to 0.75 %, was 0.50 % as of December 31, 2023. We also pay an annual commitment fee on the unused portion of the Revolving Credit Facility based on the Company’s total net leverage ratio. The commitment fee, which can range from 0.15 % to 0.28 %, was 0.23 %as of December 31, 2023.
Senior Unsecured Notes
In June 2020, we issued at par five-year senior unsecured notes (the "2020 Senior Notes") in the aggregate principal amount of $400 million. The 2020 Senior Notes will mature on July 15, 2025 and bear an annual interest rate of 5.5 %. The 2020 Senior Notes are general unsecured obligations guaranteed by certain of the Company’s existing and future U.S. subsidiaries, which are also guarantors under the Senior Secured Credit Facility.
In October 2017, we issued at par ten-year senior unsecured notes (the "2017 Senior Notes" and together with the 2020 Senior Notes, the "Senior Notes") in the aggregate principal amount of $600 million. The 2017 Senior Notes will mature on October 15, 2027, bearing an
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annual interest rate of 4.625 %. The 2017 Senior Notes are general unsecured obligations guaranteed by certain of the Company’s existing and future U.S. subsidiaries, which are also guarantors under the Senior Secured Credit Facility.
The Senior Notes have not been and will not be registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) or the securities laws of any other jurisdiction and may not be offered or sold in the United States absent registration or an applicable exemption from registration requirements. The notes were offered in the United States only to persons reasonably believed to be qualified institutional buyers in reliance on the exception from registration set forth in Rule 144A under the Securities Act and outside the United States to non-U.S. persons pursuant to Regulation S under the Securities Act.
The aggregate proceeds from the Senior Secured Credit Facility and the 2017 Senior Notes were used in part to repay certain prior indebtedness and certain fees and expenses related to the closing of certain transactions. Borrowings were used for working capital needs, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other general corporate purposes. The aggregate proceeds from the 2020 Senior Notes were used in part to repay certain existing indebtedness incurred in connection with the G4S acquisition, finance the remaining G4S acquisition transactions and pay certain fees and expenses related to the transactions. Remaining net proceeds from the 2020 Senior Notes were used for working capital needs, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other general corporate purposes.
Letter of Credit and Bank Guarantee Facilities
We have two committed letters of credit facilities totaling $38 million, of which approximately $8 million was available at December 31, 2023. At December 31, 2023, we had undrawn letters of credit and guarantees of $30 million issued under these facilities. The $15 million facility expires in April 2025 and the $23 million facility expires in May 2027.
We have two uncommitted letter of credit facilities totaling $55 million, of which approximately $32 million was available at December 31, 2023. At December 31, 2023, we had undrawn letters of credit and guarantees of $23 million issued under these facilities. The $40 million and the $15 million facilities have no expiration date.
The Senior Secured Credit Facility is also available for issuance of letters of credit and bank guarantees.
Minimum repayments of long-term debt are as follows:
(In millions) | Financing leases | Other long-term debt | Total | ||||||||||||||
| 2024 | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | |||||||||||||||||
| 2026 | |||||||||||||||||
| 2027 | |||||||||||||||||
| 2028 | |||||||||||||||||
| Later years | |||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | ||||||||||||||||
The Senior Secured Credit Facility, Senior Unsecured Notes, the letter of credit facilities and bank guarantee facilities contain various financial and other covenants. The financial covenants, among other things, limit our ability to provide liens, restrict fundamental changes, limit transactions with affiliates and unrestricted subsidiaries, restrict changes to our fiscal year and to organizational documents, limit asset dispositions, limit the use of proceeds from asset sales, limit sale and leaseback transactions, limit investments, limit the ability to incur debt, restrict certain payments to shareholders, limit negative pledges, limit the ability to change the nature of our business, provide for a maximum consolidated net leverage ratio and provide for minimum coverage of interest costs. If we were not to comply with the terms of our various financing agreements, the repayment terms could be accelerated and the commitments could be withdrawn. An acceleration of the repayment terms under one agreement could trigger the acceleration of the repayment terms under the other financing agreements. We were in compliance with all covenants at December 31, 2023.
Financing Leases
Property and equipment acquired under financing leases are included in property and equipment as follows:
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||
| Asset class: | |||||||||||
| Buildings | $ | ||||||||||
| Vehicles | |||||||||||
| Machinery and equipment | |||||||||||
| Less: accumulated amortization | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Total | $ | ||||||||||
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Note 16 - Accounts Receivable and Credit Losses
Accounts receivable
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||
| Trade | $ | ||||||||||
| Other | |||||||||||
| Total accounts receivable | |||||||||||
| Allowance for doubtful accounts | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Accounts receivable, net | $ | ||||||||||
Credit losses
We are exposed to credit losses primarily through sales of our Cash and Valuable Management services and DRS and AMS services to customers with operations in the U.S. as well as customers in more than 100 countries outside the U.S. We typically invoice our customers on a monthly basis and payment terms are generally between 30 and 60 days.
We assess currently expected credit losses in our financial assets on a pool basis by aggregating financial assets with similar risk characteristics. We have pooled financial assets by geographic location because of the similarities within each location such as customers, payment terms, and services offered. Loss experience is monitored for each pool and we determine historical loss rates for each pool. These historical loss rates are the main assumption used in estimating expected credit losses over the life of the financial assets. We also considered current and expected economic conditions, particularly the effects of the pandemic, in determining an appropriate allowance.
We monitor the aging of accounts receivable by country and write off any accounts that are deemed uncollectible. We also monitor any significant economic events to identify any current or expected trends and risks within a pool that could impact the collectability of outstanding accounts receivable balances that were not contemplated or relevant during a previous period.
In the first quarter of 2022, as many of our regions began to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic, we re-assessed earlier assumptions and estimates, and we further refined our methodology of estimating the allowance for doubtful accounts. Our updated method now also includes an estimated allowance for accounts receivable significantly past due in order to adjust for at-risk receivables not captured in our previous method. As part of the analysis under the updated estimation methodology, we noted an increase in accounts receivable significantly past due, particularly in the U.S., and we recorded an additional allowance of $16.7 million. In the subsequent quarters of 2022, the additional allowance was reduced by $1.1 million as a result of collections.
The following table is a rollforward of the allowance for doubtful accounts:
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
| Allowance for doubtful accounts: | |||||||||||||||||
| Beginning of year | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Provision for uncollectible accounts receivable | |||||||||||||||||
Write offs and recoveries | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Other | |||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency exchange effects | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
| End of year | $ | ||||||||||||||||
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Note 17 - Leases
We lease facilities, vehicles, certain DRS devices, ATMs, computers and other equipment under long-term operating and financing leases with varying terms. Most of the leases contain renewal and/or purchase options, exercisable at our sole discretion. The renewal periods differ by asset class and by country and are included in our determination of lease term if we determine we are reasonably certain to exercise the option.
We have taken the component election for all material asset categories, except certain DRS devices. This election allows us to account for lease components (e.g., fixed payments or variable payments that depend on a rate that can be determined at commencement, including rent for the right to use the asset) together with non-lease components (e.g., other fixed payments that deliver a good or service including common-area maintenance costs) in the calculation of the right-of-use asset and corresponding liability. Variable costs, such as inflation adjusted payments for facilities, or non-lease components that vary periodically (included as part of the component election), are expensed as incurred.
Our leases do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.
The components of lease assets and liabilities were as follows:
| December 31, | ||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Balance sheet classification | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||||
| Assets: | ||||||||||||||
| Operating lease assets | Right-of-use assets, net | $ | $ | |||||||||||
| Finance lease assets | ||||||||||||||
| Total leased assets | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
| Liabilities: | ||||||||||||||
| Current: | ||||||||||||||
| Operating | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
| Financing | ||||||||||||||
| Noncurrent: | ||||||||||||||
| Operating | Lease liabilities | |||||||||||||
| Financing | ||||||||||||||
| Total lease liabilities | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
The components of lease expense were as follows:
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
Operating lease cost(a) | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Short-term lease cost | |||||||||||||||||
| Finance lease cost: | |||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of related assets | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest on related liabilities | |||||||||||||||||
| Total lease cost | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
(a)Includes variable lease costs, which are immaterial.
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Other information related to leases was as follows:
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions, except for lease term and discount rate) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
| Supplemental Cash Flows Information | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Operating cash flows from finance leases | |||||||||||||||||
| Financing cash flows from finance leases | |||||||||||||||||
| Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations: | |||||||||||||||||
| Operating leases | |||||||||||||||||
| Finance leases | |||||||||||||||||
| Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term | |||||||||||||||||
| Operating leases | |||||||||||||||||
| Finance leases | |||||||||||||||||
| Weighted Average Discount Rate | |||||||||||||||||
| Operating leases | % | % | % | ||||||||||||||
| Finance leases | % | % | % | ||||||||||||||
As of December 31, 2023, future minimum lease payments under noncancellable operating leases with initial or remaining lease terms in excess of one year were as follows:
(In millions) | Facilities | DRS Devices | Other | Total | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2024 | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2026 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2027 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2028 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Later years | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Lease Payments | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less: Interest | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Present value of lease liabilities | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
As of December 31, 2023, minimum repayments of long-term debt under financing leases were as follows:
(In millions) | |||||
| 2024 | $ | ||||
| 2025 | |||||
| 2026 | |||||
| 2027 | |||||
| 2028 | |||||
| Later years | |||||
| Total Finance Lease Payments | $ | ||||
| Less: Interest | |||||
| Present value of finance lease liabilities | $ | ||||
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Note 18 - Share-Based Compensation Plans
We have share-based compensation plans to attract and retain employees and non-employee directors and to more closely align their interests with those of our shareholders.
We have outstanding share-based awards granted to employees under the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2017 Plan"). The 2017 Plan permits grants of restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance stock, performance units, stock appreciation rights, stock options, as well as other share-based awards to eligible employees. The 2017 Plan also permit cash awards to eligible employees. The 2017 Plan became effective May 2017. During the first quarter ended March 31, 2023, the remaining outstanding awards granted under the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2013 Plan") were fully exercised. No further grants of awards will be made under the 2013 Plan.
We also have outstanding deferred stock units granted to directors under the 2017 Plan. Share-based awards were previously granted to directors and remain outstanding under the Non-Employee Director's Equity Plan and the Directors’ Stock Accumulation Plan, which has expired.
There are 2.3 million shares underlying the 2017 Plan that are authorized, but not yet granted. Outstanding awards at December 31, 2023, include performance share units, restricted stock units, deferred stock units, performance-based stock options, time-based stock options and certain awards that will be settled in cash.
Compensation Expense
Compensation expense is measured using the fair-value-based method. Prior to 2020, for employee and director awards considered equity grants, compensation expense is recognized from the award or grant date to the earlier of the retirement-eligible date or the vesting date. In 2020, the retirement eligibility provisions for many employee awards were changed on a go-forward basis to require a six month notification period prior to actual retirement. For the 2020 awards, we recognized expense from the grant date to six months after the participant's retirement eligible date. In 2021, the retirement eligibility provisions were changed to require a minimum of a one year service period in order to meet the retirement eligible conditions. For the 2021, 2022 and 2023 awards, we recognize expense from the grant date to the earlier of the retirement-eligible date (provided it is not less than one year from the grant date) or the vesting date.
For awards considered liability awards, compensation cost is based on the change in the fair value of the instrument for each reporting period and the percentage of the requisite service that has been rendered.
Compensation expenses are classified as selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Compensation expenses for the last three years and the amount of unrecognized expense for awards outstanding at December 31, 2023, were as follows:
| Compensation Expense | Unrecognized Expense for Nonvested Awards at | Weighted-average No. of Years Unrecognized Expense to be Recognized | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | Dec 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in millions except years) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Performance share units | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted stock units | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred stock units and fees paid in stock | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Performance-based options | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Time-based options | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash based awards | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based payment expense | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax benefit | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based payment expense, net of tax | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Value of Distributed or Exercised Awards
The value of shares distributed or options exercised in the last three years is as follows:
Value of Shares Distributed or Exercised(a) | |||||||||||||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (in millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
| Performance share units | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Restricted stock units | |||||||||||||||||
| Deferred stock units and fees paid in stock | |||||||||||||||||
Performance-based options(a) | |||||||||||||||||
Time-based vesting options(a) | |||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Income tax benefit realized | $ | ||||||||||||||||
Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”)
We granted RSUs to select senior executives and employees in the last three years that contain only a service condition. RSUs are paid out in shares of Brink’s stock when the awards vest. For RSUs granted during the last three years, the units generally vest ratably in equal annual installments. In 2020, we additionally granted RSUs that vested after a stated two year service condition had been met.
We measure the fair value of RSUs based on the price of Brink’s stock at the grant date, adjusted for a discount for dividends not received or accrued during the vesting period. The weighted-average fair value per share at grant date was $65.77 in 2023, $64.30 in 2022 and $78.35 in 2021. The weighted-average discount was approximately 2
We measure the fair value of RSUs based on the price of Brink’s stock at the grant date, adjusted for a discount for dividends not received or accrued during the vesting period. The weighted-average fair value per share at grant date was $
The following table summarizes RSU activity during 2023:
Shares (in thousands) | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share | ||||||||||
| Nonvested balance as of December 31, 2022 | $ | ||||||||||
| Activity from January 1 to December 31, 2023: | |||||||||||
| Granted | |||||||||||
| Forfeited | ( | ||||||||||
| Vested | ( | ||||||||||
| Nonvested balance as of December 31, 2023 | $ | ||||||||||
Performance Share Units (“PSUs”)
We granted Internal Metric PSUs ("IM PSUs") and Total Shareholder Return PSUs ("TSR PSUs") to certain senior executives and employees in the last three years.
IM PSUs contain a performance condition as well as a service condition. We measure the fair value of these PSUs based on the price of Brink’s stock at the grant date, adjusted for a discount for dividends not received or accrued during the vesting period. IM PSUs granted in 2023, 2022. and 2020 have a three year two year performance period with an additional one year of service. In 2023, we also granted IM PSUs to certain employees which contain a market condition, a performance condition, and a service condition. We measure the fair value of IM PSUs containing a market condition at the grant date using a Monte Carlo simulation model.
IM PSUs will be paid out in shares of Brink’s stock when the awards vest. For the IM PSUs granted in 2023, 2022 and 2021, the number of shares paid out ranges from 0 % to 200 % of an employee’s award, depending on the achievement of pre-established financial goals over the performance period. Shares are not paid out if the financial results do not meet a pre-established threshold level of performance.
Before 2023, we granted TSR PSUs containing a market condition as well as a service condition. We measure the fair value of TSR PSUs at the grant date using a Monte Carlo simulation model. TSR PSUs granted have a three year performance period and typically vest at the end of three years . TSR PSUs are paid out in shares of Brink’s stock when the awards vest. The number of shares paid out ranges from 0 % to 200 % of an employee's award depending on Brink's relative TSR rank among a selected peer group.
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The following table summarizes all PSU activity during 2023:
| Shares (in thousands) | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share | ||||||||||
| Nonvested balance as of December 31, 2022 | $ | ||||||||||
| Activity from January 1 to December 31, 2023: | |||||||||||
| Granted | |||||||||||
Forfeited or expired(a) | ( | ||||||||||
Vested(b) | ( | ||||||||||
| Nonvested balance as of December 31, 2023 | $ | ||||||||||
(a)Although the service condition had been met, 31.4 thousand TSR PSUs granted in 2020 expired in accordance with the market condition terms of the underlying award agreement. These units had a weighted average grant-date fair value of $94.52 per share.
(b)The vested PSUs presented are based on the target amount of the award. In accordance with the terms of the underlying award agreements, the actual shares earned and distributed for the performance period ended December 31, 2022 were 208.1 thousand, compared to target shares of 171.5 thousand.
The following table provides the terms and weighted-average assumptions used in the Monte Carlo simulation model for the TSR PSUs granted in 2022 and 2021 and IM PSUs with a market condition granted in 2023:
| Terms and Assumptions Used to Estimate Grant Date Fair Value | 2023 IM PSUs(a) | 2022 TSR PSUs | 2021 TSR PSUs | ||||||||||||||
| Terms of awards: | |||||||||||||||||
| Performance period | Jan. 1, 2023 to | Jan. 1, 2022 to | Jan. 1, 2021 to | ||||||||||||||
| Dec. 31, 2025 | Dec. 31, 2024 | Dec. 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average assumptions used to estimate fair value: | |||||||||||||||||
Expected dividend yield(b) | % | % | % | ||||||||||||||
Expected stock price volatility(c) | % | % | % | ||||||||||||||
Risk-free interest rate(d) | % | % | % | ||||||||||||||
| Contractual term in years | |||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average fair value estimates at grant date: | |||||||||||||||||
| In millions | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Fair value per share | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
(a)In 2023, we granted IM PSUs to certain employees which contain a market condition.
(b)The stock price projection in the Monte Carlo simulation model assumed a 0 % dividend yield, which is mathematically equivalent to reinvesting dividends over the performance period. For the valuation of these PSUs with market conditions, because the holders of the awards have no rights to any dividend paid during the vesting period, we applied a dividend yield in the Monte Carlo simulation model to reduce the projected stock price as of the grant date.
(c)The expected stock price volatility was calculated on the grant date for the most recent term equivalent to the contractual term in years.
(d)The risk-free interest rate on each date of grant is the rate for a zero-coupon U.S. Treasury bill that was commensurate with the grant date contractual term.
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Options
Prior to 2019, we granted primarily performance-based stock options to select senior executives. These performance-based awards have a service condition as well as a market condition. We measure the fair value of these awards at the grant date using a Monte Carlo simulation model. No performance-based options were granted after 2018.
In 2020, 2019 and 2017, we granted time-based vesting stock options to certain senior executives. We measure the fair value of these awards at the grant date using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model.
When vested, options entitle the holder to purchase a specified number of shares of Brink’s stock at a price set at the date the options were granted. The option price for Brink’s options was equal to the market price of Brink’s stock on the award date. Options granted to employees have a maximum term of six years .
Performance-Based Option Activity
The table below summarizes the activity associated with grants of performance-based options:
| Shares (in thousands) | Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share | Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value(a) (in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Outstanding at December 31, 2022(b) | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Forfeited or expired | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Exercised(b) | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Outstanding at December 31, 2023(b) | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Of the above, as of December 31, 2023: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercisable | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Expected to vest in future periods(c) | $ | — | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(a)The intrinsic value of a stock option is the difference between the market price of the shares underlying the option and the exercise price of the option. The market price at December 31, 2023 was $87.95 .
(b)There were 446.2 thousand exercisable options with a weighted average exercise price of $61.23 at December 31, 2022 and 946.5 thousand exercisable options with a weighted average exercise price of $45.36 at December 31, 2021.
(c)At December 31, 2023, all outstanding performance options were vested.
Time-based Vesting Option Activity
The table below summarizes the activity associated with grants of time-based vesting options:
| Shares (in thousands) | Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share | Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value(a) (in millions) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Outstanding at December 31, 2022(b) | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Forfeited or expired | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercised | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Outstanding at December 31, 2023 | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Of the above, as of December 31, 2023: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercisable | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Expected to vest in future periods(c) | $ | — | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(a)The intrinsic value of a stock option is the difference between the market price of the shares underlying the option and the exercise price of the option. The market price at December 31, 2023 was $87.95 .
(b)There were 102.7 thousand exercisable options with a weighted average exercise price of $79.26 at December 31, 2022 and 2.7 thousand exercisable options with a weighted average exercise price of $84.65 at December 31, 2021.
(c)The number of options expected to vest takes into account an estimate of expected forfeitures. We currently have applied a 5 % expected forfeiture rate to the time-based vesting options.
117
The following table provides the weighted-average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model for the time-based vesting options granted in 2020:
| Assumptions Used to Estimate Grant Date Fair Value of Time-Based Options | 2020 | ||||
| Assumptions used to estimate fair value: | |||||
Expected dividend yield(a) | % | ||||
Expected stock price volatility(b) | % | ||||
Risk-free interest rate(c) | % | ||||
Expected term in years(d) | |||||
| Weighted-average fair value estimates at grant date: | |||||
| In millions | $ | ||||
| Fair value per share | $ | ||||
(a)The expected dividend yield is the calculated annual yield on Brink's stock at the time of the grant.
(b)The expected stock price volatility was calculated at time of the grant after reviewing the historic volatility of our stock using daily close prices.
(c)The risk-free interest rate at each grant date was the rate for a zero-coupon U.S. Treasury bill that was commensurate with the expected life of 4.5 years.
Deferred Stock Units (“DSUs”)
We granted DSUs to our non-employee directors in 2023 and in prior years. We measure the fair value of DSUs at the grant date, based on the price of Brink's stock, and, if applicable, adjusted for a discount for dividends not received or accrued during the vesting period.
DSUs granted after 2014 will be paid out in shares of Brink's stock on the first anniversary of the grant date, provided that the director has not elected to defer the distribution of shares until a later date. DSUs granted prior to 2015, in general, will be paid out in shares of stock following separation from service.
The following table summarizes all DSU activity during 2023:
Shares (in thousands) | Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value | ||||||||||
Nonvested balance as of December 31, 2022 | $ | ||||||||||
Activity from January 1 to December 31, 2023: | |||||||||||
| Granted | |||||||||||
| Forfeited | |||||||||||
| Vested | ( | ||||||||||
Nonvested balance as of December 31, 2023 | $ | ||||||||||
The weighted-average grant-date fair value estimate per share for DSUs granted was $62.43 in 2023, $54.74 in 2022 and $79.04 in 2021.
Other Share-Based Compensation
We have a deferred compensation plan that allows participants to defer a portion of their compensation into stock units. Units will be redeemed by employees for an equal number of shares of Brink’s stock. Employee deferred compensation accounts held 106,836 units at December 31, 2023, and 150,970 units at December 31, 2022.
We have a stock accumulation plan for our non-employee directors that, prior to 2014, provided for awards of stock units. Additionally, some fees paid to our directors are in the form of stock and may be deferred for distribution to a later date. Directors’ deferred compensation accounts held 21,075 units at December 31, 2023, and 19,583 units at December 31, 2022.
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Note 19 - Capital Stock
Common Stock
At December 31, 2023, we had 100 million shares of common stock authorized and 44.5 million shares issued and outstanding.
Dividends
We paid regular quarterly dividends on our common stock during the last three years. On September 21, 2023, the Board of Directors declared a regular quarterly dividend of 22 cents per share payable on December 1, 2023 to shareholders of record on November 6, 2023. The payment of future dividends is at the discretion of the Board of Directors and is dependent on our future earnings, financial condition, shareholder equity levels, cash flow, business requirements and other factors.
Preferred Stock
At December 31, 2023, we had the authority to issue up to 2.0 million shares of preferred stock with a par value of $10 per share.
Share Repurchase Program
In November 2023, our Board of Directors authorized a $500 million share repurchase program that expires on December 31, 2025 (the “2023 Repurchase Program”).
Under the 2023 Share Repurchase Program, we are not obligated to repurchase any specific dollar amount or number of shares. The timing and volume of share repurchases may be executed at the discretion of management on an opportunistic basis, or pursuant to trading plans or other arrangements. Share repurchases under this program may be made in the open market, in privately negotiated transactions, or otherwise.
In October 2021, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized a $250 million share repurchase program (the "2021 Repurchase Program"). Under the 2021 Repurchase Program, in 2023, we repurchased a total of 2,297,955 shares of our common stock for an aggregate of $169.9 million and an average price of $73.92 per share. In 2022, we repurchased a total of 948,395 shares of our common stock for an aggregate of $52.2 million and an average price of $55.01 per share. These shares were retired upon repurchase. The 2021 Repurchase Program expired on December 31, 2023 with approximately $28 million remaining available.
Our Board of Directors previously authorized a $250 million repurchase program (the “2020 Repurchase Program”) in February 2020.
Under the 2020 Repurchase Program, we entered into three accelerated share repurchase arrangements ("ASR") with a financial institution. In each case, in exchange for an upfront payment at the beginning of each purchase period, the financial institution delivered to us shares of our common stock. The shares received were retired in the period they were delivered to us, and the upfront payment was accounted for as a reduction to shareholders' equity in the consolidated balance sheet. For purposes of calculating earnings per share, we reported each ASR as a repurchase of our common stock and as a forward contract indexed to our common stock. Each ASR met the applicable criteria for equity classification, and, as a result, none were accounted for as a derivative instrument.
Below is a summary of each ASR entered into under the 2020 Repurchase Program:
| Upfront Payment | Shares Received | Average Repurchase Price | |||||||||||||||
| August 2020 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
| September 2020 | — | — | |||||||||||||||
| $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| August 2021 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
| September 2021 | — | — | |||||||||||||||
| $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||
November 2021(a) | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||
April 2022(a) | — | — | |||||||||||||||
| $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||
(a)We received 1,742,160 shares in November 2021. Under this ASR, the purchase period had a scheduled termination date of June 1, 2022, although the financial institution was eligible to early terminate the ASR after January 31, 2022. In April 2022, the financial institution early terminated this ASR and we received additional 546,993 shares.
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Shares Used to Calculate Earnings per Share
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average shares | |||||||||||||||||
Basic(a) | |||||||||||||||||
| Effect of dilutive stock awards | |||||||||||||||||
Diluted(a) | |||||||||||||||||
Antidilutive stock excluded from denominator (b) | |||||||||||||||||
(a)We have deferred compensation plans for directors and certain of our employees. Some amounts owed to participants are denominated in common stock units. Each unit represents one share of common stock. The number of shares used to calculate basic earnings per share includes the weighted-average common stock units credited to employees and directors under the deferred compensation plans. Additionally, nonvested units containing only a service requirement are also included in the computation of basic weighted-average shares when the requisite service period has been completed. Accordingly, basic and diluted shares include weighted-average units of 0.3 million in 2023, 0.3 million in 2022 and 0.3 million in 2021.
(b)Under the November 2021 ASR, based on our stock prices from November 1, 2021 to March 31, 2022, we would have received additional shares under the ASR if the settlement date had been March 31, 2022. Because the ASR settlement date did not occur until April 2022 and because any anticipated receipt of additional shares of our common stock would have be antidilutive, no amounts were included the computation of diluted EPS. The antidilutive impact from the first quarter of 2022 continued to have year-to-date antidilutive impact for the remainder of 2022.
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Note 20 - Supplemental Cash Flow Information
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
| Cash paid for: | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Income taxes, net | |||||||||||||||||
Argentina Marketable Securities
In the last three years, we have used available Argentine pesos to purchase equity and available for sale debt securities. Cash outflows for the purchase of these financial instruments totaled $131.1 million in 2023, $27.6 million in 2022, and $12.9 million in 2021. Cash inflows for the sale of these financial instruments totaled $145.6 million in 2023 and $9.9 million in 2022. We did not have any cash inflows from the sale of these financial instruments in 2021. At the time of any future sale of these financial instruments, proceeds received will be solely in Argentine pesos. These cash flows are reported in investing activities.
Non-cash Investing and Financing Activities
We acquired armored vehicles, DRS devices and other equipment under financing lease arrangements in the last three years including $92.0 million in 2023, $65.7 million in 2022 and $85.9 million in 2021.
Loans Held for Investment
In France, as part of an ATM managed services contract for a large customer, we purchase the ATMs at the beginning of the contract. However, since these ATMs are specifically for the benefit of the customer and transfer back to the customer at the end of the contract, this is recorded as a financing transaction. As a result, the loan to the customer, net of payments received, is treated as investing cash flows.
Cash Paid for Acquisitions Included in Financing Activities
In 2023 we paid $10.3 million in settlements related to the Note Machine acquisition and $0.8 million related to the Touchpoint 21 acquisition. In 2022, we paid $2.8 million in settlements related to the PAI acquisition. In 2021, we received $3.2 million related to settlements in the G4S acquisition and paid $1.1 million related to PAI settlements. These payments are reported as cash flows from financing activities as the payments were made more than three months after the acquisition date.
Restricted Cash (Cash Supply Chain Services)
In France, we offer services to certain of our customers where we manage some or all of their cash supply chains. Providing this service requires our French subsidiary to take temporary title to the cash received from the management of our customers' cash supply chains until the cash is returned to the customers. The cash for which we have temporary title is restricted and cannot be used for any other purpose other than to service our customers who participate in this service offering.
In Malaysia, we offer ATM replenishment services to certain of our financial institution customers. Providing this service requires our Malaysia subsidiary to take temporary title to the cash received in advance of ATM replenishment. The cash for which we have temporary title is restricted and cannot be used for any other purpose other than to service our customers who participate in this service offering.
In accordance with our revolving credit facilities, we are required to maintain restricted cash reserves totaling $40.9 million ($40.7 million at December 31, 2022) and, due to this contractual restriction, we have classified these amounts as restricted cash.
At December 31, 2023, we held $507.0 million of restricted cash ($298.7 million represented restricted cash held for customers and $167.8 million represented accrued liabilities). At December 31, 2022, we held $438.5 million of restricted cash ($229.3 million represented restricted cash held for customers and $156.3 million represented accrued liabilities).
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows.
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | ||||||||||
| Restricted cash | |||||||||||
| Total, cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows | $ | ||||||||||
121
Note 21 - Other Operating Income (Expense)
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency items: | |||||||||||||||||
Transaction losses(a) | $ | ( | ( | ( | |||||||||||||
| Derivative instrument gains (losses) | |||||||||||||||||
| Royalty income | |||||||||||||||||
| Impairment losses | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
Indemnification asset adjustments(b) | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
Contingent consideration liability adjustments(c) | |||||||||||||||||
| Gains on sale of property and other assets | |||||||||||||||||
| Share in earnings of equity method affiliates | |||||||||||||||||
Insurance recoveries - Internal Loss(d) | |||||||||||||||||
Gains related to litigation(e) | |||||||||||||||||
Indemnity for forced relocation(f) | |||||||||||||||||
| Other | |||||||||||||||||
| Other operating income (expense) | $ | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
(a)Includes remeasurement losses in Argentina of $79.1 million in 2023, $37.6 million in 2022 and $9.0 million in 2021 related to highly inflationary accounting.
(b)Post-acquisition adjustments to indemnification assets recognized in previous business acquisitions.
(c)In 2023, we derecognized contingent consideration liabilities related to the NoteMachine and Touchpoint 21 business acquisitions.
(d)See details of the Internal Loss at Note 1.
(e)Gains recognized in the fourth quarter of 2021 in our Romanian operations related to favorable outcome of customer-related litigation.
(f)Indemnity received from the city of Paris to compensate for the forced relocation from a branch facility.
Note 22 - Interest and Other Nonoperating Income (Expense)
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
| Interest income | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Retirement benefit cost other than service cost | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses)(a) | ( | ||||||||||||||||
Non-income taxes on intercompany billings(b) | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
Argentina turnover tax(c) | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
Gain (loss) on equity and debt securities(d) | ( | ||||||||||||||||
G4S indemnification asset adjustment(e) | |||||||||||||||||
| Other | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Interest and other nonoperating income (expense) | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||
(a)Amounts primarily represent currency transaction gains and losses on contingent consideration payable related to G4S business acquisitions.
(b)Certain of our Latin American subsidiaries incur non-income taxes related to the billing of intercompany charges. These intercompany charges do not impact the Latin America segment results and are eliminated in our consolidation.
(c)State government tax incurred by our subsidiaries in Argentina on financial income generated by investments in mutual funds and other financial instruments.
(d)In 2023, the loss is primarily related to the impact of highly inflationary accounting on investments in marketable securities held by Argentina. In 2021, the gain was related to the market value increase of an investment in MoneyGram International, Inc. The investment was sold in 2021 and the gain was fully realized.
(e)Adjustment to indemnification asset related to business operations acquired from G4S. This adjustment was recognized outside of the measurement period for the related business operations acquired from G4S.
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Note 23 - Other Commitments and Contingencies
In August 2020, the Company received a subpoena issued in connection with an investigation being conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice (the “DOJ”). The Company is fully cooperating with the investigation and has responded to requests from the DOJ for documents and other information, primarily related to cross-border shipments of cash and things of value and anti-money laundering compliance. Given that the investigation is still ongoing and that no civil or criminal claims have been brought to date, the Company cannot predict the outcome of the investigation, the timing of the ultimate resolution of the matter, or reasonably estimate the possible range of loss, if any, that may result from this matter. Accordingly, no accruals have been made with respect to this matter.
At the end of the fourth quarter of 2018, we became aware of an investigation initiated by the Chilean Fiscalía Nacional Económica (the Chilean antitrust agency) (“FNE”) related to potential anti-competitive practices among competitors in the cash logistics industry in Chile. In October 2021, the FNE filed a complaint before the Chilean antitrust court alleging that Brink’s Chile (as well as competitor companies) engaged in collusion in 2017 and 2018 and requested that the court approve a fine of $30.5 million. The Company filed its response to the complaint in November 2022, which signaled the beginning of the evidentiary phase. The Company intends to vigorously defend itself against the FNE's complaint. Based on available information to date, the Company recorded a charge of $9.5 million in the third quarter of 2021 in connection with this matter. In 2022, we recognized an additional $1.4 million adjustment and, in 2023, we recognized an additional $0.5 million adjustment to our estimated loss. The adjustments resulted from changes in currency rates.
In addition, we are involved in various other lawsuits and claims in the ordinary course of business. We are not able to estimate the loss or range of losses for some of these matters. We have recorded accruals for losses that are considered probable and reasonably estimable. Except as otherwise noted, we do not believe that it is reasonably possible the ultimate disposition of any of the legal matters currently pending against the Company could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial position or results of operations.
At December 31, 2023, we had noncancellable commitments for $50.4 million in equipment purchases, and information technology and other services.
Note 24 - Reorganization and Restructuring
2022 Global Restructuring Plan
In the first quarter of 2023, management completed the review and approval of remaining actions included in the previously announced restructuring plan across our global business operations. The actions were taken to enable growth, reduce costs and related infrastructure, and to mitigate the potential impact of external economic conditions. In total, we have recognized $33.2 million in charges under the program, including $11.0 million in 2023. We expect total expenses from the program to be between $38 million and $42 million, primarily severance costs.
The following table summarizes the changes in the accrued liability for costs incurred, payments and utilization, and foreign currency exchange effects of the 2022 Global Restructuring Plan:
(In millions) | Severance Costs | Other | Total | ||||||||||||||
| Balance as of January 1, 2022 | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Expense | |||||||||||||||||
| Payments and utilization | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency exchange effects | |||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2022 | $ | ||||||||||||||||
| Expense | |||||||||||||||||
| Payments and utilization | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency exchange effects | |||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2023 | $ | ||||||||||||||||
Other Restructurings
Management periodically implements restructuring actions in targeted sections of our business. As a result of these actions, we recognized $43.6 million net costs in 2021, primarily severance costs. We recognized $16.6 million net costs in 2022, primarily severance costs. We recognized $6.6 million net costs in 2023. The majority of the costs in both 2023 and 2022 periods result from the exit of a line of business in a specific geography with most of the remaining costs due to management initiatives to address the COVID-19 pandemic.
123
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") and Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer ("CFO"), have conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act")) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
(b) Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect transactions and dispositions of assets, (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, (iii) provide reasonable assurance that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company, and (iv) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management, with the participation of the CEO and CFO, and under the oversight of our Board of Directors, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 using the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
Based on this assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective.
Our independent registered public accounting firm, KPMG LLP, who audited the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, issued an opinion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. KPMG’s report appears on page 125 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(c) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Other than the remediation of previously reported material weakness described below, there has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2023, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
(d) Remediation of the 2022 Material Weakness
Our CEO and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2022 due to a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting. During 2023, our management, with the oversight of the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors, has been engaged in efforts to remediate the material weakness identified and disclosed in Item 9A of the annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. We have designed, implemented and tested enhancements to our process-level controls related to revenue and accounts receivable in certain North America locations. Based on the results of our testing, management has concluded that the controls are adequately designed and have operated effectively for a sufficient period of time during 2023. Accordingly, the material weakness is considered to be remediated.
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
The Brink's Company:
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited The Brink's Company and subsidiaries' (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 29, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Richmond, Virginia
February 29, 2024
125
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
During the three months ended December 31, 2023, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act adopted terminated
ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
Not applicable.
126
| PART III | ||
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
We have adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to all of the directors, officers and employees (including the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Controller) and have posted the Code of Ethics on our website. We intend to satisfy the disclosure requirement under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K relating to amendments to or waivers from any provision of the Code of Ethics applicable to the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer or Controller by posting this information on the website. The internet address is www.brinks.com.
The information regarding executive officers is included in this report following Item 4, under the caption “Information about Our Executives Officers.” Other information required by Item 10 is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement expected to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after December 31, 2023.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by Item 11 is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement expected to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after December 31, 2023.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information required by Item 12 is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement expected to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after December 31, 2023.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by Item 13 is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement expected to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after December 31, 2023.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The information required by Item 14 is incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement expected to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after December 31, 2023.
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| PART IV | ||
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
| (a) | 1. | |||||||
| 2. | Financial statement schedules – not applicable. | |||||||
| 3. | Exhibits – see exhibit index. | |||||||
ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
None.
128
Exhibit Index
Each exhibit listed as a previously filed document is hereby incorporated by reference to such document.
| Exhibit Number | Description | |||||||
| 2.1† | ||||||||
| 2.2† | ||||||||
| 2.3† | ||||||||
| 3.1 | ||||||||
| 3.2 | ||||||||
| 4.1 | ||||||||
| 4.2 | ||||||||
| 4.3 | ||||||||
| 10.1* | ||||||||
| 10.2* | ||||||||
| 10.3* | ||||||||
10.4* | ||||||||
10.5* | ||||||||
10.6* | ||||||||
10.7* | ||||||||
10.8* | ||||||||
129
10.9* | ||||||||
10.10* | ||||||||
10.11* | ||||||||
10.12* | ||||||||
10.13 | ||||||||
10.14 | ||||||||
10.15.1 | ||||||||
10.15.2 | ||||||||
10.15.3 | ||||||||
10.15.4 | ||||||||
10.15.5 | ||||||||
10.16* | ||||||||
10.17* | ||||||||
10.18* | ||||||||
10.19* | ||||||||
10.20* | ||||||||
130
10.21* | ||||||||
10.22* | ||||||||
10.23 | ||||||||
10.24* | ||||||||
10.25* | ||||||||
10.26* | ||||||||
10.27* | ||||||||
| 10.29* | ||||||||
10.30* | ||||||||
10.31* | ||||||||
| 21 | ||||||||
| 23 | ||||||||
| 31.1 | ||||||||
| 31.2 | ||||||||
| 32.1 | ||||||||
| 32.2 | ||||||||
97.1 | ||||||||
| 99.1* | ||||||||
131
| 101 | Interactive Data File (Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, formatted in iXBRL (Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language)). Attached as Exhibit 101 to this report are the following documents formatted in XBRL: (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Equity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged as blocks of text. Users of this data are advised pursuant to Rule 406T of Regulation S-T that this interactive data file is deemed not filed or part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act of 1933, is deemed not filed for purposes of section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and otherwise is not subject to liability under these sections. | |||||||
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File, formatted in iXBRL (included within Exhibit 101) | |||||||
*Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
†Certain schedules attached to the Stock Purchase Agreements and Stock Purchase Agreement Amendment have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. The Company will furnish the omitted schedules to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request by the Commission.
132
Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on February 29, 2024.
| The Brink’s Company | ||||||||
| (Registrant) | ||||||||
| By | /s/ Mark Eubanks | |||||||
| Mark Eubanks | ||||||||
| (President and | ||||||||
| Chief Executive Officer) | ||||||||
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities indicated, on February 29, 2024.
| Signature | Title | ||||
| /s/ Mark Eubanks | President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) | ||||
| Mark Eubanks | |||||
| /s/ Kurt B. McMaken | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) | ||||
| Kurt B. McMaken | |||||
| /s/ Michael Sweeney | Controller (Principal Accounting Officer) | ||||
| Michael Sweeney | |||||
| /s/ Kathie J. Andrade | Director | ||||
| Kathie J. Andrade | |||||
| /s/ Paul G. Boynton | Director | ||||
| Paul G. Boynton | |||||
| /s/ Ian D. Clough | Director | ||||
| Ian D. Clough | |||||
| /s/ Susan E. Docherty | Director | ||||
| Susan E. Docherty | |||||
| /s/ Michael J. Herling | Director | ||||
| Michael J. Herling | |||||
| /s/ A. Louis Parker | Director | ||||
| A. Louis Parker | |||||
| /s/ Timothy J. Tynan | Director | ||||
| Timothy J. Tynan | |||||
| /s/ Keith R. Wyche | Director | ||||
| Keith R. Wyche | |||||
133
