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Intangible Assets and Goodwill
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Intangible Assets and Goodwill Intangible Assets and Goodwill
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets consisted of the following:
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Gross
Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization		Net
Carrying
Amount		Gross
Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization		Net
Carrying
Amount
Customer relationships$155,712 $(95,409)$60,303 $155,715 $(80,188)$75,527 
Software & technology3,047 (1,100)1,947 22,000 (19,583)2,417 
Total intangible assets, net$158,759 $(96,509)$62,250 $177,715 $(99,771)$77,944 

Amortization expense was $16 million, $24 million and $30 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Future amortization expense for intangible assets at December 31, 2023 is as follows:
2024$15,731 
202515,527 
202614,538 
202711,481 
20282,438 
Thereafter2,535 
Total$62,250 
Actual amortization expense may differ from the amounts above due to, among other things, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, acquisitions, divestitures and impairment charges.

Goodwill
The performance of our Global Ecommerce reporting unit, continuing changes in macroeconomic conditions and our long-term outlook for this business were triggering events that caused us to evaluate the Global Ecommerce goodwill for impairment during the second and fourth quarters. To assess Global Ecommerce goodwill for impairment, we determined the fair value of the reporting unit and compared it to the unit's carrying value, including goodwill. We engaged a third party to assist in the determination of the fair value of the reporting unit. The fair value was estimated using a discounted cash flow model based on management developed cash flow projections, which included judgements and assumptions related to revenue growth rates, operating margins, operating income, and a discount rate. The estimates and assumptions are considered Level 3 inputs under the fair value hierarchy. Our assessments indicated that the estimated fair value of the reporting unit was less than its carrying value and recorded non-cash, pre-tax goodwill impairment charges in the second and fourth quarters of 2023 of $119 million and $220 million, respectively.
The results of our annual impairment test as of the beginning of the fourth quarter for our other reporting units indicated that no impairment existed.
Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by reporting segment are shown in the tables below.
Goodwill before accumulated impairmentAccumulated impairmentDecember 31, 2022ImpairmentFX ImpactDecember 31, 2023
Global Ecommerce$537,353 $(198,169)$339,184 $(339,184)$— $— 
Presort Services223,763 — 223,763 — — 223,763 
SendTech Solutions504,004 — 504,004 — 6,642 510,646 
Total goodwill$1,265,120 $(198,169)$1,066,951 $(339,184)$6,642 $734,409 

Goodwill before accumulated impairmentAccumulated impairmentDecember 31, 2021Acquisitions/(dispositions)FX ImpactDecember 31, 2022
Global Ecommerce$593,231 $(198,169)$395,062 $(55,878)$— $339,184 
Presort Services220,992 — 220,992 2,771 — 223,763 
SendTech Solutions519,049 — 519,049 — (15,045)504,004 
Total goodwill$1,333,272 $(198,169)$1,135,103 $(53,107)$(15,045)$1,066,951