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Intangible Assets and Goodwill
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Intangible Assets and Goodwill Intangible Assets and Goodwill
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets consisted of the following:
June 30, 2023December 31, 2022
Gross
Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization		Net
Carrying
Amount		Gross
Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization		Net
Carrying
Amount
Customer relationships$155,719 $(87,804)$67,915 $155,715 $(80,188)$75,527 
Software & technology21,973 (19,826)2,147 22,000 (19,583)2,417 
Total intangible assets$177,692 $(107,630)$70,062 $177,715 $(99,771)$77,944 

Amortization expense for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was $4 million and $8 million, respectively and amortization expense for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was $8 million and $15 million, respectively.
Future amortization expense as of June 30, 2023 is shown in the table below. Actual amortization expense may differ due to, among other things, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, acquisitions, divestitures and impairment charges.

Remainder 2023$7,859 
202415,719 
202515,515 
202614,526 
202711,471 
Thereafter4,972 
Total$70,062 

Goodwill
Changes in the carrying value of goodwill by reporting segment are shown in the table below.
December 31, 2022ImpairmentCurrency impactJune 30,
2023
Global Ecommerce$339,184 $(118,599)$— $220,585 
Presort Services223,763 — — 223,763 
SendTech Solutions504,004 — 3,950 507,954 
Total goodwill$1,066,951 $(118,599)$3,950 $952,302 

Global Ecommerce goodwill is net of accumulated goodwill impairment charges of $317 million and $198 million at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
We determined that the performance of our Global Ecommerce reporting unit through June 30, 2023 and continuing changes in macroeconomic conditions, was a triggering event causing us to evaluate the Global Ecommerce goodwill for impairment at June 30, 2023. To assess Global Ecommerce goodwill for impairment, we determined the fair value of the Global Ecommerce reporting unit and compared it to the unit's carrying value, including goodwill. We engaged a third-party to assist in the determination of the fair value of the reporting unit. The fair value of the reporting unit was estimated using a discounted cash flow model based on management developed cash flow projections, which included judgements and assumptions related to revenue growth rates, operating margins, operating income, and a discount rate. We determined that the estimated fair value of the Global Ecommerce reporting unit was less than its carrying value and recorded a non-cash, pre-tax goodwill impairment charge of $119 million. Future changes in any of these judgements or assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value and result in an additional impairment charge in the future. The estimates and assumptions are considered Level 3 inputs under the fair value hierarchy.