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Intangible Assets and Goodwill
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2019
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Intangible Assets and Goodwill Intangible Assets and Goodwill
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 consisted of the following:
 
September 30, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
 
Gross
Carrying
Amount
 
Accumulated
Amortization
 
Net
Carrying
Amount
 
Gross
Carrying
Amount
 
Accumulated
Amortization
 
Net
Carrying
Amount
Customer relationships
$
347,515

 
$
(164,336
)
 
$
183,179

 
$
338,320

 
$
(149,539
)
 
$
188,781

Software & technology
52,309

 
(38,517
)
 
13,792

 
54,297

 
(35,325
)
 
18,972

Trademarks & other
21,365

 
(18,621
)
 
2,744

 
22,305

 
(16,858
)
 
5,447

Total intangible assets
$
421,189

 
$
(221,474
)
 
$
199,715

 
$
414,922

 
$
(201,722
)
 
$
213,200



Amortization expense was $9 million and $10 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $27 million and $29 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Future amortization expense as of September 30, 2019 is shown in the table below. Actual amortization expense may differ due to, among other things, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, impairments, acquisitions and accelerated amortization.
Remaining for year ending December 31, 2019
$
9,171

Year ending December 31, 2020
33,368

Year ending December 31, 2021
29,972

Year ending December 31, 2022
29,026

Year ending December 31, 2023
26,188

Thereafter
71,990

Total
$
199,715
















Goodwill
Changes in the carrying value of goodwill, by reporting segment, for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 are shown in the table below.
 
December 31, 2018
 
Acquisition/(divestiture)
 
Currency impact
 
September 30,
2019
Global Ecommerce
$
609,431

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
609,431

Presort Services
207,465

 
5,064

 
—

 
212,529

Commerce Services
816,896

 
5,064

 
—

 
821,960

SendTech Solutions
515,455

 
(10,490
)
 
(9,888
)
 
495,077

Total goodwill
$
1,332,351

 
$
(5,426
)
 
$
(9,888
)
 
$
1,317,037



In January 2019, we wrote off $10 million of goodwill associated with Market Exits.