Intangible Assets and Goodwill

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2015

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Intangible assets

Intangible assets at December 31, 2015 and 2014 consisted of the following:



	December 31, 2015							December 31, 2014
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Amount		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Amount
Customer relationships	$	437,459	$	(272,353	)	$	165,106	$	337,438	$	(263,121	)	$	74,317
Supplier relationships	—		—			—		29,000		(27,913		)	1,087
Software & technology	149,591		(135,198		)	14,393		160,825		(154,610		)	6,215
Trademarks & other	35,314		(27,435		)	7,879		33,079		(32,525		)	554
Total intangible assets, net	$	622,364	$	(434,986	)	$	187,378	$	560,342	$	(478,169	)	$	82,173

Amortization expense for intangible assets was $37 million, $34 million and $37 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The future amortization expense for intangible assets at December 31, 2015 was as follows:



Year ended December 31,
2016	$	38,165
2017	27,400
2018	24,800
2019	21,741
2020	17,025
Thereafter	58,247
Total	$	187,378

Actual amortization expense may differ from the amounts above due to, among other things, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, acquisitions, divestitures and impairment charges.

Goodwill

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill, by reporting segment, for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 are shown in the tables below. Prior year amounts have been recast for the change in reportable segments.



	Gross value before accumulated impairment		Accumulated impairment		December 31, 2014		Acquisition		Other ⁽¹⁾			December 31, 2015
North America Mailing	$	309,448	$	—	$	309,448	$	—	$	(13,395	)	$	296,053
International Mailing	162,146		—		162,146		—		(13,795		)	148,351
Small & Medium Business Solutions	471,594		—		471,594		—		(27,190		)	444,404
Production Mail	110,837		—		110,837		—		(5,080		)	105,757
Presort Services	195,140		—		195,140		1,750		—			196,890
Enterprise Business Solutions	305,977		—		305,977		1,750		(5,080		)	302,647
Software Solutions	677,008		—		677,008		5,792		(7,824		)	674,976
Global Ecommerce	23,910		—		23,910		300,020		—			323,930
Digital Commerce Solutions	700,918		—		700,918		305,812		(7,824		)	998,906
Other	194,232		—		194,232		—		(194,232		)	—
Total goodwill	$	1,672,721	$	—	$	1,672,721	$	307,562	$	(234,326	)	$	1,745,957



	Gross value before accumulated impairment		Accumulated impairment		December 31, 2013		Other ⁽¹⁾			December 31, 2014
North America Mailing	$	326,664	$	—	$	326,664	$	(17,216	)	$	309,448
International Mailing	182,261		—		182,261		(20,115		)	162,146
Small & Medium Business Solutions	508,925		—		508,925		(37,331		)	471,594
Production Mail	118,060		—		118,060		(7,223		)	110,837
Presort Services	195,140		—		195,140		—			195,140
Enterprise Business Solutions	313,200		—		313,200		(7,223		)	305,977
Software Solutions	685,251		—		685,251		(8,243		)	677,008
Global Ecommerce	23,910		—		23,910					23,910
Digital Commerce Solutions	709,161		—		709,161		(8,243		)	700,918
Other	194,232		—		194,232		—			194,232
Total reportable segments	1,725,518		—		1,725,518		(52,797		)	1,672,721
Discontinued operations	9,353		—		9,353		(9,353		)	—
Total goodwill	$	1,734,871	$	—	$	1,734,871	$	(62,150	)	$	1,672,721


(1)	Primarily represents foreign currency translation adjustments. For 2015, Other represents the write-off of remaining goodwill upon the sale of Imagitas. For 2014, the adjustment in discontinued operations primarily represents the write-off of remaining goodwill upon sale.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the aggregate amount of goodwill and a description of intangible assets, which may include (a) for amortizable intangible assets (also referred to as finite-lived intangible assets), the carrying amount, the amount of any significant residual value, and the weighted-average amortization period, (b) for intangible assets not subject to amortization (also referred to as indefinite-lived intangible assets), the carrying amount, and (c) the amount of research and development assets acquired and written off in the period, including the line item in the income statement in which the amounts written off are aggregated, if not readily apparent from the income statement. Also discloses (a) for amortizable intangibles assets in total and by major class, the gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization, the total amortization expense for the period, and the estimated aggregate amortization expense for each of the five succeeding fiscal years, (b) for intangible assets not subject to amortization the carrying amount in total and by major class, and (c) for goodwill, in total and for each reportable segment, the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during the period (including the aggregate amount of goodwill acquired, the aggregate amount of impairment losses recognized, and the amount of goodwill included in the gain (loss) on disposal of a reporting unit). If any part of goodwill has not been allocated to a reportable segment, discloses the unallocated amount and the reasons for not allocating. For each impairment loss recognized related to an intangible asset (excluding goodwill), discloses: (a) a description of the impaired intangible asset and the facts and circumstances leading to the impairment, (b) the amount of the impairment loss and the method for determining fair value, (c) the caption in the income statement or the statement of activities in which the impairment loss is aggregated, and (d) the segment in which the impaired intangible asset is reported. For each goodwill impairment loss recognized, discloses: (a) a description of the facts and circumstances leading to the impairment, (b) the amount of the impairment loss and the method of determining the fair value of the associated reporting unit, and (c) if a recognized impairment loss is an estimate not finalized and the reasons why the estimate is not final. May also disclose the nature and amount of any significant adjustments made to a previous estimate of an impairment loss.

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