Additional information: | The U.S. funds for which The Vanguard Group, Inc. (VGI) acts as investment advisor (Vanguard-advised funds) retain authority to vote proxies received for the shares of equity securities held in each fund. To facilitate proxy voting for the Vanguard-advised funds, the Board of Trustees for each of the Vanguard-advised funds has adopted proxy voting procedures and policies to govern proxy voting for each portfolio retaining proxy voting authority. Vanguard's Investment Stewardship Team administers the day-to-day operation of the funds' proxy voting process, overseen by the Investment Stewardship Oversight Committee. In addition, a portion of the shares of certain funds participating in Vanguard's Investor Choice pilots are voted in accordance with policies selected by participating fund shareholders. For more information on the funds' proxy voting policies, please visit about.vanguard.com/investment-stewardship.The say-on-pay votes reported on this Form N-PX by VGI were calculated in accordance with the definition of "voting power" set forth under Rule 14Ad-1(d)(1) and 14Ad-1(d)(2) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act). These include votes made on behalf of the Vanguard-advised funds and for which the Vanguard-advised funds retain authority to vote. Other rules, including those under Section 13 of the Exchange Act, utilize a definition of "voting power" that results in a divergent calculation methodology. Accordingly, VGI's voting disclosures included in this filing may differ from information reported with respect to the voting power of VGI or the Vanguard-advised funds in other regulatory filings, including SEC filings made pursuant to Section 13. The votes reported do not reflect any votes cast pursuant to a regulatory requirement |