PLDT has defined benefit pension plans, operating under the legal name “The Board of Trustees for the account of the Beneficial Trust Fund created pursuant to the Benefit Plan of PLDT Co.” and covering all of our permanent and regular employees. Certain subsidiaries of PLDT have not yet drawn up a specific retirement plan for its permanent or regular employees. For the purpose of complying with Revised IAS 19, Employee Benefits, pension benefit expense has been actuarially computed based on defined benefit plan.

PLDT’s actuarial valuation is performed every year-end. Based on the latest actuarial valuation, the actual present value of accrued (prepaid) benefit costs, net periodic benefit costs and average assumptions used in developing the valuation as at and for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:

	2021			2020			2019
	(in million pesos)
Changes in the present value of defined benefit obligations:
Present value of defined benefit obligations at beginning of the year		28,197			22,638			20,683
Service costs		1,614			1,313			1,043
Interest costs on benefit obligation		922			1,056			1,338
Actuarial losses on obligations – experience		538			265			570
Actual benefits paid/settlements		(3,471	)		(369	)		(4,558	)
Actuarial losses on obligations – economic assumptions		(5,502	)		3,507			3,829
Actuarial losses on obligations – demographic assumptions		—			—			4
Curtailments and others		—			(213	)		(271	)
Present value of defined benefit obligations at end of the year		22,298			28,197			22,638
Changes in fair value of plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of the year		15,000			13,724			13,539
Actual contributions		3,614			3,227			7,598
Interest income on plan assets		605			322			1,360
Return on plan assets (excluding amount included in net interest)		(1,065	)		(1,904	)		(4,215	)
Actual benefits paid/settlements		(3,471	)		(369	)		(4,558	)
Fair value of plan assets at end of the year		14,683			15,000			13,724
Unfunded status – net		(7,615	)		(13,197	)		(8,914	)
Accrued benefit costs		7,760			13,342			8,985
Prepaid benefit costs (Note 19)		145			145			71

Components of net periodic benefit costs:
Service costs		1,614			1,313			1,043
Interest costs – net		317			734			(22	)
Curtailment/settlement gains and other adjustments		—			(99	)		(181	)
Net periodic benefit costs (Note 5)		1,931			1,948			840

Actual net losses on plan assets amounted to Php460 million, Php1,582 million and Php2,855 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Based on the latest actuarial valuation, our expected contribution to the defined benefit plan in 2022 will amount to Php1,460 million.

The following table sets forth the expected future settlements by the Plan of maturing defined benefit obligation as at December 31, 2021:

The average duration of the defined benefit obligation at the end of the reporting period is 8 to 19 years.

The weighted average assumptions used to determine pension benefits for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:

In 2019, we have changed the source of the mortality rates from the 1994 Group Annuity Mortality Table developed by the U.S. Society of Actuaries to the 2017 Philippine Intercompany Mortality Table developed by the Actuarial Society of the Philippines Life Insurance Committee. Both sources provide separate rates for males and females. The disability rates were based on the 1952 Disability Study of the U.S. Society of Actuaries for Period 2, Benefit 5 adjusted to suit local experience.

The sensitivity analysis below has been determined based on reasonably possible changes of each significant assumption on the defined benefit obligation as at December 31, 2021 and 2020, assuming if all other assumptions were held constant:

The Board of Trustees, which manages the beneficial trust fund, is composed of: (i) a member of the Board of Directors of PLDT, who is not a beneficiary of the Plan; (ii) a member of the Board of Directors or a senior officer of PLDT, who is a beneficiary of the Plan; (iii) a senior member of the executive staff of PLDT; and (iv) two persons who are not executives nor employees of PLDT.

Benefits are payable in the event of termination of employment due to: (i) compulsory, optional, or deferred retirement; (ii) death while in active service; (iii) physical disability; (iv) voluntary resignation; or
(v) involuntary separation from service. For a plan member with less than 15 years of credited services, retirement benefit is equal to 100% of final compensation for every year of service. For those with at least 15 years of service, retirement benefit is equal to 125% of final compensation for every year of service, with such percentage to be increased by an additional 5% for each completed year of service in excess of 15 years, but not to exceed a maximum of 200%. In case of voluntary resignation after attainment of age 40 and completion of at least 15 years of credited service, benefit is equal to a percentage of his vested retirement benefit, in accordance with percentages prescribed in the retirement plan.

The Board of Trustees of the beneficial trust fund uses an investment approach with the objective of maximizing the long-term expected return of plan assets.

The majority of the Plan’s investment portfolio consists of listed and unlisted equity securities while the remaining portion consists of passive investments like temporary cash investments and fixed income investments.

The plan assets are primarily exposed to financial risks such as liquidity risk and price risk.

Liquidity risk pertains to the plan’s ability to meet its obligation to the employees upon retirement. To effectively manage liquidity risk, the Board of Trustees invests at least the equivalent amount of actuarially computed expected compulsory retirement benefit payments for the year to liquid/semi-liquid assets such as government securities, savings and time deposits with commercial banks.

Price risk pertains mainly to fluctuations in market prices of equity securities listed in the PSE. In order to effectively manage price risk, the Board of Trustees continuously assesses these risks by closely monitoring the market value of the securities and implementing prudent investment strategies.

The following table sets forth the fair values, which are equal to the carrying values, of PLDT’s plan assets recognized as at December 31, 2021 and 2020:

	2021		2020
	(in million pesos)
Noncurrent Financial Assets
Investments in:
Unquoted equity investments		11,332		10,728
Shares of stock		2,316		1,903
Corporate bonds		242		255
Government securities		7		76
Mutual funds		17		21
Total noncurrent financial assets		13,914		12,983
Current Financial Assets
Cash and cash equivalents		518		1,771
Receivables		5		8
Total current financial assets		523		1,779
Total PLDT’s Plan Assets		14,437		14,762
Subsidiaries Plan Assets		246		238
Total Plan Assets of Defined Benefit Pension Plans		14,683		15,000

Investment in shares of stocks is valued using the latest bid price at the reporting date. Investments in corporate bonds, mutual funds and government securities are valued using the market values at reporting date.

	2021			2020			2021		2020
	% of Ownership						(in million pesos)
MediaQuest		100	%		100	%		10,508		9,955
Tahanan Mutual Building and Loan Association, Inc., or TMBLA, (net of subscriptions payable of Php32 million)		100	%		100	%		584		542
BTFHI		100	%		100	%		240		231
								11,332		10,728

MediaQuest was registered with the Philippine SEC on June 29, 1999 primarily to purchase, subscribe for or otherwise acquire and own, hold, use, manage, sell, assign, transfer, mortgage, pledge, exchange, or otherwise dispose of real and personal property or every kind and description, and to pay thereof in whole or in part, in cash or by exchanging, stocks, bonds and other evidences of indebtedness or securities of this any other corporation. Its investments include common shares of stocks of various communication, broadcasting and media entities.

Investments in MediaQuest are carried at fair value. The VIU calculations were derived from cash flow projections over a period of five years based on the 2021 financial budgets approved by the MediaQuest’s Board of Directors and calculated terminal value. Other key assumptions used in the cash flow projections include revenue growth rate, direct costs and capital expenditures. The post-tax discount rates applied to cash flow projections range from 11.4% to 11.8%. Cash flows beyond the five-year period are determined using 0.0% to 4.8% growth rates.

On May 8, 2012, the Board of Trustees of the PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund approved the issuance by MediaQuest of PDRs amounting to Php6 billion. The underlying shares of these PDRs are the shares of stocks of Cignal TV held by MediaQuest through Satventures (Cignal TV PDRs). On the same date, MediaQuest Board of Directors approved the investment in Cignal TV PDRs by ePLDT, which gave ePLDT a 40% economic interest in Cignal TV. In June 2012, MediaQuest received a deposit for future PDRs subscription of Php4 billion from ePLDT. Additional deposits of Php1 billion each were received on July 6, 2012 and August 9, 2012.

On January 25, 2013, the Board of Trustees of the PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund and the MediaQuest Board of Directors approved the issuance of additional MediaQuest PDRs amounting to Php3.6 billion. The underlying shares of these additional PDRs are the shares of Satventures held by MediaQuest (Satventures PDRs), the holder of which will have a 40% economic interest in Satventures. Satventures is a wholly-owned subsidiary of MediaQuest and the investment vehicle for Cignal TV. From March to August 2013, MediaQuest received from ePLDT an amount aggregating to Php3.6 billion representing deposits for future PDRs subscription. The Satventures PDRs and Cignal TV PDRs were subsequently issued on September 27, 2013, providing ePLDT an effective 64% economic interest in Cignal TV.

Also, on January 25, 2013, the Board of Trustees of the PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund and the MediaQuest Board of Directors approved the issuance of additional MediaQuest PDRs amounting to Php1.95 billion. The underlying shares of these additional PDRs are the shares of stocks of Hastings held by MediaQuest (Hastings PDRs). Hastings is a wholly-owned subsidiary of MediaQuest, which holds all the print-related investments of MediaQuest, including equity interests in the three leading newspapers: The Philippine Star, Philippine Daily Inquirer, and Business World. From June 2013 to October 2013, MediaQuest received from ePLDT an amount aggregating to Php1.95 billion representing deposits for future PDRs subscription.

On February 19, 2014, ePLDT’s Board of Directors approved an additional Php500 million investment in Hastings PDRs. On March 11, 2014, MediaQuest received from ePLDT an amount aggregating to Php300 million representing deposits for future PDRs subscription. As at December 31, 2014, total deposit for PDRs subscription amounted to Php2,250 million.

On May 21, 2015, ePLDT’s Board of Directors approved an additional Php800 million investment in Hastings PDRs and settlement of the Php200 million balance of the Php500 million Hastings PDR investment in 2014. Subsequently, on May 30, 2015, the Board of Trustees of the PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund and the Board of Directors of MediaQuest approved the issuance of Php3,250 million Hastings PDRs. This provided ePLDT with 70% economic interest in Hastings. In February 2018, ePLDT entered into a Deed of Assignment with the Board of Trustees of the PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund transferring the Hastings PDRs for Php1,664 million. See Note 11 – Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures – Investment of ePLDT in MediaQuest PDRs.

In 2019 and 2020, the Board of Trustees of the PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund approved additional investment in MediaQuest amounting to Php3,100 million and Php1,400 million, respectively, to fund MediaQuest’s investment requirements. The full amounts were fully drawn by MediaQuest during 2019 and 2020.

In 2021, the Board of Trustees of the PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund approved the additional investment in MediaQuest amounting to Php2,000 million to fund MediaQuest’s investment requirements. As at December 31, 2021, MediaQuest has drawn the total amount of Php1,600 million. The balance of Php400 million was subsequently drawn in January 2022.

TMBLA was incorporated for the primary purpose of accumulating the savings of its stockholders and lending funds to them for housing programs. The beneficial trust fund’s total investment into TMBLA amounted to Php119 million consisting of initial direct subscription in shares of stocks of TMBLA in the amount of Php20 million (net of unpaid subscription amounting to Php32 million) and subsequently via a Deed of Pledge amounting to Php99 million. The cumulative change in the fair market values of this investment amounted to Php462 million and Php423 million as at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

BTFHI was incorporated for the primary purpose of acquiring voting preferred shares in PLDT and while the owner, holder of possessor thereof, to exercise all the rights, powers, and privileges of ownership or any other interest therein.

On October 26, 2012, BTFHI subscribed to a total of 150 million shares of Voting Preferred Stock of PLDT at a subscription price of Php1.00 per share for a total subscription price of Php150 million. Total cash dividend

income amounted to Php10 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019. Dividend receivables amounted to Php2 million each as at December 31, 2021 and 2020.

Dividends earned on PLDT common shares amounted to Php2 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.

Preferred shares represent 300 million unlisted preferred shares of PLDT at Php10 par value, net of subscription payable of Php2,640 million as at December 31, 2021 and 2020. These shares, which bear dividend of 13.5% per annum based on the paid-up subscription price, are cumulative, non-convertible and redeemable at par value at the option of PLDT. Dividends earned on this investment amounted to Php47 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 and Php49 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.

Investment in corporate bonds includes various long-term peso and dollar denominated bonds with maturities ranging from July 2022 to September 2027 and fixed interest rates from 3.25% to 6.94% per annum.

Investment in government securities includes Retail Treasury Bonds bearing an interest rate of 3.7% per annum. This security is fully guaranteed by the government of the Republic of the Philippines.

Investment in mutual funds includes UITF, bond and equity funds, which aims to out-perform benchmarks in various indices as part of its investment strategy.

The allocation of the fair value of the assets for the PLDT pension plan as at December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:

Smart’s and certain of its subsidiaries’ contributions to the plan are made based on the employees’ years of tenure and range from 5% to 10% of the employee’s monthly salary. Additionally, an employee has an option to make a personal contribution to the fund, at an amount not exceeding 10% of his monthly salary. The employer then provides an additional contribution to the fund ranging from 10% to 50% of the employee’s contribution based on the employee’s years of tenure. Although the plan has a defined contribution format, Smart and certain of its subsidiaries regularly monitor their compliance with Republic Act No. 7641. As at December 31, 2021 and 2020, Smart and certain of its subsidiaries were in compliance with the requirements of Republic Act No. 7641.

Smart’s and certain of its subsidiaries’ actuarial valuation is performed every year-end. Based on the latest actuarial valuation, the actual present value of prepaid benefit costs as at December 31, 2021 and 2020, and for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:

	2021			2020			2019
	(in million pesos)
Changes in the present value of defined benefit obligations:
Present value of defined benefit obligations at beginning of the year		2,775			2,813			2,804
Service costs		313			294			239
Interest costs on benefit obligation		101			118			174
Actuarial losses – experience		12			69			100
Actuarial losses – economic assumptions		(40	)		28			13
Actual benefits paid/settlements		—			(567	)		(37	)
Curtailment and others		103			20			(480	)
Present value of defined benefit obligations at end of the year		3,264			2,775			2,813
Changes in fair value of plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of the year		3,651			3,084			3,159
Actual contributions		306			282			281
Interest income on plan assets		132			142			190
Return on plan assets (excluding amount included in net interest)		(18	)		143			100
Actual benefits paid/settlements		—			—			(37	)
Others		66			—			(609	)
Fair value of plan assets at end of the year		4,137			3,651			3,084
Funded status – net		873			876			271
Prepaid benefit costs (Note 19)		873			876			271

Components of net periodic benefit costs:
Service costs		313			294			239
Interest costs – net		(31	)		(24	)		(16	)
Curtailment/settlement gains		—			—			(6	)
Others		—			—			(39	)
Net periodic benefit costs (Note 5)		282			270			178

Actual net gains on plan assets amounted to Php113 million, Php285 million and Php290 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Based on the latest actuarial valuation, Smart and certain of its subsidiaries expect to contribute the amount of approximately Php322 million to the plan in 2022.

The following table sets forth the expected future settlements by the Plan of maturing defined benefit obligation as at December 31, 2021:

The average duration of the defined benefit obligation at the end of the reporting period is 11 years.

The weighted average assumptions used to determine pension benefits for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:

The fund is being managed and invested by BPI Asset Management and Trust Corporation, as Trustee, pursuant to an amended trust agreement dated February 21, 2012.

The plan’s investment portfolio seeks to achieve regular income, long-term capital growth and consistent performance over its own portfolio benchmark. In order to attain this objective, the Trustee’s mandate is to invest in a diversified portfolio of bonds and equities, both domestic and international. The portfolio mix is kept at 70% and 30% for fixed income securities and equity securities, respectively.

The following table sets forth the fair values, which are equal to the carrying values, of Smart’s plan assets recognized as at December 31, 2021 and 2020:

	2021		2020
	(in million pesos)
Noncurrent Financial Assets
Investments in:
Domestic fixed income		2,833		2,416
Domestic equities		997		832
International equities		844		902
International fixed income		224		74
Philippine foreign currency bonds		558		240
Total noncurrent financial assets		5,456		4,464
Current Financial Assets
Cash and cash equivalents		37		388
Total current financial assets		37		388
Total plan assets		5,493		4,852
Less: Employee’s share, forfeitures and mandatory reserve account		1,356		1,201
Total Plan Assets of Defined Contribution Plans		4,137		3,651

Investments in domestic fixed income include Philippine Peso denominated bonds, such as government securities and corporate debt securities, with fixed interest rates from 2.1% to 12.0% per annum.

Investments in domestic equities include direct equity investments in common shares listed in the PSE. These investments earn on stock price appreciation and dividend payments. This includes investment in PLDT shares with fair value of Php45 million and Php44 million as at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Investments in international equities include exchange traded funds, mutual funds and unit investment trust funds managed by BlackRock, State Street Global Advisors and Wellington Management.

Investments in Philippine foreign currency bonds include U.S. Dollar denominated fixed income instruments issued by the Philippine government and local corporations with fixed interest rates from 2.95% to 10.63% per annum.

Investments in international fixed income include exchange traded funds, mutual funds and unit investment trust funds managed by Pacific Investment Management and BPI Asset Management and Trust Corporation.

This pertains to the fund’s excess liquidity in Philippine Peso and U.S. Dollars including investments in time deposits, money market funds and other deposit products of banks with duration or tenor less than a year.

The asset allocation of the Plan is set and reviewed from time to time by the Plan Trustees taking into account the membership profile, the liquidity requirements of the Plan and risk appetite of the Plan sponsor. This considers the expected benefit cash flows to be matched with asset durations.

The plan assets are primarily exposed to financial risks such as liquidity risk and price risk.

Liquidity risk pertains to the plan’s ability to meet its obligation to the employees upon retirement. To effectively manage liquidity risk, the Plan Trustees invest a portion of the fund in readily tradeable and liquid investments which can be sold at any given time to fund liquidity requirements.

Price risk pertains mainly to fluctuations in market prices of equity securities listed in the PSE. In order to effectively manage price risk, the Plan Trustees continuously assess these risks by closely monitoring the market value of the securities and implementing prudent investment strategies.

The allocation of the fair value of Smart and certain of its subsidiaries pension plan assets as at December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:

On September 26, 2017, the Board of Directors of PLDT approved the TIP which intends to provide incentive compensation to key officers, executives and other eligible participants who are consistent performers and contributors to the Company’s strategic and financial goals. The incentive compensation will be in the form of Performance Shares, PLDT common shares of stock, which will be released in three annual grants on the condition, among others, that pre-determined consolidated core net income targets are successfully achieved over three annual performance periods from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2019. On September 26, 2017, the Board of Directors approved the acquisition of 860 thousand Performance Shares to be awarded under the TIP. On March 7, 2018, the ECC of the Board approved the acquisition of additional 54 thousand shares, increasing the total Performance Shares to 914 thousand. Metrobank, through its Trust Banking Group, is the appointed Trustee of the trust established for purposes of the TIP. The Trustee is designated to acquire the PLDT common shares in the open market through the facilities of the PSE and administer their distribution to the eligible participants subject to the terms and conditions of the TIP. On December 11, 2018, the ECC of the Board approved Management’s recommended modifications to the Plan, and partial equity and cash settled set-up was implemented for the 2019 TIP Grant. The revised set-up includes a fixed number of shares that will be granted (“equity award”) and the estimated fair value of the difference between the number of shares granted in the original equity grant and the equity award will be paid in cash (“cash award”). The fair value of the cash award is determined at each reporting date using the estimated fair value of the corresponding shares.

As at May 11, 2021, a total of 757 thousand PLDT common shares have been acquired by the Trustee, of which 239 thousand PLDT common shares have been released on March 12, 2020, April 7, 2020 and January 19, 2021 for the 2019 annual grant, and 302 thousand PLDT common shares have been released on March 28, 2019 for the 2018 annual grant, and 204 thousand shares on April 15, 2018 for the 2017 annual grant. With the completion of the 2017 to 2019 annual grants, the remaining 12 thousand PLDT common shares have been transferred to the PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund on May 11, 2021. The cash award for the 2019 annual grant that was paid on March 12, 2020 amounted to Php654 million. The TIP is administered by the ECC of the Board.

On August 7, 2020, the ECC approved the adjusted TIP that covers the years 2020 and 2021, and will be settled in cash. The cash grant will be for the two years covered and payment will be in 2022. The Cycle 2 TIP will be based on the achievement of the CCNI for the years 2020 and 2021.

This other long-term employee benefit liability is recognized and measured using the projected unit credit method and to be amortized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period.

The expense accrued for the TIP amounted to Php1,186 million, Php1,134 million and Php638 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The accrued incentive payable, representing the cash settled set-up amounted to Php1,186 million and Php1,134 million as at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. See Note 3 – Management’s Use of Accounting Judgments, Estimates and Assumptions – Estimating Pension Benefit Costs and Other Employee Benefits and Note 5 – Income and Expenses – Compensation and Employee Benefits.