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Derivative Financial Instruments (Exelon, Generation, ComEd and PECO)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2011
Derivative Financial Instruments [Abstract]  
Derivative Financial Instruments (Exelon, Generation, ComEd and PECO)

9. Derivative Financial Instruments (Exelon, Generation, ComEd and PECO)

 

The Registrants are exposed to certain risks related to ongoing business operations. The primary risks managed by using derivative financial instruments are commodity price risk and interest rate risk. To the extent the amount of energy Exelon generates differs from the amount of energy it has contracted to sell, the Registrants are exposed to market price fluctuations in the prices of electricity, fossil fuels and other commodities. The Registrants employ established policies and procedures to manage their risks associated with market fluctuations by entering into physical contracts as well as financial derivative contracts including swaps, futures, forwards, options and short-term and long-term commitments to purchase and sell energy and energy-related products. The Registrants believe these instruments, which are classified as either economic hedges or non-derivatives, mitigate exposure to fluctuations in commodity prices. Exposure to interest rate risk exists as a result of the issuance of variable and fixed-rate debt, commercial paper and lines of credit.

 

Derivative accounting guidance requires that derivative instruments be recognized as either assets or liabilities at fair value. Under these provisions, economic hedges are recognized on the balance sheet at their fair value unless they qualify for the normal purchases and normal sales exception. The Registrants have applied the normal purchases and normal sales scope exception to certain derivative contracts for the forward sale of generation, power procurement agreements, and natural gas supply agreements. For economic hedges that qualify and are designated as cash flow hedges, the portion of the derivative gain or loss that is effective in offsetting the change in value of the underlying exposure is deferred in accumulated OCI and later reclassified into earnings when the underlying transaction occurs. For economic hedges that do not qualify or are not designated as cash flow hedges, changes in the fair value of the derivative are recognized in earnings each period and are classified as other derivatives in the following tables. Non-derivative contracts for access to additional generation and for sales to load-serving entities are accounted for primarily under the accrual method of accounting, which is further discussed in Note 18 – Commitments and Contingencies. Additionally, Generation is exposed to certain market risks through its proprietary trading activities. The proprietary trading activities are a complement to Generation's energy marketing portfolio but represent a small portion of Generation's overall energy marketing activities.

 

Commodity Price Risk (Exelon, Generation, ComEd and PECO)

 

Economic Hedging.    The Registrants are exposed to commodity price risk primarily relating to changes in the market price of electricity, fossil fuels, and other commodities associated with price movements resulting from changes in supply and demand, fuel costs, market liquidity, weather conditions, governmental regulatory and environmental policies, and other factors. Within Exelon, Generation has the most exposure to commodity price risk. Generation uses a variety of derivative and non-derivative instruments to manage the commodity price risk of its electric generation facilities, including power sales, fuel and energy purchases, and other energy-related products marketed and purchased. In order to manage these risks, Generation may enter into fixed-price derivative or non-derivative contracts to hedge the variability in future cash flows from forecasted sales of energy and purchases of fuel and energy. The objectives for entering into such hedges include fixing the price for a portion of anticipated future electricity sales at a level that provides an acceptable return on electric generation operations, fixing the price of a portion of anticipated fuel purchases for the operation of power plants, and fixing the price for a portion of anticipated energy purchases to supply load-serving customers. The portion of forecasted transactions hedged may vary based upon management's policies and hedging objectives, the market, weather conditions, operational and other factors. Generation is also exposed to differences between the locational settlement prices of certain economic hedges and the hedged generating units. This price difference is actively managed through other instruments, which include financial transmission rights, whose changes in fair value are recognized in earnings each period, and auction revenue rights.

 

In general, increases and decreases in forward market prices have a positive and negative impact, respectively, on Generation's owned and contracted generation positions that have not been hedged. Generation hedges commodity risk on a ratable basis over three-year periods. As of December 31, 2011, the percentage of expected generation hedged was 88%-91%, 61%-64%, and 32%-35% for 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively. The percentage of expected generation hedged is the amount of equivalent sales divided by the expected generation. Expected generation represents the amount of energy estimated to be generated or purchased through owned or contracted capacity. Equivalent sales represent all hedging products, which include cash flow hedges, other derivatives and certain non-derivative contracts, including sales to ComEd and PECO to serve their retail load.

 

ComEd has locked in a fixed price for a significant portion of its commodity price risk through the five-year financial swap contract with Generation that expires on May 31, 2013, which is discussed in more detail below. In addition, the contracts that Generation has entered into with ComEd and that ComEd has entered into with Generation and other suppliers as part of the ComEd power procurement processagreements, which isare further discussed in Note 2 — Regulatory Matters, qualify for the normal purchases and normal sales scope exception. Based on the Illinois Settlement Legislation and ICC-approved procurement methodologies permitting ComEd to recover its electricity procurement costs from retail customers with no mark-up, ComEd's price risk related to power procurement is limited.

 

In order to fulfill a requirement of the Illinois Settlement Legislation, Generation and ComEd entered into a five-year financial swap contract effective August 28, 2007. The financial swap is designed to hedge spot market purchases, which, along with ComEd's remaining energy procurement contracts, meet its load service requirements. The remaining swap contract volume is 3,000 MWs through May 2013. The terms of the financial swap contract require Generation to pay the around-the-clock market price for a portion of ComEd's electricity supply requirement, while ComEd pays a fixed price. The contract is to be settled net, for the difference between the fixed and market pricing, and the financial terms only cover energy costs and do not cover capacity or ancillary services. The financial swap contract is a derivative financial instrument that has been designated by Generation as a cash flow hedge. Consequently, Generation records the fair value of the swap on its balance sheet and records changes in fair value to OCI. ComEd has not elected hedge accounting for this derivative financial instrument. ComEd records the fair value of the swap on its balance sheet, however, sSince the financial swap contract was deemed prudent by the Illinois Settlement Legislation, ComEd receives full cost recovery for the contract in rates, and therefore, the change in fair value each period is recorded as a regulatory asset or liability on ComEd's Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 2 — Regulatory Matters for additional information regarding the Illinois Settlement Legislation. In Exelon's consolidated financial statements, all financial statement effects of the financial swap recorded by Generation and ComEd are eliminated.

 

On December 17, 2010, ComEd entered into several 20-year floating-to-fixed energy swap contracts with unaffiliated suppliers for the procurement of long-term renewable energy and associated RECs. Delivery under the contracts begins in June 2012. These contracts are designed to lock in a portion of the long-term commodity price risk resulting from the renewable energy resource procurement requirements in the Illinois Settlement Legislation. ComEd has not elected hedge accounting for these derivative financial instruments. ComEd records the fair value of the swap contracts on its balance sheet. Because ComEd receives full cost recovery for energy procurement and related costs from retail customers, the change in fair value each period is recorded by ComEd as a regulatory asset or liability.

 

PECO has contracts to procure electric supply that were executed through the competitive procurement process outlined in its PAPUC-approved DSP Program, which is further discussed in Note 2—Regulatory Matters. Based on Pennsylvania legislation and the DSP Program permitting PECO to recover its electric supply procurement costs from retail customers with no mark-up, PECO's price risk related to electric supply procurement is limited. PECO locked in fixed prices for a significant portion of its commodity price risk through full requirements contracts and block contracts. PECO's full requirements contracts and block contracts, which are considered derivatives, qualify for the normal purchases and normal sales scope exception under current derivative authoritative guidance. For block contracts designated as normal purchases after inception, the mark-to-market balances previously recorded on PECO's Consolidated Balance Sheets were amortized over the terms of the contracts, which ended on December 31, 2011.

 

PECO's natural gas procurement policy is designed to achieve a reasonable balance of long-term and short-term gas purchases under different pricing approaches in order to achieve system supply reliability at the least cost. PECO's reliability strategy is two-fold. First, PECO must assure that there is sufficient transportation capacity to satisfy delivery requirements. Second, PECO must ensure that a firm source of supply exists to utilize the capacity resources. All of PECO's natural gas supply and asset management agreements that are derivatives either qualify for the normal purchases and normal sales scope exception and have been designated as such, or have no mark-to-market balances because the derivatives are index priced. Additionally, in accordance with the 2011 PAPUC PGC settlement and to reduce the exposure of PECO and its customers to natural gas price volatility, PECO has continued its program to purchase natural gas for both winter and summer supplies using a layered approach of locking-in prices ahead of each season with long-term gas purchase agreements (those with primary terms of at least twelve months). Under the terms of the 2011 PGC settlement, PECO is required to lock in (i.e., economically hedge) the price of a minimum volume of its long-term gas commodity purchases. PECO's gas-hedging program covers 22% to 29% of planned natural gas purchases in support of projected firm sales. The hedging program for natural gas procurement has no direct impact on PECO's financial position or results of operations as natural gas costs are fully recovered from customers under the PGC.

 

Proprietary Trading.    Generation also enters into certain energy-related derivatives for proprietary trading purposes. Proprietary trading includes all contracts entered into purely to profit from market price changes as opposed to hedging an exposure and is subject to limits established by Exelon's RMC. The proprietary trading activities, which included physical volumes of 5,742 GWh, 3,625 GWh and 7,578 GWh for years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively, are a complement to Generation's energy marketing portfolio, but represent a small portion of Generation's revenue from energy marketing activities. Neither ComEd nor PECO enter into derivatives for proprietary trading purposes.

 

Interest Rate Risk (Exelon, Generation and ComEd)

 

The Registrants use a combination of fixed-rate and variable-rate debt to manage interest rate exposure. The Registrants may also utilize fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps, which are typically designated as fair value hedges, as a means to manage their interest rate exposure. In addition, the Registrants may utilize interest rate derivatives to lock in interest rate levels in anticipation of future financings, which are typically designated as cash flow hedges. These strategies are employed to manage interest rate risks. A hypothetical 10% increase in the interest rates associated with variable-rate debt would result in less than a $1 million decrease in Exelon's, Generation's, and ComEd's pre-tax income for the year ended December 31, 2011.

 

Fair Value Hedges. For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as fair value hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in current earnings. Exelon includes the gain or loss on the hedged items and the offsetting loss or gain on the related interest rate swaps in interest expense as follows:

 

  Gain (Loss) on Swaps Gain (Loss) on Borrowings
  December 31, December 31,
Income Statement Classification  2011  2010  2009  2011  2010  2009
Interest expense $1 $ 4 $ (7) $(1) $(4) $ 7

At December 31, 2011 and 2010, Exelon had $100 million of notional amounts of fair value hedges outstanding related to interest rate swaps, with fair value assets of $15 million and $14 million, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010, there was no impact on the results of operations as a result of ineffectiveness from fair value hedges.

 

Cash Flow Hedges. In connection with the DOE guaranteed loan for the Antelope Valley acquisition, as discussed in Note 10 – Debt and Credit Agreements, Generation entered into a floating-to-fixed interest rate swap with a notional amount of $485 million, which hedges approximately 75% of Generation's future interest rate exposure associated with the financing.  The swap was designated as a cash flow hedge, as Generation has determined that the DOE loan remains probable to occur. As such, the effective portion of the hedge will be recorded in other comprehensive income within Generation's Consolidated Balance Sheets, with any ineffectiveness recorded in Generation's Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income. Net gains (or losses) from settlement of the hedges, to the extent effective, will be amortized as an adjustment to the interest expense over the term of the DOE guaranteed loan.

 

As Generation draws down on the loan, a portion of the cash flow hedge will be de-designated and the related gains or losses will be reflected in earnings through the remaining term of the hedge. In order to mitigate this earnings impact, a series of offsetting hedge transactions will be executed as Generation draws on the loan. At December 31, 2011, Generation had a $19 million mark-to-market non-current derivative liability relating to the interest rate swap in connection with the loan agreement to fund Antelope Valley as discussed above.

 

 Cash Flow Hedges
Mark-to-market derivative liabilities (Noncurrent Liabilities) (19)

On September 30, 2010, Generation issued and sold $350 million of senior notes due October 1, 2041. In connection with this debt issuance, Generation entered into treasury rate locks in the aggregate notional amount of $240 million. The treasury rate locks were settled on September 27, 2010. Treasury rate locks were derivative instruments used to lock in the interest rate prior to the issuance of debt. As a result of a decrease in interest rates during the period between the inception and settlement of the treasury rate locks, Generation recorded a pre-tax loss of approximately $4 million. The loss was recorded to other comprehensive income within Generation's Consolidated Balance Sheets and is being amortized as an increase to interest expense over the life of the related debt as interest payments are made on the debt.

 

In connection with its August 2, 2010 issuance of First Mortgage Bonds, ComEd entered into treasury rate locks in the aggregate notional amount of $350 million. The treasury rate locks were settled on July 27, 2010. As interest rates decreased since the inception of the treasury rate locks, ComEd recorded a pre-tax loss of approximately $4 million. Under the authoritative accounting guidance for regulated operations, the loss was recorded as a regulatory asset within ComEd's Consolidated Balance Sheets at settlement and is being amortized as an increase to interest expense over the life of the related debt as interest payments are made on the debt.

 

 

Fair Value Measurement (Exelon, Generation, ComEd and PECO)

 

Fair value accounting guidance requires the fair value of derivative instruments to be shown in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements on a gross basis, even when the derivative instruments are subject to master netting agreements and qualify for net presentation in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. In the table below, Generation's commodity cash flow hedges, other derivatives and proprietary trading derivatives are shown gross and the impact of the netting of fair value balances with the same counterparty, as well as netting of collateral, is aggregated in the collateral and netting column. Excluded from the tables below are economic hedges that qualify for the normal purchases and normal sales scope exception and other non-derivative contracts that are accounted for under the accrual method of accounting.

The following table provides a summary of the derivative fair value balances recorded by the Registrants as of December 31, 2011:

  Generation ComEd PECO Other Exelon
                          
           Collateral                  
  Cash Flow Other Proprietary and    Other Other Other Intercompany Total
DerivativesHedges(a) Derivatives Trading Netting(b) Subtotal(c) Derivatives (a)(d) Derivatives  Derivatives Eliminations(a) Derivatives
                               
Mark-to-market                             
 derivative assets (current assets)$438 $1,195 $217 $(1,418) $432 $0 $0 $0 $0 $432
Mark-to-market                             
 derivative assets with affiliate (current assets)  503  0  0  0  503  0  0  0  (503)  0
Mark-to-market                             
 derivative assets (noncurrent assets)  419  582  71  (437)  635  0  0  15  0  650
Mark-to-market                             
 derivative assets with affiliate (noncurrent assets)  191  0  0  0  191  0  0  0  (191)  0
                               
Total mark-to-market                             
 derivative assets $1,551 $1,777 $288 $(1,855) $1,761 $0 $0 $15 $(694) $1,082
                               
Mark-to-market                             
 derivative liabilities (current liabilities) $(9) $(965) $(194) $1,065 $(103) $(9)  0 $0 $0 $(112)
Mark-to-market                             
 derivative liabilities with affiliate (current liabilities)  0  0  0  0  0  (503)  0  0  503  0
Mark-to-market                             
 derivative liabilities (noncurrent liabilities)  (4)  (186)  (70)  250  (10)  (97)  0  0  0  (107)
Mark-to-market                             
 derivative liabilities with affiliate (noncurrent liabilities)  0  0  0  0  0  (191)  0  0  191  0
                               
Total mark-to-market                             
 derivative liabilities $(13) $(1,151) $(264) $1,315 $(113) $(800) $0 $0 $694 $(219)
                               
Total mark-to-market                             
 derivative net assets (liabilities) $1,538 $626 $24 $(540) $1,648 $(800) $0 $15 $0 $863

__________

(a)       Includes current and noncurrent assets for Generation and current and noncurrent liabilities for ComEd of $503 million and $191 million, respectively, related to the fair value of the five-year financial swap contract between Generation and ComEd, as described above. For Generation excludes $19 million noncurrent liability relating to an interest rate swap in connection with a loan agreement to fund Antelope Valley as discussed above.

(b)       Represents the netting of fair value balances with the same counterparty and the application of collateral.

(c)       Current and noncurrent assets are shown net of collateral of $338 million and $187 million, respectively, and current and noncurrent liabilities are shown inclusive of collateral of $15 million and $0 million, respectively. The total cash collateral received net of cash collateral posted and offset against mark-to-market assets and liabilities was $540 million at December 31, 2011.

(d)       Includes current and noncurrent liabilities relating to floating-to-fixed energy swap contracts with unaffiliated suppliers.

 

The following table provides a summary of the derivative fair value balances recorded by the Registrants as of December 31, 2010:

  Generation ComEd PECO Other Exelon
           Collateral                  
  Cash Flow Other Proprietary and    Other Other Other Intercompany Total
 DerivativesHedges (a) Derivatives Trading Netting (b) Subtotal (c) Derivatives (a) (e) Derivatives (d)  Derivatives Eliminations (a)(d) Derivatives
Mark-to-market                             
 derivative assets (current assets) $532 $1,203 $225 $(1,473) $487 $0 $0 $0 $0 $487
Mark-to-market                             
 derivative assets with affiliate (current assets)  455  0  0  0  455  0  0  0  (455)  0
Mark-to-market                             
 derivative assets (noncurrent assets)  204  547  56  (416)  391  4  0  14  0  409
Mark-to-market                             
 derivative assets with affiliate (noncurrent assets)  525  0  0  0  525  0  0  0  (525)  0
                               
Total mark-to-market                             
 derivative assets $1,716 $1,750 $281 $(1,889) $1,858 $4 $0 $14 $(980) $896
                               
Mark-to-market                             
 derivative liabilities (current liabilities) $(21) $(551) $(200) $738 $(34) $0 $(4) $0 $0 $(38)
Mark-to-market                             
 derivative liabilities with affiliate (current liabilities)  0  0  0  0  0  (450)  (5)  0  455  0
Mark-to-market                             
 derivative liabilities (noncurrent liabilities)  (24)  (143)  (54)  200  (21)  0  0  0  0  (21)
Mark-to-market                             
 derivative liabilities with affiliate (noncurrent liabilities)  0  0  0  0  0  (525)  0  0  525  0
                               
Total mark-to-market                             
 derivative liabilities $(45) $(694) $(254) $938 $(55) $(975) $(9) $0 $980 $(59)
                               
Total mark-to-market                             
 derivative net assets (liabilities) $1,671 $1,056 $27 $(951) $1,803 $(971) $(9) $14 $0 $837

__________

(a)       Includes current and noncurrent assets for Generation and current and noncurrent liabilities for ComEd of $450 million and $525 million, respectively, related to the fair value of the five-year financial swap contract between Generation and ComEd, as described above.

(b)       Represents the netting of fair value balances with the same counterparty and the application of collateral.

(c)       Current and noncurrent assets are shown net of collateral of $725 million and $199 million, respectively, and current and noncurrent liabilities are shown inclusive of collateral of $10 million and $17 million, respectively. The total cash collateral received net of cash collateral posted and offset against mark-to-market assets and liabilities was $951 million at December 31, 2010.

(d)       Includes current assets for Generation and current liabilities for PECO of $5 million related to the fair value of PECO's block contracts with Generation. There were no netting adjustments or collateral received as of December 31, 2010. The PECO block contracts were designated as normal purchases in May 2010. As such, no additional changes in the fair value of PECO's block contracts were recorded and the mark-to-market balances previously recorded were amortized over the terms of the contracts, which ended December 31, 2011.

(e)       Includes noncurrent assets related to floating-to-fixed energy swap contracts with unaffiliated suppliers.

 

Cash Flow Hedges (Exelon, Generation and ComEd).    Economic hedges that qualify as cash flow hedges primarily consist of forward power sales and power swaps on base load generation. At December 31, 2011, Generation had net unrealized pre-tax gains on effective cash flow hedges of $ 1,529 million being deferred within accumulated OCI, including $694 million related to the financial swap with ComEd. Amounts recorded in accumulated OCI related to changes in energy commodity cash flow hedges are reclassified to results of operations when the forecasted purchase or sale of the energy commodity occurs. Reclassifications from OCI are included in operating revenues, purchased power and fuel in Exelon's and Generation's Consolidated Statements of Operations, depending on the commodities involved in the hedged transaction. Based on market prices at December 31, 2011, approximately $925 million of these net pre-tax unrealized gains within accumulated OCI are expected to be reclassified from accumulated OCI during the next twelve months by Generation, including approximately $503 million related to the financial swap with ComEd. However, the actual amount reclassified from accumulated OCI could vary due to future changes in market prices. Generation expects the settlement of the majority of its cash flow hedges, including the ComEd financial swap contract, will occur during 2012 through 2014.

 

Exelon discontinues hedge accounting prospectively when it determines that the derivative is no longer effective in offsetting changes in the cash flows of a hedged item or when it is no longer probable that the forecasted transaction will occur. For the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010, amounts reclassified into earnings as a result of the discontinuance of cash flow hedges were immaterial. 

 

The table below provides the activity of accumulated OCI related to cash flow hedges for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010, containing information about the changes in the fair value of cash flow hedges and the reclassification from accumulated OCI into results of operations. The amounts reclassified from accumulated OCI, when combined with the impacts of the actual physical power sales, result in the ultimate recognition of net revenues at the contracted price.

    Total Cash Flow Hedge OCI Activity, Net of Income Tax
          
    Generation  Exelon
  Income Statement Location Energy Related Hedges  Total Cash Flow Hedges
Accumulated OCI derivative gain at         
 January 1, 2010  $ 1,152(a)(d) $ 551 
Effective portion of changes in fair value    541(b)   304(e)
Reclassifications from accumulated OCI to          
 net incomeOperating Revenues   (681)(c)   (454)(f)
Ineffective portion recognized in incomePurchased Power   (1)    (1) 
Accumulated OCI derivative gain at          
 December 31, 2010    1,011(a)(d)   400 
Effective portion of changes in fair value   504(b)  402(e)
Reclassifications from accumulated OCI to         
 net incomeOperating Revenues   (585)(c)   (309) 
Ineffective portion recognized in incomeOperating Revenues   (5)    (5) 
Accumulated OCI derivative gain at          
 December 31, 2011  $ 925(a)(d) $488 

__________

(a)       Includes $420 million, $589 million and $585 million of gains, net of taxes, related to the fair value of the five-year financial swap contract with ComEd for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively, and $3 million of gains, net of taxes, related to the fair value of the block contracts with PECO for the year ended December 31, 2010.

(b)       Includes $104 million and $228 million of gains, net of taxes, related to the effective portion of changes in fair value of the five-year financial swap contract with ComEd for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively, and $2 million of gains, net of taxes, of the effective portion of changes in fair value of the block contracts with PECO for the year ended December 31, 2010. The PECO block contracts were designated as normal sales as of May 31, 2010. As such, there were no effective changes in fair value of the block contracts with PECO in 2011 or for the remainder of 2010 as the mark-to-market balances previously recorded were amortized over the terms of the contracts.

(c)       Includes $273 million and $224 million of losses, net of taxes, reclassified from accumulated OCI to recognize gains in net income related to settlements of the five-year financial swap contract with ComEd for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively, and $3 million of losses, net of taxes, reclassified from accumulated OCI to recognize gains in net income related to settlements of the block contracts with PECO for the year ended December 31, 2011.

(d)       Excludes $10 million of losses and $2 million of gains, net of taxes, related to interest rate swaps and treasury rate locks for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively. Excludes $5 million of gains, net of taxes, related to interest rate swaps for the year ended December 31, 2009. See Note 10 - Debt and Credit Agreements for further information.

(e)       Includes $12 million of losses, net of taxes, related to the effective portion of changes in fair value of interest rate swaps and treasury rate locks at Generation for the year ended December 31, 2011. Includes $6 million of losses, net of taxes, related to the effective portion of changes in fair value of treasury rate locks at Generation and ComEd for the year ended December 31, 2010.

(f)       Reflects the reclassifications of $4 million to regulatory assets and $1 million to deferred income tax liabilities within Exelon's and ComEd's Consolidated Balance Sheets associated with settled treasury rate locks at ComEd.

 

During the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, Generation's cash flow hedge activity impact to pre-tax earnings, based on the reclassification adjustment from accumulated OCI to earnings, was a pre-tax gain of $968 million, $1,125 million and $1,559 million, respectively. Given that the cash flow hedges primarily consist of forward power sales and power swaps and do not include gas options or sales, the ineffectiveness of Generation's cash flow hedges is primarily the result of differences between the locational settlement prices of the cash flow hedges and the hedged generating units. This price difference is actively managed through other instruments, which include financial transmission rights, whose changes in fair value are recognized in earnings each period, and auction revenue rights. Changes in cash flow hedge ineffectiveness, primarily due to changes in market prices, were increases of $9 million and $1 million, and a decrease of $15 million for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively, none of which was related to Generation's financial swap contract with ComEd or Generation's block contracts with PECO. Cash flow hedge ineffectiveness resulted in an decrease of $10 million and $1 million related to accumulated OCI on the balance sheet in order to reflect the effective portion of derivative gains or losses at December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively.

Exelon's energy related cash flow hedge activity impact to pre-tax earnings, based on the reclassification adjustment from accumulated OCI to earnings, was a pre-tax gain of $512 million, $754 million and $1,292 million for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively. Changes in cash flow hedge ineffectiveness, primarily due to changes in market prices, were increases of $9 million, $1 million, and a decrease of $15 million for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively. Cash flow hedge ineffectiveness resulted in an decrease of $10 million and $1 million to accumulated OCI on the balance sheet in order to reflect the effective portion of derivative gains or losses at December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively.

 

Other Derivatives (Exelon and Generation). Other derivative contracts are those that do not qualify or are not designated for hedge accounting. These instruments represent economic hedges that mitigate exposure to fluctuations in commodity prices and include financial options, futures, swaps, and forward sales. For the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, the following net pre-tax mark-to-market gains (losses) of certain sale and purchase contracts were reported in operating revenues and fuel and purchased power expense at Exelon and Generation in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income and are included in “Net fair value changes related to derivatives” in Exelon's and Generation's Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. In the tables below, “Change in fair value” represents the change in fair value of the derivative contracts held at the reporting date. The “Reclassification to realized at settlement” represents the recognized change in fair value that was reclassified to realized due to settlement of the derivative during the period.

 Exelon and Generation
 Operating Purchased      
For the Year Ended December 31, 2011Revenues Power Fuel Total
Change in fair value$87 $17 $114 $218
Reclassification to realized at settlement (296)  (31)  (188)  (515)
Net mark-to-market gains (losses) (a)$(209) $(14) $(74) $(297)
            
 Exelon and Generation
 Operating Purchased      
For the Year Ended December 31, 2010Revenues Power Fuel Total
Change in fair value$0 $288 $101 $389
Reclassification to realized at settlement 0  (292)  (12)  (304)
Net mark-to-market gains (losses)$0 $(4) $89 $85
            
 Exelon and Generation
 Operating Purchased      
For the Year Ended December 31, 2009Revenues Power Fuel Total
Change in fair value$0 $206 $(72) $134
Reclassification to realized at settlement 0  (97)  159  62
Net mark-to-market gains$0 $109 $87 $196

  • Exelon and Generation have historically presented mark-to-market gains and losses within purchased power expense for all non-trading, power-related derivatives that were not accounted for as cash flow hedges. In 2011, Exelon and Generation classified the mark-to-market gains and losses for contracts, where the underlying hedged transaction was an expected sale, to operating revenues. In prior years, this treatment was not material to reported operating revenues and purchased power expense. As a result, prior year amounts have not been reclassified.

 

Proprietary Trading Activities (Exelon and Generation). For the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, Exelon and Generation recognized the following net unrealized mark-to-market gains (losses), net realized mark-to-market gains (losses) and total net mark-to-market gains (losses) (before income taxes) relating to mark-to-market activity on derivative instruments entered into for proprietary trading purposes. Gains and losses associated with proprietary trading are reported as operating revenue in Exelon's and Generation's Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income and are included in Net fair value changes related to derivatives in Exelon's and Generation's Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. In the tables below, “Change in fair value represents the change in fair value of the derivative contracts held at the reporting date. The “Reclassification to realized at settlement represents the recognized change in fair value that was reclassified to realized due to settlement of the derivative during the period.

      
  Location on Income  For the Years Ended December 31,
 Statement 2011 2010 2009
Change in fair valueOperating Revenues $ 23 $ 26 $ 3
Reclassification to realized at settlementOperating Revenues   (26)   (24)   (86)
           
Net mark-to-market gains (losses)Operating Revenues $ (3) $ 2 $ (83)

Credit Risk (Exelon, Generation, ComEd and PECO)

 

The Registrants would be exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties that enter into derivative instruments. The credit exposure of derivative contracts, before collateral, is represented by the fair value of contracts at the reporting date. For energy-related derivative instruments, Generation enters into enabling agreements that allow for payment netting with its counterparties, which reduces Generation's exposure to counterparty risk by providing for the offset of amounts payable to the counterparty against amounts receivable from the counterparty. Typically, each enabling agreement is for a specific commodity and so, with respect to each individual counterparty, netting is limited to transactions involving that specific commodity product, except where master netting agreements exist with a counterparty that allow for cross product netting. In addition to payment netting language in the enabling agreement, Generation's credit department establishes credit limits, margining thresholds and collateral requirements for each counterparty, which are defined in the derivative contracts. Counterparty credit limits are based on an internal credit review that considers a variety of factors, including the results of a scoring model, leverage, liquidity, profitability, credit ratings and risk management capabilities. To the extent that a counterparty's margining thresholds are exceeded, the counterparty is required to post collateral with Generation as specified in each enabling agreement. Generation's credit department monitors current and forward credit exposure to counterparties and their affiliates, both on an individual and an aggregate basis.

 

The following tables provide information on Generation's credit exposure for all derivative instruments, normal purchase and normal sales, and applicable payables and receivables, net of collateral and instruments that are subject to master netting agreements, as of December 31, 2011. The tables further delineate that exposure by credit rating of the counterparties and provide guidance on the concentration of credit risk to individual counterparties and an indication of the maturity of a company's credit risk by credit rating of the counterparties. The figures in the tables below do not include credit risk exposure from uranium procurement contracts or exposure through RTOs, ISOs, NYMEX and ICE commodity exchanges, further discussed in Item 3 - Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. Additionally, the figures in the tables below do not include exposures with affiliates, including net receivables with ComEd and PECO of $70 million and $39 million, respectively. See Note 21 – Related Party Transactions for further information.

 Total       Number of Net Exposure of
 Exposure       Counterparties Counterparties
 Before Credit Credit Net Greater than 10% Greater than 10%
Rating as of December 31, 2011Collateral Collateral Exposure of Net Exposure of Net Exposure
Investment grade$1,581 $351 $1,230  1 $179
Non-investment grade 5  2  3  0  0
No external ratings              
Internally rated - investment grade 63  14  49  0  0
Internally rated - non-investment grade 1  0  1  0  0
Total$1,650 $367 $1,283  1 $179

Net Credit Exposure by Type of CounterpartyDecember 31, 2011
     
Financial Institutions $ 391 
Investor-owned utilities marketers and power producers   552 
Energy cooperatives and municipalities   282 
Other   58 
Total $ 1,283 
     

ComEd's power procurement contracts provide suppliers with a certain amount of unsecured credit. The credit position is based on forward market prices compared to the benchmark prices. The benchmark prices are the forward prices of energy projected through the contract term and are set at the point of supplier bid submittals. If the forward market price of energy exceeds the benchmark price, the suppliers are required to post collateral for the secured credit portion after adjusting for any unpaid deliveries and unsecured credit allowed under the contract. The unsecured credit used by the suppliers represents ComEd's net credit exposure. As of December 31, 2011, ComEd's credit exposure to suppliers was immaterial.

 

ComEd is permitted to recover its costs of procuring energy through the Illinois Settlement Legislation as well as the ICC-approved procurement tariffs. ComEd's counterparty credit risk is mitigated by its ability to recover realized energy costs through customer rates. See Note 2 — Regulatory Matters for further information.

 

PECO's supplier master agreements that govern the terms of its electric supply procurement contracts, which define a supplier's performance assurance requirements, allow a supplier to meet its credit requirements with a certain amount of unsecured credit. The amount of unsecured credit is determined based on the supplier's lowest credit rating from the major credit rating agencies and the supplier's tangible net worth. The credit position is based on the initial market price, which is the forward price of energy on the day a transaction is executed, compared to the current forward price curve for energy. To the extent that the forward price curve for energy exceeds the initial market price, the supplier is required to post collateral to the extent the credit exposure is greater than the supplier's unsecured credit limit. As of December 31, 2011, PECO had no net credit exposure to suppliers.

PECO is permitted to recover its costs of procuring electric supply through its PAPUC-approved DSP Program. PECO's counterparty credit risk is mitigated by its ability to recover realized energy costs through customer rates. See Note 2 — Regulatory Matters for further information.

 

PECO's natural gas procurement plan is reviewed and approved annually on a prospective basis by the PAPUC. PECO's counterparty credit risk under its natural gas supply and asset management agreements is mitigated by its ability to recover its natural gas costs through the PGC, which allows PECO to adjust rates quarterly to reflect realized natural gas prices. PECO does not obtain cash collateral from suppliers under its natural gas supply and asset management agreements; however, the natural gas asset managers have provided $14 million in parental guarantees related to these agreements. As of December 31, 2011, PECO had credit exposure of $11 million under its natural gas supply and asset management agreements with investment grade suppliers.

 

Collateral and Contingent-Related Features (Exelon, Generation, ComEd, and PECO)

 

As part of the normal course of business, Generation routinely enters into physical or financially settled contracts for the sale and purchase of electric capacity, energy, fuels and emissions allowances. Certain of Generation's derivative instruments contain provisions that require Generation to post collateral. This collateral may be posted in the form of cash or credit support with thresholds contingent upon Generation's credit rating from each of the major credit rating agencies. The collateral and credit support requirements vary by contract and by counterparty. These credit-risk-related contingent features stipulate that if Generation were to be downgraded or lose its investment grade credit rating (based on its senior unsecured debt rating), it would be required to provide additional collateral. This incremental collateral requirement allows for the offsetting of derivative instruments that are assets with the same counterparty, where the contractual right of offset exists under applicable master netting agreements. Generation also enters into commodity transactions on NYMEX and ICE. The NYMEX and ICE clearing houses act as the counterparty to each trade. Transactions on NYMEX and ICE must adhere to comprehensive collateral and margining requirements.

 

Generation's interest rate swap contains provisions that, in the event of a merger, require that Exelon's debt maintain an investment grade credit rating from Moody's or S&P. If Exelon's debt were to fall below investment grade, it would be in violation of these provisions, resulting in the ability of the counterparty to terminate the agreement prior to maturity.

 

The aggregate fair value of all derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features in a liability position that are not fully collateralized (excluding transactions on NYMEX and ICE that are fully collateralized) was $1,014 million and $742 million as of December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively. As of December 31, 2011 and 2010, Generation had the contractual right of offset of $928 million and $717 million, respectively, related to derivative instruments that are assets with the same counterparty under master netting agreements, resulting in a net liability position of $86 million and $25 million, respectively. If Generation had been downgraded to the investment grade rating of BBB- and Baa3, or lost its investment grade credit rating, it would have had additional collateral obligations of approximately $307 million or $1,612 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2011 and approximately $57 million or $944 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2010 related to its financial instruments, including derivatives, non-derivatives, normal purchase normal and sales contracts and applicable payables and receivables, net of the contractual right of offset under master netting agreements and the application of collateral. See Note 18Commitments and Contingencies for information regarding the letters of credit supporting the cash collateral.

 

Generation entered into SFCs with certain utilities, including PECO, with one-sided collateral postings only from Generation. If market prices fall below the benchmark price levels in these contracts, the utilities are not required to post collateral. However, when market prices rise above the benchmark price levels, counterparty suppliers, including Generation, are required to post collateral once certain unsecured credit limits are exceeded. Under the terms of the financial swap contract between Generation and ComEd, if a party is downgraded below investment grade by Moody's or S&P, collateral postings would be required by that party depending on how market prices compare to the benchmark price levels. Under the terms of the financial swap contract, collateral postings will never exceed $200 million from either ComEd or Generation. Under the terms of ComEd's standard block energy contracts, collateral postings are one-sided from suppliers, including Generation, should exposures between market prices and benchmark prices exceed established unsecured credit limits outlined in the contracts. As of December 31, 2011, ComEd held both cash and letters of credit for the purpose of collateral from suppliers in association with energy procurement contracts. These amounts were not material. Beginning in June 2010, under the terms of ComEd's annual renewable energy contracts, collateral postings are required to cover a fixed value for RECs only. In addition, beginning in December 2010, under the terms of ComEd's long-term renewable energy contracts, collateral postings are required from suppliers for both RECs and energy. The REC portion is a fixed value and the energy portion is one-sided from suppliers should the forward market prices exceed contract prices. As of December 31, 2011, ComEd held approximately $19 million in the form of cash and letters of credit as margin for both the annual and long-term REC obligations. See Note 2 — Regulatory Matters for further information.

 

PECO's natural gas procurement contracts contain provisions that could require PECO to post collateral. This collateral may be posted in the form of cash or credit support with thresholds contingent upon PECO's credit rating from the major credit rating agencies. The collateral and credit support requirements vary by contract and by counterparty. As of December 31, 2011, PECO was not required to post collateral for any of these agreements. If PECO lost its investment grade credit rating as of December 31, 2011, PECO could have been required to post approximately $54 million of collateral to its counterparties.

 

PECO's supplier master agreements that govern the terms of its DSP Program contracts do not contain provisions that would require PECO to post collateral.

 

Exelon's interest rate swaps contain provisions that, in the event of a merger, require that Exelon's debt maintain an investment grade credit rating from Moody's or S&P. If Exelon's debt were to fall below investment grade, it would be in violation of these provisions, resulting in the ability of the counterparty to terminate the agreement prior to maturity. Collateralization would not be required under any circumstance. Termination of the agreement could result in a settlement payment by Exelon or the counterparty on any interest rate swap in a net liability position. The settlement amount would be equal to the fair value of the swap on the termination date. As of December 31, 2011, Exelon's interest rate swap was in an asset position, with a fair value of $15 million.

 

Accounting for the Offsetting of Amounts Related to Certain Contracts (Exelon and Generation)

 

As of December 31, 2011 and 2010, $2 million and $1 million, respectively, of cash collateral received was not offset against net derivative positions, because it was not associated with energy-related derivatives.