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Intangible Assets and Liabilities
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2019
Intangible Assets, Net (Excluding Goodwill) [Abstract]  
Intangible Assets and Liabilities Intangible Assets and Liabilities

The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization (accretion) of our intangible assets and liabilities, other than goodwill, were as follows:
 
September 30, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
In thousands
Gross
 
Accumulated
(Amortization) Accretion
 
Net
 
Gross
 
Accumulated
(Amortization) Accretion
 
Net
Intangible Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Core-developed technology
$
500,624

 
$
(443,313
)
 
$
57,311

 
$
507,100

 
$
(429,955
)
 
$
77,145

Customer contracts and relationships
375,094

 
(236,824
)
 
138,270

 
379,614

 
(212,538
)
 
167,076

Trademarks and trade names
77,848

 
(71,803
)
 
6,045

 
78,746

 
(69,879
)
 
8,867

Other
12,020

 
(11,325
)
 
695

 
12,600

 
(11,205
)
 
1,395

Total intangible assets subject to amortization
965,586

 
(763,265
)
 
202,321

 
978,060

 
(723,577
)
 
254,483

In-process research and development
—

 
—

 
—

 
3,100

 
—

 
3,100

Total intangible assets
$
965,586

 
$
(763,265
)
 
$
202,321

 
$
981,160

 
$
(723,577
)
 
$
257,583

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Intangible Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Customer contracts and relationships
$
(23,900
)
 
$
11,392

 
$
(12,508
)
 
$
(23,900
)
 
$
5,217

 
$
(18,683
)


A summary of intangible assets and liabilities activity is as follows:
 
Nine Months Ended September 30,
In thousands
2019
 
2018
Beginning balance, intangible assets, gross
$
981,160

 
$
769,851

Intangible assets acquired
—

 
242,039

Effect of change in exchange rates
(15,574
)
 
(15,352
)
Ending balance, intangible assets, gross
$
965,586

 
$
996,538

 
 
 
 
Beginning balance, intangible liabilities, gross
$
(23,900
)
 
$
—

Intangible liabilities assumed
—

 
(23,900
)
Effect of change in exchange rates
—

 
—

Ending balance, intangible liabilities, gross
$
(23,900
)
 
$
(23,900
)


On January 5, 2018, we completed our acquisition of Silver Spring Networks, Inc. (SSNI) by purchasing 100% of the voting stock. Acquired intangible assets include in-process research and development (IPR&D), which is not amortized until such time as the associated development projects are completed. Of these projects, $3.1 million were completed during the first half of 2019 and are included in core-developed technology. Assumed intangible liabilities reflect the present value of the projected cash outflows for an existing contract where remaining costs are expected to exceed projected revenues.

Estimated future annual amortization (accretion) is as follows:
Year Ending December 31,
 
Amortization
 
Accretion
 
Estimated Annual Amortization, net
In thousands
 
 
2019 (amount remaining at September 30, 2019)
 
$
18,162

 
$
(2,058
)
 
$
16,104

2020
 
52,850

 
(8,028
)
 
44,822

2021
 
37,547

 
(1,963
)
 
35,584

2022
 
27,212

 
(459
)
 
26,753

2023
 
19,678

 
—

 
19,678

Thereafter
 
46,872

 
—

 
46,872

Total intangible assets subject to amortization (accretion)
 
$
202,321

 
$
(12,508
)
 
$
189,813



Amortization Expense
Three Months Ended September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended September 30,
In thousands
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Amortization Expense
$
16,095

 
$
17,960

 
$
48,185

 
$
53,699


We have recognized amortization expense within operating expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. These expenses relate to intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed as part of business combinations.