Derivative Financial Instruments

As part of our risk management strategy, we use derivative instruments to hedge certain foreign currency and interest rate exposures. Refer to Note 1, Note 14, and Note 15 for additional disclosures on our derivative instruments.

The fair values of our derivative instruments are determined using the income approach and significant other observable inputs (also known as “Level 2”). We have used observable market inputs based on the type of derivative and the nature of the underlying instrument. The key inputs include interest rate yield curves (swap rates and futures) and foreign exchange spot and forward rates, all of which are available in an active market. We have utilized the mid-market pricing convention for these inputs. We include, as a discount to the derivative asset, the effect of our counterparty credit risk based on current published credit default swap rates when the net fair value of our derivative instruments is in a net asset position. We consider our own nonperformance risk when the net fair value of our derivative instruments is in a net liability position by discounting our derivative liabilities to reflect the potential credit risk to our counterparty through applying a current market indicative credit spread to all cash flows.

The fair values of our derivative instruments are as follows:



		Fair Value
	Balance Sheet Location	December 31, 2017		December 31, 2016
		(in thousands)
Asset Derivatives
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments under ASC 815-20
Interest rate swap contracts	Other current assets	$	658	$	—
Interest rate cap contracts	Other current assets	17		3
Interest rate swap contracts	Other long-term assets	1,712		1,830
Interest rate cap contracts	Other long-term assets	179		376
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments under ASC 815-20
Foreign exchange forward contracts	Other current assets	41		169
Interest rate cap contracts	Other current assets	25		4
Interest rate cap contracts	Other long-term assets	268		563
Total asset derivatives		$	2,900	$	2,945

Liability Derivatives
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments under ASC 815-20
Interest rate swap contracts	Other current liabilities	$	—	$	934
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments under ASC 815-20
Foreign exchange forward contracts	Other current liabilities	289		449
Total liability derivatives		$	289	$	1,383

OCI during the reporting period for our derivative and nonderivative instruments designated as hedging instruments, net of tax, was as follows:



	2017			2016			2015
	(in thousands)
Net unrealized gain (loss) on hedging instruments at January 1,	$	(14,337	)	$	(14,062	)	$	(15,148	)
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments	360			(1,087		)	76
Realized (gains) losses reclassified into net income (loss)	563			812			1,010
Net unrealized gain (loss) on hedging instruments at December 31,	$	(13,414	)	$	(14,337	)	$	(14,062	)

Reclassification of amounts related to hedging instruments are included in interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Included in the net unrealized loss on hedging instruments at December 31, 2017 and 2016 is a loss of $14.4 million, net of tax, related to our nonderivative net investment hedge, which terminated in 2011. This loss on our net investment hedge will remain in AOCI until such time when earnings are impacted by a sale or liquidation of the associated foreign operation.

A summary of the potential effect of netting arrangements on our financial position related to the offsetting of our recognized derivative assets and liabilities under master netting arrangements or similar agreements is as follows:



Offsetting of Derivative Assets
			Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets
	Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets		Derivative Financial Instruments			Cash Collateral Received		Net Amount
	(in thousands)
December 31, 2017	$	2,900	$	(90	)	$	—	$	2,810

December 31, 2016	$	2,945	$	(1,322	)	$	—	$	1,623



Offsetting of Derivative Liabilities
			Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets
	Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets		Derivative Financial Instruments			Cash Collateral Pledged		Net Amount
	(in thousands)
December 31, 2017	$	289	$	(90	)	$	—	$	199

December 31, 2016	$	1,383	$	(1,322	)	$	—	$	61

Our derivative assets and liabilities subject to netting arrangements consist of foreign exchange forward and interest rate contracts with three counterparties at December 31, 2017 and three counterparties at December 31, 2016. No derivative asset or liability balance with any of our counterparties was individually significant at December 31, 2017 or 2016. Our derivative contracts with each of these counterparties exist under agreements that provide for the net settlement of all contracts through a single payment in a single currency in the event of default. We have no pledges of cash collateral against our obligations nor have we received pledges of cash collateral from our counterparties under the associated derivative contracts.

Cash Flow Hedges

As a result of our floating rate debt, we are exposed to variability in our cash flows from changes in the applicable interest rate index. We enter into swaps to achieve a fixed rate of interest on the hedged portion of debt in order to decrease this variability in our cash flows. The objective of these swaps is to reduce the variability of cash flows from increases in the LIBOR-based borrowing rates on our floating rate credit facility. The swaps do not protect us from changes to the applicable margin under our credit facility.

In May 2012, we entered into six interest rate swaps, which were effective July 31, 2013 and expired on August 8, 2016, to convert $200 million of our LIBOR based debt from a floating LIBOR interest rate to a fixed interest rate of 1.00% (excluding the applicable margin on the debt). The cash flow hedges were expected to be highly effective in achieving offsetting cash flows attributable to the hedged risk through the term of the hedge. Consequently, effective changes in the fair value of the interest rate swaps were recognized as a component of OCI and recognized in earnings when the hedged item affected earnings. The amounts paid on the hedges were recognized as adjustments to interest expense.

In October 2015, we entered into an interest rate swap, which is effective from August 31, 2016 to June 23, 2020, and converts $214 million of our LIBOR based debt from a floating LIBOR interest rate to a fixed interest rate of 1.42% (excluding the applicable margin on the debt). The notional balance will amortize to maturity at the same rate as required minimum payments on our term loan. The cash flow hedge is expected to be highly effective in achieving offsetting cash flows attributable to the hedged risk through the term of the hedge. Consequently, effective changes in the fair value of the interest rate swap is recognized as a component of OCI and will be recognized in earnings when the hedged item affects earnings. The amounts paid or received on the hedge are recognized as an adjustment to interest expense. The amount of net losses expected to be reclassified into earnings in the next 12 months is $0.7 million. At December 31, 2017, our LIBOR-based debt balance was $254.1 million.

In November 2015, we entered into three interest rate cap contracts with a total notional amount of $100 million at a cost of $1.7 million. The interest rate cap contracts expire on June 23, 2020 and were entered into in order to limit our interest rate exposure on $100 million of our variable LIBOR based debt up to 2.00%. In the event LIBOR is higher than 2.00%, we will pay interest at the capped rate of 2.00% with respect to the $100 million notional amount of such agreements. The interest rate cap contracts do not include the effect of the applicable margin. As of December 31, 2016, due to the accelerated revolver payments from surplus cash, we have elected to de-designate two of the interest rate cap contracts as cash flow hedges and discontinue the use of cash flow hedge accounting. The amounts recognized in AOCI from de-designated interest rate cap contracts will continue to be reported in AOCI unless it is not probable that the forecasted transactions will occur. As a result of the discontinuance of cash flow hedge accounting, all subsequent changes in fair value of the de-designated derivative instruments are recognized within interest expense instead of OCI. The amount of net losses expected to be reclassified into earnings for all interest rate cap contracts in the next 12 months is $0.3 million.

The before-tax effects of our derivative instruments designated as hedges on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the Consolidated Statements of Operations were as follows:



Derivatives in ASC 815-20 Cash Flow Hedging Relationships	Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in OCI on Derivative (Effective Portion)									Loss Reclassified from AOCI into Income (Effective Portion)										Loss Recognized in Income on Derivative (Ineffective Portion)
Derivatives in ASC 815-20 Cash Flow Hedging Relationships										Location	Amount									Location	Amount
	2017			2016			2015				2017			2016			2015				2017		2016			2015
	(in thousands)										(in thousands)										(in thousands)
Interest rate swap contracts	$	768		$	(1,163	)	$	367		Interest expense	$	(706	)	$	(1,296	)	$	(1,639	)	Interest expense	$	—	$	—		$	—
Interest rate cap contracts	$	(183	)	$	(605	)	$	(244	)	Interest expense	$	(210	)	$	(27	)	$	—		Interest expense	$	—	$	(1	)	$	—

Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Relationships

We are also exposed to foreign exchange risk when we enter into non-functional currency transactions, both intercompany and third-party. At each period-end, non-functional currency monetary assets and liabilities are revalued with the change recognized to other income and expense. We enter into monthly foreign exchange forward contracts, which are not designated for hedge accounting, with the intent to reduce earnings volatility associated with currency exposures. As of December 31, 2017, a total of 54 contracts were offsetting our exposures from the euro, Canadian dollar, Indonesian Rupiah, Chinese Yuan, Saudi Riyal and various other currencies, with notional amounts ranging from $158,000 to $39.5 million.

The effect of our derivative instruments not designated as hedges on the Consolidated Statements of Operations was as follows:



Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instrument under ASC 815-20	Location	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivative
		2017			2016		2015
		(in thousands)
Foreign exchange forward contracts	Other income (expense), net	$	(6,281	)	$	537	$	(3,145	)
Interest rate cap contracts	Interest expense	$	(274	)	$	129	$	—

We will continue to monitor and assess our interest rate and foreign exchange risk and may institute additional derivative instruments to manage such risk in the future.