EX-99.CODE ETH 4 ex-99_codeeth.htm CODE OF ETHICS Code of Ethics


CODE OF ETHICS FOR PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE AND SENIOR FINANCIAL     
OFFICERS OF THE PRICE FUNDS     
UNDER THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002     
 
 
I. General Statement. This Code of Ethics (the “Price Funds S-O Code”) has been designed 
to bring the Price Funds into compliance with the applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley 
Act of 2002 (the “Act”) rules promulgated by The Securities and Exchange Commission 
thereunder (“Regulations”). The Price Funds S-O Code applies solely to the Principal 
Executive Officer, Principal Financial Officer, Principal Accounting Officer or Controller of, or 
persons performing similar functions for, a Price Fund (whether such persons are employed by a 
Price Fund or third party) (“Covered Officers”). The “Price Funds” shall include each mutual 
fund that is managed, sponsored and distributed by affiliates of T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. 
(“Group”). The investment managers to the Price Funds will be referred to as the “Price Fund 
Advisers.” A list of Covered Officers is attached as Exhibit A
 
The Price Fund Advisers have, along with their parent, T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. (“Group”) 
also maintained a comprehensive Code of Ethics and Conduct (the “Group Code”) since 1972, 
which applies to all officers, directors and employees of the Price Funds, Group and its affiliates. 
 
As mandated by the Act, Group has adopted a Code (the “Group S-O Code”), similar to the 
Price Funds S-O Code, which applies solely to its principal executive and senior financial 
officers. The Group S-O Code and the Price Funds S-O Code will be referred to collectively as 
the “S-O Codes”    
 
The Price Funds S-O Code has been adopted by the Price Funds in accordance with the Act and 
Regulations thereunder and will be administered in conformity with the disclosure requirements 
of Item 2 of Form N-CSR. The S-O Codes are attachments to the Group Code. In many respects 
the S-O Codes are supplementary to the Group Code, but the Group Code is administered 
separately from the S-O Codes, as the S-O Codes are from each other. 
 
II. Purpose of the Price Funds S-O Code. The purpose of the Price Funds S-O Code, as 
mandated by the Act and the Regulations, is to establish standards that are reasonably designed 
to deter wrongdoing and to promote: 
 
             Ethical Conduct. Honest and ethical conduct, including the ethical handling of actual or 
             apparent conflicts of interest between personal and professional relationships. 
 
             Disclosure. Full, fair, accurate, timely and understandable disclosure in reports and 
             documents that the Price Funds file with, or submit to, the SEC and in other public 
             communications made by the Price Funds. 
 
             Compliance. Compliance with applicable governmental laws, rules and regulations. 
 
             Reporting of Violations. The prompt internal reporting of violations of the Price Funds 
             S-O Code to an appropriate person or persons identified in the Price Funds S-O Code. 
 
             Accountability. Accountability for adherence to the Price Funds S-O Code. 

III. Covered Officers Should Handle Ethically Actual and Apparent Conflicts of Interest. 
 
Overview. Each Covered Officer owes a duty to the Price Funds to adhere to a high standard of 
honesty and business ethics and should be sensitive to situations that may give rise to actual as 
well as apparent conflicts of interest. 
 
A “conflict of interest” occurs when a Covered Officer’s private interest interferes with the 
interests of, or his or her service to, the Price Funds. For example, a conflict of interest would 
arise if a Covered Officer, or a member of his or her family, receives improper personal benefits 
as a result of his or her position with a Price Fund. 
 
Certain conflicts of interest covered by the Price Funds S-O Code arise out of the relationships 
between Covered Officers and the Price Funds and may already be subject to provisions 
regulating conflicts of interest in the Investment Company Act of 1940 (“Investment Company 
Act”), the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (“Investment Advisers Act”) and the Group Code. 
For example, Covered Officers may not individually engage in certain transactions (such as the 
purchase or sale of securities or other property) with a Price Fund because of their status as 
“affiliated persons” of a Price Fund. The compliance programs and procedures of the Price 
Funds and Price Fund Advisers are designed to prevent, or identify and correct, violations of 
these provisions. 
 
Although typically not presenting an opportunity for improper personal benefit, conflicts arise 
from, or as a result of, the contractual relationship between a Price Fund and its Price Fund 
Adviser (and its affiliates) of which the Covered Officers may also be officers or employees. As 
a result, the Price Funds S-O Code recognizes that the Covered Officers will, in the normal 
course of their duties (whether formally for the Price Funds or for the Price Fund Advisers, or for 
both), be involved in establishing policies and implementing decisions which will have different 
effects on these entities. The participation of the Covered Officers in such activities is inherent 
in the contractual relationship between each Price Fund and its respective Price Fund Adviser. 
Such participation is also consistent with the performance by the Covered Officers of their duties 
as officers of the Price Funds and, if consistent with the provisions of the Investment Company 
Act and the Investment Advisers Act, it will be deemed to have been handled ethically. 
 
Other conflicts of interest are covered by the Price Funds S-O Code, even if these conflicts of 
interest are not addressed by or subject to provisions in the Investment Company Act and the 
Investment Advisers Act. 
 
Whenever a Covered Officer is confronted with a conflict of interest situation where he or she is 
uncertain as to the appropriate action to be taken, he or she should discuss the matter with the 
Chairperson of Group’s Ethics Committee or another member of the Committee. 
 
Handling of Specific Types of Conflicts. Each Covered Officer (and close family members) 
must not: 
 
              Entertainment. Accept entertainment from any company with which any Price 
              Fund or any Price Fund Adviser has current or prospective business dealings, 
              including portfolio companies, unless such entertainment is in full compliance 
              with the policy on entertainment as set forth in the Group Code. 
 
              Gifts. Accept any gifts, except as permitted by the Group Code. 

               Improper Personal Influence. Use his or her personal influence or personal 
               relationships improperly to influence investment decisions, brokerage allocations 
               or financial reporting by the Price Funds to the detriment of any one or more of 
               the Price Funds. 
 
               Taking Action at the Expense of a Price Fund. Cause a Price Fund to take 
               action, or fail to take action, for the personal benefit of the Covered Officer rather 
               than for the benefit of one or more of the Price Funds. 
 
               Misuse of Price Funds’ Transaction Information. Use knowledge of portfolio 
               transactions made or contemplated for a Price Fund or any other clients of the 
               Price Fund Advisers to trade personally or cause others to trade in order to take 
               advantage of or avoid the market impact of such portfolio transactions. 
 
               Outside Business Activities. Engage in any outside business activity that 
               detracts from a Covered Officer’s ability to devote appropriate time and attention 
               to his or her responsibilities to a Price Fund. 
 
               Service Providers. Excluding Group and its affiliates, have any ownership 
               interest in, or any consulting or employment relationship with, any of the Price 
               Funds’ service providers, except that an ownership interest in public companies is 
               permitted 
 
               Receipt of Payments. Have a direct or indirect financial interest in commissions, 
               transaction charges, spreads or other payments paid by a Price Fund for effecting 
               portfolio transactions or for selling or redeeming shares other than an interest 
               (such as compensation or equity ownership) arising from the Covered Officer’s 
               employment by Group or any of its affiliates. 
 
               Service as a Director or Trustee. Serve as a director, trustee or officer of any 
               public or private company or a non-profit organization that issues securities 
               eligible for purchase by any of the Price Funds, unless approval is obtained as 
               required by the Group Code. 
 
IV. Covered Officers’ Specific Obligations and Accountabilities.     
 
               A. Disclosure Requirements and Controls. Each Covered Officer must   
               familiarize himself or herself with the disclosure requirements (Form N-1A registration   
               statement, proxy (Schedule 14A), shareholder reports, Forms N-SAR, N-CSR, etc.)   
               applicable to the Price Funds and the disclosure controls and procedures of the Price   
               Fund and the Price Fund Advisers.   
 
               B. Compliance with Applicable Law. It is the responsibility of each Covered   
               Officer to promote compliance with all laws, rules and regulations applicable to the Price   
               Funds and the Price Fund Advisers. Each Covered Officer should, to the extent   
               appropriate within his or her area of responsibility, consult with other officers and   
               employees of the Price Funds and the Price Fund Advisers and take other appropriate   
               steps with the goal of promoting full, fair, accurate, timely and understandable disclosure   
               in the reports and documents the Price Funds file with, or submit to, the SEC, and in   
               other public communications made by the Price Funds.   

               C. Fair Disclosure. Each Covered Officer must not knowingly misrepresent, or 
               cause others to misrepresent, facts about a Price Fund to others, whether within or 
               outside the Price organization, including to the Price Fund’s directors and auditors, and 
               to governmental regulators and self-regulatory organizations. 
 
               D. Initial and Annual Affirmations. Each Covered Officer must:
 
                     1. Upon adoption of the Price Funds S-O Code (or thereafter, as applicable, upon 
                     becoming a Covered Officer), affirm in writing that he or she has received, read, 
                     and understands the Price Funds S-O Code. 
 
                     2. Annually affirm that he or she has complied with the requirements of the Price 
                     Funds S-O Code. 
 
               E. Reporting of Material Violations of the Price Funds S-O Code. If a 
               Covered Officer becomes aware of any material violation of the Price Funds S-O Code 
               or laws and governmental rules and regulations applicable to the operations of the 
               Price Funds, he or she must promptly report the violation (“Report”) to the Chief 
               Legal Counsel of the Price Funds (“CLC”). Failure to report a material violation will 
               be considered itself a violation of the Price Funds S-O Code. The CLC is identified in 
               the attached Exhibit B
 
               It is the Price Funds policy that no retaliation or other adverse action will be taken 
               against any Covered Officer or other employee of a Price Fund, a Price Fund Adviser 
               or their affiliates based upon any lawful actions of the Covered Officer or employee 
               with respect to a Report made in good faith. 
 
               F. Annual Disclosures. Each Covered Officer must report, at least annually, all 
               affiliations or other relationships as called for in the “Annual Questionnaire for 
               Executive Officers and/or Employee Directors/Trustees of Group and the Price Funds.” 
 
V. Administration of the Price Funds S-O Code. The Ethics Committee is responsible for 
administering the Price Funds S-O Code and applying its provisions to specific situations in 
which questions are presented. 
 
               A. Waivers and Interpretations. The Chairperson of the Ethics Committee has 
               the authority to interpret the Price Funds S-O Code in any particular situation and to 
               grant waivers where justified, subject to the approval of the Joint Audit Committee of 
               the Price Funds. All material interpretations concerning Covered Officers will be 
               reported to the Joint Audit Committee of the Price Funds at its next meeting. Waivers, 
               including implicit waivers, to Covered Officers will be publicly disclosed as required 
               in the Instructions to N-CSR. Pursuant to the definition in the Regulations, an implicit 
               waiver means a Price Fund’s failure to take action within a reasonable period of time 
               regarding a material departure from a provision of the Price Funds S-O Code that has 
               been made known to an “executive officer” (as defined in Rule 3b-7 under the 
               Securities Exchange Act of 1934) of a Price Fund. An executive officer of a Price 
               Fund includes its president and any vice-president in charge of a principal business 
               unit, division or function. 

               B. Violations/Investigations. The following procedures will be followed in 
               investigating and enforcing the Price Funds S-O Code: 
 
                     1. The CLC will take or cause to be taken appropriate action to 
                     investigate any potential or actual violation reported to him or her. 
 
                     2. The CLC, after consultation if deemed appropriate with Outside 
                     Counsel to the Price Funds, will make a recommendation to the 
                     appropriate Price Funds Board regarding the action to be taken with 
                     regard to each material violation. Such action could include any of the 
                     following: a letter of censure or suspension, a fine, a suspension of trading 
                     privileges or termination of officership or employment. In addition, the 
                     violator may be required to surrender any profit realized (or loss avoided) 
                     from any activity that is in violation of the Price Funds S-O Code. 
 
VI. Amendments to the Price Funds S-O Code. Except as to the contents of Exhibit A and 
Exhibit B, the Price Funds S-O Code may not be materially amended except in written form, 
which is specifically approved or ratified by a majority vote of each Price Fund Board, including 
a majority of the independent directors on each Board. 
 
VII. Confidentiality. All reports and records prepared or maintained pursuant to the Price 
Funds S-O Code will be considered confidential and shall be maintained and protected 
accordingly. Except as otherwise required by law, the Price Funds S-O Code or as necessary in 
connection with regulations under the Price Funds S-O Code, such matters shall not be disclosed 
to anyone other than the directors of the appropriate Price Fund Board, Outside Counsel to the 
Price Funds, members of the Ethics Committee and the CLC and authorized persons on his or 
her staff. 
 
Preparation Date: 9/30/03 
 
Adoption Date:     10/22/03

Exhibit A 
Persons Covered by the Price Funds S-O Code of Ethics 
Edward C. Bernard, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer 
Gregory K. Hinkle, Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer 
 
Exhibit B 
David Oestreicher, Chief Legal Counsel to the Price Funds