The Corporation is exposed to certain risk arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. The Corporation principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. The Corporation manages economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity, and credit risk, primarily by managing the amount, sources, and duration of its assets and liabilities and the use of derivative financial instruments. Specifically, the Corporation enters into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the values of which are determined by interest rates. The Corporation's derivative financial instruments are used to manage differences in the amount, timing, and duration of the Corporation's known or expected cash receipts and its known or expected cash payments principally related to the Corporation's assets.

The contract or notional amount of a derivative is used to determine, along with the other terms of the derivative, the amounts to be exchanged between the counterparties. The Corporation is exposed to credit risk in the event of nonperformance by counterparties to financial instruments. To mitigate the counterparty risk, contracts generally contain language outlining collateral pledging requirements for each counterparty. For non-centrally cleared derivatives, collateral must be posted when the market value exceeds certain mutually agreed upon threshold limits. Securities and cash are often pledged as collateral. The Corporation pledged $101 million and $92 million of investment securities as collateral at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Cash is often pledged as collateral for derivatives that are not centrally cleared. The Corporation's required cash collateral was approximately $2 million at June 30, 2023, compared to $3 million at December 31, 2022.

Federal regulations require the Corporation to clear all LIBOR and compound SOFR interest rate swaps through a clearing house, if possible. For derivatives cleared through central clearing houses, the variation margin payments are legally characterized as daily settlements of the derivative rather than collateral. The Corporation's clearing agent for interest rate derivative contracts that are centrally cleared through the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the London Clearing House settles the variation margin daily. As a result, the variation margin payment and the related derivative instruments are considered a single unit of account for accounting and financial reporting purposes. Depending on the net position, the fair value is reported in other assets or accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The daily settlement of the derivative exposure does not change or reset the contractual terms of the instrument.

The Corporation is exposed to changes in the fair value of its fixed-rate debt due to changes in benchmark interest rates. The Corporation uses interest rate swaps to manage its exposure to changes in fair value on these instruments attributable to changes in the designated benchmark interest rates. Interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges involve receiving payment of fixed-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Corporation paying variable-rate payments over the life of the agreements without the exchange of the underlying notional amount.

For derivatives designated and that qualify as fair value hedges, as allowed under U.S. GAAP, the Corporation applied the "shortcut" method of accounting, which permits the assumption of perfect effectiveness. The gain or loss on the derivative as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in interest expense. These items, along with the net interest from the derivative, are reported in the same income statement line as the fixed-rate debt expense.

The Corporation is exposed to variability in cash flows on its floating rate assets due to changes in benchmark interest rates. The Corporation uses interest rate swaps to hedge certain forecasted transactions for the variability in cash flows attributable to the contractually specified interest rate in order to add stability to net interest income and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve receiving fixed-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Corporation making variable-rate payments over the life of the agreements without the exchange of the underlying notional amount. These items, along with the net interest from the derivative, are reported in the same income statement line as the interest income from the floating-rate assets.

The Corporation facilitates customer borrowing activity by entering into various derivative contracts which are designated as free standing derivative contracts. Free standing derivative products are entered into primarily for the benefit of commercial customers seeking to manage their exposures to interest rate risk and foreign currency. These derivative contracts are not designated against specific assets and liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets or forecasted transactions and, therefore, do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment. Such derivative contracts are carried at fair value in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets with changes in the fair value recorded as a component of capital markets, net, and typically include interest rate-related instruments (swaps and caps) and foreign currency exchange forwards. See Note 10 for additional information and disclosures on balance sheet offsetting.

Interest rate-related and other instruments: The Corporation provides interest rate risk management services to commercial customers, primarily interest rate swaps and caps. The Corporation’s market risk from unfavorable movements in interest rates related to these derivative contracts is generally economically hedged by concurrently entering into offsetting derivative contracts. The offsetting derivative contracts have identical notional values, terms, and indices, except in rare circumstances where the indices are not identical which creates a negligible basis mismatch. The Corporation also enters into credit risk participation agreements with financial institution counterparties for interest rate swaps related to loans as either a participant or a lead bank. The risk participation agreements entered into by the Corporation as a participant bank provide credit protection to the financial institution counterparty should the borrower fail to perform on its interest rate derivative contract with that financial institution.

Foreign currency exchange forwards: The Corporation provides foreign currency exchange services to customers, primarily forward contracts. The Corporation's customers enter into a foreign currency exchange forward with the Corporation as a means for them to mitigate exchange rate risk. The Corporation mitigates its risk by then entering into an offsetting foreign currency exchange derivative contract.

Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale and forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans are considered derivative instruments, and the fair value of these commitments are recorded in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets with the changes in fair value recorded as a component of mortgage banking, net on the consolidated statements of income.

Interest rate-related instruments for MSRs hedge: The fair value of the Corporation's MSRs asset changes in response to changes in primary mortgage loan rates and other assumptions. To mitigate the earnings volatility caused by changes in the fair value of MSRs, the Corporation designates certain financial instruments as an economic hedge. Changes in the fair value of these instruments are generally expected to partially offset changes in the fair value of MSRs and are recorded in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets with the changes in fair value recorded as a component of mortgage banking, net on the consolidated statements of income.

The following table presents the total notional amounts and gross fair values of the Corporation’s derivatives, as well as the balance sheet netting adjustments as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The derivative assets and liabilities are presented on a gross basis prior to the application of bilateral collateral and master netting agreements, but after the variation margin payments with central clearing organizations have been applied as settlement, as applicable. Total derivative assets and liabilities are adjusted to take into consideration the effects of legally enforceable master netting agreements and cash collateral received or paid as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The resulting net derivative asset and liability fair values are included in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheets.


	Jun 30, 2023								Dec 31, 2022
	Asset				Liability				Asset				Liability
($ in thousands)	Notional Amount		Fair Value		Notional Amount		Fair Value		Notional Amount		Fair Value		Notional Amount		Fair Value
Designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate-related instruments	$	100,000	$	1,587	$	2,750,000	$	12,682	$	900,000	$	4,349	$	1,150,000	$	1,260
Not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate-related and other instruments	4,344,168		115,311		4,698,706		242,507		4,246,823		62,401		4,599,391		251,398
Foreign currency exchange forwards	486,539		3,295		478,848		3,038		499,078		1,922		461,134		1,801

Mortgage banking(a)(b)	39,392		768		71,500		—		21,265		86		33,000		46
Total not designated as hedging instruments	119,374				245,544				64,410				253,245
Gross derivatives before netting			120,961				258,226				68,759				254,506
Less: Legally enforceable master netting agreements	3,924				3,924				2,788				2,788
Less: Cash collateral pledged/received	63,452				12				26,898				217
Total derivative instruments, after netting	$	53,584			$	254,290			$	39,072			$	251,500

(a) The notional amount of the mortgage derivative asset includes interest rate lock commitments, while the notional amount of the mortgage derivative liability includes forward commitments.
(b) At June 30, 2023 the mortgage derivative asset included approximately $336,000 of forward commitments fair value.

The following table presents amounts that were recorded on the consolidated balance sheets related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:


	Line Item in the Consolidated Balance Sheets in Which the Hedged Item is Included
	Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)		Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)		Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)		Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)
($ in thousands)	June 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
Other long-term funding	$	(542,153)	$	7,847	$	(248,145)	$	1,855
FHLB Advances	(582,033)		17,967		(585,692)		14,308
Total	$	(1,124,186)	$	25,814	$	(833,837)	$	16,163

The Corporation terminated its $500 million fair value hedge during the fourth quarter of 2019. At June 30, 2023, the amortized cost basis of the closed portfolios which had previously been used in the terminated hedging relationship was $306 million and is included in loans on the consolidated balance sheets. This amount includes $1 million of hedging adjustments on the discontinued hedging relationships, which are not presented in the table above.

The table below identifies the effect of fair value and cash flow hedge accounting on the Corporation's consolidated statements of income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:


	Location and Amount Recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Income in Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedging Relationships
	Three months ended Jun 30,						Six Months Ended Jun 30,
	2023				2022		2023			2022
($ in thousands)	Interest Income		Interest Expense		Interest Income			Interest Income		Interest Expense		Interest Income
Total amounts of income/expense presented on the consolidated statements of income in which the effects of the fair value or cash flow hedges are recorded(a)	$	(3,376)	$	4,329	$	(129)		$	(4,697)	$	6,844	$	(308)
The effects of fair value and cash flow hedging: Impact on fair value hedging relationships in Subtopic 815-20
Interest contracts:
Hedged items	(57)		(20,375)		(129)			(115)		(9,651)		(308)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments(a)	(3,319)		24,704		—			(4,581)		16,495		—


	Three Months Ended Jun 30,				Six Months Ended Jun 30,
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Interest rate-related instruments designated as cash flow hedging instruments
Amount of (loss) recognized in OCI on cash flow hedge derivative(a)	$	(34,147)	$	—	$	(20,384)	$	—


Amount of loss reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into interest income(a)	3,319		—		4,581		—

Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) related to cash flow hedge derivatives are reclassified to interest income as interest payments are made on the hedged variable interest rate assets. The Corporation estimates that $17 million will be reclassified as a decrease to interest income over the next 12 months. This amount could differ from amounts actually recognized due to changes in interest rates, hedge de-designations, or the addition of other hedges subsequent to June 30, 2023. The maximum length of time over which the Corporation is hedging its exposure to the variability in future cash flows is 41 months as of June 30, 2023.

The table below identifies the effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on the Corporation's consolidated statements of income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:


	Consolidated Statements of Income Category of Gain / (Loss) Recognized in Income	Three Months Ended Jun 30,				Six Months Ended Jun 30,
($ in thousands)		2023		2022		2023		2022
Derivative instruments
Interest rate-related and other instruments — customer and mirror, net	Capital markets, net	$	207	$	8	$	138	$	565
Interest rate-related instruments — MSRs hedge	Mortgage banking, net	(2,195)		(5,346)		326		(9,012)
Foreign currency exchange forwards	Capital markets, net	138		254		136		377

Interest rate lock commitments (mortgage)	Mortgage banking, net	93		1,210		345		(1,631)
Forward commitments (mortgage)	Mortgage banking, net	777		(4,885)		382		(128)