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Income Taxes (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Income Taxes [Abstract]  
Schedule of Provision for Income Taxes The Company recorded a provision for income taxes as follows (in thousands):
   Years Ended December 31, 
   2023   2022   2021 
Current provision  $97   $1,925   $1,469 
Deferred provision            
Total  $97   $1,925   $1,469 
Schedule of Reconciliation of Effective Tax Rate A reconciliation of the differences between the United States statutory federal income tax rate and the effective tax rate as provided in the consolidated statements of operations is as follows:
   Years Ended December 31, 
   2023   2022   2021 
Statutory rate   21.0%   21.0%   21.0%
State income taxes, net of federal benefit   4.6    5.8    6.0 
Change in valuation allowance   (23.4)   (33.9)   (18.8)
Stock-based compensation   (2.3)   3.1    
 
Non-deductible items   0.8    (1.6)   0.4 
Income from loan forgiveness   
    
    (5.5)
Other   (1.0)   0.6    (0.1)
Effective rate   (0.3)%   (5.0)%   3.0%

 

Schedule of Components of Deferred Income Taxes Deferred income taxes are provided using the asset and liability method to reflect temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of assets and liabilities using presently enacted tax rates and laws. The components of deferred income taxes included in the consolidated balance sheets were as follows (in thousands):
   December 31, 
   2023   2022 
Deferred tax assets:        
Net operating loss carryforwards  $57,870   $58,131 
Capital loss   26,518    26,043 
Disallowed interest   3,457    2,395 
R&D, Energy and AMT credits   3,742    3,742 
Derivatives   3,051    460 
Intangibles   1,201    89 
Pension liability   1,173    1,354 
Railcar contracts   818    786 
Stock-based compensation   696    634 
Allowance for credit  losses and other assets   296    311 
Other   3,340    3,208 
Total gross deferred tax assets   102,162    97,153 
Less: valuation allowance   (93,506)   (87,949)
Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance   8,656    9,204 
           
Deferred tax liabilities:          
Property and equipment   (7,720)   (9,125)
Other   (1,172)   (315)
Total deferred tax liabilities   (8,892)   (9,440)
           
Net deferred tax liabilities, included in other liabilities  $(236)  $(236)

 

Schedule of Net Operating Loss Carryforwards These net operating loss carryforwards expire as follows (in thousands):
Tax Years  Federal    State 
2024–2028  $   $94,913 
2029–2033   15,245    5,637 
2034–2038   83,771    93,390 
2039 and after*   108,465    33,832 
Total NOLs  $207,481   $227,772 

 

*Includes indefinite life federal net operating losses of $108.5 million generated after 2017.
Schedule of Balance of Gross Unrecognized Tax Benefits, Before Interest and Penalties A reconciliation of the beginning balance and the ending balance of gross unrecognized tax benefits, before interest and penalties, for the period presented is as follows (in thousands):
   December 31, 
   2023   2022 
Unrecognized tax benefits at beginning of year  $739   $ 
Increases related to current year tax positions        
Decreases related to current year tax positions        
Increases related to prior year tax positions       739 
Decreases related to prior year tax positions        
Decreases related to expiration of prior year tax positions        
Decreases related to settlements of prior year tax positions        
Unrecognized tax benefits at end of year  $739   $739 
Schedule of Income Tax in the United States Jurisdiction and Various State Jurisdictions The Company is subject to income tax in the United States federal jurisdiction and various state jurisdictions and has identified its federal tax return and tax returns in state jurisdictions below as “major” tax filings. These jurisdictions, along with the years still open to audit under the applicable statutes of limitation, are as follows:
Jurisdiction  Tax Years
    
Federal  2020 – 2022
Alabama  2020 – 2022
Arizona  2019 – 2022
Arkansas  2020 – 2022
California  2019 – 2022
Colorado  2019 – 2022
Connecticut  2020 – 2022
Georgia  2020 – 2022
Idaho  2020 – 2022
Illinois  2020 – 2022
Indiana  2020 – 2022
Iowa  2020 – 2022
Kansas  2020 – 2022
Louisiana  2020 – 2022
Michigan  2020 – 2022
Minnesota  2020 – 2022
Mississippi  2020 – 2022
Missouri  2020 – 2022
Nebraska  2020 – 2022
New Mexico  2020 – 2022
Oklahoma  2020 – 2022
Oregon  2020 – 2022
Pennsylvania  2020 – 2022
Rhode Island  2020 – 2022
South Carolina  2020 – 2022
Tennessee  2020 – 2022
Texas  2019 – 2022