UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

_______________________________________________

FORM 10-K

_______________________________________________

(Mark One)

X ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015

OR

_ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Transition Period from             to             

Commission file number 033-37587        

_______________________________________________

Pruco Life Insurance Company

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Arizona	22-1944557
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(IRS Employer Identification No.)

213 Washington Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

(973) 802-6000

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, including area code)

SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OF THE ACT:    NONE

SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(g) OF THE ACT:    NONE

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes  ¨    No  x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.  Yes  ¨    No  x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes  x    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of the Regulation S-T ((§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).  Yes  x    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer, accelerated filer and smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer	¨	Accelerated filer	¨
Non-accelerated filer	x	Smaller reporting company	¨

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ¨    No  x

As of March 10, 2016, 250,000 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock (par value $10) were outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

The information required to be furnished pursuant to Part III of this Form 10-K is set forth in, and is hereby incorporated by reference herein from, Prudential Financial, Inc.’s Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 10, 2016, to be filed by Prudential Financial, Inc. with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the year ended December 31, 2015.

Pruco Life Insurance Company meets the conditions set

forth in General Instruction (I) (1) (a) and (b) on Form 10-K

and is therefore filing this Form with reduced disclosure.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

			Page Numbers
PART I	Item 1.	Business	4
	Item 1A.	Risk Factors	16
	Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	30
	Item 2.	Properties	30
	Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	30
	Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	30
PART II	Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	30
	Item 6.	Selected Financial Data	30
	Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	30
	Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	42
	Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	45
	Item 9.	Changes In and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	45
	Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	45
	Item 9B.	Other Information	45
PART III	Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	46
	Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	46
PART IV	Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	47
SIGNATURES			48

FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain of the statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including but not limited to those in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as “expects,” “believes,” “anticipates,” “includes,” “plans,” “assumes,” “estimates,” “projects,” “intends,” “should,” “will,” “shall” or variations of such words are generally part of forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are made based on management’s current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects upon Pruco Life Insurance Company and its subsidiaries. There can be no assurance that future developments affecting Pruco Life Insurance Company and its subsidiaries will be those anticipated by management. These forward-looking statements are not a guarantee of future performance and involve risks and uncertainties, and there are certain important factors that could cause actual results to differ, possibly materially, from expectations or estimates reflected in such forward-looking statements, including, among others: (1) general economic, market and political conditions, including the performance and fluctuations of fixed income, equity, real estate and other financial markets; (2) the availability and cost of additional debt or equity capital or external financing for our operations; (3) interest rate fluctuations or prolonged periods of low interest rates; (4) the degree to which we choose not to hedge risks, or the potential ineffectiveness or insufficiency of hedging or risk management strategies we do implement; (5) reestimates of our reserves for future policy benefits and claims; (6) differences between actual experience regarding mortality, morbidity, persistency, utilization, interest rates or market returns and the assumptions we use in pricing our products, establishing liabilities and reserves or for other purposes; (7) changes in our assumptions related to deferred policy acquisition costs; (8) changes in our financial strength or credit ratings; (9) statutory reserve requirements associated with term and universal life insurance policies under Regulation XXX and Guideline AXXX; (10) investment losses, defaults and counterparty non-performance; (11) competition in our product lines and for personnel; (12) difficulties in marketing and distributing products through current or future distribution channels; (13) changes in tax law; (14) regulatory or legislative changes, including the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the U.S. Department of Labor's proposed fiduciary rules; (15) inability to protect our intellectual property rights or claims of infringement of the intellectual property rights of others; (16) adverse determinations in litigation or regulatory matters, and our exposure to contingent liabilities, including related to the remediation of certain securities lending activities administered by Prudential Financial, Inc.; (17) domestic or international military actions, natural or man-made disasters including terrorist activities or pandemic disease, or other events resulting in catastrophic loss of life; (18) ineffectiveness of risk management policies and procedures in identifying, monitoring and managing risks; (19) interruption in telecommunication, information technology or other operational systems or failure to maintain the security, confidentiality or privacy of sensitive data on such systems; (20) our ability to execute, and effects of acquisitions, divestitures and restructurings, including possible difficulties in integrating and realizing projected results of acquisitions; and (21) changes in statutory or U.S. GAAP accounting principles, practices or policies. Pruco Life Insurance Company does not intend, and is under no obligation, to update any particular forward-looking statement included in this document. See “Risk Factors” included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for discussion of certain risks relating to our business and investment in our securities.

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Part 1

Item 1. Business

Overview

Pruco Life Insurance Company (“Pruco Life”) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of The Prudential Insurance Company of America, (“Prudential Insurance”), which in turn is a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Prudential Financial, Inc., (“Prudential Financial”). For additional information, see Note 1.

The Company has two subsidiaries, including one wholly-owned life insurance subsidiary, Pruco Life Insurance Company of New Jersey, or “PLNJ,” and one indirect investment subsidiary formed in 2009 for the purpose of holding certain commercial loan and other investments. Pruco Life Insurance Company and its subsidiaries are together referred to as the "Company" and all financial information is shown on a consolidated basis.

PLNJ is a stock life insurance company organized in 1982 under the laws of the state of New Jersey. It is licensed to sell life insurance and annuities in New Jersey and New York.

On January 2, 2013, Prudential Insurance acquired the individual life insurance business of The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. through a reinsurance transaction. For additional information, see Note 1.

In connection with this transaction, Prudential Insurance retroceded to the Company, the portion of the assumed business that is classified as guaranteed universal life insurance (“GUL”) with account values of approximately $4 billion as of January 2, 2013. The Company has reinsured more than 79,000 GUL policies with a net retained face amount in force of approximately $30 billion. The Company then retroceded all of the GUL policies to an affiliated captive reinsurance company. Collectively, these transactions do not have a material impact on equity, as determined in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”), or the statutory capital and surplus of the Company.

Prudential Insurance may make capital contributions to the Company, as needed, to enable it to comply with its reserve and capital requirements and fund expenses in connection with its business. Prudential Insurance is under no obligation to make such contributions and its assets do not back the benefits payable under the Company’s policyholders’ contracts.

Competition

In our annuity business, we compete with other providers of retirement savings and accumulation products, including large, well-established insurance and financial services companies, primarily based on our innovative product features and our risk management strategies. We also compete based on brand recognition, the breadth of our distribution platform and our customer service capabilities.

In our life insurance business, we compete with large, well-established life insurance companies in a mature market. We compete primarily based on price, service, distribution channel relationships, brand recognition and financial strength. Due to the large number of competitors, pricing is competitive. Factors that could influence our ability to competitively price products while achieving targeted returns include: the cost and availability of financing for statutory reserves required for certain term and universal life insurance policies; the availability, utilization and timing of tax deductions associated with statutory reserves; product designs that impact the amount of statutory reserves and the associated tax deductions; the level and volatility of interest rates and our expense structure.

In recent years, we have experienced a dynamic competitive landscape, prompted by challenging global financial markets. We proactively monitor changes in the marketplace, and have taken actions to adapt our products to the current environment in order to maintain appropriate return prospects and improve our risk profile. These actions have included variable annuity product modifications for new sales to scale back benefits, change pricing, and reduce commissions for periods of time for certain products, as well as the closing of a share class. We also suspended or limited additional contractholder deposits for variable annuities with certain optional living benefit riders that are no longer being offered. Similarly, certain of our competitors have taken actions to implement modifications which scale back benefits or to exit, or limit their presence in, the variable annuity marketplace. Despite these actions, our contract retention has remained strong, and we believe our product offerings are competitive relative to substitute products currently available in the marketplace. In addition, we have introduced new products to broaden our offerings and diversify our risk profile, as discussed below, and have incorporated provisions in product design allowing frequent revisions of key pricing elements. We continue to look for opportunities to further enhance and differentiate our current suite of products to attract new customers while responding to market conditions and managing risks.

We periodically adjust product prices and features based on the market and our strategy, which allows us to manage the business for steady, consistent sales growth across a balanced product portfolio and to avoid over-concentration in any one product type. These actions, and the actions of competitors, can impact our sales levels from period to period.

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Products

Individual Annuities

The Company offers a wide array of annuities, including variable annuities with (1) fixed interest rate allocation options, subject to a market value adjustment, that are registered with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and (2) fixed-rate allocation options not subject to a market value adjustment and not registered with the SEC. The Company also offers fixed annuitization options during the payout phase of its variable annuities.

We offer certain variable annuities that provide our contractholders with tax-deferred asset accumulation together with a base death benefit and a suite of optional guaranteed living benefits (including versions with enhanced guaranteed minimum death benefits) and annuitization options. The majority of our currently sold contracts include an optional living benefit guarantee which provides, among other features, the ability to make withdrawals based on the highest daily contract value plus a specific return, credited for a period of time. This contract value is a notional amount that forms the basis for determining periodic withdrawals for the life of the contractholder, and cannot be accessed as a lump-sum surrender value. Certain optional living benefits can also be purchased with a companion optional death benefit, also based on a highest daily contract value.

The Prudential Premier® Retirement Variable Annuity with Highest Daily Lifetime Income (“HDI”) v. 3.0 offers lifetime income based on the highest daily account value plus a compounded deferral credit.

The Prudential Defined Income (“PDI”) Variable Annuity complements the variable annuity products we offer with the highest daily benefit. PDI provides guaranteed lifetime withdrawal payments, but restricts contractholder investments to a single bond sub-account within the separate account. PDI includes a living benefit rider which provides for a specified lifetime income withdrawal rate applied to the initial premium paid, subject to annual roll-up increases until lifetime withdrawals commence, but does not have the highest daily feature.

We also offer annuities without guaranteed living benefits. We offer the Prudential Premier® Investment Variable Annuity, which offers tax-deferred asset accumulation, annuitization options and an optional death benefit that guarantees the contractholder’s beneficiary a return of total purchase payments made to the contract, adjusted for any partial withdrawals, upon death.

Excluding our PDI product, the majority of our variable annuities generally provide our contractholders with the opportunity to allocate purchase payments to sub-accounts that invest in underlying mutual funds managed by our affiliate ("proprietary") or a mix of proprietary and non-proprietary mutual funds, frequently under asset allocation programs. Certain products also allow or require allocation to fixed-rate accounts that are invested in the general account and are credited with interest at rates we determine, subject to certain minimums. We also offer fixed annuities that provide a guarantee of principal and interest credited at rates we determine, subject to certain contractual minimums. Certain allocations made in the fixed-rate accounts of our variable annuities and certain fixed annuities impose a market value adjustment if the allocation in the fixed rate account or contract is not held to maturity.

In addition, most contracts also guarantee the contractholder’s beneficiary a return of total purchase payments made to the contract, adjusted for any partial withdrawals, upon death. Certain inforce contracts include guaranteed benefits which are not currently offered, such as annuitization benefits based on a guaranteed notional amount and benefits payable at specified dates after the accumulation period.

The primary risk exposures of our variable annuity contracts relate to actual deviations from, or changes to, the assumptions used in the original pricing of these products, including equity market returns, interest rates, market volatility, contractholder longevity/mortality, timing and amount of annuitization and withdrawals, withdrawal efficiency and contract lapses. The return we realize from our variable annuity contracts will vary based on the extent of the differences between our actual experience and the assumptions used in the original pricing of these products. Our returns can also vary due to the impact and effectiveness of our hedging programs for any capital markets movements that we may hedge, the impact of affiliated reinsurance, the impact of that portion of our variable annuity contracts with an asset transfer feature, the impact of risks we have retained and the impact of risks that are not able to be hedged.

Our risk management strategy helps to limit our exposure to certain of these risks primarily through a combination of product design elements, our living benefits hedging program and affiliated reinsurance arrangements. In addition, we consider external reinsurance a form of risk mitigation. Effective April 1, 2015, we entered into an agreement with Union Hamilton Reinsurance, Ltd., an external counterparty, to reinsure approximately 50% of the HDI v. 3.0, the newest version of our variable annuity with a "highest daily" living benefits guarantee. This reinsurance agreement covers most new HDI v. 3.0 variable annuity business issued between April 1, 2015 and December 31, 2016 on a quota share basis, subject to a maximum $5 billion of new rider purchase payments made through December 31, 2016.

The product design elements we utilize for certain products include, among others, asset allocation restrictions, minimum issuance age requirements, monthly rate setting, certain limitations on the amount of premiums accepted and/or subsequent contractholder deposits and an asset transfer feature, as well as required allocation to our general account for certain of our products. The objective of the asset transfer feature, included in the majority of our variable annuity contracts with optional living benefits features and

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all new contracts sold with our highest daily living benefits feature, is to help mitigate our exposure to equity market risk and market volatility by transferring assets between certain variable investment sub-accounts selected by the annuity contractholder, and investments that are expected to be more stable (e.g., a bond fund sub-account within the separate account or a fixed-rate account within the general account). The transfers are based on the static mathematical formula used with the particular optional benefit which considers a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the impact of investment performance on the contractholder’s total account value. This occurs at the contractholder level, rather than at the fund level, which we believe enhances our risk mitigation.

As of December 31, 2015, approximately $90 billion or 91% of total variable annuity account values contain a living benefit feature, compared to approximately $89 billion or 90% as of December 31, 2014. As of December 31, 2015, approximately $81 billion or 91% of variable annuity account values with living benefit features included an asset transfer feature in the product design, compared to approximately $85 billion or 95% as of December 31, 2014. The change in account values with living benefits and the asset transfer feature reflect the impact of new business sales and equity market performance.

Term Life Insurance

The Company offers a variety of term life insurance products, which represent 65% of our net individual life insurance in force at December 31, 2015, that provide coverage for a specified time period. Most term products include a conversion feature that allows the policyholder to convert the policy into permanent life insurance coverage. The Company also offers term life insurance that provides for a return of premium if the insured is alive at the end of the level premium period. There continues to be significant demand for term life insurance protection.

Variable Life Insurance

The Company offers a number of individual variable life insurance products, which represent 20% of our net individual life insurance in force at December 31, 2015, that give the policyholder the flexibility to change both the death benefit and premium payments, and provide the potential to earn returns linked to an underlying investment portfolio that the policyholder selects. The policyholder generally can make deposits for investments in a fixed-rate option which is part of our general account or in separate account investment options consisting of equity and fixed income funds. Funds invested in the fixed-rate option provide a guarantee of principal and are credited with interest at rates that we determine, subject to certain contractual minimums. In the separate accounts, the policyholder bears the fund performance risk. We also offer a variable life product that has an optional flexible guarantee against lapse where policyholders can select the guarantee period. Most of our variable life products now offer a policy rider that allows death benefits to be accelerated to the policyholder during a chronic or terminal illness, under certain contractual requirements. While variable life insurance continues to be an important product, marketplace demand continues to favor term and universal life insurance. A meaningful portion of Individual Life’s profits, however, is associated with our large in force block of variable policies which are expected to run off over time as policies age.

Universal Life Insurance

The Company offers universal life insurance products that feature flexible premiums and a crediting rate that we determine, subject to certain contractual minimums. Guaranteed universal life products, which represent 12% of our net individual life insurance in force at December 31, 2015, provide a guarantee of death benefits to remain in force when a policy would otherwise lapse due to insufficient cash value. We also offer other universal life insurance products, which represent 3% of our net individual life insurance in force at December 31, 2015. These include products that allow the policyholder to allocate all or a portion of their account balance into an index account. The index account provides interest or an interest component linked to, but not an investment in, S&P 500 index performance over the following year, subject to certain participation rates and contractual minimums and maximums. Most of our universal life products now offer a policy rider that allows death benefits to be accelerated to the policyholder during a chronic or terminal illness, under certain contractual requirements. Mortality and expense margins and net interest spread impact profits from universal life insurance.

Marketing and Distribution

Third Party Distribution

Our annuity products are distributed through a diverse group of third-party broker-dealers and their representatives, in banks, wirehouses, and through independent financial planners. Additionally, our variable annuity products are distributed through financial professionals, including those associated with Prudential Advisors, our domestic national sales organization, and the agency distribution force of The Allstate Corporation (“Allstate”). Our distribution efforts are supported by a network of internal and external wholesalers.

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Our individual life products are offered through a variety of third party channels, including independent brokers, wirehouses, banks, general agencies and producer groups. We focus on sales through independent intermediaries who provide life insurance solutions to protect individuals, families and businesses and support estate and wealth transfer planning.

Prudential Advisors

Prudential Financial’s national in-house sales agency, formerly known as Agency Distribution, was renamed Prudential Advisors to more accurately reflect the role that its financial professionals play in the marketplace, as well as to better align with the array of financial products and services they offer. Prudential Advisors and the agency distribution force of Allstate distribute Prudential variable, term, and universal life insurance, variable and fixed annuities, and investment products with proprietary and non-proprietary investment options as well as selected insurance products manufactured by other companies primarily to customers in the U.S. markets, including mass and mass affluent markets, as well as small business owners. Prudential Insurance pays Prudential Advisors at a market rate to distribute our products. The Company is charged a distribution expense by Prudential Insurance related to this arrangement. See Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of Expense Charges and Allocations.

Underwriting and Pricing

We earn asset management fees determined as a percentage of the average assets of the mutual funds in our variable annuity products, net of sub-advisory expenses related to non-proprietary sub-advisors. Additionally, we earn mortality and expense and other fees for various insurance-related options and features based on the average daily net asset value of the annuity separate accounts, account value, premiums, or guaranteed value, as applicable. We also receive administrative service and distribution fees from many of the proprietary and non-proprietary mutual funds.

We price our variable annuities based on an evaluation of the risks assumed and applicable risk management strategies, including hedging and reinsurance costs. Our pricing is also influenced by competition, and assumptions regarding contractholder behavior, including persistency, benefit utilization and the timing and efficiency of withdrawals for contracts with living benefit features, as well as other assumptions. Significant deviations in actual experience from our pricing assumptions could have an adverse or positive effect on the profitability of our products. To encourage persistency, most of our variable and fixed annuities have surrender or withdrawal charges for a specified number of years. In addition, the living benefit features of our variable annuity products encourage persistency because the potential value of the living benefit is fully realized only if the contract persists.

We price our fixed annuities and the fixed-rate accounts of our variable annuities based on assumed investment returns, expenses, competition and persistency, as well as other assumptions. We seek to maintain a spread between the return on our general account invested assets and the interest we credit on our fixed annuities and the fixed-rate accounts of our variable annuities.

For our fully underwritten life insurance, underwriters assess and quantify the risk of our individual life insurance products based on the age, gender, health and occupation of the applicant and amount of insurance requested. We continually update our guidelines to keep pace with changes in healthcare, research, and experience. We base premiums and policy charges for individual life insurance on expected death benefits, surrender benefits, expenses and required reserves. We use assumptions for mortality and morbidity, interest rates, expenses, policy persistency, premium payment patterns, separate account fund performance and product-generated tax deductions, as well as the level, cost and availability of financing certain statutory reserves, in pricing policies. Deviations in actual experience from our pricing assumptions may adversely or positively impact the profitability of our products.

Reserves

For our annuity products, we establish reserves in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We use current best estimate assumptions when establishing reserves for our guaranteed minimum death and income benefits, including assumptions such as interest rates, equity returns, persistency, withdrawal, mortality and utilization rates. Certain of the living benefit guarantee features on variable annuity contracts are accounted for as embedded derivatives and are carried at fair value. The fair values of these benefit features are calculated as the present value of future expected benefit payments to contractholders less the present value of future expected rider fees attributable to the embedded derivative feature, and are based on assumptions a market participant would use in valuing these embedded derivatives. These features are generally reinsured with an affiliated company, Pruco Reinsurance, Ltd. (“Pruco Re”). For life contingent payout annuity contracts, we establish reserves using best estimate assumptions with provisions for adverse deviations as of inception or best estimate assumptions as of the most recent loss recognition event. For variable and fixed annuity contracts, we establish liabilities for contractholders’ account balances that represent cumulative deposits plus credited interest, less withdrawals, mortality and expense charges. Policyholders' account balances also include provisions for a non-life contingent payout annuity benefits.

For our life products, we establish reserves in accordance with U.S. GAAP. For term life insurance contracts and other benefits with fixed and guaranteed terms, we use best estimate assumptions with provisions for adverse deviation as of inception when establishing reserves for future policyholder benefits and expenses including assumptions for mortality and morbidity, investment

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yield, expenses, and policy persistency. We use current best estimate assumptions when establishing reserves for no lapse guarantees. Reserves also include claims reported but not yet paid, and claims incurred but not yet reported. For variable and universal life insurance contracts, we establish liabilities for policyholders’ account balances. These liabilities represent cumulative deposits plus credited interest, less withdrawals, and expense and cost of insurance charges, as applicable. Policyholders’ account balances also include unearned revenue reserves calculated based on current best estimate assumptions.

Reinsurance

The Company participates in reinsurance with its parent company, Prudential Insurance, other affiliates and third-party reinsurers in order to provide risk diversification, additional capacity for future growth and limit the maximum net loss potential arising from large risks. The Company also uses reinsurance as part of its risk management and capital management strategies for certain of its variable annuity optional living benefit features. Life products use reinsurance as a means of managing mortality volatility and risk capacity, which can impact product profitability. Reinsurance ceded arrangements do not discharge the Company as the primary insurer. Ceded balances would represent a liability of the Company in the event the reinsurers were unable to meet their obligations to the Company under the terms of the reinsurance agreements. We evaluate the financial condition of unaffiliated reinsurers and monitor the concentration of counterparty risks to mitigate exposure.

We have reinsured the majority of our mortality risk in our individual life products. As of the end of 2015, the maximum amount of mortality risk we may retain on any policy was generally $100,000. In October 2013, the Company increased the maximum amount of mortality risk on any life to $3.5 million for certain corporate-owned life insurance policies (“COLI”). See Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information related to these affiliated reinsurance arrangements.

Regulation

Overview

Our businesses are subject to comprehensive regulation and supervision. The purpose of these regulations is primarily to protect our customers and the overall financial system. Many of the laws and regulations to which we are subject are regularly re-examined, and existing or future laws and regulations may become more restrictive or otherwise adversely affect our operations or profitability. Financial market dislocations have produced, and are expected to continue to produce, extensive changes in existing laws and regulations, and regulatory frameworks, applicable to our businesses, including the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“Dodd Frank”) discussed below.

State insurance laws regulate all aspects of our business. Insurance departments in the District of Columbia, Guam and all states monitor our insurance operations. The Company is domiciled in Arizona and its principal insurance regulatory authority is the Arizona Department of Insurance. Our subsidiary PLNJ is domiciled in New Jersey and its principal insurance regulatory authority is the New Jersey Department of Banking and Insurance. Generally, our insurance products must be approved by the insurance regulators in the state in which they are sold. Our insurance products are substantially affected by federal and state tax laws.

Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act

Dodd-Frank subjects Prudential Financial to substantial federal regulation, primarily as a non bank financial company (a “Designated Financial Company”) designated for supervision by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“FRB”)as discussed below. We cannot predict the timing or requirements of the regulations not yet adopted under Dodd-Frank or how such regulations will impact our business, credit or financial strength ratings, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition or competitive position. Furthermore we cannot predict whether such regulations will make it advisable or require us to hold or raise additional capital or liquid assets, potentially affecting capital deployment activities, including paying dividends.

Regulation as a Designated Financial Company

Dodd-Frank established a Financial Stability Oversight Council (“Council”) which is authorized to subject non-bank financial companies such as Prudential Financial to stricter prudential standards and to supervision by the FRB if the Council determines that either material financial distress at Prudential Financial or the nature, scope, size, scale, concentration, interconnectedness, or mix of Prudential Financial’s activities could pose a threat to domestic financial stability. Prudential Financial has been a Designated Financial Company since September 2013 under the first criterion.

As a Designated Financial Company, Prudential Financial is now subject to supervision and examination by the FRB and to stricter prudential standards. These standards include or will include requirements and limitations (many of which are the subject of ongoing rule-making as described below) relating to capital, leverage, liquidity, stress-testing, overall risk management, resolution and recovery plans, credit exposure reporting, early remediation, management interlocks and credit concentration. They may also include requirements regarding enhanced public disclosure, short-term debt limits, and other related subjects as may be deemed appropriate by the FRB acting on its own or pursuant to a recommendation of the Council. Thus far the FRB has focused its general

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supervisory authority over Prudential Financial in several areas, including oversight of a capital planning and capital analysis and review process, model governance and validation, operational risk management, resolution planning and information and technology security.

Enhanced Prudential Standards

Dodd-Frank requires the FRB to establish for Designated Financial Companies and certain large bank holding companies stricter requirements and limitations relating to capital, leverage and liquidity. The FRB has not adopted rules applicable to insurance holding company Designated Financial Companies, but in February 2014 it adopted enhanced prudential standards applicable to large bank holding companies and in July 2015 it adopted rules applicable to the one non-insurance Designated Financial Company.

Dodd-Frank authorizes the FRB to tailor its application of enhanced prudential standards to different companies on an individual basis or by category, and the FRB has indicated that it intends to assess the business model, capital structure and risk profile of Designated Financial Companies to determine how enhanced prudential standards should apply to them, and, if appropriate, to tailor the application of these standards for Designated Financial Companies by order or regulation. In addition, in 2014 an amendment to Dodd-Frank clarified that, in establishing minimum leverage and capital requirements and minimum risk-based capital requirements on a consolidated basis for Designated Financial Companies, the FRB is permitted to exclude certain insurance activities from such requirements, although we cannot predict whether or how the FRB will use this authority.

Stress Tests

As a Designated Financial Company, Prudential Financial will be subject to stress tests to be promulgated by the FRB to determine whether, on a consolidated basis, Prudential Financial has the capital necessary to absorb losses as a result of adverse economic conditions. Dodd-Frank requires Prudential Financial to submit to annual stress tests conducted by the FRB and to conduct internal annual and semi-annual stress tests to be provided to the FRB. Under FRB rules, Designated Financial Companies must comply with these requirements the calendar year after the year in which a company first becomes subject to the FRB’s minimum regulatory capital requirements discussed above, although the FRB has the discretion to accelerate or extend the effective date. The FRB has indicated that it may tailor the application of the stress test requirements to Designated Financial Companies on an individual basis or by category. Summary results of such stress tests would be required to be publicly disclosed.

Early Remediation

The FRB is required under Dodd-Frank to prescribe regulations for the establishment of an “early remediation” regime for the financial distress of Designated Financial Companies, whereby failure to meet defined measures of financial condition (including regulatory capital, liquidity measures, and other forward-looking indicators) would result in remedial action by the FRB that increases in stringency as the financial condition of the Designated Financial Company declines. Depending on the degree of financial distress, such remedial action could result in capital-raising requirements, limits on transactions with affiliates, management changes and asset sales.

Resolution and Recovery Planning

Prudential Financial is required as a Designated Financial Company to submit to the FRB and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”), and periodically update in the event of material events, an annual plan for rapid and orderly resolution in the event of severe financial distress. Prudential Financial submitted its first resolution plan in June 2014, and was advised by the FRB and FDIC in September 2014 that the plan was “not incomplete,” the standard for evaluation of an initial plan. In July 2015, the FRB and the FDIC provided feedback to Prudential Financial, as well as to the other two Designated Financial Companies which filed initial plans in 2014, on their respective resolution plans. The FRB and FDIC also provided guidance on common areas that should be addressed in preparing the subsequent resolution plan. Prudential Financial submitted its second resolution plan in December 2015, which is subject to review for credibility, in addition to completeness. In 2016, Prudential Financial is also required to submit to the FRB a recovery plan that describes the steps that Prudential Financial could take to reduce risk and conserve or restore liquidity and capital in the event of severe financial stress scenarios.

If the FRB and the FDIC were to jointly determine that Prudential Financial's 2015 resolution plan, or any future resolution plan, is not credible or would not facilitate an orderly resolution of Prudential Financial under applicable law, and Prudential Financial is unable to remedy the identified deficiencies in a timely manner, the regulators may jointly impose more stringent capital, leverage or liquidity requirements on Prudential Financial or restrictions on growth, activities or operations. Any requirements or restrictions imposed by the FRB and FDIC would cease to apply on the date that the FRB and FDIC jointly determine that Prudential Financial has submitted a revised resolution plan that adequately remedies the deficiencies.

The FRB and the FDIC, in consultation with the Council, may also jointly order Prudential Financial to divest assets or operations identified by the FRB and FDIC in circumstances where:

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• the FRB and the FDIC jointly decide that Prudential Financial or a subsidiary of Prudential Financial shall be subject to the requirements or restrictions described above,

• Prudential Financial has failed to submit a resolution plan that adequately addresses the deficiencies identified by the FRB and FDIC for the two year period following the imposition of such requirements or restrictions, and

• the FRB and FDIC jointly determine that the divestiture of such assets or operations is necessary to facilitate an orderly resolution of Prudential Financial in the event that Prudential Financial was to fail.

In addition, in order to develop a resolution plan that the FRB and FDIC determine is credible or would facilitate the orderly resolution of the Company under applicable law, it may be necessary for the Company to take actions to restructure intercompany and external activities or other actions, which could result in increased funding or operational costs.

Other Dodd-Frank Regulation

• Dodd-Frank requires the FRB to promulgate regulations that would prohibit Designated Financial Companies from having a credit exposure to any unaffiliated company in excess of 25% of the Designated Financial Company’s capital stock and surplus.

• As a Designated Financial Company, Prudential Financial must seek pre-approval from the FRB for the acquisition of specified interests in certain companies engaged in financial activities.

• The Council may recommend that state insurance regulators or other regulators apply new or heightened standards and safeguards for activities or practices Prudential Financial and other insurers or other financial services companies engage in.  

• As a Designated Financial Company, Prudential Financial could be subject to additional capital requirements for, and other restrictions on, proprietary trading and sponsorship of, and investment in, hedge, private equity and other covered funds.

Derivatives Regulation

Dodd-Frank created a new framework for regulation of the over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives markets which has impacted various activities of Prudential Global Funding LLC (“PGF”), Prudential Financial and its insurance subsidiaries, which use derivatives for various purposes (including hedging interest rate, foreign currency and equity market exposures). This new framework sets out requirements regarding the clearing and reporting of derivatives transactions, as well as collateral posting requirements for uncleared swaps. Swaps entered into between PGF, Prudential Financial and Prudential Financial's insurance subsidiaries are generally exempt from most of these requirements. In late 2015, final rules regarding the posting of collateral in connection with uncleared swaps were adopted, which we do not believe will have a significant impact on our current variation margin posting practices, but will require us, in the future, to post initial margin on uncleared swaps with external counterparties.

Regulation of the derivatives markets continues to evolve, and we cannot predict the full effect of regulations yet to be adopted or fully implemented both in the U.S. and abroad. In particular, we continue to monitor increased capital requirements for derivatives transactions that may be imposed on banks that are our counterparties. These regulations may impact our hedging costs, our hedging strategy or implementation thereof or cause us to increase or change the composition of the risks we do not hedge. In addition, under Dodd-Frank the SEC and Commodity Futures Trading Commission are required to determine whether and how “stable value contracts” should be treated as swaps under the applicable regulations and, whether various other products offered by Prudential Financial's insurance subsidiaries should be treated as swaps. If regulated as swaps, we cannot predict how the rules would be applied to such products or the effect on our profitability or attractiveness to our clients.

Federal Insurance Office

Dodd-Frank established a Federal Insurance Office (“FIO”) within the Department of the Treasury headed by a director appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury. While the FIO does not have general supervisory or regulatory authority over the business of insurance, the FIO director performs various functions with respect to insurance, including serving as a non-voting member of the Council and coordinating with the FRB in the application of any stress tests required to be conducted with respect to an insurer.

Securities Laws

Dodd-Frank included various securities law reforms relevant to our business practices. In January 2011, the SEC staff issued a study that recommended that the SEC adopt a uniform federal fiduciary standard of conduct for registered broker-dealers and investment advisers that provide retail investors personalized investment advice about securities which the SEC continues to consider.

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International and Global Regulatory Initiatives

In addition to the adoption of Dodd-Frank in the United States, lawmakers around the world are actively exploring steps to avoid future financial crises. In many respects, this work is being led by the Financial Stability Board (“FSB”), consisting of representatives of national financial authorities of the G20 nations. The G20, the FSB and related bodies have developed proposals to address such issues as financial group supervision, capital and solvency standards, systemic economic risk, corporate governance including executive compensation, and a host of related issues.

Prudential Financial has been identified by the FSB as a global systemically important insurer (“G-SII”) since July 2013. U.S. financial regulators are thereby expected to enhance their regulation of Prudential Financial to achieve a number of regulatory objectives, including enhanced group-wide supervision, enhanced capital standards, enhanced liquidity planning and management, and development of a risk reduction plan and recovery and resolution plans.

The International Association of Insurance Supervisors (“IAIS”), acting at the direction of the FSB, has released two group-wide capital standards applicable to G-SIIs. The basic capital requirement (“BCR”), which was approved by the FSB and G20 in November 2014, is a globally consistent and comparable baseline capital metric. The higher loss absorbency (“HLA”) standard, which was approved by the FSB and G20 in November 2015, establishes a capital buffer to be held in addition to the BCR. As a standard setting body, the IAIS does not have direct authority to require G-SIIs to comply with the BCR and HLA standards; however, if they are adopted by group supervisory authorities in the U.S., Prudential Financial could become subject to these standards. Voluntary confidential reporting of BCR and HLA results to supervisors through IAIS field testing will begin in 2016 and will serve as a component of the IAIS process to refine the standards. Prudential Financial’s capital level is expected to be above the initial calibration for both standards. The IAIS anticipates its process to develop global group-wide capital standards will lead to changes to the HLA design and calibration prior to the proposed implementation in 2019. We will continue to evaluate the potential impact the standards and any revisions could have on the Company.

The IAIS is also developing the Common Framework (“ComFrame”) for the supervision of Internationally Active Insurance Groups. Through ComFrame, the IAIS seeks to promote effective and globally consistent supervision of the insurance industry and contribute to global financial stability through uniform standards for insurer corporate governance, enterprise risk management and other control functions, group-wide supervision and group capital adequacy. ComFrame is targeted at firms that meet the IAIS’ Internationally Active Insurance Group criteria, such as Prudential Financial, and is scheduled to be adopted by the IAIS in 2019. At this time, we cannot predict what additional capital requirements, compliance costs or other burdens ComFrame would impose on the Company, if adopted by U.S. group supervisory authorities.

Other U.S. Federal Regulation

U.S. Tax Legislation

The American Taxypayer’s Relief Act (the “Act”) was signed into law in January 2013. The Act permanently extended the reduced Bush era individual tax rates for certain taxpayers and permanently increased those rates for higher income taxpayers. Higher tax rates increase the benefits of tax deferral on the build-up of value of annuities and life insurance. The Act also made permanent the current $5 million (indexed for inflation) per person estate tax exemption and increased the top estate tax rate from 35% to 40%.

There continues to be uncertainty regarding U.S. taxes, both for individuals and corporations. Discussions in Washington continue concerning the need to reform the tax code, primarily by lowering tax rates and broadening the tax base, including by reducing or eliminating certain tax expenditures. Broadening the tax base or reducing or eliminating certain expenditures could make our products less attractive to customers. It is unclear whether or when Congress may take up overall tax reform and what would be the impact of reform on the Company and its products. However, even in the absence of overall tax reform, given the large federal deficit, Congress could raise revenue by enacting legislation to increase the taxes paid by individuals and corporations. This can be accomplished by either raising rates or otherwise changing the tax rules that affect the Company and its products.

Current U.S. federal income tax laws generally permit certain holders to defer taxation on the build-up of value of annuities and life insurance products until payments are actually made to the policyholder or other beneficiary and to exclude from taxation the death benefit paid under a life insurance contract. Congress from time to time considers legislation that could make our products less attractive to consumers, including legislation that would reduce or eliminate the benefit of this deferral on some annuities and insurance products.

Additionally, legislative or regulatory changes could also impact the amount of taxes that we pay, thereby affecting our consolidated net income. For example, the U.S. Treasury Department and the Internal Revenue Service intend to address through guidance the methodology to be followed in determining the dividends received deduction (“DRD”) related to variable life insurance and annuity contracts. The DRD reduces the amount of dividend income subject to U.S. tax and is a major reason for the difference between our actual tax expense and expected tax amount determined using the federal statutory tax rate of 35%. For the last several years, the revenue proposals included in the Obama Administration’s budgets (the “Administration’s Revenue Proposals”) included a

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proposal that would change the method used to determine the amount of the DRD. A change in the DRD, including the possible retroactive or prospective elimination of this deduction through guidance or legislation, could increase actual tax expense and reduce the Company’s consolidated net income.

Furthermore, the Administration’s Fiscal Year 2017 Revenue Proposals also include items that would change the way U.S. multinationals are taxed, as well as a liability-based fee on financial services companies, including insurance companies, with consolidated assets in excess of $50 billion. If these types of provisions are enacted into law, they could increase the amount of taxes the Company pays.

For additional discussion of possible tax legislative and regulatory risks that could affect our business, see “Risk Factors.”

ERISA

The Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”) is a comprehensive federal statute that applies to U.S. employee benefit plans sponsored by private employers and labor unions. Plans subject to ERISA include pension and profit sharing plans and welfare plans, including health, life and disability plans. ERISA provisions include reporting and disclosure rules, standards of conduct that apply to plan fiduciaries and prohibitions on transactions known as “prohibited transactions,” such as conflict-of-interest transactions and certain transactions between a benefit plan and a party in interest. ERISA also provides for civil and criminal penalties and enforcement. Prudential Financial’s insurance, asset management and retirement businesses provide services to employee benefit plans subject to ERISA, including services where Prudential Financial may act as an ERISA fiduciary. In addition to ERISA regulation of businesses providing products and services to ERISA plans, Prudential Financial becomes subject to ERISA’s prohibited transaction rules for transactions with those plans, which may affect Prudential Financial’s ability to enter transactions, or the terms on which transactions may be entered, with those plans, even in businesses unrelated to those giving rise to party in interest status.

DOL Fiduciary Rule

In April 2015, the U.S. Department of Labor (“DOL”) released a proposed regulation accompanied by new class exemptions and proposed amendments to long-standing exemptions from the prohibited transaction provisions under ERISA. The initial comment period for the proposed rules ended on July 21, 2015. After hearings in August 2015, the DOL re-opened the comment period until September 24, 2015. It is expected that the DOL will seek to promulgate final rules in 2016. If enacted, the rules will redefine who would be considered a “fiduciary” for purposes of transactions with qualified plans, plan participants and Individual Retirement Accounts. We cannot predict the exact nature and scope of any new final rules or their impact on our business; however, the new rules may effectively impose limits on interactions with existing and prospective customers in our Individual Annuities and Individual Life insurance businesses, and increase compliance costs. For a discussion of the potential impacts of the proposed rule on our businesses, see “Risk Factors—Regulatory and Legal Risks—Changes in the legislation and regulation of retirement products and services, including proposed regulations released by the DOL in 2015, could adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.”

USA Patriot Act

The USA Patriot Act of 2001 (the “Patriot Act”), contains anti-money laundering and financial transparency laws applicable to broker-dealers and other financial services companies, including insurance companies. The Patriot Act seeks to promote cooperation among financial institutions, regulators and law enforcement entities in identifying parties that may be involved in terrorism or money laundering. Anti-money laundering laws outside of the U.S. contain provisions that may be different, conflicting or more rigorous. The increased obligations of financial institutions to identify their customers, watch for and report suspicious transactions, respond to requests for information by regulatory authorities and law enforcement agencies, and share information with other financial institutions require the implementation and maintenance of internal practices, procedures and controls.

Holding Company Regulation

We are subject to the Arizona insurance holding company law which requires us to register with the insurance department and to furnish annually financial and other information about the operations of the Company. Generally, all transactions with affiliates that affect the Company must be fair and reasonable and, if material, require prior notice and approval or non-disapproval by the Arizona insurance department. Similar laws are applicable to PLNJ in New Jersey.

Most states have insurance laws that require regulatory approval of a direct or indirect change of control of an insurer or an insurer’s holding company. Laws such as these that apply to us prevent any person from acquiring control of Prudential Financial or of its insurance subsidiaries unless that person has filed a statement with specified information with the insurance regulators and has obtained their prior approval. Under most states’ statutes, acquiring 10% or more of the voting stock of an insurance company or its parent company is presumptively considered a change of control, although such presumption may be rebutted. Accordingly, any person who acquires 10% or more of the voting securities of Prudential Financial without the prior approval of the insurance

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regulators of the states in which its U.S. insurance companies are domiciled will be in violation of these states’ laws and may be subject to injunctive action requiring the disposition or seizure of those securities by the relevant insurance regulator or prohibiting the voting of those securities and to other actions determined by the relevant insurance regulator. In addition, many state insurance laws require prior notification to state insurance departments of a change in control of a non-domiciliary insurance company doing business in that state.

Several of Prudential Financial's domestic and foreign regulators, including the FRB, participate in an annual supervisory college. The purpose of the supervisory college is to promote ongoing supervisory coordination, facilitate the sharing of information among regulators and to enhance each regulator’s understanding of the Company’s risk profile. The 2015 college was held in October.

Group Wide Supervision

In 2014, New Jersey adopted legislation that authorizes group-wide supervision of internationally active insurance groups, and in 2015 the New Jersey Department of Banking and Insurance (“NJDOBI”) notified Prudential Financial that the law authorizes NJDOBI to act as the group-wide supervisor of Prudential Financial. The law, among other provisions, authorizes NJDOBI to examine Prudential Financial and its subsidiaries, in addition to its New Jersey domiciled insurance subsidiaries, for the purpose of ascertaining the financial condition of the insurance companies and compliance with New Jersey insurance laws. As group-wide supervisor, the NJDOBI has begun additional reviews of the Company’s operations. We cannot predict what additional requirements or costs may result from NJDOBI’s assertion of group-wide supervisor status with respect to the Company.

Currently, there are several proposals to amend state insurance holding company laws to increase the scope of regulation of insurance holding companies (such as Prudential Financial). The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) has promulgated model laws for adoption in the United States that would provide for “group-wide” supervision of certain insurance holding companies in addition to the current regulation of insurance subsidiaries. While the timing of their adoption and content will vary by jurisdiction, we have identified the following areas of focus in these model laws: (1) uniform standards for insurer corporate governance; (2) group-wide supervision of insurance holding companies; (3) adjustments to risk-based capital calculations to account for group-wide risks; and (4) additional regulatory and disclosure requirements for insurance holding companies. At this time, we cannot predict with any degree of certainty what additional capital requirements, compliance costs or other burdens these requirements would impose on Prudential Financial.

State Insurance Regulation 

State insurance authorities have broad administrative powers with respect to all aspects of the insurance business including: licensing to transact business; licensing agents; admittance of assets to statutory surplus; regulating premium rates for certain insurance products; approving policy forms; regulating unfair trade and claims practices; establishing reserve requirements and solvency standards; fixing maximum interest rates on life insurance policy loans and minimum accumulation or surrender values; regulating the type, amounts and valuations of investments permitted, regulating reinsurance transactions, including the role of captive reinsurers, and other matters.

State insurance laws and regulations require the Company to file financial statements with state insurance departments everywhere it does business in accordance with accounting practices and procedures prescribed or permitted by these departments. The Company’s operations and accounts are subject to examination by those departments at any time.

State insurance departments conduct periodic examinations of the books and records, financial reporting, policy filings and market conduct of insurance companies domiciled in their states, generally once every three to five years. Examinations are generally carried out in cooperation with the insurance departments of other states under guidelines promulgated by the NAIC. During 2013, the Arizona insurance regulator substantially completed a coordinated risk-focused financial examination for the five-year period ended December 31, 2011 for the Company as part of the normal five-year examination and found no material deficiencies.

Financial Regulation

Dividend Payment Limitations. The Arizona insurance law regulates the amount of dividends that may be paid by the Company. See Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of dividend restrictions.

Risk-Based Capital. In order to enhance the regulation of insurers’ solvency, the NAIC adopted a model law to implement risk-based capital requirements for life insurance companies. All states have adopted the NAIC’s model law or a substantially similar law. The risk-based capital (“RBC”) calculation, which regulators use to assess the sufficiency of an insurer’s statutory capital, measures the risk characteristics of a company’s assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items. In general, RBC is calculated by applying factors to various asset, premium, claim, expense and reserve items. Within a given risk category, these factors are higher for those items with greater underlying risk and lower for items with lower underlying risk. Insurers that have less statutory capital than the RBC calculation requires are considered to have inadequate capital and are subject to varying degrees of regulatory action depending upon the level of capital inadequacy.

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Insurance Reserves and Regulatory Capital. State insurance laws require us to analyze the adequacy of our reserves annually. Our appointed actuary must submit an opinion that our reserves, when considered in light of the assets we hold with respect to those reserves, make adequate provision for our contractual obligations and related expenses.

As a result of a February 2014 agreement with the New York State Department of Financial Services (“NY DFS”) regarding PLNJ's reserving methodologies for certain variable annuity and life insurance products, PLNJ holds additional statutory reserves on a New York basis, which reduces PLNJ's New York statutory surplus. As of December 31, 2015, PLNJ held sufficient statutory surplus on a New York basis to satisfy these additional New York reserves, but such additional reserves will reduce New York statutory surplus. PLNJ is not domiciled in New York, and these changes do not impact statutory reserves reported in New Jersey, its state of domicile, and therefore do not impact PLNJ’s RBC ratios; however, the agreed reserve methodology may require PLNJ to hold additional New York statutory reserves in the future. If PLNJ were required to establish material additional reserves on a New York statutory accounting basis or post material amounts of additional collateral with respect to annuity or insurance products, PLNJ's ability to deploy capital for other purposes could be affected and it could be required to obtain additional funding from Prudential Financial or its affiliates.

The NAIC has developed a principles-based reserving approach for life insurance products, which is designed to better address reserving for products for which the current formulaic basis for reserves may not accurately reflect the risks or costs of the liability or obligations to the insurer. The principles-based approach will become effective after the NAIC’s Standard Valuation Law is enacted by a minimum number of states representing a minimum premium volume, and may become effective as soon as January 1, 2017, with a three-year phase-in period and would apply only to new business. The timing and the effect of these changes are still uncertain, and the Company is reviewing the application of the law to its reserves.

Captive Reinsurance Companies. In December 2014, the NAIC adopted a new actuarial guideline, known as “AG 48”, that implements many of the recommendations set forth in the June 2014 report by Rector & Associates, Inc. (“Rector Report”) concerning certain transactions involving captive reinsurance companies. Specifically, AG 48 prescribes an actuarial method to determine the portion of the assets held to support reserves for certain term and universal life policies that must be “primary securities”, which are defined as cash and securities rated by the Securities Valuation Office of the NAIC (subject to some limited exceptions) or, in limited cases, certain other assets. AG 48 provides that reserves in excess of those calculated with the prescribed actuarial method may be supported or financed with a broader range of assets, referred to as “other securities”. The requirements in AG 48 became effective on January 1, 2015 and apply for reporting periods ending December 31, 2015 in respect of certain term and universal life insurance policies written from and after January 1, 2015, or written prior to January 1, 2015 but not included in a captive reinsurer financing arrangement as of December 31, 2014.

The Company has used captive reinsurance affiliates to finance a portion of the statutory reserves for term and universal life policies that we consider to be non-economic.

In addition to the changes recommended by the Rector Report, the NAIC continues to consider other changes that would regulate more strictly captive reinsurance companies that assume business directly written in more than one state and apply accreditation standards to those captives that historically were applicable only to traditional insurers.

The NAIC and state and federal regulators also continue to study the use of captive reinsurance companies for variable annuities. In November 2015 the NAIC adopted the Variable Annuities Framework for Change, which outlines the NAIC’s commitment to change in concept the statutory framework to address concerns that have led to the development and utilization of captive reinsurance transactions for variable annuity business in order to create more consistency across regulators and remove the impetus for insurers to cede risk to captives. The framework contemplates extensive changes to the guidance and rules governing variable annuities, including with regard to reserving, capital, accounting, derivative use limitations and disclosure. Prudential Financial has agreed to participate in a quantitative impact study assessing the efficacy and potential impact of the recommended reforms. Given the uncertainty of the ultimate outcome of these initiatives, at this time we are unable to estimate their expected effects on our future capital and financial position and results of operations. In December 2015, the Company announced its intention to recapture its variable annuity living benefit riders from its affiliated captive reinsurance company in 2016 and to manage the risks of these riders in Prudential Financial's statutory insurance entities. The Company has obtained approvals from insurance regulators for key aspects of its recapture plan. While the Company is initiating the recapture in advance of definitive guidance from the NAIC's Variable Annuities Framework for Change, the Company expects its plan to be reasonably aligned with the key concept changes planned under the framework. For information on our reinsurance of variable annuity risks to our captive, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Liquidity and Capital Resources—Capital—Affiliated Captive Reinsurance Companies”.

Own Risk and Solvency Assessment. New Jersey has enacted the NAIC's and Own Risk and Solvency Assessment (“ORSA”) model act which requires larger insurers to assess the adequacy of its and its group’s risk management and current and future solvency position. Prudential Financial began filing annual ORSA reports with NJDOBI in 2015.

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Market Conduct Regulation

State insurance laws and regulations include numerous provisions governing the marketplace activities of insurers, including provisions governing the form and content of disclosure to consumers, illustrations, advertising, sales practices and complaint handling. State regulatory authorities generally enforce these provisions through periodic market conduct examinations.

Insurance Guaranty Association Assessments

Each state has insurance guaranty association laws under which insurers doing business in the state are members and may be assessed by state insurance guaranty associations for certain obligations of insolvent insurance companies to contractholders and claimants. Typically, states assess each member insurer in an amount related to the member insurer’s proportionate share of the business written by all member insurers in the state. While we cannot predict the amount and timing of future assessments on the Company under these laws, we have established estimated reserves for future assessments relating to insurance companies that are currently subject to insolvency proceedings.

Federal and State Securities Regulation

Our variable life insurance and variable annuity products generally are “securities” within the meaning of federal securities laws and may be required to be registered under the federal securities laws and subject to regulation by the SEC and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”). Federal securities regulation may affect investment advice, sales and related activities with respect to these products.

In certain states, our variable life insurance and variable annuity products are considered “securities” within the meaning of state securities laws. As securities, these products may be subject to certain requirements. Also, sales activities with respect to these products generally are subject to state securities regulation. Such regulation may affect investment advice, sales and related activities for these products.

Privacy Regulation and Cybersecurity

We are subject to federal and state laws and regulations that require financial institutions and other businesses to protect the security and confidentiality of personal information, including health-related and customer information and to notify their customers and other individuals of their policies and practices relating to the collection and disclosure of health-related and customer information. Federal or state laws or regulations also:

• provide additional protections regarding the use and disclosure of certain information such as social security numbers;

• require notice to affected individuals, regulators and others if there is a breach of the security of certain personal information;

• require financial institutions and creditors to implement effective programs to detect, prevent, and mitigate identity theft;

• regulate the process by which financial institutions make telemarketing calls and send e-mail or fax messages to consumers and customers; and

• prescribe the permissible uses of certain personal information, including customer information and consumer report information.

Federal and state legislative and regulatory bodies may consider additional or more detailed or restrictive laws and regulations regarding these subjects and the privacy and security of personal information.

We are also subject to privacy laws, regulations, and directives that require our business units in countries outside the U.S. to protect the security and confidentiality of employee and customer personal information.

Federal and state financial regulators continue to focus on cybersecurity and have communicated heightened expectations and have increased emphasis in this area in their examinations of regulated entities. The Company reviews and revises its privacy and information security policies, procedures and standards accordingly.

Unclaimed Property Laws

We are subject to the laws and regulations of states and other jurisdictions concerning the identification, reporting and escheatment of unclaimed or abandoned funds, and we are subject to audit and examination for compliance with these requirements. For additional discussion of these matters, see “Litigation and Regulatory Matters” in Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Segments

The Company currently operates as one reporting segment. Revenues, net income and total assets can be found on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 and Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013.

Employees

The Company has no employees. Services to the Company are primarily provided by employees of Prudential Insurance as described under “Expense Charges and Allocations” in Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

You should carefully consider the following risks. These risks are not exclusive, and additional risks to which we are subject include, but are not limited to, the factors mentioned under “Forward-Looking Statements” above and the risks of our business described elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Many of these risks are interrelated and could occur under similar business and economic conditions, and the occurrence of certain of them may in turn cause the emergence or exacerbate the effect of others. Such a combination could materially increase the severity of the impact of these risks on our businesses, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Risks Relating to Economic, Market and Political Conditions

The Company is indirectly owned by Prudential Financial. It is possible that we may need to rely on Prudential Financial or our direct parent company, Prudential Insurance, to meet our capital, liquidity and other needs in the future.

Market fluctuations and general economic, market and political conditions may adversely affect our business and profitability.

Our business and our results of operations may be materially adversely affected by conditions in the global financial markets and by economic conditions generally.

Even under relatively favorable market conditions, our insurance and annuity products, as well as our investment returns and our access to and cost of financing, are sensitive to fixed income, equity, real estate and other market fluctuations and general economic, market and political conditions. These fluctuations and conditions could adversely affect our results of operations, financial position and liquidity, including in the following respects:

• The profitability of many of our insurance and annuity products depends in part on the value of the separate accounts supporting these products, which can fluctuate substantially depending on the foregoing conditions.

• A change in market conditions, such as high inflation and high interest rates, could cause a change in consumer sentiment and behavior adversely affecting sales and persistency of our savings and protection products. Conversely, low inflation and low interest rates could cause persistency of these products to vary from that anticipated and adversely affect profitability (as further described below). Similarly, changing economic conditions and unfavorable public perception of financial institutions can influence customer behavior, including increasing claims or surrenders in certain product lines.

• Sales of our products and services may decline, and lapses and surrenders of certain insurance products may increase if a market downturn, increased market volatility or other market conditions result in customers becoming dissatisfied with their investments or products.

• A market decline could further result in guaranteed minimum benefits contained in many of our variable annuity products being higher than current account values or our pricing assumptions would support, requiring us to materially increase reserves for such products and may cause customers to retain contracts in force in order to benefit from the guarantees, thereby increasing their cost to us. Any increased cost may or may not be offset by the favorable impact of greater persistency from prolonged fee streams. Our valuation of the liabilities for the minimum benefits contained in many of our variable annuity products requires us to consider the market perception of our risk of non-performance, and a decrease in our own credit spreads resulting from ratings upgrades or other events or market conditions could cause the recorded value of these liabilities to increase, which in turn could adversely affect our results of operations and financial position.

• Market conditions determine the availability and cost of the reinsurance protection we purchase. Accordingly, we may be forced to incur additional expenses for reinsurance or may not be able to obtain sufficient reinsurance on acceptable terms which could adversely affect the profitability of future business or our willingness to write future business.

• Derivative instruments we and our affiliates hold to hedge and manage interest rate and equity risks associated with our products and businesses might not perform as intended or expected resulting in higher realized losses and unforeseen stresses

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on liquidity. Market conditions can limit availability of hedging instruments, require us to post additional collateral, and also further increase the cost of executing product related hedges and such costs may not be recovered in the pricing of the underlying products being hedged. We execute our hedges through an affiliate that, in turn, may execute hedges with unaffiliated counterparties. Accordingly, our derivative-based hedging strategies also rely on the performance of this affiliate and on the performance of its unaffiliated counterparties to such hedges. These unaffiliated counterparties may fail to perform for various reasons resulting in losses on uncollateralized positions.

• We have significant investment and derivative portfolios, including but not limited to corporate and asset-backed securities, equities and commercial real estate. Economic conditions as well as adverse capital market conditions, including but not limited to a lack of buyers in the marketplace, volatility, credit spread changes, benchmark interest rate changes and declines in value of underlying collateral may impact the credit quality, liquidity and value of our investments and derivatives, potentially resulting in higher capital charges and unrealized or realized losses. Valuations may include assumptions or estimates that may have significant period to period changes which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition and in certain cases under U.S. GAAP such period to period changes in the value of investments are not recognized in our results of operations or consolidated statements of financial position.

• Opportunities for investment of available funds at appropriate returns may be limited, including due to the current low interest rate environment, a diminished securitization market or other factors, with possible negative impacts on our overall results. Limited opportunities for attractive investments may lead to holding cash for long periods of time and increased use of derivatives for duration management and other portfolio management purposes. The increased use of derivatives may increase the volatility of our U.S. GAAP results and our statutory capital.

• Regardless of market conditions, certain investments we hold, including private bonds, commercial mortgages and alternative asset classes (such as private equity, hedge funds and real estate) are relatively illiquid. If we needed to sell these investments, we may have difficulty doing so in a timely manner at a price that we could otherwise realize.

• Certain features of our products and components of investment strategies depend on active and liquid markets, and, if market liquidity is strained or the capacity of the financial markets to absorb our transactions is inadequate, these products may not perform as intended.

• Fluctuations in our operating results as well as realized gains and losses on our investment and derivative portfolios may impact the Company’s tax profile and its ability to optimally utilize tax attributes.

• Disruptions in individual market sectors within our investment portfolio could result in significant realized and unrealized losses. For example, during 2015 the energy sector and extractive enterprises, which are historically cyclical, experienced significant drops in prices, resulting in increased impairments and unrealized losses in these parts of our investment portfolio. If energy and other commodity prices remain low for an extended period, we could experience additional losses.

Our investments, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected by developments in the global economy, or in the U.S. economy (including as a result of actions by the Federal Reserve with respect to monetary policy and adverse political developments). Global or U.S. economic activity and financial markets may in turn be negatively affected by adverse developments or conditions in specific geographical regions.

Interest rate fluctuations or prolonged periods of low interest rates could adversely affect our business and profitability and require us to increase reserves or statutory capital and subject us to additional collateral posting requirements.

Our insurance and annuity products, and our investment returns, are sensitive to interest rate fluctuations, and changes in interest rates could adversely affect our investment returns and results of operations, including in the following respects:

• Some of our products expose us to the risk that changes in interest rates will reduce the spread between the amounts that we are required to pay under the contracts and the rate of return we are able to earn on our general account investments supporting the contracts. When interest rates decline or remain low, as they have in recent years, we have to reinvest in lower-yielding instruments, potentially reducing net investment income. Since many of our policies and contracts have guaranteed minimum interest crediting rates or limit the resetting of interest rates, the spreads could decrease and potentially become negative, or go further negative. When interest rates rise, we may not be able to replace the assets in our general account as quickly with the higher yielding assets needed to fund the higher crediting rates necessary to keep these products and contracts competitive. In addition, rising interest rates could cause a decline in the market value of fixed income assets of the mutual funds in our variable annuity products which in turn could result in lower asset management fees earned.

• When interest rates rise, policy loans and surrenders and withdrawals of life insurance policies and annuity contracts may increase as policyholders seek to buy products with perceived higher returns, requiring us to sell investment assets potentially resulting in realized investment losses, or requiring us to accelerate the amortization of deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”) and deferred sales inducements (“DSI”). Also, an increase in interest rates accompanied by unexpected extensions of certain lower yielding investments could reduce our profitability.

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• Changes in interest rates could subject us to increased collateral posting requirements related to hedging activities associated with some of our products.

• Changes in interest rates could require Prudential Financial to contribute capital to subsidiaries to support our annuities business, which occurred during 2015.

• Changes in interest rates coupled with greater than expected client withdrawals for certain products can result in increased costs associated with our guarantees.

• Changes in interest rates could increase our costs of financing.

• Our mitigation efforts with respect to interest rate risk are primarily focused on maintaining an investment portfolio with diversified maturities that has a key rate duration profile that is approximately equal to the key rate duration profile of our estimated liability cash flow profile; however, this estimate of the liability cash flow profile is complex and could turn out to be inaccurate, especially when markets are volatile. In addition, there are practical and capital market limitations on our ability to accomplish this matching. Due to these and other factors we may need to liquidate investments prior to maturity at a loss in order to satisfy liabilities or be forced to reinvest funds in a lower rate environment. Although we take measures to manage the economic risks of investing in a changing interest rate environment, we may not be able to effectively mitigate, and we may sometimes choose based on economic considerations and other factors not to fully mitigate, the interest rate risk of our assets relative to our liabilities.

• For certain of our products, a delay between the time we make changes in interest rate and other assumptions used for product pricing and the time we are able to reflect these assumptions in products available for sale could negatively impact the long-term profitability of products sold during the intervening period.

Recent periods have been characterized by low interest rates. A prolonged period during which interest rates remain at levels lower than those anticipated in our pricing may result in greater costs associated with certain of our product features which guarantee death benefits or income streams for stated periods or for life; higher costs for derivative instruments used to hedge certain of our product risks; or shortfalls in investment income on assets supporting policy obligations, each of which may require us to record charges to increase reserves. In addition to compressing spreads and reducing net investment income, such an environment may cause policies to remain in force for longer periods than we anticipated in our pricing, potentially resulting in greater claims costs than we expected and resulting in lower overall returns on business in force. Reflecting these impacts in recoverability and loss recognition testing under U.S. GAAP may require us to accelerate the amortization of DAC and DSI, as well as to increase required reserves for future policyholder benefits. In addition, certain statutory capital and reserve requirements are based on formulas or models that consider interest rates, and a period of declining or low interest rates may increase the statutory capital we are required to hold as well as the amount of assets we must maintain to support statutory reserves.

Adverse capital market conditions could significantly affect our ability to meet liquidity needs, our access to capital and our cost of capital and that of our ultimate parent company, Prudential Financial. Under such conditions, Prudential Financial may seek additional debt or equity capital but may be unable to obtain it.

Adverse capital market conditions could affect the availability and cost of borrowed funds and could impact our ability to refinance existing borrowings, thereby ultimately impacting our profitability and ability to support or grow our businesses. We need liquidity to pay our operating expenses, interest and maturities on our debt. During times of market stress, our internal sources of liquidity may prove to be insufficient and some of our alternative sources of liquidity, such as commercial paper issuance, securities lending and repurchase arrangements and other forms of borrowings in the capital markets, may be unavailable to Prudential Financial.

Disruptions, uncertainty and volatility in the financial markets may force Prudential Financial to delay raising capital, issue shorter tenor securities than would be optimal, bear an unattractive cost of capital or be unable to raise capital at any price, which could decrease our profitability and significantly reduce our financial flexibility.

Prudential Financial may seek additional debt or equity financing to satisfy our needs; however, the availability of additional financing depends on a variety of factors such as market conditions, the availability of credit, and Prudential Financial’s credit ratings and credit capacity. Prudential Financial may not be able to successfully obtain additional financing on favorable terms, or at all. Actions taken to access financing by Prudential Financial may in turn cause rating agencies to reevaluate its ratings.

Disruptions in the capital markets could adversely affect our ability to access sources of liquidity, as well as threaten to reduce our capital below a level that is consistent with our existing ratings objectives. Therefore, we may need to take actions, which may include but are not limited to: (1) access contingent sources of capital and liquidity available through our Capital Protection Framework; (2) undertake capital management activities, including reinsurance transactions; (3) limit or curtail sales of certain products and/or restructure existing products; (4) undertake further asset sales or internal asset transfers; (5) seek temporary or permanent changes to regulatory rules; and (6) maintain greater levels of cash balances or for longer periods thereby reducing investment returns. Certain of these actions may require regulatory approval and/or agreement of counterparties which are outside of our control or have economic costs associated with them.

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Risks Relating to Estimates, Assumptions and Valuations

Our profitability may decline if mortality experience, morbidity experience, persistency experience or utilization experience differ significantly from our pricing expectations.

We set prices for many of our insurance and annuity products based upon expected claims and payment patterns, using assumptions for mortality rates (the likelihood of death or the likelihood of survival), morbidity rates (the likelihood of sickness or disability) and improvement trends in mortality of our policyholders. In addition to the potential effect of natural or man-made disasters, significant changes in mortality or morbidity could emerge gradually over time, due to changes in the natural environment, the health habits of the insured population, treatment patterns and technologies for disease or disability, the economic environment, or other factors. In addition, technological and medical advances may affect how consumers investigate and purchase products, and in the future consumers may be informed by confidential genetic information or mortality projections that are not available to us.

Pricing of our insurance and deferred annuity products are also based in part upon expected persistency of these products, which is the probability that a policy or contract will remain in force from one period to the next. Persistency within our annuities business may be significantly impacted by the value of guaranteed minimum benefits contained in many of our variable annuity products being higher than current account values in light of poor equity market performance or extended periods of low interest rates as well as other factors. Persistency could be adversely affected generally by developments affecting client perception of us, including perceptions arising from adverse publicity. Many of our products also provide our customers with wide flexibility with respect to the amount and timing of premium deposits and the amount and timing of withdrawals from the policy’s value. Results may vary based on differences between actual and expected premium deposits and withdrawals for these products, especially if these product features are relatively new to the marketplace. The pricing of certain of our variable annuity products that contain certain living benefit guarantees is also based on assumptions about utilization rates, or the percentage of contracts that will utilize the benefit during the contract duration, including the timing of the first lifetime income withdrawal. Results may vary based on differences between actual and expected benefit utilization. The development of a secondary market for life insurance, including life settlements or “viaticals” and investor owned life insurance, and third-party investor strategies in the annuities business, could adversely affect the profitability of existing business and our pricing assumptions for new business.

Significant deviations in actual experience from our pricing assumptions could have an adverse effect on the profitability of our products. Although some of our products permit us to increase premiums or adjust other charges and credits during the life of the policy or contract, the adjustments permitted under the terms of the policies or contracts may not be sufficient to maintain profitability or may cause the policies or contracts to lapse. Many of our products do not permit us to increase premiums or adjust other charges and credits or limit those adjustments during the life of the policy or contract. Even if permitted under the policy or contract, we may not be able or willing to raise premiums or adjust other charges sufficiently, or at all, for regulatory or competitive reasons.

If our reserves for future policyholder benefits and expenses are inadequate, we may be required to increase our reserves, which would adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We establish reserves in accordance with U.S. GAAP for future policyholder benefits and expenses. While these reserves generally exceed our best estimate of the liability for future benefits and expenses, if we conclude based on updated assumptions that our reserves, together with future premiums, are insufficient to cover future policy benefits and expenses, including unamortized DAC and DSI, we would need to accelerate the amortization of these DAC or DSI balances and then increase our reserves and incur income statement charges, which would adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. The determination of our best estimate of the liability is based on data and models that include many assumptions and projections which are inherently uncertain and involve the exercise of significant judgment, including the levels and timing of receipt or payment of premiums, benefits, expenses, interest credits and investment results (including equity market returns), which depend on mortality, morbidity, persistency, and policyholder behavior experience. We cannot determine with precision the ultimate amounts that we will pay for, or the timing of payment of, actual benefits and expenses or whether the assets supporting our policy liabilities, together with future premiums, will be sufficient for payment of benefits and expenses. If we conclude that our reserves, together with future premiums, are insufficient to cover future policy benefits and expenses, we may seek to increase premiums where we are able to do so.

Updated assumptions may also require us to increase U.S. GAAP reserves for the guarantees in certain long-duration contracts.

For certain of our products, market performance and interest rates (as well as the regulatory environment, as discussed further below) impact the level of statutory reserves and statutory capital we are required to hold, and may have an adverse effect on returns on capital associated with these products. Our ability to efficiently manage capital and economic reserve levels may be impacted, thereby impacting profitability and returns on capital.

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We may be required to accelerate the amortization of DAC or DSI, or be required to establish a valuation allowance against deferred income tax assets, any of which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

DAC represents the costs that vary with and are directly related to the successful acquisition of new and renewal insurance and investment contracts, and we amortize these costs over the expected lives of the contracts. DSI represents amounts that are credited to a policyholder’s account balance as an inducement to purchase the contract, and we amortize these costs over the expected lives of the contracts. Management, on an ongoing basis, tests the DAC and DSI recorded on our balance sheet to determine if these amounts are recoverable under current assumptions. In addition, we regularly review the estimates and assumptions underlying DAC and DSI for those products for which we amortize DAC and DSI in proportion to gross profits. Given changes in facts and circumstances, these tests and reviews could lead to reductions in DAC and DSI that could have an adverse effect on the results of our operations and our financial condition. Among other things, significant or sustained equity market declines as well as investment losses could result in acceleration of amortization of the DAC and DSI related to variable annuity and variable universal life contracts, resulting in a charge to income. As discussed earlier, the amortization of DAC and DSI is also sensitive to changes in interest rates.

Deferred income tax represents the tax effect of the differences between the book and tax basis of assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets are assessed periodically by management to determine if they are realizable. Factors in management’s determination include the performance of the business, the ability to generate capital gains from a variety of sources, and tax planning strategies. If based on available information, it is more likely than not that the deferred income tax asset will not be realized then a valuation allowance must be established with a corresponding charge to net income. Such charges could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial position.

Our valuation of fixed maturity, equity and trading securities may include methodologies, estimations and assumptions that are subject to differing interpretations and could result in changes to investment valuations that may materially adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.

During periods of market disruption, it may be difficult to value certain of our investment securities if trading becomes less frequent or market data becomes less observable. There may be cases where certain assets in normally active markets with significant observable data become inactive with insufficient observable data due to the current financial environment or market conditions. In addition, the fair value of certain securities may be based on one or more significant unobservable inputs even in ordinary market conditions. As a result, valuations may include inputs and assumptions that require greater estimation and judgment as well as valuation methods which are more complex. These values may not be ultimately realizable in a market transaction, and such values may change very rapidly as market conditions change and valuation assumptions are modified. Decreases in value may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

The decision on whether to record an other-than-temporary impairment or write-down is determined in part by management’s assessment of the financial condition and prospects of a particular issuer, projections of future cash flows and recoverability of the particular security. Management’s conclusions on such assessments are highly judgmental and include assumptions and projections of future cash flows which may ultimately prove to be incorrect as assumptions, facts and circumstances change.

Credit and Counterparty Risks

A downgrade or potential downgrade in our financial strength or Prudential Financial’s credit ratings could limit our ability to market products, increase policy surrenders and withdrawals, increase our borrowing costs and/or hurt our relationships with creditors, distributors or trading counterparties.

A downgrade in our financial strength ratings could potentially, among other things, limit our ability to market products, reduce our competitiveness, and increase the number or value of policy surrenders and withdrawals. In addition, a downgrade in Prudential Financial’s credit ratings could increase Prudential Financial’s borrowing costs and potentially make it more difficult to borrow funds, adversely affect the availability of financial guarantees, such as letters of credit, cause additional collateral requirements or other required payments under certain agreements, allow PGF's counterparties to terminate derivative agreements, and/or hurt relationships with creditors, distributors or trading counterparties thereby potentially negatively affecting our profitability, liquidity and/or capital.

We cannot predict what additional actions rating agencies may take, or what actions we may take in response to the actions of rating agencies, which could adversely affect our business. Our ratings could be downgraded at any time and without advance notice by any rating agency. In addition, a sovereign downgrade could result in a downgrade of Prudential Financial’s subsidiaries operating in that jurisdiction, and ultimately of Prudential Financial and its other subsidiaries. For example, in September 2015, S&P downgraded Japan's sovereign rating to A+ with a 'Stable' outlook citing uncertainties around the strength of economic growth and weak fiscal positions. As a result, S&P subsequently lowered the ratings of a number of institutions in Japan, including Prudential Financial’s Japanese insurance subsidiaries. It is possible that Japan’s sovereign rating could be subject to further downgrades, which would result in further downgrades of Prudential Financial’s insurance subsidiaries in Japan. Given the

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importance of Prudential Financial’s operations in Japan to Prudential Financial’s overall results, such downgrades could lead to a downgrade of Prudential Financial and its domestic insurance companies.

Losses due to defaults by others, including issuers of investment securities, reinsurers and derivative counterparties, insolvencies of insurers in jurisdictions where we write business and other factors could adversely affect the value of our investments, the realization of amounts contractually owed to us, result in assessments or additional statutory capital requirements or reduce our profitability or sources of liquidity.

Issuers and borrowers whose securities or loans we hold, customers, vendors, trading counterparties, counterparties under swaps and other derivative contracts, reinsurers, clearing agents, exchanges, clearing houses and other financial intermediaries and guarantors, including bond insurers, may default on their obligations to us or be unable to perform service functions that are significant to our business due to bankruptcy, insolvency, lack of liquidity, adverse economic conditions, operational failure, fraud or other reasons. Such defaults could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

The Company and its reinsurance affiliate, Pruco Re, use derivative instruments to hedge various risks, including certain guaranteed minimum benefits contained in many of our variable annuity products. We and Pruco Re enter into a variety of derivative instruments, including options, forwards, interest rate, credit default and currency swaps with an affiliate. We also enter into reinsurance arrangements as a risk mitigation strategy for our insurance and annuity products. Amounts that we expect to collect under current and future derivative and insurance contracts are subject to counterparty risk. Our obligations under our products are not changed by our hedging activities or reinsurance arrangements and we are liable for our obligations even if our derivative counterparties or reinsurers do not pay us. Such defaults could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, ratings downgrades or financial difficulties of derivative counterparties or reinsurers may require us to utilize additional capital with respect to the impacted businesses.

Under state insurance guaranty association laws, we are subject to assessments, based on the share of business we write in the relevant jurisdiction, for certain obligations of insolvent insurance companies to policyholders and claimants.

Our investment portfolio is subject to risks that could diminish the value of our invested assets and the amount of our investment income, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

We record unrealized gains or losses on securities classified as “available-for-sale” in other comprehensive income (loss), and in turn recognize gains or losses in earnings when the gain or loss is realized upon the sale of the security or in the event that the decline in estimated fair value is determined to be other-than-temporary.

The occurrence of a major economic downturn, acts of corporate malfeasance, widening credit spreads, or other events that adversely affect the issuers or guarantors of securities or the underlying collateral of structured securities could cause (i) the market price of fixed maturity securities in our investment portfolio to decline, which could cause us to record gross unrealized losses, (ii) earnings on those securities to decline, which could result in lower earnings, and (iii) ultimately defaults, which could result in a charge to earnings. A ratings downgrade affecting issuers or guarantors of particular securities, or similar trends that could worsen the credit quality of our investments could also have a similar effect. In addition, a ratings downgrade affecting a security we hold could indicate the credit quality of that security has deteriorated and could increase the capital we must hold to maintain our RBC levels.

Our non-coupon investment portfolio is subject to additional risks. We invest a portion of our investments in hedge funds and private equity funds. The amount and timing of net investment income from such funds tends to be uneven as a result of the performance of the underlying investments. The timing of distributions from such funds, which depends on particular events relating to the underlying investments, as well as the funds’ schedules for making distributions and their needs for cash, can be difficult to predict. As a result, the amount of net investment income from these investments can vary substantially from quarter to quarter. Significant volatility could adversely impact returns and net investment income on these investments. In addition, the estimated fair value of such investments may be impacted by downturns or volatility in equity markets. In our real estate portfolio, we are subject to declining prices or cash flows as a result of changes in the supply and demand of leasable space, creditworthiness of tenants and partners and other factors.

Certain Product Related Risks

Guarantees within certain of our products that protect contractholders may decrease our earnings or increase the volatility of our results of operations or financial position under U.S. GAAP if our hedging or risk management strategies prove ineffective or insufficient.

Certain of our products, particularly our variable annuity products, include guarantees of minimum surrender values or income streams for stated periods or for life, which may be in excess of account values. Downturns in equity markets, increased equity volatility, or (as discussed above) reduced interest rates could result in an increase in the valuation of liabilities associated with

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such guarantees, resulting in increases in reserves and reductions in net income. We use a variety of affiliated reinsurance hedging and risk management strategies, including product features and external reinsurance, to mitigate these risks in part and we may periodically change our strategies over time. These strategies may, however, not be fully effective. In addition, we and our reinsurance affiliates may be unable or may choose not to fully hedge these risks. Hedging instruments may not effectively offset the costs of guarantees or may otherwise be insufficient in relation to our obligations. Hedging instruments also may not change in value correspondingly with associated liabilities due to equity market or interest rate conditions or other reasons. We and our reinsurance affiliates sometimes choose to hedge these risks on a basis that does not correspond to their anticipated or actual impact upon our results of operations or financial position under U.S. GAAP. Changes from period to period in the valuation of these policy benefits, and in the amount of our obligations effectively hedged, will result in volatility in our results of operations and financial position under U.S. GAAP and the statutory capital levels of our insurance subsidiaries. Estimates and assumptions we make in connection with hedging activities may fail to reflect or correspond to our actual long-term exposure in respect of our guarantees. Further, the risk of increases in the costs of our guarantees not covered by our hedging and other capital and risk management strategies may become more significant due to changes in policyholder behavior driven by market conditions or other factors. The above factors, individually or collectively, may have a material adverse effect on our and our reinsurance affiliates’ results of operations, financial condition or liquidity. In addition, the NAIC has outlined a framework for changing the laws around the use of captive reinsurance companies to reinsure variable annuities, which may ultimately impact how we hedge our variable annuity risks. See “Regulatory and Legal Risks-Our businesses are heavily regulated and changes in regulation may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition” below.

We may not be able to mitigate the reserve strain associated with Regulation XXX and Guideline AXXX, potentially resulting in a negative impact on our capital position or in a need to increase prices and/or reduce sales of term or universal life products.

Our life insurance business is subject to a regulation entitled “Valuation of Life Insurance Policies,” commonly known as “Regulation XXX,” and a supporting guideline entitled “The Application of the Valuation of Life Insurance Policies,” commonly known as “Guideline AXXX.” The regulation and supporting guideline require insurers to establish statutory reserves for term and universal life insurance policies with long-term premium guarantees at a level that exceeds what our actuarial assumptions for this business would otherwise require. We have typically financed the portion of the statutory reserves for this business that we consider to be non-economic through the use of captive reinsurance companies. As we continue to underwrite term and universal life business, we expect to have additional financing needs for these reserves. However, if we are unsuccessful in obtaining additional financing as a result of market conditions, regulatory changes or otherwise, this could require us to increase prices and or/reduce our sales of term or universal life products and/or have a negative impact on our capital position. In addition, we are subject to a new regulation that affects the types of assets we can use in captive reinsurance companies to back the reserves we hold for term and universal life products. See “Regulatory and Legal Risks-Our businesses are heavily regulated and changes in regulation may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition” below.

We may experience difficulty in marketing and distributing products through our current and future distribution channels.

Although we distribute our products through a wide variety of distribution channels, we do maintain relationships with certain key distributors. We periodically negotiate the terms of these relationships, and there can be no assurance that such terms will remain acceptable to us or such third parties. An interruption in certain key relationships could materially affect our ability to market our products and could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. Distributors may elect to reduce or terminate their distribution relationships with us, including for such reasons as adverse developments in our business, adverse rating agency actions or concerns about market-related risks. We are also at risk that key distribution partners may merge, change their business models in ways that affect how our products are sold, or terminate their distribution contracts with us or that new distribution channels could emerge and adversely impact the effectiveness of our distribution efforts. An increase in bank and broker-dealer consolidation activity could increase competition for access to distributors, result in greater distribution expenses and impair our ability to market products through these channels. Consolidation of distributors and/or other industry changes may also increase the likelihood that distributors will try to renegotiate the terms of any existing selling agreements to terms less favorable to us.

When our products are distributed through unaffiliated firms, we may not be able to monitor or control the manner of their distribution despite our training and compliance programs. If our products are distributed by such firms in an inappropriate manner, or to customers for whom they are unsuitable, we may suffer reputational and other harm to our business.

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Regulatory and Legal Risks

Our business is heavily regulated and changes in regulation may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Our business is subject to comprehensive regulation and supervision. Many of the laws and regulations to which we are subject are regularly re-examined, and existing or future laws and regulations may become more restrictive or otherwise adversely affect our operations. The financial market dislocations we have experienced in the recent past have produced, and are expected to continue to produce, extensive changes in existing laws and regulations, and regulatory frameworks, applicable to our business.

Prudential Financial, the holding company for all of our operations, is subject to supervision by the Board of Governors of the FRB as a “Designated Financial Company” pursuant to Dodd-Frank. As a Designated Financial Company, Prudential Financial is and will be subject to substantial additional regulation as discussed further herein. In addition, the FSB identified Prudential Financial as a G-SII. As a result, U.S. financial regulators are expected to enhance their regulation of Prudential Financial to achieve a number of regulatory objectives. This additional regulation has increased and is likely to continue to increase our operational, compliance and risk management costs, and could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition, including potentially increasing our capital levels and requiring us to hold additional liquid assets and therefore reducing our return on capital.

In 2015 NJDOBI became Prudential Financial’s group-wide supervisor pursuant to legislation adopted by the state. We cannot predict what additional requirements or costs may result from NJDOBI’s assertion of group-wide supervisor status with respect to Prudential Financial. See “Business-Regulation-Holding Company Regulation”.

As a result of a February 2014 agreement with the NY DFS regarding reserving methodologies for certain variable annuity and life insurance products, PLNJ holds additional statutory reserves on a New York basis, which reduces its New York statutory surplus. While PLNJ held sufficient statutory surplus on a New York basis as of December 31, 2015 to satisfy these additional reserves, the agreed reserve methodology may require PLNJ to hold additional New York statutory reserves in the future. If PLNJ were required to establish material additional reserves on a New York statutory accounting basis, PLNJ’s ability to deploy capital for other purposes could be affected and it could be required to obtain additional funding from Prudential Financial or its affiliates.

The NAIC and state insurance regulators have increased their focus on life insurers’ use of captive reinsurance companies. In December 2014, the NAIC adopted AG 48 that applies to certain captive reinsurance transactions. In addition, in November 2015, the NAIC adopted the Variable Annuities Framework for Change, which outlines the NAIC’s commitment to change in concept the statutory framework to address concerns that have led to the development and utilization of captive reinsurance transactions for variable annuity business in order to create more consistency across regulators and remove incentives for insurers to cede risk to captives. See “Business-Regulation-Insurance Operations-State Insurance Regulation- Captive Reinsurance Companies” for information on AG 48, the Variable Annuities Framework for Change and our use of captive reinsurance companies.

For business ceded to captive reinsurance companies, AG 48 will require our captive reinsurance affiliates to hold cash or rated securities in greater amounts than we previously held to support economic reserves for certain of our term and universal life policies. While we continue to work with regulators and industry participants on potential long-term solutions, AG 48 may ultimately adversely affect our ability to write certain products and efficiently manage their associated risks, and we may need to increase prices and/or reduce sales of certain products, modify certain products or find alternate financing sources, any of which could adversely affect our competitiveness, capital and financial position and results of operations.

Furthermore, we cannot predict what, if any, changes may result from the Variable Annuities Framework for Change, and if applicable insurance laws are changed in a way that impairs our ability to write variable annuities and efficiently manage their associated risks, we may need to increase prices or modify our products, which could also adversely affect our competitiveness, capital and financial position and results of operations. Other NAIC or state insurance regulator actions, such as the adoption of principles-based reserving or changes to RBC calculations, may adversely impact our business from time to time. The failure of the Company to meet applicable RBC requirements or minimum statutory capital and surplus requirements could subject the Company to further examination or corrective action by state insurance regulators. The failure to maintain the RBC ratios of the Company at desired levels could also adversely impact our competitive position, including as a result of downgrades to our financial strength ratings.

Compliance with applicable laws and regulations is time consuming and personnel-intensive, and changes in these laws and regulations may materially increase our direct and indirect compliance and other expenses of doing business, and thereby have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

See “Business-Regulation” for discussion of regulation of our business.

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The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act subjects the Company, our parent and our affiliates to substantial additional federal regulation and we cannot predict the effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

In 2013, the Council made a final determination that Prudential Financial should be subject to stricter prudential regulatory standards and supervision by the FRB as a “Designated Financial Company” pursuant to Dodd-Frank, thereby subjecting Prudential Financial to substantial federal regulation, much of it pursuant to regulations not yet promulgated. Dodd-Frank directs existing and newly-created government agencies and bodies to promulgate regulations implementing the law, a process that is underway and expected to continue over the next few years. We cannot predict the timing or requirements of the regulations not yet adopted under Dodd-Frank or how such regulations will impact our business, Prudential Financial’s credit ratings or our financial strength ratings, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition or competitive position. Furthermore, we cannot predict whether such regulations will make it advisable or how regulators will advise or require us to hold or raise additional capital or liquid assets, potentially affecting capital deployment activities, including paying dividends. Key aspects of Dodd-Frank’s impact on us include:

• As a Designated Financial Company, Prudential Financial is now subject to supervision and examination by the FRB and to stricter prudential standards, which include or will include requirements and limitations (many of which are the subject of ongoing rule-making) relating to capital, leverage, liquidity, stress-testing, overall risk management, credit exposure reporting, early remediation, managing interlocks, credit concentration, and resolution and recovery planning. If the FRB and the FDIC jointly determine that Prudential Financial’s resolution plan is deficient, they may impose more stringent capital, leverage, or liquidity requirements, or restrictions on our growth, activities, or operations. Any continuing failure to adequately remedy the deficiencies could result in the FRB and the FDIC jointly, in consultation with the Council, ordering divestiture of certain operations or assets. In addition, failure to meet defined measures of financial condition could result in substantial restrictions on our business and capital distributions. Prudential Financial will also be subject to stress tests to be promulgated by the FRB which could cause Prudential Financial to alter our business practices or affect the perceptions of regulators, rating agencies, customers, counterparties or investors of our financial strength. We cannot predict the requirements of the regulations not yet adopted or how the FRB will apply these prudential standards to Prudential Financial. As a Designated Financial Company, Prudential Financial must also seek pre-approval from the FRB for acquisition of certain companies engaged in financial activities.

• As a Designated Financial Company, Prudential Financial could also be subject to additional capital requirements for, and other restrictions on, proprietary trading and sponsorship of, and investment in, hedge, private equity and other covered funds.

• The Council could recommend new or heightened standards and safeguards for activities or practices in which Prudential Financial and other financial services companies engage. We cannot predict whether any such recommendations will be made or their effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

• Dodd-Frank created a new framework for regulation of the OTC derivatives markets which could impact various activities of PGF, Prudential Financial and the Company, which use derivatives for various purposes (including hedging interest rate, foreign currency and equity market exposures). While many of the regulations required to be promulgated under Dodd-Frank or internationally with respect to derivatives markets have been adopted by the applicable regulatory agencies, the regulations that remain to be adopted or that have not been fully implemented could substantially increase the cost of hedging and related operations, affect the profitability of our products or their attractiveness to our clients or cause us to alter our hedging strategy or implementation thereof or increase and/or change the composition of the risks we do not hedge. In particular, we continue to monitor increased capital requirements for derivative transactions that may be imposed on banks that are our existing counterparties.

• Title II of Dodd-Frank provides that a financial company such as Prudential Financial may be subject to a special orderly liquidation process outside the federal bankruptcy code, administered by the FDIC as receiver, upon a determination that Prudential Financial is in default or in danger of default and presents a systemic risk to U.S. financial stability, Prudential Financial and its U.S. insurance subsidiaries would be subject to rehabilitation and liquidation proceedings under state insurance law. We cannot predict how creditors of Prudential Financial or its insurance and non-insurance subsidiaries, including the holders of Prudential Financial debt, will evaluate this potential or whether it will impact our financing or hedging costs.

See “Business-Regulation” for further discussion of the impact of Dodd-Frank on our business.

Changes in the laws and regulations relating to retirement products and services, including proposed regulations released by the DOL in 2015, could adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

In April 2015, the DOL released a proposed regulation, accompanied by new class exemptions and proposed amendments to long-standing exemptions from the prohibited transaction provisions under ERISA, and it is expected that the DOL will seek to promulgate final rules

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. If enacted, the rules will redefine who would be considered a “fiduciary” for purposes of transactions with plans, plan participants and IRAs. We cannot predict the exact nature and scope of any new final rules or their impact on our business; however, the new rules may effectively impose limits on interactions with existing and prospective customers in our Individual Life (including Prudential Advisors) and Individual Annuities businesses. In addition, we may experience increased costs if we need to adapt our technology and operational infrastructure to meet disclosure and compliance requirements under the proposed rules. Our compliance with the proposed rules could lead to a loss of customers and revenues, and otherwise adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. If the proposed rules are adopted in their current form, significant potential impacts on certain of our businesses would include the following.

• Prudential Advisors: We expect compliance with a new “best interest contract exemption” may be required for IRA and small plan retirement accounts for a wide range of products, representing a significant part of Prudential Advisors’ total business. This would impose compliance and contract requirements and would give customers a private right of action for breach of contract if an advisor provides advice that is not in the customer’s best interest. We expect this would result in additional costs, oversight and litigation risks, as well as changes to compensation and benefit structures and may require us to review product offerings to ensure a sufficient variety of non-proprietary options.

• Annuities: Certain distributors may restrict the sale of annuities, and may remove themselves as broker of record, transitioning servicing and compliance back to the Company. In addition, we may need to alter our product design for new business to comply with the new rules. We may also need to monitor wholesaling and other sales support activities so as not to be considered fiduciary advice, which would subject those activities to greater liability exposure.

In addition to the DOL rulemaking described above, lawmakers and regulatory authorities from time to time enact legislative and regulatory changes that could decrease the attractiveness of certain of Prudential Financial’s retirement products and services to retirement plan sponsors and administrators, or have an unfavorable effect on our ability to earn revenues from these products and services. Over time, these changes could hinder our sales of retirement products and services. We cannot predict with any certainty the effect these legislative and regulatory changes may have on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Foreign governmental actions could subject us to substantial additional regulation.

In addition to the adoption of Dodd-Frank in the United States, the FSB has issued a series of proposals intended to produce significant changes in how financial companies, particularly companies that are members of large and complex financial groups, should be regulated.

The FSB identified Prudential Financial as a G-SII. The framework policy measures for G-SIIs published by the IAIS include enhanced group-wide supervision, enhanced capital standards, enhanced liquidity planning and management, and development of a risk reduction plan and recovery and resolution plans. The IAIS has released a basic capital requirement (“BCR”) and higher loss absorbency (“HLA”) standard that have been approved by the FSB and G20 with implementation in 2019. The IAIS is also developing ComFrame for the supervision of Internationally Active Insurance Groups that seeks to promote effective and globally-consistent supervision of the insurance industry and contribute to global financial stability through uniform standards for insurer corporate governance, enterprise risk management and other control functions, group-wide supervision and group capital adequacy. ComFrame is also scheduled to be adopted by the IAIS in 2019. Policy measures applicable to G-SIIs would need to be implemented by legislation or regulation in each applicable jurisdiction. We cannot predict the impact of BCR, HLA or ComFrame on our business, or the outcome of our identification as a G-SII on the regulation of our businesses.

Changes in accounting requirements could negatively impact our reported results of operations and our reported financial position.

Accounting standards are continuously evolving and subject to change. For example, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) has an ongoing project to revise accounting standards for insurance contracts. While the final resolution of changes to U.S. GAAP pursuant to this project is unclear, changes to the manner in which we account for insurance products, or other changes in accounting standards, could have a material effect on our reported results of operations and financial condition. Further, changes in accounting standards may impose special demands on issuers in areas such as corporate governance, internal controls and disclosure, and may result in substantial conversion costs to implement.

Changes in U.S. federal income tax law or in the income tax laws of other jurisdictions that impact our tax profile could make some of our products less attractive to consumers and also increase our tax costs.

There is uncertainty regarding U.S. taxes both for individuals and corporations. Discussions in Washington continue concerning the need to reform the tax code, primarily by lowering tax rates and broadening the tax base, including by reducing or eliminating certain tax expenditures. Broadening the tax base or reducing or eliminating certain tax expenditures could make our products less attractive to customers. It is unclear whether or when Congress may take up overall tax reform and what would be the impact of reform on the Company and its products.

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However even in the absence of overall tax reform, given the large federal deficit, as well as the budget constraints faced by many states and localities, Congress and state and local governments could raise revenue by enacting legislation to increase the taxes paid by individuals and corporations. This can be accomplished either by raising rates or otherwise changing the tax rules that affect the Company and its products.

Congress from time to time considers legislation that could make our products less attractive to consumers, Current U.S. federal income tax laws generally permit certain holders to defer taxation on the build-up of value of annuities and life insurance products until payments are actually made to the policyholder or other beneficiary and to exclude from taxation the death benefit paid under a life insurance contract. While higher tax rates increase the benefits of tax deferral on the build-up of value of annuities and life insurance, making our products more attractive to consumers, legislation that reduces or eliminates deferral could have a negative effect on our products.

Congress, as well as state and local governments, also considers from time to time legislation that could increase the amount of corporate taxes we pay, thereby reducing earnings. For example, changes in the law relating to tax reserving methodologies for term life or universal life insurance policies with secondary guarantees or other products could result in higher current taxes.

The Obama Administration’s Revenue Proposals include proposals which, if enacted, would affect the taxation of life insurance companies and certain life insurance products. In particular, the proposals would affect the treatment of COLI by limiting the availability of certain interest deductions for companies that purchase those policies. The proposals would also change the method used to determine the amount of dividend income received by a life insurance company on assets held in separate accounts used to support products, including variable life insurance and variable annuity contracts, that is eligible for the DRD. The DRD reduces the amount of dividend income subject to tax and is a major reason for the difference between our actual tax expense and the expected tax amount determined using the federal statutory tax rate of 35%. If proposals of this type were enacted, the Company’s sale of COLI, variable annuities, and variable life insurance products could be adversely affected and the Company’s actual tax expense could increase, thereby reducing earnings.

Furthermore, the Administration’s Fiscal Year 2017 Revenue Proposals also include items that would change the way U.S. multinational corporations are taxed, as well as a liability-based fee on financial services companies, including insurance companies, with consolidated assets in excess of $50 billion. If these types of provisions are enacted into law, they could increase the amount of taxes Prudential Financial pays.

The products we sell have different tax characteristics, in some cases generating tax deductions and credits for the Company. Changes in tax laws may negatively impact the deductions and credits available to the Company. These changes may increase the Company’s actual tax expense and reduce its consolidated net income.

The level of profitability of certain of our products is significantly dependent on these characteristics and our ability to continue to generate taxable income, which is taken into consideration when pricing products and is a component of our capital management strategies. Accordingly, changes in tax law, our ability to generate taxable income, or other factors impacting the availability or value of the tax characteristics generated by our products, could impact product pricing and returns or require us to reduce our sales of these products or implement other actions that could be disruptive to our businesses. In addition, the adoption of a principles based approach for statutory reserves may lead to significant changes to the way tax reserves are determined and thus reduce future tax deductions.

Legal and regulatory actions are inherent in our business and could adversely affect our results of operations or financial position or harm our business or reputation.

We are, and in the future may be, subject to legal and regulatory actions in the ordinary course of our business. Some of these actions relate to aspects of the Company’s business and operations that are specific to us, while others are typical of the business in which we operate. We face or may face lawsuits alleging, among other things, issues relating to unclaimed property procedures, the settlement of death benefit claims, breaches of fiduciary duties, violations of securities laws and employment matters. Some of these proceedings have been brought on behalf of various alleged classes of complainants. In certain of these matters, the plaintiffs are seeking large and/or indeterminate amounts, including punitive or exemplary damages.

In addition, many insurance regulatory and other governmental or self-regulatory bodies have the authority to review our products and business practices and those of our agents and employees and to bring regulatory or other legal actions against us if, in their view, our practices, or those of our agents or employees, are improper. These actions can result in substantial fines, penalties or prohibitions or restrictions on our business activities and could adversely affect our business, reputation, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity. Further, the financial services industry in general has faced increased regulatory scrutiny from governmental and self-regulatory bodies conducting inquiries and investigations into various products and business practices. This regulatory scrutiny has in some cases led to proposed or final legislation and regulation that could significantly affect the financial services industry, and may ultimately result in an increased risk of regulatory penalties, settlements and litigation.

Legal liability or adverse publicity in respect of current or future legal or regulatory actions, whether or not involving us, could have an adverse affect on us or cause us reputational harm, which in turn could harm our business prospects. As a participant in

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the insurance and financial services industries, we may continue to experience a high level of legal and regulatory actions related to our businesses and operations.

Material pending litigation and regulatory matters affecting us, and certain risks to our businesses presented by such matters, are discussed under “Litigation and Regulatory Matters” in Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Our litigation and regulatory matters are subject to many uncertainties, and given their complexity and scope, their outcome cannot be predicted. Our reserves for litigation and regulatory matters may prove to be inadequate. It is possible that our results of operations or cash flow in a particular quarterly or annual period could be materially affected by an ultimate unfavorable resolution of pending litigation and regulatory matters. In light of the unpredictability of the Company’s litigation and regulatory matters, it is also possible that in certain cases an ultimate unfavorable resolution of one or more pending litigation or regulatory matters could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property and may be subject to infringement claims.

We rely on a combination of contractual rights with Prudential Insurance’s employees and third parties and on copyright, trademark, patent and trade secret laws to establish and protect our intellectual property. Although we endeavor to protect our rights, third parties may infringe or misappropriate our intellectual property. We may have to litigate to enforce and protect our copyrights, trademarks, patents, trade secrets and know-how or to determine their scope, validity or enforceability. This would represent a diversion of resources that may be significant and our efforts may not prove successful. The inability to secure or protect our intellectual property assets could have a material adverse effect on our business and our ability to compete.

We may be subject to claims by third parties for (i) patent, trademark or copyright infringement, (ii) breach of copyright, trademark or license usage rights, or (iii) misappropriation of trade secrets. Any such claims and any resulting litigation could result in significant expense and liability for damages. If we were found to have infringed or misappropriated a third-party patent or other intellectual property right, we could in some circumstances be enjoined from providing certain products or services to our customers or from utilizing and benefiting from certain methods, processes, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets or licenses. Alternatively, we could be required to enter into costly licensing arrangements with third parties or implement a costly work around. Any of these scenarios could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Operational Risks

Interruption in telecommunication, information technology and other operational systems, or a failure to maintain the security, confidentiality or privacy of sensitive data residing on such systems, could harm our business.

We depend heavily on our telecommunication, information technology and other operational systems and on the integrity and timeliness of data we use to run our businesses and service our customers. These systems may fail to operate properly or become disabled as a result of events or circumstances wholly or partly beyond our control. Further, we face the risk of operational and technology failures by others, including clearing agents, exchanges and other financial intermediaries and of vendors and parties to which we outsource the provision of services or business operations. If these parties do not perform as anticipated, we may experience operational difficulties, increased costs and other adverse effects on our business. These risks are heightened by our offering of increasingly complex products, such as those that feature an asset transfer feature or re-allocation strategies, and by our employment of complex investment, trading and hedging programs.

Despite our implementation of a variety of security measures, our information technology and other systems could be subject to physical or electronic break-ins, unauthorized tampering or other security breaches, resulting in a failure to maintain the security, confidentiality or privacy of sensitive data, including personal information relating to customers or in the misappropriation of our intellectual property or proprietary information. Many financial services institutions and companies engaged in data processing have reported breaches in the security of their websites or other systems, some of which have involved sophisticated and targeted attacks intended to obtain unauthorized access to confidential information, destroy data, disrupt or degrade service, sabotage systems or cause other damage, often through the introduction of computer viruses or malware, cyber attacks and other means.

Despite our efforts to ensure the integrity of our systems, it is possible that we may not be able to anticipate or to implement effective preventive measures against all security breaches of these types, especially because the techniques used change frequently or are not recognized until launched, and because cyber attacks can originate from a wide variety of sources, including third parties outside of Prudential Financial such as persons who are involved with organized crime or who may be linked to terrorist organizations or hostile foreign governments, as well as external service providers. Those parties may also attempt to fraudulently induce employees, customers or other users of Prudential Financial’s systems to disclose sensitive information in order to gain access to our data or that of our customers or clients. In addition, while the Company has certain standards for all vendors that provide us services, our vendors, and in turn, their own service providers, may become subject to a security breach, including as a result of their failure to perform in accordance with contractual arrangements.

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Security breaches or other technological failures may also result in regulatory inquiries, regulatory proceedings, regulatory and litigation costs, and reputational damage. We may incur reimbursement and other expenses, including the costs of litigation and litigation settlements and additional compliance costs. We may also incur considerable expenses in enhancing and upgrading computer systems and systems security following such a failure.

Interruption in telecommunication, information technology and other operational systems, or a failure to maintain the security, confidentiality or privacy of sensitive data residing on such systems, whether due to actions by us or others, could delay or disrupt our ability to do business and service our customers, harm our reputation, result in a violation of applicable privacy and other laws, subject us to substantial regulatory sanctions and other claims, lead to a loss of customers and revenues, or financial loss to our customers and otherwise adversely affect our business.

We face risks arising from acquisitions, divestitures and restructurings, including client losses, surrenders and withdrawals, difficulties in executing, integrating and realizing the projected results of acquisitions and contingent liabilities with respect to dispositions.

We face a number of risks arising from acquisition transactions, including the risk that, following the acquisition or reorganization of a business, we could experience client losses, surrenders or withdrawals or other results materially different from those we anticipate. We may also experience difficulties in executing previously-announced transactions, and integrating and realizing the projected results of acquisitions and restructurings and managing the litigation and regulatory matters to which acquired entities are party. We may retain insurance or reinsurance obligations and other contingent liabilities in connection with our divestiture or winding down of various businesses, and our reserves for these obligations and liabilities may prove to be inadequate. Furthermore, transactions we enter into may alter the risks of our business. These risks may adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.

Other Risks

Our risk management policies and procedures may prove to be ineffective and leave us exposed to unidentified or unanticipated risk, which could adversely affect our businesses or result in losses.

We have developed an enterprise-wide risk management framework to mitigate risk and loss to the Company, and we maintain policies, procedures and controls intended to identify, measure, monitor, report and analyze the risks to which the Company is exposed.

There are, however, inherent limitations to risk management strategies because there may exist, or develop in the future, risks that we have not appropriately anticipated or identified. If our risk management framework proves ineffective, the Company may suffer unexpected losses and could be materially adversely affected. As our businesses change and the markets in which we operate evolve, our risk management framework may not evolve at the same pace as those changes. As a result, there is a risk that new products or new business strategies may present risks that are not appropriately identified, monitored or managed. In times of market stress, unanticipated market movements or unanticipated claims experience resulting from adverse mortality or morbidity, the effectiveness of our risk management strategies may be limited, resulting in losses to the Company. In addition, under difficult or less liquid market conditions, our risk management strategies may not be effective because other market participants may be using the same or similar strategies to manage risk under the same challenging market conditions. In such circumstances, it may be difficult or more expensive for the Company to mitigate risk due to the activity of such other market participants.

Many of our risk management strategies or techniques are based upon historical customer and market behavior and all such strategies and techniques are based to some degree on management’s subjective judgment. We cannot provide assurance that our risk management framework, including the underlying assumptions or strategies, will be accurate and effective.

Management of operational, legal and regulatory risks requires, among other things, policies, procedures and controls to record properly and verify a large number of transactions and events, and these policies, procedures and controls may not be fully effective.

Models are utilized by our businesses and corporate areas primarily to project future cash flows associated with pricing products, calculating reserves and valuing assets, as well as in evaluating risk and determining capital requirements, among other uses. These models may not operate properly and may rely on assumptions and projections that are inherently uncertain. As our businesses continue to grow and evolve, the number and complexity of models we utilize expands, increasing our exposure to error in the design, implementation or use of models, including the associated input data and assumptions.

Past or future misconduct by Prudential Insurance’s employees or employees of our vendors could result in violations of law by us, regulatory sanctions and/or serious reputational or financial harm and the precautions we take to prevent and detect this activity may not be effective in all cases. There can be no assurance that controls and procedures that we employ, which are designed to monitor associates’ business decisions and prevent us from taking excessive or inappropriate risks, will be effective. We review our compensation policies and practices as part of our overall risk management program, but it is possible that our compensation policies and practices could inadvertently incentivize excessive or inappropriate risk taking. If our associates take excessive or

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inappropriate risks, those risks could harm our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

In our investments in which we hold a minority interest, or that are managed by third parties, we lack management and operational control over operations, which may subject us to additional operational, compliance and legal risks and prevent us from taking or causing to be taken actions to protect or increase the value of those investments. In those jurisdictions where we are constrained by law from owning a majority interest in jointly owned operations, our remedies in the event of a breach by a joint venture partner may be limited (e.g., we may have no ability to exercise a “call” option).

The occurrence of natural or man-made disasters could adversely affect our operations, results of operations and financial condition.

The occurrence of natural disasters, including hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, tornadoes, fires, explosions, pandemic disease and man-made disasters, including acts of terrorism and military actions, could adversely affect our operations, results of operations or financial condition, including in the following respects:

• Catastrophic loss of life due to natural or man-made disasters could cause us to pay benefits at higher levels and/or materially earlier than anticipated and could lead to unexpected changes in persistency rates.

• A man-made or natural disaster could result in disruptions in our operations, losses in our investment portfolio or the failure of our counterparties to perform, or cause significant volatility in global financial markets.

• A terrorist attack affecting financial institutions in the U. S. or elsewhere could negatively impact the financial services industry in general and our business operations, investment portfolio and profitability in particular.

• Pandemic disease could have a severe adverse effect on our business. The potential impact of such a pandemic on our results of operations and financial position is highly speculative, and would depend on numerous factors, including: the effectiveness of vaccines and the rate of contagion; the regions of the world most affected; the effectiveness of treatment for the infected population; the rates of mortality and morbidity among various segments of the insured population; the collectability of reinsurance; the possible macroeconomic effects of a pandemic on the Company’s asset portfolio; the effect on lapses and surrenders of existing policies, as well as sales of new policies; and many other variables.

The above risks are more pronounced in respect of geographic areas, including major metropolitan centers, where we have concentrations of customers, concentrations of employees or significant operations, and in respect of countries and regions in which we operate subject to a greater potential threat of military action or conflict.

There can be no assurance that our business continuation plans and insurance coverages would be effective in mitigating any negative effects on our operations or profitability in the event of a terrorist attack or other disaster.

Finally, climate change may increase the frequency and severity of weather related disasters. In addition, climate change regulation may affect the prospects of companies and other entities whose securities we hold and other counterparties, including reinsurers, and affect the value of investments, including real estate investments that we hold. We cannot predict the long term impacts on us from climate change or related regulation.

Intense competition, including the impact of government sponsored programs and other actions on us and our competitors, could adversely affect our ability to maintain or increase our market share or profitability.

We face intense competition from insurance companies, asset managers and diversified financial institutions, both for the ultimate customers for our products and, for distribution through non-affiliated distribution channels. We compete based on a number of factors including brand recognition, reputation, quality of service, quality of investment advice, investment performance of our products, product features, scope of distribution and distribution arrangements, price, perceived financial strength and credit and financial strength ratings. A decline in our competitive position as to one or more of these factors could adversely affect our profitability and assets under management.

Many of our competitors are large and well-established and some have greater market share or breadth of distribution, offer a broader range of products, services or features, assume a greater level of risk, have lower profitability expectations or have higher financial strength or credit ratings than we do. The proliferation and growth of non-affiliated distribution channels puts pressure on our captive sales channels to increase their productivity and reduce their costs in order to remain competitive, and we run the risk that the marketplace will make a more significant or rapid shift to non-affiliated or direct distribution alternatives than we anticipate or are able to achieve ourselves, potentially adversely affecting our market share and results of operations. In addition, technological advances or other changes in the marketplace may present opportunities for new or smaller competitors without established products or distribution channels to meet consumers’ increased expectations more efficiently than us.

The competitive landscape in which we operate may be further affected by government sponsored programs and longer term fiscal policies. Competitors that receive governmental financing or other assistance or subsidies, including governmental guarantees of

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their obligations, may have or obtain pricing or other competitive advantages. Competitors that are not subject to the same regulatory framework may also have a pricing advantage, including as a result of lower capital requirements.

Competition for desirable non-affiliated distribution channels is also intense. The loss of key personnel or non-affiliated distribution channels could have an adverse effect on our business and profitability.

At an enterprise level, Prudential Financial is one of three Designated Financial Companies in the insurance industry. This additional regulation has resulted in increased operational, compliance and risk management costs, and may result in further impacts if Prudential Financial is ultimately required to increase its capital levels or hold additional liquid assets relative to its competitors.

Item 1B.  Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2.  Properties

Office space is provided by Prudential Insurance, as described under “Expense Charges and Allocations” in Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Item 3.  Legal Proceedings

See Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements under “Litigation and Regulatory Matters” for a description of material pending litigation and regulatory matters affecting us, and certain risks to our business presented by such matters.

Item 4.  Mine Safety Disclosures

Not Applicable.

PART II

Item 5.  Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The Company is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Prudential Insurance. There is no public market for the Company’s common stock.

Item 6.  Selected Financial Data

Omitted pursuant to General Instruction I(2)(a) of Form 10-K.

Item 7.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

You should read the following analysis of our consolidated financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with the Forward-Looking Statements included below the Table of Contents, “Risk Factors,” and the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Overview

The Company sells variable and fixed annuities, universal life insurance, variable life insurance and term life insurance primarily through affiliated and unaffiliated distributors in the United States.

Revenues and Expenses

The Company earns revenues principally from insurance premiums; mortality and expense and asset administration fees from insurance and investment products; and investment of general account and other funds. The Company earns premiums primarily from the sale of individual life insurance and annuity products. The Company earns mortality and expense fees, and asset administration fees, primarily from the sale and servicing of universal life insurance and separate account products including variable life insurance and variable annuities. The Company’s operating expenses principally consist of insurance benefits provided and reserves established for anticipated future insurance benefits, general business expenses, commissions and other costs of selling and servicing the various products we sell and interest credited on general account liabilities.

Effective February 25, 2013, the Advanced Series Trust (“AST”) adopted a Rule 12b-1 Plan under the Investment Company Act of 1940 with respect to most of the AST portfolios that are offered through the Company’s variable annuity and variable life insurance products. Under the Rule 12b-1 Plan, AST pays an affiliate of the Company for distribution and administrative services. In June 2015, AST received shareholder approval to amend the Rule 12b-1 Plan. Effective July 1, 2015, there was an increase in the amount AST pays the Company's affiliate for distribution and administrative services. However, there was also a reduction in

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management fees. In addition, due to the revised Rule 12b-1 Plan, the asset administration fees received by the Company from AST Investment Services, Inc., and related distribution expenses of the Company, have decreased.

Profitability

The Company’s profitability depends principally on its ability to price our insurance and annuity products at a level that enables us to earn a margin over the costs associated with providing benefits and administering those products. Profitability also depends on, among other items, our actuarial and policyholder behavior experience on insurance and annuity products, our ability to attract and retain customer assets, generate and maintain favorable investment results, and manage expenses. See “Risk Factors” for a discussion of risks that have materially affected and may affect in the future the Company’s business, results of operations or financial condition, or cause the Company’s actual results to differ materially from those expected or those expressed in any forward looking statements made by or on behalf of the Company.

Industry Trends

Our businesses are impacted by financial markets, economic conditions, regulatory oversight, and a variety of trends that affect the industries where we compete.

Financial and Economic Environment.    Although economic and financial conditions continue to show signs of improvement, global market conditions and uncertainty continue to be factors in the markets in which we operate.

Interest rates in the U.S. remain lower than historical levels, which continue to negatively impact the profitability of certain products we offer as well as returns on the investment portfolio backing our insurance liabilities.

Regulatory Environment.    See “Business—Regulation” for a discussion of regulatory developments that may impact the Company, including the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the U.S. Department of Labor’s proposed fiduciary rules. See “Risk Factors-Regulatory and Legal Risks” for a discussion of the risks associated with these and other developments.

Demographics.    Income protection, wealth accumulation and the needs of retiring baby boomers continue to shape the insurance industry. Retirement security is one of the most critical issues in the U.S. for individuals and the investment professionals and institutions that support them. The risk and responsibility of retirement savings continues to shift to employees, away from the government and employers. Life insurance ownership among U.S. households remains low, with consumers citing other financial priorities and cost of insurance as reasons for the lack of coverage.

Competitive Environment.    See “Business—Competition” for a discussion of the competitive environment and the basis on which we compete.

Accounting Policies and Pronouncements

Application of Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) requires the application of accounting policies that often involve a significant degree of judgment. Management, on an ongoing basis, reviews estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of financial statements. If management determines that modifications in assumptions and estimates are appropriate given current facts and circumstances, the Company’s results of operations and financial position as reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements could change significantly.

The following sections discuss the accounting policies applied in preparing our Consolidated Financial Statements that management believes are most dependent on the application of estimates and assumptions and require management’s most difficult, subjective, or complex judgments.

Deferred Policy Acquisition and Other Costs

We capitalize costs that are directly related to the acquisition or renewal of insurance and annuity contracts. These costs primarily include commissions, as well as costs of policy issuance and underwriting and certain other expenses that are directly related to successfully negotiated contracts. We have also deferred costs associated with sales inducements offered in the past related to our variable and fixed annuity contracts. Sales inducements are amounts that are credited to the policyholder’s account balance as an inducement to purchase the contract. For additional information about sales inducements, see Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. We generally amortize these deferred policy acquisition costs, or DAC, and deferred sales inducements, or DSI, over the expected lives of the contracts, based on our estimates of the level and timing of gross profits or gross premiums, depending on the type of contract. As described in more detail below, in calculating DAC and DSI amortization we are required to make assumptions about investment returns, mortality, persistency, and other items that impact our estimates of the level and timing of gross profits or gross premiums. We also periodically evaluate the recoverability of our DAC and DSI. For certain contracts, this

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evaluation is performed as part of our premium deficiency testing, as discussed further below in “—Policyholder Liabilities.” As of December 31, 2015, DAC for our life products was $1.1 billion and DAC for our annuity products was $4.0 billion. As of December 31, 2015, DSI was $0.7 billion, related entirely to our annuity products.

Amortization methodologies

DAC associated with term life policies is amortized in proportion to gross premiums.

DAC and DSI associated with the variable and universal life policies and the variable and fixed annuity contracts is generally amortized over the expected life of these policies in proportion to total gross profits. Total gross profits include both actual gross profits and estimates of gross profits for future periods. In calculating gross profits, we consider mortality, persistency, and other elements as well as rates of return on investments associated with these contracts and the cost related to our guaranteed minimum death and guaranteed minimum income benefits. For variable annuities, gross profits and amortization rates also include the impacts of the embedded derivatives associated with certain of the living benefit features of our variable annuity contracts and related hedging activities. In calculating amortization expense, we estimate the amounts of gross profits that will be included in our U.S. GAAP results and utilize these estimates to calculate amortization rates and expense amounts. In addition, in calculating gross profits, we include the profits and losses related to contracts issued by the Company that are reported in affiliated legal entities other than the Company as a result of, for example, reinsurance agreements with those affiliated entities. The Company is an indirect subsidiary of Prudential Financial (an SEC registrant) and has extensive transactions and relationships with other subsidiaries of Prudential Financial, including reinsurance agreements, as discussed in Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Incorporating all product-related profits and losses in gross profits, including those that are reported in affiliated legal entities, produces a DAC amortization pattern representative of the total economics of the products. For a further discussion of the amortization of DAC and DSI, see “—Results of Operations.”

We also regularly evaluate and adjust the related DAC and DSI balances with a corresponding charge or credit to current period earnings for the impact of actual gross profits and changes in our projections of estimated future gross profits on our DAC and DSI amortization rates. Adjustments to the DAC and DSI balances include the impact to our estimate of total gross profits of the annual review of assumptions, our quarterly adjustments for current period experience and our quarterly adjustments for market performance. Each of these adjustments is further discussed below in “Annual assumptions review and quarterly adjustments.”

Annual assumptions review and quarterly adjustments

Annually, we perform a comprehensive review of the assumptions used in estimating gross profits for future periods. Over the last several years, the Company’s most significant assumption updates resulting in a change to expected future gross profits and the amortization of DAC and DSI have been related to lapse experience and other contractholder behavior assumptions, mortality, and revisions to expected future rates of return on investments. These assumptions may also cause potential significant variability in amortization expense in the future. The impact on our results of operations of changes in these assumptions can be offsetting and we are unable to predict their movement or offsetting impact over time.

The quarterly adjustments for current period experience referred to above reflect the impact of differences between actual gross profits for a given period and the previously estimated expected gross profits for that period. To the extent each period’s actual experience differs from the previous estimate for that period, the assumed level of total gross profits may change. In these cases, we recognize a cumulative adjustment to all previous periods’ amortization, also referred to as an experience true-up adjustment.

The quarterly adjustments for market performance referred to above reflect the impact of changes to our estimate of total gross profits to reflect actual fund performance and market conditions. A significant portion of gross profits for our variable annuity contracts and, to a lesser degree, our variable life policies are dependent upon the total rate of return on assets held in separate account investment options. This rate of return influences the fees we earn and costs we incur associated with the guaranteed minimum death and guaranteed minimum income benefit features related to our variable annuity contracts, as well as other sources of profit. Returns that are higher than our expectations for a given period produce higher than expected account balances, which increase the future fees we expect to earn and decrease the future costs we expect to incur associated with the guaranteed minimum death and guaranteed minimum income benefit features related to our variable annuity contracts. The opposite occurs when returns are lower than our expectations. The changes in future expected gross profits are used to recognize a cumulative adjustment to all prior periods’ amortization.

The near-term future equity rate of return assumption used in evaluating DAC and other costs for our variable annuity and variable life insurance products is derived using a reversion to the mean approach, a common industry practice. Under this approach, we consider historical equity returns and adjust projected equity returns over an initial future period of five years (the “near-term”) so that equity returns converge to the long-term expected rate of return. If the near-term projected future rate of return is greater than our near-term maximum future rate of return of 15%, we use our maximum future rate of return. As of December 31, 2015, our variable annuities and variable life insurance businesses assume an 8% long-term equity expected rate of return and a 6% near-term mean reversion equity rate of return.

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The weighted average rate of return assumptions consider many factors specific to each business, including asset durations, asset allocations and other factors. We generally update the near term equity rates of return and our estimate of total gross profits each quarter to reflect the result of the reversion to the mean approach. We generally update the future interest rates used to project fixed income returns annually and in any quarter when interest rates vary significantly from these assumptions. These market performance related adjustments to our estimate of total gross profits result in cumulative adjustments to prior amortization, reflecting the application of the new required rate of amortization to all prior periods’ gross profits.

DAC and DSI Sensitivities

For variable annuity contracts, DAC and DSI are sensitive to changes in our future rate of return assumptions due primarily to the significant portion of gross profits that is dependent upon the total rate of return on assets held in separate account investment options.

The following table provides a demonstration of the sensitivity of each of these balances relative to our future rate of return assumptions by quantifying the adjustments to each balance that would be required assuming both an increase and decrease in our future rate of return by 100 basis points. The sensitivity includes both an increase and a decrease of 100 basis points to the future rate of return assumptions in all years. The information below is for illustrative purposes only and considers only the direct effect of changes in our future rate of return on the DAC and DSI balances and not changes in any other assumptions such as persistency, mortality, or expenses included in our evaluation of DAC and DSI. Further, this information does not reflect changes in reserves, such as the reserves for the guaranteed minimum death and optional living benefit features of our variable annuity products, or the impact that changes in such reserves may have on the DAC and DSI balances.

	December 31, 2015
	Increase/(Decrease) in DAC			Increase/(Decrease) in DSI
	(in millions)
Decrease in future rate of return by 100 basis points	$	(135	)	$	(41	)
Increase in future rate of return by 100 basis points	$	112		$	38

In addition to the impact of market performance relative to our future rate of return assumptions, other factors may also drive variability in amortization expense, particularly when our annual assumption updates are performed. As noted above, however, the impact on our results of operations of changes in these assumptions can be offsetting and we are unable to predict their movement or offsetting impact over time. In 2015, updates to projected interest rate assumptions and mapping of funds to related indices drove the most significant changes to amortization expense. For discussion of DAC and DSI adjustments related to our annuities products for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, see "Results of Operations" below.

For our variable and universal life policies, a significant portion of our gross profits is derived from mortality margins. As a result, our estimates of future gross profits are significantly influenced by our mortality assumptions. Our mortality assumptions are used to estimate future death claims over the life of these policies and may be developed based on Company experience, industry experience and/or other factors. Unless a material change in mortality experience that we feel is indicative of a long term trend is observed in an interim period, we generally update our mortality assumptions annually. Updates to our mortality assumptions in future periods could have a significant adverse or favorable effect on the results of our operations.

The following table provides a demonstration of the sensitivity of that DAC balance relative to our future mortality assumptions by quantifying the adjustments that would be required, assuming both an increase and decrease in our future mortality rate by 1%. The information below is for illustrative purposes only and considers only the direct effect of changes in our mortality assumptions on the DAC balance with no changes in any other assumptions such as persistency, future rate of return, or expenses included in our evaluation of DAC. Further, this information also does not reflect changes in unearned revenue reserve which would partially offset the adjustments to the DAC balance reflected below.

	December 31, 2015
	Increase/(Decrease) in DAC
	(in millions)
Decrease in future mortality by 1%	$	10
Increase in future mortality by 1%	$	(10	)

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In addition to the impact of mortality experience relative to our assumptions, other factors may also drive variability in amortization expense, particularly when our annual assumption updates are performed. As noted above, however, the impact on our results of operations of changes in these assumptions can be offsetting and we are unable to predict their movement or offsetting impact over time. In 2015, updates to mortality assumptions drove the most significant changes to amortization expense. For discussion of DAC adjustments related to our life products for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, see "Results of Operations" below.

Valuation of Investments, Including Derivatives, and the Recognition of Other-than-Temporary Impairments

Our investment portfolio consists of public and private fixed maturity securities, commercial mortgage and other loans, equity securities, other invested assets and derivative financial instruments. Derivatives are financial instruments whose values are derived from interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, financial indices or the values of securities. Derivative financial instruments we generally use include swaps, futures, forwards and options. We are also party to financial instruments that contain derivative instruments that are “embedded” in the financial instruments. Management believes the following accounting policies related to investments, including derivatives, are most dependent on the application of estimates and assumptions. Each of these policies is discussed further within other relevant disclosures related to the investments and derivatives, as referenced below.

• Valuation of investments, including derivatives;

• Recognition of other-than-temporary impairments; and

• Determination of the valuation allowance for losses on commercial mortgage and other loans.

We present at fair value in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position our investments classified as available-for-sale, including fixed maturity and equity securities, investments classified as trading, derivatives, and embedded derivatives. For additional information regarding the key estimates and assumptions surrounding the determination of fair value of fixed maturity and equity securities, as well as derivative instruments, embedded derivatives and other investments, see Notes 9 and 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

For our investments classified as available-for-sale, the impact of changes in fair value is recorded as an unrealized gain or loss in “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)” (“AOCI”), a separate component of equity. For our investments classified as trading, the impact of changes in fair value is recorded within “Other income.” In addition, investments classified as available-for-sale, are subject to impairment reviews to identify when a decline in value is other-than-temporary. For a discussion of our policies regarding other-than-temporary declines in investment value and the related methodology for recording other-than-temporary impairments of fixed maturity and equity securities, see Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Commercial mortgage and other loans are carried primarily at unpaid principal balances, net of unamortized deferred loan origination fees and expenses and unamortized premiums or discounts and a valuation allowance for losses. For a discussion of our policies regarding the valuation allowance for commercial mortgage and other loans see Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Policyholder Liabilities

Future Policy Benefit Reserves

We establish reserves for future policy benefits to, or on behalf of, policyholders in the same period in which the policy is issued or acquired, using methodologies prescribed by U.S. GAAP. The reserving methodologies used for our businesses include the following:

• For most long duration contracts, we utilize best estimate assumptions as of the date the policy is issued or acquired with provisions for the risk of adverse deviation, as appropriate. After the liabilities are initially established, we perform premium deficiency tests using best estimate assumptions as of the testing date without provisions for adverse deviation. If the liabilities determined based on these best estimate assumptions are greater than the net reserves (i.e., U.S. GAAP reserves net of any DAC or DSI asset), the existing net reserves are adjusted by first reducing these assets by the amount of the deficiency or to zero through a charge to current period earnings. If the deficiency is more than these asset balances for insurance contracts, we then increase the net reserves by the excess, again through a charge to current period earnings. If a premium deficiency is recognized, the assumptions as of the premium deficiency test date are locked in and used in subsequent valuations.

• For certain reserves, such as our contracts with guaranteed minimum death benefits (“GMDB”), guaranteed minimum income benefits (“GMIB”) and no lapse guarantees, we utilize current best estimate assumptions in establishing reserves. The reserves are subject to adjustments based on annual reviews of assumptions and quarterly adjustments for experience, including market performance, and the reserves may be adjusted through a benefit or charge to current period earnings.

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• For certain product guarantees, primarily certain living benefit features of the variable annuity products, the benefits are accounted for as embedded derivatives, with fair values calculated as the present value of expected future benefit payments to contractholders less the present value of assessed rider fees attributable to the embedded derivative feature. Under U.S. GAAP, the fair values of these benefit features are based on assumptions a market participant would use in valuing these embedded derivatives. Changes in the fair value of the embedded derivatives are recorded quarterly through a benefit or charge to current period earnings.

The assumptions used in establishing reserves are generally based on the Company’s experience, industry experience and/or other factors, as applicable. We typically update our actuarial assumptions, such as mortality, morbidity and policyholder behavior assumptions annually, unless a material change is observed in an interim period that we feel is indicative of a long-term trend. Generally, we do not expect trends to change significantly in the short-term and, to the extent these trends may change, we expect such changes to be gradual over the long-term. In a sustained low interest rate environment, there is an increased likelihood that the reserves determined based on best estimate assumptions may be greater than the net liabilities. The following paragraphs provide additional details about our reserves for our individual life and annuity businesses.

The reserves for future policy benefits of our individual annuity business relate to reserves for the GMDB and GMIB features of our variable annuities, and for the optional living benefit features that are accounted for as embedded derivatives. As discussed above, in establishing reserves for GMDBs and GMIBs, we utilize current best estimate assumptions. The primary assumptions used in establishing these reserves include annuitization, lapse, withdrawal and mortality assumptions, as well as interest rate and equity market return assumptions. Lapse rates are adjusted at the contract level based on the in-the-moneyness of the living benefit and reflect other factors, such as the applicability of any surrender charges. Lapse rates are reduced when contracts are more in-the-money. Lapse rates are also generally assumed to be lower for the period where surrender charges apply.

The reserves for certain living benefit features, including guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (“GMAB”), guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (“GMWB”) and guaranteed minimum income and withdrawal benefits (“GMIWB”), are accounted for as embedded derivatives, with fair values calculated as the present value of expected future benefit payments to contractholders less the present value of assessed rider fees attributable to the embedded derivative feature. This methodology could result in either a liability or contra-liability balance, given changing capital market conditions and various actuarial assumptions. Since there is no observable active market for the transfer of these obligations, the valuations are calculated using internally-developed models with option pricing techniques. The models are based on a risk neutral valuation framework and incorporate premiums for risks inherent in valuation techniques, inputs, and the general uncertainty around the timing and amount of future cash flows. The significant inputs to the valuation models for these embedded derivatives include capital market assumptions, such as interest rate levels and volatility assumptions, the Company’s market-perceived risk of its own non-performance (“NPR”), as well as actuarially determined assumptions, including contractholder behavior, such as lapse rates, benefit utilization rates, withdrawal rates, and mortality rates. Capital market inputs and actual contractholders’ account values are updated each quarter based on capital market conditions as of the end of the quarter, including interest rates, equity markets and volatility. In the risk neutral valuation, the initial swap curve drives the total returns used to grow the contractholders’ account values. The Company’s discount rate assumption is based on the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) swap curve adjusted for an additional spread relative to LIBOR to reflect NPR. Actuarial assumptions, including contractholder behavior and mortality, are reviewed at least annually, and updated based upon emerging experience, future expectations and other data, including any observable market data, such as available industry studies or market transactions such as acquisitions and reinsurance transactions. For additional information regarding the valuation of these optional living benefit features, see Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The future policy benefit reserves for our Individual Life business relate to term life, universal life and variable life products. For term life contracts, the future policy benefit reserves are determined as the present value of expected future benefits to, or on behalf of, policyholders plus the present value of future maintenance expenses less the present value of future net premiums. For these reserves, we utilize best estimate assumptions as of the date the policy is issued or acquired with provisions for the risk of adverse deviation, as described above. The primary assumptions used in determining expected future benefits and expenses include mortality, lapse, and maintenance expense assumptions. For variable and universal life products, which include universal life contracts that contain no lapse guarantees, reserves are established using current best estimate assumptions, as described above.

Sensitivity for Future Policy Benefit Reserves

We expect the future benefit reserves related to our variable annuities that are based on current best estimate assumptions and those that represent embedded derivatives recorded at fair value, to be the ones most likely to drive variability in earnings from period to period.

For the GMDB and GMIB features of our variable annuities, the reserves for these contracts are significantly influenced by the future rate of return assumptions. The following table provides a demonstration of the sensitivity of the reserves for GMDBs and GMIBs related to variable annuity contracts relative to our future rate of return assumptions by quantifying the adjustments to these reserves that would be required assuming both a 100 basis point increase and decrease in our future rate of return. The information below is for illustrative purposes only and considers only the direct effect of changes in our future rate of return on

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operating results due to the change in the reserve balance and not changes in any other assumptions such as persistency or mortality included in our evaluation of the reserves, or any changes on DAC or other balances, discussed above in “—Deferred Policy Acquisition and Other Costs.”

	December 31, 2015
	Increase/(Decrease) in GMDB/GMIB Reserves
	(in millions)
Decrease in future rate of return by 100 basis points	$	126
Increase in future rate of return by 100 basis points	$	(93	)

In addition to the impact of market performance relative to our future rate of return assumptions, other factors may also drive variability in the change in reserves, particularly when our annual assumption updates are performed. As noted above, however, the impact on our results of operations of changes in these assumptions can be offsetting and we are unable to predict their movement or offsetting impact over time. In 2015, updates to utilization rate assumptions, partially offset by updates to projected interest rate assumptions, drove the most significant changes to these reserves.

For a discussion of adjustments to the reserves for GMDBs and GMIBs for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, see “Results of Operations” below.

For certain living benefit features of the variable annuities that are accounted for as embedded derivatives, the changes in reserves are significantly impacted by changes in both the capital markets assumptions and actuarial assumptions. Capital market inputs and actual contractholders’ account values are updated each quarter based on capital market conditions as of the end of the quarter, while actuarial assumptions are reviewed at least annually, and updated based upon emerging experience, future expectations and other data. For additional information about the impacts of capital markets assumptions, including interest rates, NPR credit spreads and equity returns, refer to “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” below. In 2015, updates to mapping of funds to related indices, partially offset by updates to mortality rate assumptions drove the most significant changes to these reserves. Other factors may also drive variability in the change in reserves, particularly when our annual assumption updates are performed. As noted above, however, the impact on our results of operations of changes in these assumptions can be offsetting and we are unable to predict their movement or offsetting impact over time.

The Company’s liability for future policy benefits also includes reserves based on the present value of estimated future payments to or on behalf of contractholders related to contracts that have annuitized, where the timing and amount of payment depends on policyholder mortality. Expected mortality is generally based on the Company’s experience, industry data, and/or other factors. Interest rate assumptions are based on factors such as market conditions and expected investment returns. Although mortality and interest rate assumptions are “locked-in” upon the issuance of new insurance or annuity business with fixed and guaranteed terms, significant changes in experience or assumptions may require the Company to provide for expected future losses on a product by establishing premium deficiency reserves. Premium deficiency reserves are established, if necessary, when the liability for future policy benefits plus the present value of expected future gross premiums are determined to be insufficient to provide for expected future policy benefits and expenses.

Unearned revenue reserve (URR)

Our URR is reported as a component of “Policyholders’ account balances”, gross of reinsurance with a partial offset in “Reinsurance recoverables.” The URR balance was $721 million as of December 31, 2015. This reserve primarily relates to variable and universal life products and represents policy charges for services to be provided in future periods. The charges are deferred as unearned revenue and are generally amortized over the expected lives of the contracts in proportion to the products’ estimated gross profits, similar to DAC as discussed above.

For the variable and universal life policies, a significant portion of our gross profits is derived from mortality margins. As a result, our estimates of future gross profits are significantly influenced by our mortality assumptions. Our mortality assumptions are used to estimate future death claims over the life of these policies and are developed based on Company experience, industry experience and/or other factors. Unless a material change in mortality experience that we feel is indicative of a long term trend is observed in an interim period, we generally update our mortality assumptions annually. Updates to our mortality assumptions in future periods could have a significant adverse or favorable effect on the results of the Company.

The following table provides a demonstration of the sensitivity of that URR balance relative to our future mortality assumptions by quantifying the adjustments that would be required, assuming both an increase and decrease in our future mortality rate by 1%. The information below is for illustrative purposes only and considers only the direct effect of changes in our mortality assumptions on the URR balance and not changes in any other assumptions such as persistency, future rate of return, or expenses included in our evaluation of URR. It does not reflect changes in assets, such as DAC and reinsurance recoverables, which would partially

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offset the adjustments to the URR balance reflected below. The impact of DAC is discussed in more detail above in “—Deferred Policy Acquisition and Other Costs.”

	December 31, 2015
	Increase/(Decrease) in URR
	(in millions)
Decrease in future mortality by 1%	$	21
Increase in future mortality by 1%	$	(22	)

In addition to the impact of mortality experience relative to our assumptions, other factors may also drive variability in the change in reserves, particularly when our annual assumption updates are performed. As noted above, however, the impact on our results of operations of changes in these assumptions can be offsetting and we are unable to predict their movement or offsetting impact over time. In 2015, updates to mortality assumptions drove the most significant changes to our URR.

Taxes on Income

Our effective tax rate is based on income, non-taxable and non-deductible items, statutory tax rates and tax planning opportunities available in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. Inherent in determining our annual tax rate are judgments regarding business plans, planning opportunities and expectations about future outcomes. The dividend received deduction (“DRD”) is a major reason for the difference between the Company’s effective tax rate and the federal statutory rate of 35%. The DRD estimate incorporates the prior year results as well as the current year’s equity market performance. Both the current estimate of the DRD and the DRD in future periods can vary based on factors such as, but not limited to, changes in the amount of dividends received that are eligible for the DRD, changes in the amount of distributions received from underlying fund investments, changes in the account balances of variable life and annuity contracts, and the Company’s taxable income before the DRD.

An increase or decrease in our effective tax rate by one percent of income (loss) from operations before income taxes would have resulted in a decrease or increase in our consolidated income from operations in 2015 of $5 million.

The Company’s liability for income taxes includes the liability for unrecognized tax benefits and interest that relate to tax years still subject to review by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) or other taxing authorities. See Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of the impact in 2013, 2014 and 2015 of changes to our total unrecognized tax benefits. We do not anticipate any significant changes within the next 12 months to our total unrecognized tax benefits related to tax years for which the statute of limitations has not expired.

Contingencies

A contingency is an existing condition that involves a degree of uncertainty that will ultimately be resolved upon the occurrence of future events. Under U.S. GAAP, accruals for contingencies are required to be established when the future event is probable and its impact can be reasonably estimated, such as in connection with an unresolved legal matter. The initial reserve reflects management’s best estimate of the probable cost of ultimate resolution of the matter and is revised accordingly as facts and circumstances change and, ultimately, when the matter is brought to closure.

Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements

There were no new accounting pronouncements adopted during 2015 requiring the application of critical accounting estimates. See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a complete discussion of newly issued accounting pronouncements.

Changes in Financial Position

December 31, 2015 versus December 31, 2014

Total assets increased $2.8 billion, from $145.8 billion at December 31, 2014 to $148.6 billion at December 31, 2015. Significant components were:

• Reinsurance recoverables increased $1,952 million from $20,594 million at December 31, 2014 to $22,546 million at December 31, 2015. The increase was primarily driven by the impact of term and universal life business growth and the Hartford GUL business ceded to PARU, which increased ceded reserves and ceded policyholders’ account balances. Also contributing to the increase was the mark-to-market of the reinsurance recoverable related to the reinsured liability for variable annuity living benefits reflecting unfavorable equity market performance in the current year.    

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• Total investments increased $694 million from $9,499 million at December 31, 2014 to $10,193 million at December 31, 2015, primarily driven by the continued growth in the assets supporting the universal life and term life businesses, as well as increased general account investments from variable annuity sales.

• Separate account assets increased $156 million from $109,194 million at December 31, 2014 to $109,350 million at December 31, 2015, primarily driven by positive net flows from variable annuity new business sales, partially offset by market depreciation.

Total liabilities increased $2.8 billion, from $141.3 billion at December 31, 2014 to $144.1 billion at December 31, 2015. Significant components were:    

• Policyholders’ account balances increased $1,915 million, from $15,250 million at December 31, 2014 to $17,165 million at December 31, 2015, primarily driven by liabilities related to continued universal life business growth and the Hartford GUL business assumed from Prudential Insurance, as well as growth in the variable annuity products that offer HDI v. 3.0, which requires a certain percentage of each purchase payment be allocation into the general account.

• Future policy benefits and other policyholder liabilities increased $1,116 million, from $13,915 million at December 31, 2014 to $15,031 million at December 31, 2015, primarily driven by higher reserves supporting term life business growth and an increase in GMDB reserves associated with universal life business, as well as the mark-to-market of the liability for living benefit embedded derivatives, as described above.

• Separate account liabilities increased $156 million, corresponding to the increase in separate account assets described above.    

• Short-term and long term debt decreased $327 million, reflecting debt repayments during the year.

Results of Operations

Income (Loss) from Operations before Income Taxes

2015 to 2014 Annual Comparison. Income from operations before income taxes decreased $421 million from income of $926 million in 2014 to $505 million in 2015. Excluding the impact on the amortization of DAC and DSI of the mark-to-market of the living benefit embedded derivative liability and related hedge positions and the impact of changes in the estimated profitability of the business, as discussed below, income from operations before income taxes decreased $193 million. The decrease was primarily driven by an unfavorable variance in the mark-to-market of the no-lapse guarantee reinsured to UPARC in our life products and higher policyholders’ benefits and expenses. Also contributing to the decrease was contract cancellations in connection with remediation of an error in an illustration contained in certain product marketing materials. The decreases were partially offset by higher asset-based fee income due to growth in average variable annuity account values, net of a related increase in asset-based commissions, a decline in DAC amortization costs, as well as higher net investment income.

The DAC and DSI impact of the mark-to-market of the living benefit embedded derivative liability and related hedge positions reflected an unfavorable variance of $340 million, resulting from an amortization expense of $314 million in 2015 compared to an amortization benefit of $26 million in 2014. The unfavorable variance was primarily driven by the impact of the annual review and update of assumptions and other refinements, as well as higher amortization expense of DAC and DSI in the current year period, reflecting larger gains in the mark-to-market of the reinsured and retained liability for living benefit embedded derivatives and related hedge positions, as compared to prior year.

Adjustments to the living benefit liability and its reinsurance in our annuity products, as well as the no-lapse guarantee reinsured to UPARC in our life products, included the impact from changes in the profitability of the business due to the annual review and update of assumptions and other refinements. These adjustments resulted in a net benefit of $3 million in 2015 compared to a net benefit of $52 million in 2014.

Adjustments to the reserves for the GMDB and GMIB features of our products and the amortization of DAC, DSI, and URR, included the impact from changes in the profitability of the business. These adjustments resulted in a net benefit of $75 million in 2015 compared to an amortization expense of $85 million in 2014. The net benefit in 2015 primarily reflected the net impact of equity market performance on contractholder accounts relative to our assumptions, as well as a net benefit resulting from our annual review and update of assumptions. The net charge in 2014 primarily reflected the impact of lower expected rates of return on fixed income investments within contractholder accounts and on future expected claims relative to our assumptions, which more than offset a net favorable impact from equity market performance. Partially offsetting this net charge was a net benefit resulting from the annual review and update of assumptions performed in that year.

For variable annuity and variable and universal life contracts, we generally amortize DAC and DSI over the expected lives of the contracts based on the level and timing of gross profits. In calculating gross profits, we consider mortality, persistency, and other elements as well as rates of return on investments associated with these contracts and include gross profits related to these contracts

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that are reported in affiliated legal entities other than the Company as a result of, for example, reinsurance agreements with those affiliated entities. For additional information regarding our best estimate of gross profits used to set amortization rates, see “Application of Critical Accounting Estimates” above.

Revenues, Benefits and Expenses

2015 to 2014 Annual Comparison. Revenues decreased $231 million, primarily driven by a $323 million decrease in realized investment gains, primarily reflecting an unfavorable variance in the mark-to-market of the no-lapse guarantee reinsured to UPARC in our life products. Partially offsetting this decrease was an increase of $85 million in policy charges and fee income, consisting primarily of mortality and expense and other insurance charges, assessed on contractholders’ account balances.

Benefits and expenses increased $190 million. This increase was primarily driven by an unfavorable variance of $226 million in DAC amortization, partially offset by $53 million favorable variance in policyholders' benefits. Higher DAC amortization and lower policyholders' benefits are mainly related to the impact of the mark-to-market of the living benefit embedded derivative liability and related hedge positions and the impact of changes in the estimated profitability of the business, as discussed above.

Income Taxes

Shown below is our income tax provision for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, reflecting the impact of certain significant items. Also presented below is the income tax provision that would have resulted from application of the statutory 35% federal income tax rate in each of these periods.

	2015			2014
	(in millions)
Tax provision	$	(8	)	$	140
Impact of:
Non-taxable investment income	162			153
Tax credits	23			33
Other	—			(2		)
Tax provision at statutory rate	$	177		$	324

Our income tax provision amounted to an income tax benefit of $8 million and an income tax expense of $140 million in 2015 and 2014, respectively. The decrease in income tax expense primarily reflects the decrease in pre-tax income from operations for the year ended December 31, 2015.

We employ various tax strategies, including strategies to minimize the amount of taxes resulting from realized capital gains.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

Liquidity refers to the ability to generate sufficient cash resources to meet the payment obligations of the Company. Capital refers to the long term financial resources available to support the operations of our businesses, fund business growth, and provide a cushion to withstand adverse circumstances. Our ability to generate and maintain sufficient liquidity and capital depends on the profitability of our businesses, general economic conditions, our ability to borrow from affiliates and our access to the capital markets through affiliates as described herein.

Effective and prudent liquidity and capital management is a priority across the organization. Management monitors the liquidity of Prudential Financial, Prudential Insurance and the Company on a daily basis and projects borrowing and capital needs over a multi-year time horizon through our periodic planning process. We believe that cash flows from the sources of funds available to us are sufficient to satisfy the current liquidity requirements of Prudential Financial and the Company, including under reasonably foreseeable stress scenarios. Prudential Financial has a capital management framework in place that governs the allocation of capital and approval of capital uses. The Company also employs a “Capital Protection Framework” to ensure the availability of capital resources to maintain adequate capitalization and competitive risk-based capital ("RBC") ratios under various stress scenarios.

Prudential Financial is a “Designated Financial Company” under the Dodd-Frank Act. As a Designated Financial Company, Prudential Financial is subject to supervision and examination by the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston and to stricter prudential regulatory standards, which include or will include requirements and limitations (many of which are the subject of ongoing rule-making) relating to capital, leverage, liquidity, stress-testing, overall risk management, resolution and recovery plans, credit exposure reporting, early remediation, management interlocks and credit concentration. They may also include additional standards regarding enhanced public disclosure, short-term debt limits, and other related subjects. In addition, the FSB has identified

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Prudential Financial as a global systemically important insurer. For information on these recent actions and their potential impact on us, see “Regulatory Developments” above, as well as “Business—Regulation” and “Risk Factors”.

Capital

Our capital management framework is primarily based on statutory RBC measures. RBC is calculated based on statutory financial statements and risk formulas consistent with the practices of the NAIC. RBC considers, among other things, risks related to the type and quality of the invested assets, insurance-related risks associated with an insurer’s products and liabilities, interest rate risks and general business risks. RBC ratio calculations are intended to assist insurance regulators in measuring an insurer’s solvency and ability to pay future claims. The reporting of RBC measures is not intended for the purpose of ranking any insurance company or for use in connection with any marketing, advertising or promotional activities, but is available to the public. The RBC ratio is an annual calculation. As of December 31, 2015, the Company’s RBC ratio exceeds the minimum level required by applicable insurance regulations.

As discussed in “Business––Regulation—State Insurance Regulation––Insurance Reserves and Regulatory Capital,” during February 2014, PLNJ reached an agreement with the NY DFS on reserving methodologies for New York financial reporting purposes in respect of certain variable annuity products. The Company evaluates its regulatory capital under reasonably foreseeable stress scenarios and believes we have adequate resources to maintain our capital levels comfortably above regulatory requirements under these scenarios.

In June and December of 2015 the Company paid dividends in the amounts of $230 million and $200 million, respectively, to Prudential Insurance. In July and December of 2014 the Company paid dividends in the amounts of $338 million and $410 million, respectively, to Prudential Insurance. See Notes 7 and 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Capital Protection Framework

Prudential Financial employs a “Capital Protection Framework” (“the Framework”) to ensure that sufficient capital resources are available to maintain adequate capitalization and a competitive RBC ratio and solvency margins under various stress scenarios. The Framework incorporates the potential impacts from market related stresses, including equity markets, real estate, interest rates, and credit losses. Potential sources of capital include on-balance sheet capital, derivatives, and contingent sources of capital. Although we continue to enhance our approach, we believe we currently have access to sufficient resources to maintain adequate capitalization and a competitive RBC ratio under a range of potential stress scenarios.

Affiliated Captive Reinsurance Companies

Prudential Financial and the Company use captive reinsurance companies to more effectively manage our reserves and capital on an economic basis and to enable the aggregation and transfer of risks. The captive reinsurance companies assume business from affiliates only. To support the risks they assume, the captives are capitalized to a level we believe is consistent with the “AA” financial strength rating targets of Prudential Financial’s insurance subsidiaries. All of the captive reinsurance companies are wholly-owned subsidiaries of Prudential Financial and are located domestically, typically in the state of domicile of the direct writing insurance subsidiary that cedes the majority of business to the captive. In addition to state insurance regulation, our captives are subject to internal policies governing their activities. In the normal course of business Prudential Financial contributes capital to the captives to support business growth and other needs. Prudential Financial has also entered into support agreements with the captives in connection with financing arrangements.

Our life insurance business is subject to Regulation XXX and Guideline AXXX. The regulation and supporting guideline require insurers to establish statutory reserves for term and universal life insurance policies with long-term premium guarantees, at a level that exceeds what our actuarial assumptions for this business would otherwise require. Prudential Financial uses captive reinsurance companies that are affiliates of the Company to finance the portion of the reserves for this business that we consider to be non-economic. The affiliated reinsurance agreements are described further in Note 12.

We reinsure our variable annuity living benefit guarantees and certain of our term and universal life products to affiliated captives. Since the captives are domiciled and subject to regulation in the State of Arizona, the captives are able to claim statutory reinsurance reserve credit for business ceded to them without any need for the captives to collateralize their obligations under the reinsurance arrangements. However, for business ceded to the captives by PLNJ, the captives must collateralize their obligations under the reinsurance arrangement in order for PLNJ to claim a reinsurance reserve credit for its business ceded. This requirement is satisfied by the captives depositing assets into statutory reserve credit trusts. In 2016, the Company expects to recapture the risks related to its variable annuity living benefit riders that were previously reinsured to Pruco Re, and begin managing all of the product risks associated with its variable annuities in Prudential Financial's statutory insurance entities.

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Liquidity

Liquidity is measured against internally-developed benchmarks that take into account the characteristics of both the asset portfolio and the liabilities that they support. We consider attributes of the various categories of liquid assets (for example, type of asset and credit quality) in calculating internal liquidity measures to evaluate our insurance operations’ liquidity under various stress scenarios, including company-specific and market-wide events. We continue to believe that cash generated by ongoing operations and the liquidity profile of our assets provide sufficient liquidity under reasonably foreseeable stress scenarios for the Company.

Cash Flow

The principal sources of the Company’s liquidity are premiums, investment and fee income, investment maturities and sales as well as internal borrowings. The principal uses of that liquidity include benefits, claims and payments to policyholders and contractholders in connection with surrenders, withdrawals and net policy loan activity. Other uses of liquidity include commissions, general and administrative expenses, purchases of investments, the payment of dividends to the parent holding company, hedging activity and payments in connection with financing activities. We use a projection process for cash flows from operations to ensure sufficient liquidity is available to meet projected cash outflows, including claims.

Our liquidity is managed to ensure stable, reliable and cost-effective sources of cash flows to meet all of our obligations. Liquidity is provided by a variety of sources, as described more fully below, including portfolios of liquid assets. Our investment portfolios are integral to the overall liquidity of the Company. We employ an asset/liability management approach specific to the requirements of each of our product lines. This enhances the discipline applied in managing the liquidity, as well as the interest rate and credit risk profiles, of each portfolio in a manner consistent with the unique characteristics of the product liabilities. The impact of Prudential Funding, LLC’s financing capacity on liquidity (as described below) is considered in the internal liquidity measures of the Company.

Liquid Assets

Liquid assets include cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and fixed maturities that are not designated as held-to-maturity and public equity securities. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014 the Company had liquid assets of $7,383 million and $6,610 million, respectively. The portion of liquid assets comprised of cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments was $425 million and $336 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, $6,394 million, or 93%, of the fixed maturity investments in general account portfolios were rated high or highest quality based on NAIC or equivalent rating. The remaining $447 million, or 7%, of these fixed maturity investments were rated other than high or highest quality.

Financing Activities

Prudential Funding LLC

Prudential Financial and Prudential Funding, LLC, or Prudential Funding, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Prudential Insurance, borrow funds in the capital markets through the direct issuance of commercial paper. The borrowings serve as an additional source of financing to meet our working capital needs. Prudential Funding operates under a support agreement with Prudential Insurance whereby Prudential Insurance has agreed to maintain Prudential Funding’s positive tangible net worth at all times.

Term and Universal Life Reserve Financing

As discussed above under “Capital––Affiliated Captive Reinsurance Companies,” the Company uses affiliated captive reinsurance companies to finance the portion of the statutory reserves required to be held under Regulation XXX and Guideline AXXX that we consider to be non-economic. The financing arrangements involve the reinsurance of term and universal life business to our affiliated captive reinsurers and the issuance of surplus notes by those affiliated captives that are treated as capital for statutory purposes. These surplus notes are subordinated to policyholder obligations, and the payment of principal on the surplus notes may only be made with prior insurance regulatory approval.

To date, the affiliated captive reinsurance companies have entered into agreements with external counterparties providing for the issuance of up to an aggregate of $8.85 billion of surplus notes by our affiliated captive reinsurers in return for the receipt of credit-linked notes (“Credit-Linked Note Structures”), of which $6.50 billion of surplus notes was outstanding as of December 31, 2015. Under the agreements, the affiliated captive receives in exchange for the surplus notes one or more credit-linked notes issued by a special-purpose affiliate of the Company with an aggregate principal amount equal to the surplus notes outstanding. The affiliated captive holds the credit-linked notes as assets supporting Regulation XXX or Guideline AXXX non-economic reserves, as applicable. The affiliated captive can redeem the principal amount of the outstanding credit-linked notes for cash upon the occurrence of, and in an amount necessary to remedy, a specified liquidity stress event affecting the affiliated captive. Under the agreements, the external counterparties have agreed to fund any such payments under the credit-linked notes in return for the receipt of fees. Prudential Financial has agreed to make capital contributions to our affiliated captive to reimburse it for investment

41

losses in excess of specified amounts and, under certain of the transactions, Prudential Financial has agreed to reimburse the external counterparties for any payments made under the credit-linked notes. To date, no such payments under the credit-linked notes have been required. Under these transactions, because valid rights of set-off exist, interest and principal payments on the surplus notes and on the credit-linked notes are settled on a net basis, and the surplus notes are reflected in Prudential Financial’s total consolidated borrowings on a net basis.

As of December 31, 2015, our affiliated captives companies had outstanding an aggregate of $3.1 billion of debt issued for the purpose of financing Regulation XXX and Guideline AXXX non-economic reserves, of which approximately $1.5 billion relates to Regulation XXX reserves and approximately $1.6 billion relates to Guideline AXXX reserves, and all of which was issued directly by or guaranteed by Prudential Financial. Under certain of the financing arrangements pursuant to which this debt was issued, Prudential Financial has agreed to make capital contributions to the applicable captive reinsurance subsidiary to reimburse it for investment losses or to maintain its capital above prescribed minimum levels. In addition, as of December 31, 2015, for purposes of financing Guideline AXXX reserves, our affiliated captives had outstanding approximately $4.0 billion of surplus notes that were issued to Prudential Financial in exchange for promissory notes of affiliates guaranteed by Prudential Financial.

As discussed under “Business-Regulation,” in December 2014, the NAIC adopted a new actuarial guideline, known as “AG 48,” that governs the reinsurance of term and universal life insurance business to captives by prescribing requirements for the types of assets that may be held by captives to support the reserves. The requirements in AG 48 became effective on January 1, 2015, and apply in respect of term and universal life insurance policies written from and after January 1, 2015, or written prior to January 1, 2015 but not included in a captive reserve financing arrangement as of December 31, 2014. AG 48 will require our captive affiliates to hold cash and rated securities in greater amounts than they previously held to support economic reserves for certain of the term and universal life policies. While we continue to work with regulators and industry participants on potential long-term solutions, we have funded the additional requirement for 2015 using a combination of existing assets and newly purchased assets sourced from affiliated financing.

Item 7a.  Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market Risk

Market risk is defined as the risk of loss resulting from change in interest rates, equity prices and foreign currency exchange rates resulting from assets/liability mismatches where the change in the value of our liabilities is not offset by change in value of our assets.

For additional information regarding the potential impacts of interest rate and other market fluctuations, as well as general economic and market conditions on our businesses and profitability, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors” above. For additional information regarding our liquidity and capital resources, which may be impacted by changing market risks, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources” above.

Market Risk Management

Management of market risk, which we consider to be a combination of both investment risk and market risk exposures, includes the identification and measurement of various forms of risk, the establishment of risk thresholds and the creation of processes intended to maintain risks within these thresholds while optimizing returns on the underlying assets or liabilities. As an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Prudential Financial, the Company benefits from the risk management strategies implemented by Prudential Financial. Risk range limits are established for each type of market risk, and are approved by the Investment Committee of the Prudential Financial Board of Directors and subject to ongoing review.

Our risk management process utilizes a variety of tools and techniques, including:

• Measures of price sensitivity to market changes (e.g., interest rates, equity index prices, foreign exchange);

• Asset/liability management analytics;

• Stress scenario testing;

• Hedging programs and affiliated reinsurance; and

• Risk management governance, including policies, limits and a market risk oversight committee.

Market Risk Mitigation

Risk mitigation takes three primary forms:

• Asset/Liability Management: Managing assets to liability-based measures. For example, investment policies identify target durations for assets based on liability characteristics and asset portfolios are managed to within ranges around them. This mitigates potential unanticipated economic losses from interest rate movements.

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• Hedging non-strategic exposures. For example, our investment policies for our general account portfolios generally require hedging currency risk for cash flows not offset by similarly denominated liabilities.

• Management of portfolio concentration risk. For example, ongoing monitoring and management at the enterprise level of key rate, currency and other concentration risks support diversification efforts to mitigate exposure to individual markets and sources of risk.

Market Risk Related to Interest Rates

We perform liability-driven investing and engage in careful asset/liability management. Asset/liability mismatches create the risk that changes in liability values will differ from the changes in the value of the related assets. Additionally, changes in interest rates may impact other items including, but not limited to, the following:

• Net investment spread between the amounts that we are required to pay and the rate of return we are able to earn on investments for certain products supported by general account investments;

• Asset-based fees earned on assets under management or contractholder account values;

• Estimated total gross profits and the amortization of deferred policy acquisition and other costs;

• Net exposure to the guarantees provided under certain products; and

• Our capital levels.

We use duration and convexity analyses to measure price sensitivity to interest rate changes. Duration measures the relative sensitivity of the fair value of a financial instrument to changes in interest rates. Convexity measures the rate of change of duration with respect to changes in interest rates. We use asset/liability management and derivative strategies to manage our interest rate exposure by legal entity by matching the relative sensitivity of asset and liability values to interest rate changes, or controlling “duration mismatch” of assets and liabilities. We have duration mismatch constraints tailored to the rate sensitivity of products in each entity. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the difference between the duration of assets and the target duration of liabilities in our duration-managed portfolios was within our policy limits. We consider risk-based capital and tax implications as well as current market conditions in our asset/liability management strategies.

We assess the impact of interest rate movements on the value of our financial assets, financial liabilities and derivatives using hypothetical test scenarios that assume either upward or downward 100 basis point parallel shifts in the yield curve from prevailing interest rates, reflecting changes in either credit spreads or the risk-free rate. The following table sets forth the net estimated potential loss in fair value on these financial instruments from a hypothetical 100 basis point upward shift as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. This table is presented on a gross basis and excludes offsetting impacts to insurance liabilities that are not considered financial liabilities under U.S GAAP. This scenario results in the greatest net exposure to interest rate risk of the hypothetical scenarios tested at those dates. While the test scenario is for illustrative purposes only and does not reflect our expectations regarding future interest rates or the performance of fixed-income markets, it is a near-term, reasonably possible hypothetical change that illustrates the potential impact of such events. These test scenarios do not measure the changes in value that could result from non-parallel shifts in the yield curve which we would expect to produce different changes in discount rates for different maturities. As a result, the actual loss in fair value from a 100 basis point change in interest rates could be different from that indicated by these calculations. The estimated changes in fair values do not include separate account assets.

	December 31, 2015								December 31, 2014
	Notional		Fair Value			Hypothetical     Change in Fair Value			Notional		Fair Value			Hypothetical     Change in Fair Value
	(in millions)
Financial Assets with Interest Rate Risk:
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	$	—	$	6,887		$	(511	)	$	—	$	6,239		$	(446	)
Policy loans	—		1,143			—			—		1,124			—
Commercial loans	—		1,658			(73		)	—		1,682			(75		)
Derivatives: (1)
Futures	—		—			—			—		—			—
Swaps	4,361		251			(305		)	4,166		172			(305		)
Options	25,345		17			—			39,735		13			(1		)
Forwards	4		—			—			1		—			—
Financial Liabilities with Interest Rate Risk:
Investment contracts	—		(1,185		)	5			—		(970		)	2
Total Estimated Potential Loss	—		—			$	(884	)	—		—			$	(825	)

(1) Excludes variable annuity optional living benefits accounted for as embedded derivatives and derivatives or embedded derivatives resulting from reinsurance.

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The tables above do not include approximately $31,005 million and $28,189 million of insurance reserve and deposit liabilities as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, which are not considered financial liabilities. We believe that the interest rate sensitivities of these insurance liabilities would serve as an offset to the net interest rate risk of the financial assets and financial liabilities set forth in these tables. The tables above also exclude variable annuity optional living benefits accounted for as embedded derivatives as the Company generally reinsures the risks associated with these benefits to an affiliated reinsurance company, Pruco Re, as part of its risk management strategy. See “Item 1. Business—Products—Individual Annuities” for information regarding the reinsurance to Pruco Re and the living benefit hedging program, which is primarily executed within Pruco Re.

The tables above also exclude a no lapse guarantee provision of certain universal life products reinsured with UPARC that are accounted for as an embedded derivative valued using a risk neutral valuation model. This embedded derivative incurs market risk primarily in the form of interest rate risk. Interest sensitivity can result in changes in the value of the underlying contractual guarantees.

Market Risk Related to Equity Prices

We have exposure to equity price risk through our investments in equity securities, equity-based derivatives and certain variable annuity and other living benefit feature embedded derivatives. As discussed above, our variable annuity optional living benefits accounted for as embedded derivatives are generally reinsured to an affiliate and a third-party reinsurer as part of our risk management strategy. Our equity based derivatives are primarily held as part of our capital hedging program, discussed below. Changes in equity prices create risk that the resulting changes in asset values will differ from the changes in the value of the liabilities relating to the underlying or hedged products. Additionally, changes in equity prices may impact other items including, but not limited to, the following:

• Asset-based fees earned on assets under management or contractholder account value

• Estimated total gross profits and the amortization of deferred policy acquisition and other costs

• Net exposure to the guarantees provided under certain products

We manage investment equity price risk against benchmarks in respective markets. We benchmark our return on equity holdings against a blend of market indices, mainly the S&P 500 and Russell 2000 for U.S. equities. For equity investments within the separate accounts, the investment risk is borne by the separate account contractholder rather than by the Company.

Our capital hedging program is managed at the Prudential Financial parent company level. The program broadly addresses equity market exposure of the overall statutory capital of Prudential Financial as a whole, under stress scenarios. The Company owns a portion of the derivatives related to the program. The program focuses on tail risk in order to protect statutory capital in a cost-effective manner under stress scenarios. Prudential Financial assesses the composition of the hedging program on an ongoing basis and may change it from time to time based on an evaluation of its risk position or other factors. Our estimated equity price risk associated with these capital hedges as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 was $3 million and $4 million respectively, estimated based on a hypothetical 10% decline in equity benchmark market levels, which would partially offset an overall decline in our capital position related to the equity market decline.

Market Risk Related to Foreign Currency Exchange Rates

The Company is exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk in its domestic general account investment portfolios and previously through its operations in Taiwan.

For our domestic general account investment portfolios our foreign currency exchange rate risk arises primarily from investments that are denominated in foreign currencies. We manage this risk by hedging substantially all domestic foreign currency-denominated fixed-income investments into U.S. dollars. We generally do not hedge all of the foreign currency risk of our investments in equity securities of unaffiliated foreign entities.

The Company has foreign currency obligations related to its historic operations in Taiwan. Such currency obligations are offset by foreign currency assets from reinsurance agreements the Company entered into when the Company’s Taiwan operation was transferred to an affiliated company in 2001. See Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information related to these affiliated reinsurance arrangements.

Derivatives

We use derivative financial instruments primarily to reduce market risk from changes in interest rates, equity prices and foreign currency exchange rates, including their use to alter interest rate or foreign currency exposures arising from mismatches between assets and liabilities. Our derivatives primarily include swaps, futures, options and forward contracts that are exchange-traded or contracted in the over-the-counter market. See Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements below.

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Market Risk Related to Certain Variable Annuity Products

The primary risk exposures of our variable annuity contracts relate to actual deviations from, or changes to, the assumptions used in the original pricing of these products, including capital markets assumptions, such as equity market returns, interest rates and market volatility and actuarial assumptions. For our capital markets assumptions, we hedge or limit our exposure to the risk created by capital markets fluctuations through a combination of product design elements such as an asset transfer feature, inclusion of certain optional living benefits in our living benefits hedging program and reinsurance. Certain variable annuity optional living benefit features are accounted for as embedded derivatives and recorded at fair value.

Item 8.  Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Information required with respect to this Item 8 regarding Financial Statements and Supplementary Data is set forth within the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 9.  Changes in and Disagreements with Independent Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A.  Controls and Procedures

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015 is included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

In order to ensure that the information we must disclose in our filings with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported on a timely basis, the Company’s management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, have reviewed and evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”) Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e), as of December 31, 2015. Based on such evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of December 31, 2015, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective. No change in our internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f), occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2015, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B.  Other Information

None.

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PART III

Item 10.  Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

We have adopted Prudential Financial’s code of business conduct and ethics, known as “Making the Right Choices.” Making the Right Choices is posted at www.investor.prudential.com.

In addition, we have adopted Prudential Financial’s Corporate Governance Guidelines, which we refer to herein as the “Corporate Governance Principles and Practices.” Prudential Financial’s Corporate Governance Principles and Practices are available free of charge at www.investor.prudential.com.

Certain of the information called for by this item is hereby incorporated herein by reference to the relevant portions of Prudential Financial’s definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 10, 2016 to be filed by Prudential Financial with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after December 31, 2015 (the “Proxy Statement”).

Item 14.  Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The information called for by this item is hereby incorporated herein by reference to the relevant portions of the Proxy Statement.

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PART IV

Item 15.  Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

(a)(1) and (2) Financial Statements of the Registrant and its subsidiaries are listed in the accompanying “Index to Consolidated Financial Statements” hereof and are filed as part of this Report.

(a) (3) Exhibits

3.1	The Articles of Incorporation of Pruco Life Insurance Company (as amended through October 19, 1993) are incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 40 to Registration Statement 002-89558, filed April 21, 2009 on behalf of the Pruco Life Variable Appreciable Account.
3.2	By-Laws of Pruco Life Insurance Company (as amended through May 6, 1997) are incorporated by reference to Registration Statement 002-89558, filed April 21, 2009 on behalf of the Pruco Life Variable Appreciable Account..
24.	Powers of Attorney.
31.1	Section 302 Certification of the Chief Executive Officer.
31.2	Section 302 Certification of the Chief Financial Officer.
32.1	Section 906 Certification of the Chief Executive Officer.
32.2	Section 906 Certification of the Chief Financial Officer.

101.INS	-XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH	-XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL	-XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.LAB	-XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE	-XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF	-XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Newark, and State of New Jersey, on the 10th day of March 2016.

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY (Registrant)
By:	/s/ Lori D. Fouché
	Lori D. Fouché
	President and Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities indicated on March 10, 2016.

Signature	Title
/s/ Lori D. Fouché	President,
Lori D. Fouché	Chief Executive Officer and Director
/s/ Yanela C. Frias	Vice President,
Yanela C. Frias	Chief Financial Officer, Principal Accounting Officer and Director
*Kent D. Sluyter	Director
Kent D. Sluyter
*Kenneth Y. Tanji	Director
Kenneth Y. Tanji
*Bernard J. Jacob	Director
Bernard J. Jacob
*John Chieffo	Director
John Chieffo
*Richard F. Lambert	Director
Richard F. Lambert

*  By:	/s/ Lynn K. Stone
	Lynn K. Stone
	(Attorney-in-Fact)

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ITEM 8.  FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

	Page Numbers
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting	50
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	51
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of December 31, 2015 and 2014	52
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013	53
Consolidated Statements of Stockholder's Equity for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013	54
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013	55
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements:	57
1      Business and Basis of Presentation	57
2      Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements	58
3      Investments	68
4      Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs	79
5      Policyholders’ Liabilities	80
6      Certain Long-duration Contracts With Guarantees	81
7      Statutory Net Income and Surplus and Dividend Restriction	84
8      Income Taxes	85
9      Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities	87
10    Derivative Instruments	104
11    Commitments, Contingent Liabilities and Litigation and Regulatory Matters	109
12    Related Party Transactions	110
13    Quarterly Results of Operations (Unaudited)	118

49

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management of Pruco Life Insurance Company (together with its consolidated subsidiaries, the “Company”) is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness, as of December 31, 2015, of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, based on the framework established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on our assessment under that framework, management concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2015.

Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by or under the supervision of our principal executive and principal financial officers to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect transactions and dispositions of assets; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and the directors of the Company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of the Company’s registered public accounting firm, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, regarding the internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by the Company’s registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that permit the Company to provide only management’s report in this Annual Report.

March 10, 2016

50

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Stockholder of

Pruco Life Insurance Company:

In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, of stockholder's equity and of cash flows present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Pruco Life Insurance Company (a wholly-owned subsidiary of The Prudential Insurance Company of America) and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits of these statements in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

As described in Note 12 of the Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company has entered into extensive transactions with affiliated entities.

/s/ PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS LLP

New York, New York

March 10, 2016

51

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position

As of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 (in thousands, except share amounts)

	December 31, 2015		December 31, 2014
ASSETS
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost: 2015 – $6,775,806; 2014 – $5,866,873)	$	6,840,932	$	6,194,564
Equity securities, available-for-sale, at fair value (cost: 2015 – $54,609; 2014 – $28,881)	51,973		29,500
Trading account assets, at fair value	64,612		49,661
Policy loans	1,143,303		1,123,912
Short-term investments	54,806		121,272
Commercial mortgage and other loans	1,658,235		1,681,553
Other long-term investments	379,237		298,143
Total investments	10,193,098		9,498,605
Cash and cash equivalents	370,286		214,952
Deferred policy acquisition costs	5,111,373		5,066,855
Accrued investment income	100,031		90,506
Reinsurance recoverables	22,546,361		20,594,371
Receivables from parent and affiliates	228,253		261,915
Deferred sales inducements	684,844		836,791
Other assets	59,578		83,417
Separate account assets	109,350,121		109,194,192
TOTAL ASSETS	$	148,643,945	$	145,841,604
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
LIABILITIES
Policyholders’ account balances	$	17,164,705	$	15,250,055
Future policy benefits and other policyholder liabilities	15,031,390		13,915,330
Cash collateral for loaned securities	40,416		65,418
Income taxes	154,043		256,168
Short-term debt to affiliates	180,000		423,000
Long-term debt to affiliates	1,204,000		1,288,000
Payables to parent and affiliates	72,791		66,581
Other liabilities	935,662		828,875
Separate account liabilities	109,350,121		109,194,192
TOTAL LIABILITIES	144,133,128		141,287,619
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES (See Note 11)
EQUITY
Common stock ($10 par value; 1,000,000 shares authorized; 250,000 shares issued and outstanding)	2,500		2,500
Additional paid-in capital	779,973		792,153
Retained earnings	3,663,539		3,580,641
Accumulated other comprehensive income	64,805		178,691
TOTAL EQUITY	4,510,817		4,553,985
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY	$	148,643,945	$	145,841,604

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

52

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income

Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 (in thousands)

	2015			2014			2013
REVENUES
Premiums	$	77,634		$	66,206		$	56,851
Policy charges and fee income	2,159,428			2,074,852			1,880,925
Net investment income	416,587			404,018			419,011
Asset administration fees	362,321			377,127			332,288
Other income	55,515			57,827			20,149
Realized investment gains (losses), net:
Other-than-temporary impairments on fixed maturity securities	(1,514		)	(483		)	(12,268		)
Other-than-temporary impairments on fixed maturity securities transferred to other comprehensive income	51			356			7,827
Other realized investment gains (losses), net	(207,075		)	114,194			(9,009		)
Total realized investment gains (losses), net	(208,538		)	114,067			(13,450		)
TOTAL REVENUES	2,862,947			3,094,097			2,695,774
BENEFITS AND EXPENSES
Policyholders’ benefits	291,185			343,714			178,924
Interest credited to policyholders’ account balances	374,211			368,315			45,737
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs	662,644			436,169			(524,311		)
General, administrative and other expenses	1,030,014			1,019,723			890,794
TOTAL BENEFITS AND EXPENSES	2,358,054			2,167,921			591,144
INCOME FROM OPERATIONS BEFORE INCOME TAXES	504,893			926,176			2,104,630
Total income tax expense (benefit)	(8,005		)	140,373			566,420
NET INCOME	$	512,898		$	785,803		$	1,538,210
Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(507		)	(723		)	224
Net unrealized investment gains (losses):
Unrealized investment gains (losses) for the period	(164,799		)	207,134			(290,636		)
Reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses included in net income	(9,902		)	(18,649		)	(33,920		)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses)	(174,701		)	188,485			(324,556		)
Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax	(175,208		)	187,762			(324,332		)
Less: Income tax expense (benefit) related to:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(177		)	(253		)	78
Net unrealized investment gains (losses)	(61,145		)	65,970			(113,595		)
Total	(61,322		)	65,717			(113,517		)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	(113,886		)	122,045			(210,815		)
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME	$	399,012		$	907,848		$	1,327,395

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

53

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Consolidated Statements of Stockholder's Equity

Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 (in thousands)

	Common   Stock		Additional   Paid-in Capital			Retained   Earnings			Accumulated Other   Comprehensive   Income			Total Equity
Balance, December 31, 2012	$	2,500	$	818,303		$	2,427,628		$	267,461		$	3,515,892
Dividend to parent						(423,000		)				(423,000		)
Contributed (distributed) capital-parent/child asset transfers			(14,066		)							(14,066		)
Comprehensive income:
Net income						1,538,210						1,538,210
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax									(210,815		)	(210,815		)
Total comprehensive income												1,327,395
Balance, December 31, 2013	$	2,500	$	804,237		$	3,542,838		$	56,646		$	4,406,221
Dividend to parent						(748,000		)				(748,000		)
Contributed (distributed) capital-parent/child asset transfers			(12,084		)							(12,084		)
Comprehensive income:
Net income						785,803						785,803
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax									122,045			122,045
Total comprehensive income												907,848
Balance, December 31, 2014	$	2,500	$	792,153		$	3,580,641		$	178,691		$	4,553,985
Dividend to parent						(430,000		)				(430,000		)
Contributed (distributed) capital-parent/child asset transfers			(12,180		)							(12,180		)
Comprehensive income:
Net income						512,898						512,898
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax									(113,886		)	(113,886		)
Total comprehensive income												399,012
Balance, December 31, 2015	$	2,500	$	779,973		$	3,663,539		$	64,805		$	4,510,817

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

54

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 (in thousands)

	2015			2014			2013
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income	$	512,898		$	785,803		$	1,538,210
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Policy charges and fee income	(11,811		)	(76,188		)	(113,831		)
Interest credited to policyholders’ account balances	374,211			368,315			45,737
Realized investment (gains) losses, net	208,538			(114,067		)	13,450
Amortization and other non-cash items	(68,070		)	(62,723		)	(43,677		)
Change in:
Future policy benefits and other policyholder liabilities	1,503,445			1,402,458			1,185,681
Reinsurance recoverables	(1,536,347		)	(1,302,695		)	(1,168,256		)
Accrued investment income	(9,525		)	(2,174		)	(4,286		)
Net payables to/receivables from parent and affiliates	20,299			18,037			(65,548		)
Deferred policy acquisition costs	46,643			(190,550		)	(1,346,386		)
Income taxes	(34,243		)	69,204			341,965
Deferred sales inducements	(6,462		)	(9,112		)	(20,871		)
Derivatives, net	60,517			155,556			(75,843		)
Other, net	82,836			35,828			31,261
Cash flows from operating activities	$	1,142,929		$	1,077,692		$	317,606
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from the sale/maturity/prepayment of:
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	$	813,721		$	907,665		$	1,570,701
Short-term investments	823,112			409,804			662,351
Policy loans	135,449			121,644			130,655
Ceded policy loans	(9,129		)	(9,753		)	(9,156		)
Commercial mortgage and other loans	219,379			113,073			207,340
Other long-term investments	15,633			5,361			12,933
Equity securities, available-for-sale	5,760			17,854			13,596
Trading account assets	1,500			1,375			7,524
Payments for the purchase/origination of:
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	(1,719,015		)	(1,340,010		)	(1,934,430		)
Short-term investments	(755,145		)	(514,524		)	(566,100		)
Policy loans	(110,165		)	(114,037		)	(101,357		)
Ceded policy loans	13,850			10,960			9,687
Commercial mortgage and other loans	(196,538		)	(320,155		)	(367,857		)
Other long-term investments	(49,004		)	(47,096		)	(72,862		)
Equity securities, available-for-sale	(31,063		)	(45,101		)	(10,574		)
Trading account assets	(19,001		)	(32,060		)	(9,478		)
Notes receivable from parent and affiliates, net	35,350			(7,831		)	4,641
Derivatives, net	(12,164		)	(11,329		)	(11,997		)
Other, net	(584		)	616			160
Cash flows used in investing activities	$	(838,054	)	$	(853,544	)	$	(464,223	)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Policyholders’ account deposits	$	3,839,784		$	2,966,388		$	3,091,818
Ceded policyholders’ account deposits	(1,109,311		)	(672,242		)	(413,181		)
Policyholders’ account withdrawals	(2,134,373		)	(1,730,977		)	(2,399,425		)
Ceded policyholders’ account withdrawals	50,016			46,690			47,114
Net change in securities sold under agreement to repurchase and cash collateral for loaned securities	(25,002		)	(19,449		)	36,799
Dividend to parent	(430,000		)	(748,000		)	(423,000		)
Contributed (distributed) capital - parent/child asset transfers	(18,739		)	(17,306		)	(3,374		)

55

Net change in financing arrangements (maturities 90 days or less)	—			(2,900		)	2,900
Proceeds from the issuance of debt (maturities longer than 90 days)	412,000			418,000			532,000
Repayments of debt (maturities longer than 90 days)	(739,000		)	(571,000		)	(451,000		)
Drafts outstanding	5,084			14,357			21,100
Cash flows from (used in) financing activities	$	(149,541	)	$	(316,439	)	$	41,751
NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS	$	155,334		$	(92,291	)	$	(104,866	)
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, BEGINNING OF YEAR	214,952			307,243			412,109
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, END OF YEAR	$	370,286		$	214,952		$	307,243
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION
Income taxes paid, net of refunds	$	26,237		$	129,430		$	250,087
Interest paid	$	53,122		$	62,664		$	40,209

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Significant Non Cash Transactions

Cash Flows from Investing Activities for the year ended December 31, 2014 excludes $178 million of decreases in fixed maturities, available-for-sale, commercial mortgages and private equity related to the amendments of the reinsurance agreements between Pruco Life Insurance Company, or the “Company” and Prudential Universal Reinsurance Company (“PURC”), an affiliate, in the third quarter of 2014.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities for the year ended December 31, 2014 excludes $61 million of decreases in fixed maturities, available-for-sale related to the tax settlements with Prudential Financial Inc. (“PFI”), which are related to the amendments of the reinsurance agreements between the Company and Universal Prudential Arizona Reinsurance Company (“UPARC”), an affiliate, and between the Company and PURC in the third quarter of 2014.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities for the year ended December 31, 2013 excludes $56 million of increases in fixed maturities, available-for-sale and $132 million of decreases in fixed maturities, available-for-sale related to the amendments of the reinsurance agreements between the Company and UPARC and the Company and Prudential Arizona Reinsurance Universal Company (“PAR U”), an affiliate, in the first quarter of 2013.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities for the year ended December 31, 2013 excludes $192 million of increases in fixed maturities, available-for-sale, and commercial mortgages and $704 million of decreases in fixed maturities, available-for-sale, and commercial mortgages related to the amendments of the reinsurance agreements between the Company and UPARC and the Company and PAR U in the third quarter of 2013.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities for the year ended December 31, 2013 excludes $25 million of decreases in fixed maturities, available-for-sale related to the tax settlements with PFI, which are related to the amendments of the reinsurance agreements between the Company and UPARC and the Company and PAR U in the third quarter of 2013.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities for the year ended December 31, 2013 excludes $4,951 million of increases in fixed maturities, available-for-sale, commercial mortgages, short-term investments, and trading account assets related to the coinsurance of Guaranteed Universal Life (“GUL”) business assumed from The Prudential Insurance Company of America ("Prudential Insurance") in connection with the acquisition of The Hartford Financial Services Group Inc’s individual life insurance business (“The Hartford Life Business”). Cash Flows from Investing Activities for the year ended December 31, 2013 excludes $4,952 million of decreases in fixed maturities, available-for-sale, commercial mortgages, short-term investments, and trading account assets related to the subsequent retrocession of this GUL business assumed from Prudential Insurance to PAR U.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities for the year ended December 31, 2013 excludes $12 million of decreases in Contributed/distributed capital—parent/child asset transfers related to the coinsurance of GUL business assumed from Prudential Insurance in connection with the acquisition of The Hartford Life Business.

See Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on related party transactions that occurred in 2015 and 2014.

56

Pruco Life Insurance Company

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

1. BUSINESS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Pruco Life Insurance Company, or “Pruco Life”, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Prudential Insurance which in turn is a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Prudential Financial, Inc., or “Prudential Financial.” Pruco Life was organized in 1971 under the laws of the State of Arizona. It is licensed to sell life insurance and annuities in the District of Columbia, Guam and in all States except New York, and sells such products primarily through affiliated and unaffiliated distributors.

Pruco Life has two subsidiaries, including one wholly-owned insurance subsidiary, Pruco Life Insurance Company of New Jersey, or “PLNJ,” and one indirect subsidiary formed in 2009 for the purpose of holding certain commercial loan investments. Pruco Life and its subsidiaries are together referred to as (the "Company", "we" or "our") and all financial information is shown on a consolidated basis.

PLNJ is a stock life insurance company organized in 1982 under the laws of the state of New Jersey. It is licensed to sell life insurance and annuities in New Jersey and New York only.

Acquisition of The Hartford’s Individual Life Insurance Business

On January 2, 2013, Prudential Insurance acquired The Hartford Life Business through a reinsurance transaction. Under the agreement, Prudential Insurance paid The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. cash consideration of $615 million, primarily in the form of a ceding commission to provide reinsurance for approximately 700,000 life insurance policies with net retained face amount in force of approximately $141 billion. This acquisition increased Prudential Insurance's scale in the U.S. individual life insurance market, particularly universal life products, and provides complementary distribution opportunities through expanded wirehouse and bank distribution channels.

In connection with this transaction, Prudential Insurance retroceded to the Company the portion of the assumed business that is classified as guaranteed universal life insurance (“GUL”), with account values of approximately $4 billion as of January 2, 2013. The Company reinsured more than 79,000 GUL policies with a net retained face amount in force of approximately $30 billion. The Company then retroceded all of the GUL policies to an affiliated captive reinsurance company. Collectively, these transactions do not have a material impact on equity, as determined in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”), or the statutory capital and surplus of the Company.

Basis of Presentation

The Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

The most significant estimates include those used in determining deferred policy acquisition costs ("DAC") and related amortization; amortization of deferred sales inducements; valuation of investments including derivatives and the recognition of other-than-temporary impairments (“OTTI”); future policy benefits including guarantees; reinsurance recoverables; provision for income taxes and valuation of deferred tax assets; and reserves for contingent liabilities, including reserves for losses in connection with unresolved legal matters.

Out of Period Adjustments

2015 results include a pre-tax expense of $32 million for out-of-period adjustments primarily related to 2014. These adjustments primarily relate to reserve, DAC and related amortization impacts for certain variable annuities products with optional living benefit guarantees.

Management has evaluated the impact of all out-of-period adjustments in 2015, both individually and in the aggregate, and concluded that they are not material to the current quarter or to any previously reported quarterly or annual financial statements.

Reclassifications

Certain amounts in prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

57

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND PRONOUNCEMENTS

Investments and Investment Related Liabilities

The Company’s principal investments are fixed maturities; equity securities; commercial mortgage and other loans; policy loans; other long-term investments, including joint ventures (other than operating joint ventures), limited partnerships and real estate; and short-term investments. Investments and investment-related liabilities also include securities repurchase and resale agreements and securities lending transactions. The accounting policies related to each are as follows:

Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value are comprised of bonds, notes and redeemable preferred stock. Fixed maturities classified as “available-for-sale” are carried at fair value. See Note 9 for additional information regarding the determination of fair value. The amortized cost of fixed maturities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts over the contractual lives of the investments. Interest income, as well as the related amortization of premium and accretion of discount is included in “Net investment income” under the effective yield method. For mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities, the effective yield is based on estimated cash flows, including interest rate and prepayment assumptions based on data from widely accepted third-party data sources or internal estimates. In addition to interest rate and prepayment assumptions, cash flow estimates also vary based on other assumptions regarding the underlying collateral, including default rates and changes in value. These assumptions can significantly impact income recognition and the amount of OTTI recognized in earnings and other comprehensive income. For high credit quality mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities (those rated AA or above), cash flows are provided quarterly, and the amortized cost and effective yield of the security are adjusted as necessary to reflect historical prepayment experience and changes in estimated future prepayments. The adjustments to amortized cost are recorded as a charge or credit to Net investment income in accordance with the retrospective method. For mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities rated below AA or those for which an OTTI has been recorded, the effective yield is adjusted prospectively for any changes in estimated cash flows. See the discussion below on realized investment gains and losses for a description of the accounting for impairments. Unrealized gains and losses on fixed maturities classified as “available-for-sale,” net of tax, and the effect on DAC, deferred sales inducements (“DSI”), future policy benefits, reinsurance recoverables and policyholders’ account balances that would result from the realization of unrealized gains and losses, are included in “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)” (“AOCI”).

Trading account assets, at fair value represents equity securities held in support of a deferred compensation plan and other fixed maturity securities carried at fair value. Realized and unrealized gains and losses for these investments are reported in “Other income.” Interest and dividend income from these investments is reported in “Net investment income.”

Equity securities, available-for-sale, at fair value are comprised of common stock and non-redeemable preferred stock, and are carried at fair value. The associated unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, and the effect on DAC, DSI, future policy benefits, reinsurance recoverables and policyholders’ account balances that would result from the realization of unrealized gains and losses, are included in AOCI. The cost of equity securities is written down to fair value when a decline in value is considered to be other-than-temporary. See the discussion below on realized investment gains and losses for a description of the accounting for impairments. Dividends from these investments are recognized in “Net investment income” when earned.

Commercial mortgage and other loans consist of commercial mortgage loans, agricultural loans and uncollateralized loans. Commercial mortgage and other loans held for investment are generally carried at unpaid principal balance, net of unamortized deferred loan origination fees and expenses and net of an allowance for losses. Commercial mortgage and other loans acquired, including those related to the acquisition of a business, are recorded at fair value when purchased, reflecting any premiums or discounts to unpaid principal balances.

Interest income, as well as prepayment fees and the amortization of the related premiums or discounts, related to commercial mortgage and other loans are included in “Net investment income".

Impaired loans include those loans for which it is probable that amounts due will not all be collected according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. The Company defines “past due” as principal or interest not collected at least 30 days past the scheduled contractual due date. Interest received on loans that are past due, including impaired and non-impaired loans as well as loans that were previously modified in a troubled debt restructuring, is either applied against the principal or reported as net investment income based on the Company’s assessment as to the collectability of the principal. See Note 3 for additional information about the Company’s past due loans.

The Company discontinues accruing interest on loans after the loans become 90 days delinquent as to principal or interest payments, or earlier when the Company has doubts about collectability. When the Company discontinues accruing interest on a loan, any accrued but uncollectible interest on the loan and other loans backed by the same collateral, if any, is charged to interest income in the same period. Generally, a loan is restored to accrual status only after all delinquent interest and principal are brought current and, in the case of loans where the payment of interest has been interrupted for a substantial period, or the loan has been modified, a regular payment performance has been established.

58

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

The Company reviews the performance and credit quality of the commercial mortgage and other loan portfolio on an on-going basis. Loans are placed on watch list status based on a predefined set of criteria and are assigned one of three categories. Loans are placed on “early warning” status in cases where, based on the Company’s analysis of the loan’s collateral, the financial situation of the borrower or tenants or other market factors, it is believed a loss of principal or interest could occur. Loans are classified as “closely monitored” when it is determined that there is a collateral deficiency or other credit events that may lead to a potential loss of principal or interest. Loans “not in good standing” are those loans where the Company has concluded that there is a high probability of loss of principal, such as when the loan is delinquent or in the process of foreclosure. As described below, in determining the allowance for losses, the Company evaluates each loan on the watch list to determine if it is probable that amounts due will not be collected according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement.

Loan-to-value and debt service coverage ratios are measures commonly used to assess the quality of commercial mortgage loans. The loan-to-value ratio compares the amount of the loan to the fair value of the underlying property collateralizing the loan, and is commonly expressed as a percentage. Loan-to-value ratios greater than 100% indicate that the loan amount exceeds the collateral value. A smaller loan-to-value ratio indicates a greater excess of collateral value over the loan amount. The debt service coverage ratio compares a property’s net operating income to its debt service payments. Debt service coverage ratios less than 1.0 times indicate that property operations do not generate enough income to cover the loan’s current debt payments. A larger debt service coverage ratio indicates a greater excess of net operating income over the debt service payments. The values utilized in calculating these ratios are developed as part of the Company’s periodic review of the commercial mortgage loan and agricultural loan portfolio, which includes an internal appraisal of the underlying collateral value. The Company’s periodic review also includes a quality re-rating process, whereby the internal quality rating originally assigned at underwriting is updated based on current loan, property and market information using a proprietary quality rating system. The loan-to-value ratio is the most significant of several inputs used to establish the internal credit rating of a loan which in turn drives the allowance for losses. Other key factors considered in determining the internal credit rating include debt service coverage ratios, amortization, loan term, estimated market value growth rate and volatility for the property type and region. See Note 3 for additional information related to the loan-to-value ratios and debt service coverage ratios related to the Company’s commercial mortgage and agricultural loan portfolios.

The allowance for losses includes a loan specific reserve for each impaired loan that has a specifically identified loss and a portfolio reserve for probable incurred but not specifically identified losses. For impaired commercial mortgage and other loans, the allowances for losses are determined based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, or based upon the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. The portfolio reserves for probable incurred but not specifically identified losses in the commercial mortgage and agricultural loan portfolios consider the current credit composition of the portfolio based on an internal quality rating (as described above). The portfolio reserves are determined using past loan experience, including historical credit migration, loss probability and loss severity factors by property type. These factors are reviewed each quarter and updated as appropriate.

The allowance for losses on commercial mortgage and other loans can increase or decrease from period to period based on the factors noted above. “Realized investment gains (losses), net” includes changes in the allowance for losses. “Realized investment gains (losses), net” also includes gains and losses on sales, certain restructurings, and foreclosures.

When a commercial mortgage or other loan is deemed to be uncollectible, any specific valuation allowance associated with the loan is reversed and a direct write down to the carrying amount of the loan is made. The carrying amount of the loan is not adjusted for subsequent recoveries in value.

In situations where a loan has been restructured in a troubled debt restructuring and the loan has subsequently defaulted, this factor is considered when evaluating the loan for a specific allowance for losses in accordance with the credit review process noted above.

See Note 3 for additional information about commercial mortgage and other loans that have been restructured in a troubled debt restructuring.

Policy loans are carried at unpaid principal balances. Interest income on policy loans is recognized in “Net investment income” at the contract interest rate when earned. Policy loans are fully collateralized by the cash surrender value of the associated insurance policies.

Other long-term investments consist of the Company’s investments in joint ventures and limited partnerships, other than operating joint ventures, as well as wholly-owned investment real estate and other investments. Joint venture and partnership interests are either accounted for using the equity method of accounting or under the cost method when the Company’s partnership interest is so minor (generally less than 3%) that it exercises virtually no influence over operating and financial policies. The Company’s income from investments in joint ventures and partnerships accounted for using the equity method or the cost method, other than the Company’s investment in operating joint ventures, is included in “Net investment income”. The carrying value of these investments is written down, or impaired, to fair value when a decline in value is considered to be other-than-temporary. In applying

59

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

the equity method or the cost method (including assessment for OTTI), the Company uses financial information provided by the investee, generally on a one to three month lag.

Short-term investments primarily consist of highly liquid debt instruments with a maturity of twelve months or less and greater than three months when purchased. These investments are generally carried at fair value and include certain money market investments, short-term debt securities issued by government sponsored entities and other highly liquid debt instruments.

Realized investment gains (losses) are computed using the specific identification method. Realized investment gains and losses are generated from numerous sources, including the sale of fixed maturity securities, equity securities, investments in joint ventures and limited partnerships and other types of investments, as well as adjustments to the cost basis of investments for net OTTI recognized in earnings. Realized investment gains and losses are also generated from prepayment premiums received on private fixed maturity securities, allowance for losses on commercial mortgage and other loans, and fair value changes on embedded derivatives and free-standing derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment. See “Derivative Financial Instruments” below for additional information regarding the accounting for derivatives.

The Company’s available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses are reviewed quarterly to identify OTTI in value. In evaluating whether a decline in value is other-than-temporary, the Company considers several factors including, but not limited to the following: (1) the extent and the duration of the decline; (2) the reasons for the decline in value (credit event, currency or interest-rate related, including general credit spread widening); and (3) the financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer. With regard to available-for-sale equity securities, the Company also considers the ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to allow for a recovery of value. When it is determined that a decline in value of an equity security is other-than-temporary, the carrying value of the equity security is reduced to its fair value, with a corresponding charge to earnings.

An OTTI is recognized in earnings for a debt security in an unrealized loss position when the Company either (a) has the intent to sell the debt security or (b) more likely than not will be required to sell the debt security before its anticipated recovery. For all debt securities in unrealized loss positions that do not meet either of these two criteria, the Company analyzes its ability to recover the amortized cost by comparing the net present value of projected future cash flows with the amortized cost of the security. The net present value is calculated by discounting the Company’s best estimate of projected future cash flows at the effective interest rate implicit in the debt security prior to impairment. The Company may use the estimated fair value of collateral as a proxy for the net present value if it believes that the security is dependent on the liquidation of collateral for recovery of its investment. If the net present value is less than the amortized cost of the investment an OTTI is recognized.

When an OTTI of a debt security has occurred, the amount of the OTTI recognized in earnings depends on whether the Company intends to sell the security or more likely than not will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If the debt security meets either of these two criteria, the OTTI recognized in earnings is equal to the entire difference between the security’s amortized cost basis and its fair value at the impairment measurement date. For OTTI of debt securities that do not meet these criteria, the net amount recognized in earnings is equal to the difference between the amortized cost of the debt security and its net present value calculated as described above. Any difference between the fair value and the net present value of the debt security at the impairment measurement date is recorded in “Other comprehensive income (loss)” (“OCI”). Unrealized gains or losses on securities for which an OTTI has been recognized in earnings is tracked as a separate component of AOCI.

For debt securities, the split between the amount of an OTTI recognized in other comprehensive income and the net amount recognized in earnings is driven principally by assumptions regarding the amount and timing of projected cash flows. For mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities, cash flow estimates consider the payment terms of the underlying assets backing a particular security, including interest rate and prepayment assumptions based on data from widely accepted third-party data sources or internal estimates. In addition to interest rate and prepayment assumptions, cash flow estimates also include other assumptions regarding the underlying collateral including default rates and recoveries, which vary based on the asset type and geographic location, as well as the vintage year of the security. For structured securities, the payment priority within the tranche structure is also considered. For all other debt securities, cash flow estimates are driven by assumptions regarding probability of default and estimates regarding timing and amount of recoveries associated with a default. The Company has developed these estimates using information based on its historical experience as well as using market observable data, such as industry analyst reports and forecasts, sector credit ratings and other data relevant to the collectability of a security, such as the general payment terms of the security and the security’s position within the capital structure of the issuer.

The new cost basis of an impaired security is not adjusted for subsequent increases in estimated fair value. In periods subsequent to the recognition of an OTTI, the impaired security is accounted for as if it had been purchased on the measurement date of the impairment. For debt securities, the discount (or reduced premium) based on the new cost basis may be accreted into Net investment income in future periods, including increases in cash flow on a prospective basis. In certain cases where there are decreased cash flow expectations, the security is reviewed for further cash flow impairments.

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Unrealized investment gains and losses are also considered in determining certain other balances, including DAC, DSI, certain future policy benefits, reinsurance recoverables, policyholders’ account balances and deferred tax assets or liabilities. These balances are adjusted, as applicable, for the impact of unrealized gains or losses on investments as if these gains or losses had been realized, with corresponding credits or charges included in AOCI. Each of these balances is discussed in greater detail below.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks, certain money market investments and other debt instruments with maturities of three months or less when purchased, other than cash equivalents that are included in “Trading account assets, at fair value.” The Company also engages in overnight borrowing and lending of funds with Prudential Financial and affiliates which are considered cash and cash equivalents.

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

Costs that are related directly to the successful acquisition of new and renewal insurance and annuity business are deferred to the extent such costs are deemed recoverable from future profits. Such DAC primarily includes commissions, costs of policy issuance and underwriting, and certain other expenses that are directly related to successfully negotiated contracts. In each reporting period, capitalized DAC is amortized to “Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs”, net of the accrual of imputed interest on DAC balances. DAC is subject to periodic recoverability testing. DAC, for applicable products, is adjusted for the impact of unrealized gains or losses on investments as if these gains or losses had been realized, with corresponding credits or charges included in AOCI.

DAC related to universal and variable life products and fixed and variable deferred annuity products are generally deferred and amortized over the expected life of the contracts in proportion to gross profits arising principally from investment margins, mortality and expense margins, and surrender charges, based on historical and anticipated future experience, which is updated periodically. The Company uses a reversion to the mean approach for equities to derive future equity return assumptions. However, if the projected equity return calculated using this approach is greater than the maximum equity return assumption, the maximum equity return is utilized. Gross profits also include impacts from the embedded derivatives associated with certain of the optional living benefit features of the Company’s variable annuity contracts and related hedging activities. In calculating gross profits, profits and losses related to contracts issued by the Company that are reported in affiliated legal entities other than the Company as a result of, for example, reinsurance agreements with those affiliated entities are also included. The Company is an indirect subsidiary of Prudential Financial (an SEC registrant) and has extensive transactions and relationships with other subsidiaries of Prudential Financial, including reinsurance agreements, as described in Note 12. Incorporating all product-related profits and losses in gross profits, including those that are reported in affiliated legal entities, produces a DAC amortization pattern representative of the total economics of the products. The effect of changes to total gross profits on unamortized DAC is reflected in the period such total gross profits are revised. DAC related to non-participating traditional individual life insurance is amortized in proportion to gross premiums.

For some products, policyholders can elect to modify product benefits, features, rights or coverages by exchanging a contract for a new contract or by amendment, endorsement or rider to a contract, or by the election of a feature or coverage within a contract. These transactions are known as internal replacements. If policyholders surrender traditional life insurance policies in exchange for life insurance policies that do not have fixed and guaranteed terms, the Company immediately charges to expense the remaining unamortized DAC on the surrendered policies. For other internal replacement transactions, except those that involve the addition of a non-integrated contract feature that does not change the existing base contract, the unamortized DAC is immediately charged to expense if the terms of the new policies are not substantially similar to those of the former policies. If the new terms are substantially similar to those of the earlier policies, the DAC is retained with respect to the new policies and amortized over the expected life of the new policies.

Deferred Sales Inducements

The Company offers various types of sales inducements to contractholders primarily related to fixed and variable deferred annuity contracts. The Company defers sales inducements and amortizes them over the anticipated life of the policy using the same methodology and assumptions used to amortize DAC. Sales inducements balances are subject to periodic recoverability testing. The Company records amortization of deferred sales inducements in “Interest credited to policyholders’ account balances.” Deferred sales inducements for applicable products are adjusted for the impact of unrealized gains or losses on investments as if these gains or losses had been realized, with corresponding credits or charges included in AOCI. See Note 6 for additional information regarding sales inducements.

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Reinsurance recoverables

Reinsurance recoverables include corresponding receivables associated with reinsurance arrangements with affiliates and third-party reinsurers. For additional information about these affiliated arrangements see Note 12.

Separate Account Assets and Liabilities

Separate account assets are reported at fair value and represent segregated funds that are invested for certain contractholders and other customers. The assets consist primarily of equity securities and real estate related investments. The assets of each account are legally segregated and are not subject to claims that arise out of any other business of the Company. Investment risks associated with market value changes are borne by the customers, except to the extent of minimum guarantees made by the Company with respect to certain accounts. Separate account liabilities primarily represent the contractholders’ account balance in separate account assets and to a lesser extent borrowings of the separate account, and will be equal and offsetting to total separate account assets. See Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding separate account arrangements with contractual guarantees. The investment income and realized investment gains or losses from separate accounts generally accrue to the contractholders and are not included in the Company’s consolidated results of operations. Mortality, policy administration and surrender charges assessed against the accounts are included in “Policy charges and fee income”. Asset administration fees charged to the accounts are included in “Asset administration fees”.

Other Assets and Other Liabilities

Other assets consist primarily of premiums due, deferred reinsurance losses, certain restricted assets, and receivables resulting from sales of securities that had not yet settled at the balance sheet date. Other liabilities consist primarily of accrued expenses, reinsurance payables, technical overdrafts, derivatives, and payables resulting from purchases of securities that had not yet been settled at the balance sheet date.

Future Policy Benefits

The Company’s liability for future policy benefits includes liabilities related to certain long-duration life and annuity contracts, which are discussed more fully in Note 6. These liabilities represent reserves for the guaranteed minimum death and optional living benefit features on our variable annuity products and no lapse guarantees for our variable and universal life products. The optional living benefits are primarily accounted for as embedded derivatives, with fair values calculated as the present value of future expected benefit payments to customers less the present value of assessed rider fees attributable to the embedded derivative feature. For additional information regarding the valuation of these optional living benefit features, see Note 6 and Note 9.

The Company’s liability for future policy benefits also includes reserves based on the present value of estimated future payments to or on behalf of policyholders related to contracts that have fixed and guaranteed terms, where the timing and amount of payment depends on policyholder mortality, and maintenance expenses less the present value of future net premiums. Expected mortality is generally based on the Company’s experience, industry data, and/or other factors. Interest rate assumptions are based on factors such as market conditions and expected investment returns. Although mortality and interest rate assumptions are “locked-in” upon the issuance of new insurance or annuity business with fixed and guaranteed terms, significant changes in experience or assumptions may require the Company to provide for expected future losses on a product by establishing premium deficiency reserves. Premium deficiency reserves are established, if necessary, when the liability for future policy benefits plus the present value of expected future gross premiums are determined to be insufficient to provide for expected future policy benefits and expenses. Premium deficiency reserves do not include a provision for the risk of adverse deviation. Any adjustments to future policy benefit reserves to net unrealized gains on securities classified as available-for-sale are included in AOCI. See Note 5 for additional information regarding future policy benefits.

Policyholders’ Account Balances

The Company’s liability for policyholders’ account balances represents the contract value that has accrued to the benefit of the policyholder as of the balance sheet date. This liability is primarily associated with the accumulated account deposits, plus interest credited, less policyholder withdrawals and other charges assessed against the account balance. These policyholders’ account balances also include provision for benefits under non-life contingent payout annuities and certain unearned revenues.

Securities repurchase and resale agreements and securities loaned transactions

Securities repurchase and resale agreements and securities loaned transactions are used primarily to earn spread income, to borrow funds, or to facilitate trading activity. As part of securities repurchase agreements or securities loaned transactions, the Company transfers U.S. and foreign debt and equity securities, as well as U.S. government and government agency securities and receives

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

cash as collateral. As part of securities resale agreements, the Company invests cash and receives as collateral U.S. government securities or other debt securities. For securities repurchase agreements and securities loaned transactions used to earn spread income, the cash received is typically invested in cash equivalents, short-term investments or fixed maturities.

Securities repurchase and resale agreements that satisfy certain criteria are treated as secured borrowing or secured lending arrangements. These agreements are carried at the amounts at which the securities will be subsequently resold or reacquired, as specified in the respective transactions. For securities purchased under agreements to resell, the Company’s policy is to take possession or control of the securities either directly or through a third party custodian. These securities are valued daily and additional securities or cash collateral is received, or returned, when appropriate to protect against credit exposure. Securities to be resold are the same, or substantially the same, as the securities received. For securities sold under agreements to repurchase, the market value of the securities to be repurchased is monitored, and additional collateral is obtained where appropriate, to protect against credit exposure. The Company obtains collateral in an amount at least equal to 95% of the fair value of the securities sold.

Securities to be repurchased are the same, or substantially the same, as those sold. Income and expenses related to these transactions executed within the insurance companies used to earn spread income are reported as “Net investment income”; however, for transactions used for funding purposes, the associated borrowing cost is reported as interest expense (included in “General, administrative and other expenses”).

Securities loaned transactions are treated as financing arrangements and are recorded at the amount of cash received. The Company obtains collateral in an amount equal to 102% and 105% of the fair value of the domestic and foreign securities, respectively. The Company monitors the market value of the securities loaned on a daily basis with additional collateral obtained as necessary. Substantially all of the Company’s securities loaned transactions are with large brokerage firms. Income and expenses associated with securities loaned transactions used to earn spread income are reported as “Net investment income”; however, for securities loaned transactions used for funding purposes the associated rebate is reported as interest expense (included in “General, administrative and other expenses”).

Contingent Liabilities

Amounts related to contingent liabilities are accrued if it is probable that a liability has been incurred and an amount is reasonably estimable. Management evaluates whether there are incremental legal or other costs directly associated with the ultimate resolution of the matter that are reasonably estimable and, if so, they are included in the accrual.

Insurance Revenue and Expense Recognition

Premiums from individual life products, other than universal and variable life contracts, are recognized when due. When premiums are due over a significantly shorter period than the period over which benefits are provided, any gross premium in excess of the net premium (i.e., the portion of the gross premium required to provide for all expected future benefits and expenses) is generally deferred and recognized into revenue in a constant relationship to insurance in force. Benefits are recorded as an expense when they are incurred. A liability for future policy benefits is recorded when premiums are recognized using the net level premium method.

Premiums from single premium immediate annuities with life contingencies are recognized when due. When premiums are due over a significantly shorter period than the period over which benefits are provided, any gross premium in excess of the net premium is generally deferred and recognized into revenue based on expected future benefit payments. Benefits are recorded as an expense when they are incurred. A liability for future policy benefits is recorded when premiums are recognized using the net premium method.

Certain individual annuity contracts provide the contractholder a guarantee that the benefit received upon death or annuitization will be no less than a minimum prescribed amount. These benefits are accounted for as insurance contracts. The Company also provides contracts with certain living benefits which are considered embedded derivatives.

See Note 6 for additional information regarding these contracts.

Amounts received as payment for universal or variable individual life contracts, deferred fixed or variable annuities and other contracts without life contingencies are reported as deposits to “Policyholders’ account balances” and/or “Separate account liabilities.” Revenues from these contracts are reflected in “Policy charges and fee income” consisting primarily of fees assessed during the period against the policyholders’ account balances for mortality and other benefit charges, policy administration charges and surrender charges. In addition to fees, the Company earns investment income from the investment of deposits in the Company’s general account portfolio. Fees assessed that represent compensation to the Company for services to be provided in future periods and certain other fees are generally deferred and amortized into revenue over the life of the related contracts in proportion to

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estimated gross profits. Benefits and expenses for these products include claims in excess of related account balances, expenses of contract administration, interest credited to policyholders’ account balances and amortization of DAC and DSI.

Premiums, benefits and expenses are stated net of reinsurance ceded to other companies.

Asset Administration Fees

The Company receives asset administration fee income on contractholders’ account balances invested in The Prudential Series Funds or “PSF”, which are a portfolio of mutual fund investments related to the Company’s separate account products. Also, the Company receives fee income calculated on contractholder separate account balances invested in the Advanced Series Trust (see Note 12). In addition, the Company receives fees from contractholders’ account balances invested in funds managed by companies other than affiliates of Prudential Insurance. Asset administration fees are recognized as income when earned.

Derivative Financial Instruments

Derivatives are financial instruments whose values are derived from interest rates, foreign exchange rates, financial indices, values of securities or commodities, credit spreads, market volatility, expected returns, and liquidity. Values can also be affected by changes in estimates and assumptions, including those related to counterparty behavior and non-performance risk ("NPR") used in valuation models. Derivative financial instruments generally used by the Company include swaps, futures, forwards and options and may be exchange-traded or contracted in the over-the-counter (“OTC”) market. Derivative positions are carried at fair value, generally by obtaining quoted market prices or through the use of valuation models.

Derivatives are used to manage the interest rate and currency characteristics of assets or liabilities. Additionally, derivatives may be used to seek to reduce exposure to interest rate, credit, foreign currency and equity risks associated with assets held or expected to be purchased or sold, and liabilities incurred or expected to be incurred. As discussed in detail below and in Note 10, all realized and unrealized changes in fair value of derivatives are recorded in current earnings, with the exception of the effective portion of cash flow hedges. Cash flows from derivatives are reported in the operating, investing or financing activities sections in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows based on the nature and purpose of the derivative.

Derivatives are recorded either as assets, within “Trading account assets, at fair value” or “Other long-term investments”, or as liabilities, within “Other liabilities”, except for embedded derivatives which are recorded with the associated host contract. The Company nets the fair value of all derivative financial instruments with counterparties for which a master netting arrangement has been executed.

The Company designates derivatives as either (1) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (“cash flow” hedge); or (2) a derivative that does not qualify for hedge accounting.

To qualify for hedge accounting treatment, a derivative must be highly effective in mitigating the designated risk of the hedged item. Effectiveness of the hedge is formally assessed at inception and throughout the life of the hedging relationship. Even if a derivative qualifies for hedge accounting treatment, there may be an element of ineffectiveness of the hedge. Under such circumstances, the ineffective portion is recorded in “Realized investment gains (losses), net".

The Company formally documents at inception all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. This process includes linking all derivatives designated as cash flow hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the balance sheet or to specific firm commitments or forecasted transactions.

When a derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge and is determined to be highly effective, changes in its fair value are recorded in AOCI until earnings are affected by the variability of cash flows being hedged (e.g., when periodic settlements on a variable-rate asset or liability are recorded in earnings). At that time, the related portion of deferred gains or losses on the derivative instrument is reclassified and reported in the income statement line item associated with the hedged item.

If it is determined that a derivative no longer qualifies as an effective cash flow hedge or management removes the hedge designation, the derivative will continue to be carried on the balance sheet at its fair value, with changes in fair value recognized currently in “Realized investment gains (losses), net”. The component of AOCI related to discontinued cash flow hedges is reclassified to the income statement line associated with the hedged cash flows consistent with the earnings impact of the original hedged cash flows.

When hedge accounting is discontinued because the hedged item no longer meets the definition of a firm commitment, or because it is probable that the forecasted transaction will not occur by the end of the specified time period, the derivative will continue to be carried on the balance sheet at its fair value, with changes in fair value recognized currently in “Realized investment gains (losses), net”. Any asset or liability that was recorded pursuant to recognition of the firm commitment is removed from the balance

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

sheet and recognized currently in “Realized investment gains (losses), net”. Gains and losses that were in AOCI pursuant to the hedge of a forecasted transaction are recognized immediately in “Realized investment gains (losses), net”.

If a derivative does not qualify for hedge accounting, all changes in its fair value, including net receipts and payments, are included in “Realized investment gains (losses), net” without considering changes in the fair value of the economically associated assets or liabilities.

The Company is a party to financial instruments that contain derivative instruments that are “embedded” in the financial instruments. At inception, the Company assesses whether the economic characteristics of the embedded instrument are clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the remaining component of the financial instrument (i.e., the host contract) and whether a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded instrument would meet the definition of a derivative instrument. When it is determined that (1) the embedded instrument possesses economic characteristics that are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the host contract, and (2) a separate instrument with the same terms would qualify as a derivative instrument, the embedded instrument qualifies as an embedded derivative that is separated from the host contract, carried at fair value, and changes in its fair value are included in “Realized investment gains (losses), net.” For certain financial instruments that contain an embedded derivative that otherwise would need to be bifurcated and reported at fair value, the Company may elect to classify the entire instrument as a trading account asset and report it within “Trading account assets, at fair value”.

The Company sells variable annuity contracts that include optional living benefit features that may be treated from an accounting perspective as embedded derivatives. The Company has reinsurance agreements to transfer the risk related to certain of these benefit features to an affiliate, Pruco Reinsurance Ltd. (“Pruco Re”). The embedded derivatives related to the living benefit features and the related reinsurance agreements are carried at fair value and included in “Future policy benefits and other policyholder liabilities” and “Reinsurance recoverables” or “Other liabilities”. respectively. Changes in the fair value are determined using valuation models as described in Note 9 and are recorded in “Realized investment gains (losses), net”.

The Company, excluding its subsidiaries, also sells certain universal life products that contain a no lapse guarantee provision that is reinsured with an affiliate, Universal Prudential Arizona Reinsurance Company (“UPARC”). The reinsurance of this no lapse guarantee results in an embedded derivative that incurs market risk primarily in the form of interest rate risk. Interest rate sensitivity can result in changes in the reinsurance recoverables that are carried at fair value and included in “Reinsurance recoverables,” and changes in “Realized investment gains (losses), net.” The Company amended or entered into multiple reinsurance transactions (see Note 12). The settlement of recapture and coinsurance premiums related to these reinsurance transactions occurred subsequent to the effective date of the reinsurance transaction. As a result, the recapture and coinsurance premiums were treated as if settled on the effective date and adjusted for the time elapsed between this date and the settlement date. This adjustment was equal to the earned interest and changes in market values from the effective date through the settlement date related to fixed maturity securities from an asset portfolio within the affiliate company. This settlement feature was accounted for as a derivative.

Short-Term and Long-Term Debt

Liabilities for short-term and long-term debt are primarily carried at an amount equal to unpaid principal balance, net of unamortized discount or premium. Original-issue discount or premium and debt-issue costs are recognized as a component of interest expense over the period the debt is expected to be outstanding, using the interest method of amortization. Interest expense is generally presented within “General, administrative and other expenses” in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. Short-term debt is debt coming due in the next twelve months, including that portion of debt otherwise classified as long-term. The short-term debt caption may exclude short-term debt items the Company intends to refinance on a long-term basis in the near term. See Note 12 for additional information regarding short-term and long-term debt.

Income Taxes

The Company is a member of the federal income tax return of Prudential Financial and primarily files separate company state and local tax returns. Pursuant to the tax allocation arrangement with Prudential Financial, total federal income tax expense is determined on a separate company basis. Members with losses record tax benefits to the extent such losses are recognized in the consolidated federal tax provision.

Deferred income taxes are recognized, based on enacted rates, when assets and liabilities have different values for financial statement and tax reporting purposes. A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce a deferred tax asset to the amount expected to be realized.

Items required by tax regulations to be included in the tax return may differ from the items reflected in the financial statements. As a result, the effective tax rate reflected in the financial statements may be different than the actual rate applied on the tax return. Some of these differences are permanent such as expenses that are not deductible in the Company’s tax return, and some differences are temporary, reversing over time, such as valuation of insurance reserves. Temporary differences create deferred tax assets and

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

liabilities. Deferred tax assets generally represent items that can be used as a tax deduction or credit in future years for which the Company has already recorded the tax benefit in the Company’s income statement. Deferred tax liabilities generally represent tax expense recognized in the Company’s financial statements for which payment has been deferred, or expenditures for which the Company has already taken a deduction in the Company’s tax returns but have not yet been recognized in the Company’s financial statements.

The application of U.S. GAAP requires the Company to evaluate the recoverability of the Company’s deferred tax assets and establish a valuation allowance if necessary to reduce the Company’s deferred tax assets to an amount that is more likely than not to be realized. Considerable judgment is required in determining whether a valuation allowance is necessary, and if so, the amount of such valuation allowance. In evaluating the need for a valuation allowance the Company may consider many factors, including: (1) the nature of the deferred tax assets and liabilities; (2) whether they are ordinary or capital; (3) in which tax jurisdictions they were generated and the timing of their reversal; (4) taxable income in prior carryback years as well as projected taxable earnings exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards; (5) the length of time that carryovers can be utilized in the various taxing jurisdictions; (6) any unique tax rules that would impact the utilization of the deferred tax assets; and (7) any tax planning strategies that the Company would employ to avoid a tax benefit from expiring unused. Although realization is not assured, management believes it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowances, will be realized.

U.S. GAAP prescribes a comprehensive model for how a company should recognize, measure, present, and disclose in its financial statements uncertain tax positions that a company has taken or expects to take on tax returns. The application of this guidance is a two-step process, the first step being recognition. The Company determines whether it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the tax position will be sustained upon examination. If a tax position does not meet the more likely than not recognition threshold, the benefit of that position is not recognized in the financial statements. The second step is measurement. The Company measures the tax position as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon ultimate resolution with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. This measurement considers the amounts and probabilities of the outcomes that could be realized upon ultimate settlement using the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting date.

The Company’s liability for income taxes includes the liability for unrecognized tax benefits, interest and penalties which relate to tax years still subject to review by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) or other taxing jurisdictions. Audit periods remain open for review until the statute of limitations has passed. Generally, for tax years which produce net operating losses, capital losses or tax credit carryforwards (“tax attributes”), the statute of limitations does not close, to the extent of these tax attributes, until the expiration of the statute of limitations for the tax year in which they are fully utilized. The completion of review or the expiration of the statute of limitations for a given audit period could result in an adjustment to the liability for income taxes. The Company classifies all interest and penalties related to tax uncertainties as income tax expense.

See Note 8 for additional information regarding income taxes.

Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued updated guidance (Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-14, Receivables-Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors (Subtopic 310-40): Classification of Certain Government-Guaranteed Mortgage Loans upon Foreclosure) requiring that mortgage loans be derecognized and that a separate other receivable be recognized upon foreclosure if certain conditions are met. Upon foreclosure, the separate other receivable should be measured based on the amount of the loan balance (principal and interest) expected to be recovered from the guarantor. The new guidance became effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods that began after December 15, 2014, and was applied prospectively. Adoption of the guidance did not have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or financial statement disclosures.

In June 2014, the FASB issued updated guidance (ASU 2014-11, Transfers and Servicing (Topic 860): Repurchase-to-Maturity Transactions, Repurchase Financings, and Disclosures) that requires repurchase-to-maturity transactions to be accounted for as secured borrowings and eliminates existing guidance for repurchase financings. The guidance also requires new disclosures for certain transactions accounted for as secured borrowings and for transfers accounted for as sales when the transferor also retains substantially all of the exposure to the economic return on the transferred financial assets. Accounting changes and new disclosures for transfers accounted for as sales under the new guidance were effective for the first interim or annual period beginning after December 15, 2014 and did not have a significant effect on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations or financial statement disclosures. Disclosures for certain transactions accounted for as secured borrowings were effective for interim periods beginning after March 15, 2015 and are included in Note 3.

In January 2014, the FASB issued updated guidance (ASU 2014-04, Receivables-Troubled Debt Restructuring by Creditors (Subtopic 310-40): Reclassification of Residential Real Estate Collateralized Consumer Mortgage Loans upon Foreclosure) for

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troubled debt restructurings clarifying when an in-substance repossession or foreclosure occurs, and when a creditor is considered to have received physical possession of residential real estate property collateralizing a consumer mortgage loan. The new guidance became effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods that began after December 15, 2014, and was applied prospectively. Adoption of the guidance did not have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or financial statement disclosures.

In January 2014, the FASB issued updated guidance (ASU 2014-01, Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Projects) regarding investments in flow-through limited liability entities that manage or invest in affordable housing projects that qualify for the low-income housing tax credit. Under the guidance, an entity is permitted to make an accounting policy election to amortize the initial cost of its investment in proportion to the tax credits and other tax benefits received and recognize the net investment performance in the statement of operations as a component of income tax expense (benefit) if certain conditions are met. The new guidance became effective for annual periods and interim reporting periods within those annual periods that began after December 15, 2014. The Company did not elect the proportional amortization method under this guidance.

In December 2013, the FASB issued updated guidance (ASU 2013-12, Definition of a Public Business Entity-An Addition to the Master Glossary) establishing a single definition of a public entity for use in financial accounting and reporting guidance. The new guidance became effective for all current and future reporting periods and did not have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or financial statement disclosures.

In July 2013, the FASB issued updated guidance (ASU 2013-11, Income Taxes (Topic 740)): Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit When a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists) regarding the presentation of unrecognized tax benefits when net operating loss carryforwards, similar tax losses, or tax credit carryforwards exist. The new guidance became effective for interim or annual reporting periods that began after December 15, 2013, and was applied prospectively. Adoption of the guidance did not have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or financial statement disclosures.

In July 2013, the FASB issued new guidance (ASU 2013-10, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Inclusion of the Fed Funds Effective Swap Rate (or Overnight Index Swap Rate) as a Benchmark Interest Rate for Hedge Accounting Purposes) regarding derivatives. The guidance permits the Fed Funds Effective Swap Rate (or Overnight Index Swap Rate) to be used as a U.S. benchmark interest rate for hedge accounting in addition to the United States Treasury rate and London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”). The guidance also removes the restriction on using different benchmark rates for similar hedges. The guidance became effective for qualifying new or redesignated hedging relationships entered into on or after July 17, 2013, and was applied prospectively. Adoption of the guidance did not have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or financial statement disclosures.

In December 2011 and January 2013, the FASB issued updated guidance (ASU 2013-01, Balance Sheet (Topic 210): Clarifying the Scope of Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities) regarding the disclosure of recognized derivative instruments (including bifurcated embedded derivatives), repurchase agreements and securities borrowing/lending transactions that are offset in the statement of financial position or are subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or similar agreement (irrespective of whether they are offset in the statement of financial position). The new guidance requires an entity to disclose information on both a gross and net basis about instruments and transactions within the scope of this guidance. The new guidance became effective for interim or annual reporting periods that began on or after January 1, 2013, and was applied retrospectively for all comparative periods presented. The disclosures required by this guidance are included in Note 10.

Future Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the FASB issued updated guidance (ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)) on accounting for revenue recognition. The guidance is based on the core principle that revenue is recognized to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods and services. The guidance also requires additional disclosures about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments and assets recognized from cost incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract. Revenue recognition for insurance contracts is explicitly scoped out of the guidance. In August 2015, the FASB issued an update to defer the original effective date of this guidance. As a result of the deferral, the new guidance is effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2017, and must be applied using one of two retrospective application methods. Early adoption is permitted only for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. The Company is currently assessing the impact of the guidance on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations and financial statement disclosures.

67

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

In August 2014, the FASB issued updated guidance (ASU 2014-13, Consolidation (Topic 810): Measuring the Financial Assets and the Financial Liabilities of a Consolidated Collateralized Financing Entity) for measuring the financial assets and the financial liabilities of a consolidated collateralized financing entity. Under the guidance, an entity within scope is permitted to measure both the financial assets and financial liabilities of a consolidated collateralized financing entity based on either the fair value of the financial assets or the financial liabilities, whichever is more observable. If adopted, the guidance eliminates the measurement difference that exists when both are measured at fair value. The Company adopted the updated guidance effective January 1, 2016, and applied the modified retrospective method of adoption. This guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, or financial statement disclosures.

In February 2015, the FASB issued updated guidance (ASU 2015-02, Consolidation (Topic 810): Amendments to Consolidation Analysis) that modifies the rules regarding consolidation. The pronouncement eliminates specialized guidance for limited partnerships and similar legal entities, and removes the indefinite deferral for certain investment funds. The new guidance is effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted the updated guidance effective January 1, 2016. This guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, or financial statement disclosures.

In January 2016, the FASB issued updated guidance (ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities) on the recognition and measurement of financial assets and financial liabilities. The guidance revises an entity’s accounting related to the classification and measurement of certain equity investments and the presentation of certain fair value changes for financial liabilities measured at fair value. The guidance also amends certain disclosure requirements associated with the fair value of financial instruments. The new guidance is effective for annual periods and interim reporting periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is not permitted except for the provisions related to the presentation of certain fair value changes for financial liabilities measured at fair value. The Company is currently assessing the impact of the guidance on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations and financial statement disclosures.

3. INVESTMENTS

Fixed Maturities and Equity Securities

The following tables provide information relating to fixed maturities and equity securities (excluding investments classified as trading) as of the dates indicated:

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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

	December 31, 2015
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		OTTI in AOCI (3)
	(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government authorities and agencies	$	87,107	$	7,170	$	228	$	94,049	$	—
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions	602,508		24,219		1,958		624,769		—
Foreign government bonds	70,107		3,094		2,791		70,410		—
Public utilities	790,038		30,862		18,402		802,498		—
Redeemable preferred stock	5,316		1,530		145		6,701		—
All other U.S. public corporate securities	2,138,358		81,905		61,142		2,159,121		(217		)
All other U.S. private corporate securities	1,085,345		26,299		13,963		1,097,681		—
All other foreign public corporate securities	270,063		8,230		6,508		271,785		—
All other foreign private corporate securities	784,283		9,933		42,528		751,688		—
Asset-backed securities (1)	431,578		6,203		2,650		435,131		(3,056		)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	396,160		10,614		2,429		404,345		—
Residential mortgage-backed securities (2)	114,943		7,876		65		122,754		(690		)
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale	$	6,775,806	$	217,935	$	152,809	$	6,840,932	$	(3,963	)
Equity securities, available-for-sale
Common stocks:
Mutual funds	$	54,543	$	256	$	3,030	$	51,769
Public utilities	66		2		29		39
Industrial, miscellaneous & other	—		165		—		165
Non-redeemable preferred stocks	—		—		—		—
Total equity securities, available-for-sale	$	54,609	$	423	$	3,059	$	51,973

(1) Includes credit-tranched securities collateralized by sub-prime mortgages, auto loans, credit cards, education loans, and other asset types.

(2) Includes publicly-traded agency pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations.

(3) Represents the amount of OTTI losses in AOCI, which were not included in earnings. Amount excludes $9 million of net unrealized gains on impaired available-for-sale securities relating to changes in the value of such securities subsequent to the impairment measurement date.

69

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

	December 31, 2014(4)
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		OTTI in AOCI (3)
	(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government authorities and agencies	$	83,372	$	8,711	$	1	$	92,082	$	—
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions	310,518		15,323		187		325,654		—
Foreign government bonds	35,228		3,284		14		38,498		—
Public utilities	683,652		62,060		3,288		742,424		—
Redeemable preferred stock	3,185		763		137		3,811		—
All other U.S. public corporate securities	2,042,843		143,969		10,280		2,176,532		(247		)
All other U.S. private corporate securities	983,361		47,266		2,106		1,028,521		—
All other foreign public corporate securities	182,884		12,468		1,019		194,333		—
All other foreign private corporate securities	534,716		24,236		7,415		551,537		—
Asset-backed securities (1)	395,180		8,281		1,210		402,251		(3,531		)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	482,769		17,978		1,868		498,879		—
Residential mortgage-backed securities (2)	129,165		10,902		25		140,042		(836		)
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale	$	5,866,873	$	355,241	$	27,550	$	6,194,564	$	(4,614	)
Equity securities, available-for-sale
Common stocks:
Mutual funds	$	28,470	$	468	$	295	$	28,643
Public utilities	66		23		—		89
Industrial, miscellaneous & other	5		173		—		178
Non-redeemable preferred stocks	340		250		—		590
Total equity securities, available-for-sale	$	28,881	$	914	$	295	$	29,500

(1) Includes credit-tranched securities collateralized by sub-prime mortgages, auto loans, credit cards, education loans, and other asset types.

(2) Includes publicly-traded agency pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations.

(3) Represents the amount of OTTI losses in AOCI, which were not included in earnings. Amount excludes $10 million of net unrealized gains on impaired available-for-sale securities relating to changes in the value of such securities subsequent to the impairment measurement date.

(4) Prior period amounts are presented on a basis consistent with the current period presentation.

The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturities by contractual maturities at December 31, 2015, are as follows:

	Available-for-Sale
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Due in one year or less	$	264,119	$	262,759
Due after one year through five years	1,133,468		1,171,399
Due after five years through ten years	1,423,371		1,418,482
Due after ten years	3,012,167		3,026,062
Asset-backed securities	431,578		435,131
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	396,160		404,345
Residential mortgage-backed securities	114,943		122,754
Total	$	6,775,806	$	6,840,932

Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations. Asset-backed, commercial mortgage-backed and residential mortgage-backed securities are shown separately in the table above as they are not due at a single maturity date.

The following table depicts the sources of fixed maturity and equity security proceeds and related investment gains (losses), as well as losses on impairments of both fixed maturities and equity securities:

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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

	2015			2014			2013
				(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
Proceeds from sales	$	171,589		$	245,618		$	816,125
Proceeds from maturities/repayments	642,503			656,249			760,433
Gross investment gains from sales, prepayments and maturities	12,496			20,394			60,261
Gross investment losses from sales and maturities	(1,528		)	(2,704		)	(22,380		)
Equity securities, available-for-sale
Proceeds from sales	$	5,732		$	17,873		$	13,606
Gross investment gains from sales	400			1,085			1,337
Gross investment losses from sales	—			—			(791		)
Fixed maturity and equity security impairments
Net writedowns for other-than-temporary impairment losses on fixed maturities recognized in earnings (1)	$	(1,463	)	$	(127	)	$	(4,441	)
Writedowns for impairments on equity securities	(3		)	—			(67		)

(1) Excludes the portion of OTTI recorded in “Other comprehensive income (loss),” representing any difference between the fair value of the impaired debt security and the net present value of its projected future cash flows at the time of the impairment.

As discussed in Note 2, a portion of certain OTTI losses on fixed maturity securities is recognized in “Other comprehensive income” (“OCI”). For these securities, the net amount recognized in earnings (“credit loss impairments”) represents the difference between the amortized cost of the security and the net present value of its projected future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit in the debt security prior to impairment. Any remaining difference between the fair value and amortized cost is recognized in OCI. The following table sets forth the amount of pre-tax credit loss impairments on fixed maturity securities held by the Company as of the dates indicated, for which a portion of the OTTI loss was recognized in OCI, and the corresponding changes in such amounts.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2015			2014
	(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period	$	8,729		$	14,660
Credit loss impairments previously recognized on securities which matured, paid down, prepaid or were sold during the period	(1,719		)	(6,533		)
Credit loss impairments recognized in the current period on securities not previously impaired	—			—
Additional credit loss impairments recognized in the current period on securities previously impaired	71			—
Increases due to the passage of time on previously recorded credit losses	213			1,098
Accretion of credit loss impairments previously recognized due to an increase in cash flows expected to be collected	(253		)	(496		)
Balance, end of period	$	7,041		$	8,729

Trading Account Assets

The following table sets forth the composition of “Trading account assets” as of the dates indicated:

	December 31, 2015				December 31, 2014
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Fixed maturities	$	50,565	$	46,364	$	43,490	$	44,121
Equity securities	14,761		18,248		3,447		5,540
Total trading account assets	$	65,326	$	64,612	$	46,937	$	49,661

The net change in unrealized gains (losses) from trading account assets still held at period end, recorded within “Other income,” was $(3.4) million, $(0.7) million and $2.7 million during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

71

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

Commercial Mortgage and Other Loans

The Company’s commercial mortgage and other loans are comprised as follows, as of the dates indicated:

	December 31, 2015					December 31, 2014
	Amount (in thousands)			% of Total		Amount (in thousands)			% of Total
Commercial mortgage and agricultural property loans by property type:
Retail	$	440,767		26.7	%	$	439,679		26.2	%
Apartments/Multi-Family	445,379			27.0		401,568			23.9
Industrial	254,884			15.4		286,104			17.1
Office	226,332			13.6		244,072			14.6
Other	92,581			5.6		99,083			5.9
Hospitality	85,910			5.2		92,126			5.5
Total commercial mortgage loans	1,545,853			93.5		1,562,632			93.2
Agricultural property loans	106,623			6.5		114,665			6.8
Total commercial mortgage and agricultural property loans by property type	1,652,476			100.0	%	1,677,297			100.0	%
Valuation allowance	(2,651		)			(4,154		)
Total net commercial mortgage and agricultural property loans by property type	1,649,825					1,673,143
Other loans
Uncollateralized loans	8,410					8,410
Valuation allowance	—					—
Total net other loans	8,410					8,410
Total commercial mortgage and other loans	$	1,658,235				$	1,681,553

The commercial mortgage and agricultural property loans are geographically dispersed throughout the United States (with the largest concentrations in California (23%), Texas (12%), and New Jersey (9%)) and include loans secured by properties in Australia and Europe at December 31, 2015.

Activity in the allowance for credit losses for all commercial mortgage and other loans, as of the dates indicated, is as follows:

	December 31, 2015			December 31, 2014			December 31, 2013
	(in thousands)
Allowance for credit losses, beginning of year	$	4,154		$	8,904		$	6,028
Addition to (release of) allowance for losses	(1,503		)	(1,832		)	2,876
Charge-offs, net of recoveries	—			(2,918		)	—
Total ending balance (1)	$	2,651		$	4,154		$	8,904

(1) Agricultural loans represent less than $0.1 million of the ending allowance at both December 31, 2015 and 2014 and $0.3 million at December 31, 2013.

The following tables set forth the allowance for credit losses and the recorded investment in commercial mortgage and other loans as of the dates indicated:

	December 31, 2015		December 31, 2014
	(in thousands)
Allowance for Credit Losses:
Individually evaluated for impairment (1)	$	—	$	940
Collectively evaluated for impairment (2)	2,651		3,214
Total ending balance	$	2,651	$	4,154
Recorded Investment (3):
Gross of reserves: individually evaluated for impairment (1)	$	287	$	15,875
Gross of reserves: collectively evaluated for impairment (2)	1,660,599		1,669,832
Total ending balance, gross of reserves	$	1,660,886	$	1,685,707

(1) There were $0.3 million and $0.0 million agricultural loans individually evaluated for impairment at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. There were no uncollateralized loans individually evaluated for impairment at both December 31, 2015 and 2014.

(2) Agricultural loans collectively evaluated for impairment had a recorded investment of $107 million and $115 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and a related allowance of less than $0.1 million at both period ends. Uncollateralized loans collectively evaluated for impairment had a recorded investment of $8 million at both December 31, 2015 and 2014, and no related allowance at both period ends.

(3) Recorded investment reflects the balance sheet carrying value gross of related allowance.

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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

Impaired loans include those loans for which it is probable that all amounts due will not be collected according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. There were no impaired commercial mortgage and other loans identified in management’s specific review of probable loan losses and no related allowance as of December 31, 2015. Impaired commercial mortgage and other loans identified in management’s specific review of probable loan losses as of December 31, 2014, had a recorded investment and unpaid principal balance of $15.9 million and related allowance of $0.9 million, primarily related to other property types. At both December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company held no impaired agricultural or uncollateralized loans. Net investment income recognized on impaired commercial mortgage loans totaled $0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014.

Impaired commercial mortgage and other loans with no allowance for losses are loans in which the fair value of the collateral or the net present value of the loans’ expected future cash flows equals or exceeds the recorded investment. The Company had no such loans at both December 31, 2015 and 2014. See Note 2 for information regarding the Company’s accounting policies for non-performing loans.

The following tables set forth certain key credit quality indicators as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, based upon the recorded investment gross of allowance for credit losses.

Total commercial mortgage and agricultural property loans

	Debt Service Coverage Ratio - December 31, 2015
	Greater than 1.2X		1.0X to <1.2X		Less than 1.0X		Total
	(in thousands)
Loan-to-Value Ratio
0%-59.99%	$	1,004,751	$	35,579	$	6,762	$	1,047,092
60%-69.99%	378,799		4,969		4,016		387,784
70%-79.99%	197,208		12,471		—		209,679
Greater than 80%	—		2,938		4,983		7,921
Total commercial mortgage and agricultural property loans	$	1,580,758	$	55,957	$	15,761	$	1,652,476

	Debt Service Coverage Ratio - December 31, 2014
	Greater than 1.2X		1.0X to <1.2X		Less than 1.0X		Total
	(in thousands)
Loan-to-Value Ratio
0%-59.99%	$	997,610	$	24,491	$	9,393	$	1,031,494
60%-69.99%	372,958		15,741		13,981		402,680
70%-79.99%	177,956		31,463		3,493		212,912
Greater than 80%	2,991		22,068		5,152		30,211
Total commercial mortgage and agricultural property loans	$	1,551,515	$	93,763	$	32,019	$	1,677,297

As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, $1.7 billion of commercial mortgage and other loans were in current status. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, $0.3 million and $0 of commercial mortgage and other loans were classified as past due, respectively. The Company defines current in its aging of past due commercial mortgage and other loans as less than 30 days past due.

Based upon the recorded investment gross of allowance for credit losses, there were no commercial mortgage and other loans in nonaccrual status as of December 31, 2015. Based upon the recorded investment gross of allowance for credit losses, $15.9 million of commercial mortgage and other loans were in nonaccrual status as of December 31, 2014. Nonaccrual loans are those on which the accrual of interest has been suspended after the loans become 90 days delinquent as to principal or interest payments, or earlier when the Company has doubts about collectability and loans for which a loan specific reserve has been established. See Note 2 for further discussion regarding nonaccrual status loans.

For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, there were no commercial mortgage and other loans acquired, other than those through direct origination, nor were there any commercial mortgage and other loans sold.

The Company’s commercial mortgage and other loans may occasionally be involved in a troubled debt restructuring. As of both December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company had no significant commitments to borrowers that have been involved in a troubled debt restructuring. For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, there were no new troubled debt restructurings related to commercial mortgage and other loans and no payment defaults on commercial mortgage and other loans that were modified as a troubled debt restructuring within the 12 months preceding each respective year. See Note 2 for additional information relating to the accounting for troubled debt restructurings.

73

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

As of both December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company did not have any foreclosed residential real estate property.

Other Long-Term Investments

The following table sets forth the composition of “Other long-term investments” at December 31 for the years indicated.

	2015		2014
	(in thousands)
Company’s investment in separate accounts	$	28,567	$	25,761
Joint ventures and limited partnerships	280,570		244,330
Derivatives	70,100		28,052
Total other long-term investments	$	379,237	$	298,143

As of both December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company had no significant equity method investments.

Net Investment Income

Net investment income for the years ended December 31, was from the following sources:

	2015			2014			2013
	(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	$	269,073		$	262,532		$	278,747
Equity securities, available-for-sale	2			2			1
Trading account assets	2,800			1,018			657
Commercial mortgage and other loans	86,354			81,848			84,006
Policy loans	62,304			60,847			59,287
Short-term investments and cash equivalents	1,042			528			654
Other long-term investments	17,739			16,962			15,023
Gross investment income	439,314			423,737			438,375
Less: investment expenses	(22,727		)	(19,719		)	(19,364		)
Net investment income	$	416,587		$	404,018		$	419,011

Carrying value for non-income producing assets included $0.4 million in fixed maturities as of December 31, 2015. Non-income producing assets represent investments that have not produced income for the twelve months preceding December 31, 2015.

As of both December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company had no significant low income housing tax credit investments.

Realized Investment Gains (Losses), Net

Realized investment gains (losses), net, for the years ended December 31, were from the following sources:

	2015			2014		2013
	(in thousands)
Fixed maturities	$	9,505		$	17,563	$	33,440
Equity securities	397			1,085		480
Commercial mortgage and other loans	1,503			4,644		5,494
Joint ventures and limited partnerships	320			210		(83		)
Derivatives	(220,292		)	90,556		(52,799		)
Other	29			9		18
Realized investment gains (losses), net	$	(208,538	)	$	114,067	$	(13,450	)

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The balance of and changes in each component of “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)” for the years ended December 31, are as follows:

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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
	Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment			Net Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses) (1)			Total Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
	(in thousands)
Balance, December 31, 2012	$	257		$	267,204		$	267,461
Change in component during period (2)	146			(210,961		)	(210,815		)
Balance, December 31, 2013	$	403		$	56,243		$	56,646
Change in component during period (2)	(470		)	122,515			122,045
Balance, December 31, 2014	$	(67	)	$	178,758		$	178,691
Change in other comprehensive income before reclassifications	(507		)	(164,799		)	(165,306		)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	—			(9,902		)	(9,902		)
Income tax benefit (expense)	177			61,145			61,322
Balance, December 31, 2015	$	(397	)	$	65,202		$	64,805

(1) Includes cash flow hedges of $48 million, $12 million, and $(5) million as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

(2) Net of taxes.

Reclassifications out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

	Year Ended December 31, 2015		Year Ended December 31, 2014		Year Ended December 31, 2013
	(in thousands)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI (1)(2):
Net unrealized investment gains (losses):
Cash flow hedges—Currency/Interest rate (3)	$	4,286	$	6,594	$	329
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities (4)	5,616		12,055		33,591
Total net unrealized investment gains (losses)	9,902		18,649		33,920
Total reclassifications for the period	$	9,902	$	18,649	$	33,920

(1) All amounts are shown before tax.

(2) Positive amounts indicate gains/benefits reclassified out of AOCI. Negative amounts indicate losses/costs reclassified out of AOCI.

(3) See Note 10 for additional information on cash flow hedges.

(4) See table below for additional information on unrealized investment gains (losses), including the impact on deferred policy acquisition and other costs, future policy benefits and policyholders’ account balances.

Net Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses)

Net unrealized investment gains and losses on securities classified as available-for-sale and certain other long-term investments and other assets are included in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as a component of AOCI. Changes in these amounts include reclassification adjustments to exclude from “Other comprehensive income (loss)” those items that are included as part of “Net income” for a period that had been part of “Other comprehensive income (loss)” in earlier periods. The amounts for the periods indicated below, split between amounts related to fixed maturity securities on which an OTTI loss has been recognized, and all other net unrealized investment gains and losses, are as follows:

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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

Net Unrealized Investment Gains and Losses on Fixed Maturity Securities on which an OTTI loss has been recognized

	Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments			Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs and Other Costs			Future Policy Benefits and Policyholders’ Account Balances(2)			Deferred Income Tax (Liability) Benefit			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Related To Net Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses)
	(in thousands)
Balance, December 31, 2012	$	(618	)	$	295		$	563		$	(115	)	$	125
Net investment gains (losses) on investments arising during the period	1,053			—			—			(369		)	684
Reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses included in net income	4,114			—			—			(1,440		)	2,674
Reclassification adjustment for OTTI losses excluded from net income(1)	(51		)	—			—			18			(33		)
Impact of net unrealized investment (gains) losses on deferred policy acquisition costs and other costs	—			(3,619		)	—			1,266			(2,353		)
Impact of net unrealized investment (gains) losses on future policy benefits and policyholders’ account balances	—			—			1,256			(439		)	817
Balance, December 31, 2013	$	4,498		$	(3,324	)	$	1,819		$	(1,079	)	$	1,914
Net investment gains (losses) on investments arising during the period	996			—			—			(348		)	648
Reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses included in net income	(161		)	—			—			56			(105		)
Reclassification adjustment for OTTI losses excluded from net income(1)	—			—			—			—			—
Impact of net unrealized investment (gains) losses on deferred policy acquisition costs and other costs	—			786			—			(275		)	511
Impact of net unrealized investment (gains) losses on future policy benefits and policyholders’ account balances	—			—			(591		)	206			(385		)
Balance, December 31, 2014	$	5,333		$	(2,538	)	$	1,228		$	(1,440	)	$	2,583
Net investment gains (losses) on investments arising during the period	107			—			—			(37		)	70
Reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses included in net income	(251		)	—			—			88			(163		)
Reclassification adjustment for OTTI losses excluded from net income(1)	7			—			—			(2		)	5
Impact of net unrealized investment (gains) losses on deferred policy acquisition costs and other costs	—			1,188			—			(416		)	772
Impact of net unrealized investment (gains) losses on future policy benefits and policyholders’ account balances	—			—			(114		)	40			(74		)
Balance, December 31, 2015	$	5,196		$	(1,350	)	$	1,114		$	(1,767	)	$	3,193

(1) Represents "transfers in" related to the portion of OTTI losses recognized during the period that were not recognized in earnings for securities with no prior OTTI loss.

(2) Balances are net of reinsurance.

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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

All Other Net Unrealized Investment Gains and Losses in AOCI

	Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments(2)			Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs and Other Costs			Future Policy Benefits and Policyholders’ Account Balances(3)			Deferred Income Tax (Liability) Benefit			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Related To  Net Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses)
	(in thousands)
Balance, December 31, 2012	$	505,100		$	(220,208	)	$	125,833		$	(143,646	)	$	267,079
Net investment gains (losses) on investments arising during the period	(343,964		)	—			—			120,388			(223,576		)
Reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses included in net income	(38,034		)	—			—			13,312			(24,722		)
Reclassification adjustment for OTTI losses excluded from net income(1)	51			—			—			(18		)	33
Impact of net unrealized investment (gains) losses on deferred policy acquisition costs and other costs	—			177,178			—			(62,012		)	115,166
Impact of net unrealized investment (gains) losses on future policy benefits and policyholders’ account balances	—			—			(122,540		)	42,889			(79,651		)
Balance, December 31, 2013	$	123,153		$	(43,030	)	$	3,293		$	(29,087	)	$	54,329
Net investment gains (losses) on investments arising during the period	239,912			—			—			(83,969		)	155,943
Reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses included in net income	(18,488		)	—			—			6,471			(12,017		)
Reclassification adjustment for OTTI losses excluded from net income(1)	—			—			—			—			—
Impact of net unrealized investment (gains) losses on deferred policy acquisition costs and other costs	—			(69,799		)	—			24,430			(45,369		)
Impact of net unrealized investment (gains) losses on future policy benefits and policyholders’ account balances	—			—			35,829			(12,540		)	23,289
Balance, December 31, 2014	$	344,577		$	(112,829	)	$	39,122		$	(94,695	)	$	176,175
Net investment gains (losses) on investments arising during the period	(223,082		)	—			—			78,078			(145,004		)
Reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses included in net income	(9,651		)	—			—			3,378			(6,273		)
Reclassification adjustment for OTTI losses excluded from net income(1)	(7		)	—			—			2			(5		)
Impact of net unrealized investment (gains) losses on deferred policy acquisition costs and other costs	—			93,577			—			(32,752		)	60,825
Impact of net unrealized investment (gains) losses on future policy benefits and policyholders’ account balances	—			—			(36,475		)	12,766			(23,709		)
Balance, December 31, 2015	$	111,837		$	(19,252	)	$	2,647		$	(33,223	)	$	62,009

(1) Represents "transfers in" related to the portion of OTTI losses recognized during the period that were not recognized in earnings for securities with no prior OTTI loss.

(2) Includes cash flow hedges. See Note 10 for information on cash flow hedges.

(3) Balances are net of reinsurance.

Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments by Asset Class

The table below presents net unrealized gains (losses) on investments by asset class as of the dates indicated:

	2015			2014		2013
	(in thousands)
Fixed maturity securities on which an OTTI loss has been recognized	$	5,196		$	5,333	$	4,498
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale—all other	59,930			322,358		107,970
Equity securities, available-for-sale	(2,636		)	619		204
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges(1)	48,271			11,585		(4,701		)
Other investments	6,272			10,015		19,680
Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments	$	117,033		$	349,910	$	127,651

(1) See Note 10 for more information on cash flow hedges.

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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

Duration of Gross Unrealized Loss Positions for Fixed Maturities and Equity Securities

The following table shows the fair value and gross unrealized losses aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual fixed maturity securities and equity securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at December 31 for the years indicated:

	2015
	Less than twelve months				Twelve months or more				Total
	Fair Value		Gross   Unrealized   Losses		Fair Value		Gross   Unrealized   Losses		Fair Value		Gross   Unrealized   Losses
	(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of
U.S. government authorities and agencies	$	5,985	$	228	$	—	$	—	$	5,985	$	228
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions	77,756		1,958		—		—		77,756		1,958
Foreign government bonds	44,854		1,940		1,813		851		46,667		2,791
Public utilities	323,086		13,151		26,094		5,251		349,180		18,402
All other U.S. public corporate securities	802,158		49,343		61,110		11,799		863,268		61,142
All other U.S. private corporate securities	323,218		12,476		17,103		1,487		340,321		13,963
All other foreign public corporate securities	121,662		5,098		6,079		1,410		127,741		6,508
All other foreign private corporate securities	284,191		14,234		154,791		28,439		438,982		42,673
Asset-backed securities	249,084		1,565		93,675		1,085		342,759		2,650
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	129,765		2,350		4,221		79		133,986		2,429
Residential mortgage-backed securities	18,435		59		1,519		6		19,954		65
Total	$	2,380,194	$	102,402	$	366,405	$	50,407	$	2,746,599	$	152,809
Equity securities, available-for-sale	$	35,869	$	2,339	$	9,281	$	720	$	45,150	$	3,059
	2014(1)
	Less than twelve months				Twelve months or more				Total
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
	(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of
U.S. government authorities and agencies	$	994	$	1	$	—	$	—	$	994	$	1
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions	9,852		125		2,886		62		12,738		187
Foreign government bonds	2,246		14		—		—		2,246		14
Public utilities	30,974		1,618		45,756		1,670		76,730		3,288
All other U.S. public corporate securities	130,922		3,385		221,396		6,895		352,318		10,280
All other U.S. private corporate securities	73,317		1,475		26,781		631		100,098		2,106
All other foreign public corporate securities	15,768		1,019		—		—		15,768		1,020
All other foreign private corporate securities	136,341		7,315		12,808		237		149,149		7,551
Asset-backed securities	209,774		737		54,711		473		264,485		1,210
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	15,824		155		87,606		1,713		103,430		1,868
Residential mortgage-backed securities	776		11		3,878		14		4,654		25
Total	$	626,788	$	15,855	$	455,822	$	11,695	$	1,082,610	$	27,550
Equity securities, available-for-sale	$	14,706	$	295	$	—	$	—	$	14,706	$	295

(1) Prior period amounts are presented on a basis consistent with the current period presentation.

The gross unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities at December 31, 2015 and 2014, were composed of $133.6 million and $21.3 million, respectively, related to high or highest quality securities based on the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) or equivalent rating and $19.2 million and $6.3 million, respectively, related to other than high or highest quality securities based on NAIC or equivalent rating. At December 31, 2015, the $50.4 million of gross unrealized losses of twelve months or more were concentrated in the energy, consumer non-cyclical, utility and finance sectors of the Company’s corporate securities. At December 31, 2014, the $11.7 million of gross unrealized losses of twelve months or more were concentrated in the

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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

energy, consumer non-cyclical, consumer cyclical and utility sectors of the Company’s corporate securities and commercial-mortgage backed securities. In accordance with its policy described in Note 2, the Company concluded that an adjustment to earnings for OTTI for these securities was not warranted at December 31, 2015 or 2014. These conclusions are based on a detailed analysis of the underlying credit and cash flows on each security. The gross unrealized losses are primarily attributable to general credit spread widening and foreign currency exchange rate movements. At December 31, 2015, the Company does not intend to sell these securities and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell these securities before the anticipated recovery of its remaining amortized cost basis.

At both December 31, 2015 and 2014, none of the gross unrealized losses related to equity securities represented declines in value of greater than 20%. In accordance with its policy described in Note 2, the Company concluded that an adjustment for OTTI for these equity securities was not warranted at either December 31, 2015 or 2014.

Securities Lending and Repurchase Agreements

In the normal course of business, the Company sells securities under agreements to repurchase and enters into securities lending transactions. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had $40 million of securities lending transactions recorded as "Cash collateral for loaned securities," comprised of $33 million in corporate securities and $7 million in foreign government bonds. Of the $40 million of securities lending transactions, $38 million have a remaining contractual maturity that is overnight and continuous, while the other $2 million have a remaining contractual maturity of up to thirty days. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had no repurchase transactions.

Securities Pledged, Restricted Assets and Special Deposits

The Company pledges as collateral investment securities it owns to unaffiliated parties through certain transactions, including securities lending, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, collateralized borrowings and postings of collateral with derivative counterparties. At December 31, the carrying value of investments pledged to third parties as reported in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position included the following:

	2015		2014
	(in thousands)
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale	$	38,421	$	63,100
Total securities pledged	$	38,421	$	63,100

As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the carrying amount of the associated liabilities supported by the pledged collateral was $40 million and $65 million, respectively, all of which was “Cash collateral for loaned securities.”

In the normal course of its business activities, the Company accepts collateral that can be sold or repledged. The primary sources of this collateral are securities purchased under agreements to resell. The fair value of this collateral was $156 million and $94 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, none of which had either been sold or repledged.

Fixed maturities of $4 million at both December 31, 2015 and 2014 were on deposit with governmental authorities or trustees as required by certain insurance laws.

4. DEFERRED POLICY ACQUISITION COSTS

The balances of and changes in DAC as of and for the years ended December 31, were as follows:

	2015			2014			2013
	(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of year	$	5,066,855		$	5,034,299		$	3,679,061
Capitalization of commissions, sales and issue expenses	616,002			626,718			822,075
Amortization-Impact of assumption and experience unlocking and true-ups	108,563			272,385			(9,167		)
Amortization-All other	(771,207		)	(708,554		)	533,478
Change in unrealized investment gains and losses	91,160			(67,056		)	167,880
Ceded DAC upon Coinsurance Treaty with PAR U and PURC (See Note 12)	—			(90,937		)	(159,028		)
Balance, end of year	$	5,111,373		$	5,066,855		$	5,034,299

DAC include reductions in capitalization and amortization related to reinsurance expense allowances resulting from the coinsurance treaties with PARCC, PAR Term, Term Re, PAR U and PURC, reductions for the initial balance transferred to PAR U and PURC at inception of the coinsurance agreements and the pass through of the GUL business related to the acquisition of The Hartford Life business assumed from Prudential Insurance and subsequently retroceded to PAR U as discussed in Note 12.

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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

Capitalization balances related to reinsurance amounted to $435 million, $337 million and $285 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Amortization balances related to reinsurance amounted to $150 million, $204 million and $89 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Reinsurance impacts to the change in unrealized gains/(losses) resulted in decreases in the deferred acquisition cost asset of $127 million and $161 million in 2015 and 2013, respectively, and an increase in the deferred acquisition cost asset of $142 million in 2014.

5. POLICYHOLDERS’ LIABILITIES

Future Policy Benefits

Future policy benefits at December 31, are as follows:

	2015		2014
	(in thousands)
Life insurance – domestic	$	8,109,868	$	7,285,791
Life insurance – Taiwan	1,163,999		1,151,882
Individual and group annuities and supplementary contracts	519,462		457,324
Other contract liabilities	5,238,061		5,020,333
Total future policy benefits and other policyholder liabilities	$	15,031,390	$	13,915,330

Life insurance liabilities include reserves for death benefits. Individual and group annuities and supplementary contract liabilities include reserves for life contingent immediate annuities and life contingent group annuities. Other contract liabilities include unearned premiums and certain other reserves for annuities and individual life products.

Future policy benefits for domestic and Taiwan individual non-participating traditional life insurance policies are generally equal to the present value of future benefit payments and related expenses, less the present value of future net premiums. Assumptions as to mortality, morbidity and persistency are based on the Company’s experience, industry data, and/or other factors, when the basis of the reserve is established. Interest rates used in the determination of the present values range from 2.3% to 7.8% for setting domestic insurance reserves and 6.2% to 7.4% for setting Taiwan reserves.

Future policy benefits for individual and group annuities and supplementary contracts with life contingencies are generally equal to the present value of expected future payments. Assumptions as to mortality are based on the Company’s experience, industry data, and/or other factors, when the basis of the reserve is established. The interest rates used in the determination of the present values generally range from 0.0% to 8.8%, with approximately 0.9% of the reserves based on an interest rate in excess of 8.0%.

The Company’s liability for future policy benefits are primarily liabilities for guaranteed benefit related to certain long-duration life and annuity contracts. Liabilities for guaranteed benefits with embedded derivative features are primarily in "Other contract liabilities" in the table above. The remaining liabilities for guaranteed benefits are primarily reflected with the underlying contract. The interest rates used in the determination of the present values range from 0.9% to 4.4%. See Note 6 for additional information regarding liabilities for guaranteed benefits related to certain long-duration contracts.

Policyholders’ Account Balances

Policyholders’ account balances at December 31, for the years indicated were as follows:

	2015		2014
	(in thousands)
Universal life contracts	$	13,304,213	$	11,906,915
Individual annuities	2,549,289		2,088,468
Guaranteed interest accounts	363,332		413,074
Other	947,871		841,598
Total policyholders’ account balances	$	17,164,705	$	15,250,055

Policyholders’ account balances represent an accumulation of account deposits plus credited interest less withdrawals, expenses and mortality charges, if applicable. These policyholders’ account balances also include provisions for benefits under non-life contingent payout annuities. Interest crediting rates range from 0.6% to 4.5% for universal life contracts. Interest crediting rates for individual annuities may range from 0.0% to 6.3%. Interest crediting rates for guaranteed interest accounts range from 1.0% to 6.0%. Interest crediting rates range from 0.5% to 8.0% for other. Included in universal life contracts at December 31, 2015, are $5.0 billion GUL business assumed from Prudential Insurance in connection with the acquisition of The Hartford Life Business.

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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

6. CERTAIN LONG-DURATION CONTRACTS WITH GUARANTEES

The Company issues variable annuity contracts through its separate accounts for which investment income and investment gains and losses accrue directly to, and investment risk is borne by, the contractholder. The Company also issues variable annuity contracts with general and separate account options where the Company contractually guarantees to the contractholder a return of no less than total deposits made to the contract less any partial withdrawals (“return of net deposits”). In certain of these variable annuity contracts, the Company also contractually guarantees to the contractholder a return of no less than (1) total deposits made to the contract less any partial withdrawals plus a minimum return (“minimum return”), and/or (2) the highest contract value on a specified date adjusted for any withdrawals (“contract value”). These guarantees include benefits that are payable in the event of death, annuitization or at specified dates during the accumulation period and withdrawal and income benefits payable during specified periods. The Company also issues annuity contracts with market value adjusted investment options (“MVAs”), which provide for a return of principal plus a fixed rate of return if held to maturity, or, alternatively, a “market adjusted value” if surrendered prior to maturity or if funds are allocated to other investment options. The market value adjustment may result in a gain or loss to the Company, depending on crediting rates or an indexed rate at surrender, as applicable. The Company also issues fixed deferred annuity contracts without MVA that have a guaranteed credited rate and annuity benefit.

In addition, the Company issues certain variable life, variable universal life and universal life contracts where the Company contractually guarantees to the contractholder a death benefit even when there is insufficient value to cover monthly mortality and expense charges, whereas otherwise the contract would typically lapse (“no lapse guarantee”). Variable life and variable universal life contracts are offered with general and separate account options similar to variable annuities.

The assets supporting the variable portion of all variable annuities are carried at fair value and reported as “Separate account assets” with an equivalent amount reported as “Separate account liabilities.” Amounts assessed against the contractholders for mortality, administration, and other services are included within revenue in “Policy charges and fee income” and changes in liabilities for minimum guarantees are generally included in “Policyholders’ benefits” or “Realized investment gains (losses), net.”

For those guarantees of benefits that are payable in the event of death, the net amount at risk is generally defined as the current guaranteed minimum death benefit in excess of the current account balance at the balance sheet date. The Company’s primary risk exposures for these contracts relates to actual deviations from, or changes to, the assumptions used in the original pricing of these products, including fixed income and equity market returns, contract lapses and contractholder mortality.

For guarantees of benefits that are payable at annuitization, the net amount at risk is generally defined as the present value of the minimum guaranteed annuity payments available to the contractholder determined in accordance with the terms of the contract in excess of the current account balance. The Company’s primary risk exposures for these contracts relates to actual deviations from, or changes to, the assumptions used in the original pricing of these products, including fixed income and equity market returns, benefit utilization, timing of annuitization, contract lapses and contractholder mortality.

For guarantees of benefits that are payable at withdrawal, the net amount at risk is generally defined as the present value of the minimum guaranteed withdrawal payments available to the contractholder determined in accordance with the terms of the contract in excess of the current account balance. For guarantees of accumulation balances, the net amount at risk is generally defined as the guaranteed minimum accumulation balance minus the current account balance. The Company’s primary risk exposures for these contracts relates to actual deviations from, or changes to, the assumptions used in the original pricing of these products, including equity market returns, interest rates, market volatility or contractholder behavior.

The Company’s contracts with guarantees may offer more than one type of guarantee in each contract; therefore, the amounts listed may not be mutually exclusive. The liabilities related to the net amount at risk are reflected within “Future policy benefits and other policyholder liabilities”. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company had the following guarantees associated with these contracts, by product and guarantee type:

81

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

	December 31, 2015				December 31, 2014
	In the Event of Death		At Annuitization/ Accumulation (1)		In the Event of Death		At Annuitization/ Accumulation (1)
Variable Annuity Contracts	(in thousands)
Return of Net Deposits
Account value	$	79,034,807	N/A		$	77,862,297	N/A
Net amount at risk	385,773		N/A		$	40,701	N/A
Average attained age of contractholders	64 years		N/A		63 years		N/A
Minimum return or contract value
Account value	$	20,113,504	$	89,935,139	$	21,123,437	$	89,367,950
Net amount at risk	$	2,349,232	$	2,633,207	$	1,365,085	$	1,277,406
Average attained age of contractholders	68 years		64 years		67 years		63 years
Average period remaining until earliest expected annuitization	N/A		0		N/A		0.03 years

(1) Includes income and withdrawal benefits as described herein

	December 31, 2015		December 31, 2014
	In the Event of Death
	(in thousands)
Variable Life, Variable Universal Life and Universal Life Contracts
No Lapse Guarantees (1)
Separate account value	$	2,907,924	$	3,022,615
General account value	$	5,449,616	$	4,560,768
Net amount at risk	$	103,714,953	$	88,749,362
Average attained age of contractholders	54 years		54 years

(1) Excludes assumed reinsurance of GUL business from The Hartford Life Business that is retroceded 100% to PARU.

Account balances of variable annuity contracts with guarantees were invested in separate account investment options as follows:

	December 31, 2015		December 31, 2014
	(in thousands)
Equity funds	$	59,671,583	$	60,982,384
Bond funds	33,045,700		30,825,335
Money market funds	3,808,758		4,928,870
Total	$	96,526,041	$	96,736,589

In addition to the above mentioned amounts invested in separate account investment options, $2.6 billion and $2.2 billion of account balances of variable annuity contracts with guarantees, inclusive of contracts with MVA feature, were invested in general account investment options as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 there were no transfers of assets, other than cash, from the general account to any separate account, and accordingly no gains or losses recorded.

Liabilities for Guarantee Benefits

The table below summarizes the changes in general account liabilities for guarantees on variable contracts. The liabilities for guaranteed minimum death benefits (“GMDB”) and guaranteed minimum income benefits (“GMIB”) are included in “Future policy benefits and other policyholder liabilities” and the related changes in the liabilities are included in “Policyholders' benefits”. Guaranteed minimum income and withdrawal benefits (“GMIWB”), guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (“GMWB”) and guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (“GMAB”) features are accounted for as embedded derivatives and are recorded at fair value within “Future policy benefits and other policyholder liabilities”. Changes in the fair value of these derivatives, including changes in the Company’s own risk of non-performance, along with any fees attributed or payments made relating to the derivative, are recorded in “Realized investment gains (losses), net.” See Note 9 for additional information regarding the methodology used in determining the fair value of these embedded derivatives.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

	GMDB						GMIB			GMWB/GMIWB/ GMAB			Total
	Variable Annuity			Variable Life, Variable Universal Life & Universal Life			Variable Annuity
	(in thousands)
Balance as of December 31, 2012	$	202,067		$	304,987		$	54,386		$	1,417,890		$	1,979,330
Incurred guarantee benefits (1) (2)	28,033			101,484			(30,882		)	(1,766,290		)	(1,667,655		)
Paid guarantee benefits	(26,306		)	(3,090		)	(1,148		)	—			(30,544		)
Other (3)	4,060			1,340,869			98			—			1,345,027
Balance as of December 31, 2013	$	207,854		$	1,744,250		$	22,454		$	(348,400	)	$	1,626,158
Incurred guarantee benefits (1)(2)	131,594			785,583			17,905			5,342,010			6,277,092
Paid guarantee benefits	(22,079		)	(18,192		)	(853		)	—			(41,124		)
Other	3,848			283,668			175			—			287,691
Balance as of December 31, 2014	$	321,217		$	2,795,309		$	39,681		$	4,993,610		$	8,149,817
Incurred guarantee benefits (1) (2)	95,747			509,723			(6,900		)	211,825			810,395
Paid guarantee benefits	(34,021		)	(21,811		)	(1,938		)	—			(57,770		)
Other	(6,049		)	(193,207		)	(225		)	—			(199,481		)
Balance as of December 31, 2015	$	376,894		$	3,090,014		$	30,618		$	5,205,435		$	8,702,961

(1) Incurred guarantee benefits include the portion of assessments established as additions to reserves as well as changes in estimates affecting the reserves. Also includes changes in the fair value of features accounted for as embedded derivatives.

(2) Incurred benefits include GMDB liabilities assumed related to The Hartford Life Business, which was subsequently 100% retroceded to PAR Universal.

(3) Includes $1.5 billion related to the initial GMDB liability assumed related to The Hartford Life Business, which was subsequently 100% retroceded to PAR Universal.

The GMDB liability is determined each period end by estimating the accumulated value of a portion of the total assessments to date less the accumulated value of the excess death benefits. The GMIB liability associated with variable annuities is determined each period by estimating the accumulated value of a portion of the total assessments to date less the accumulated value of the excess income benefits. The portion of assessments used is chosen such that, at issue the present value of expected death benefits or expected income benefits in excess of the projected account balance and the portion of the present value of total expected assessments over the lifetime of the contracts are equal. The Company regularly evaluates the estimates used and adjusts the GMDB and GMIB liability balances, with an associated charge or credit to earnings, if actual experience or other evidence suggests that earlier estimates should be revised.

The GMAB features provide the contractholder with a guaranteed return of initial account value or an enhanced value if applicable. The most significant of the Company’s GMAB features are the guaranteed return option (“GRO”) features, which includes an asset transfer feature that reduces the Company’s exposure to these guarantees. The GMAB liability is calculated as the present value of future expected payments to customers less the present value of future expected rider fees attributable to the embedded derivative feature.

The GMWB features provide the contractholder with access to a guaranteed remaining balance if the account value is reduced to zero through a combination of market declines and withdrawals. The guaranteed remaining balance is generally equal to the protected value under the contract, which is initially established as the greater of the account value or cumulative deposits when withdrawals commence, less cumulative withdrawals. The contractholder also has the option, after a specified time period, to reset the guaranteed remaining balance to the then-current account value, if greater. The contractholder accesses the guaranteed remaining balance through payments over time, subject to maximum annual limits. The GMWB liability is calculated as the present value of future expected payments to customers less the present value of future expected rider fees attributable to the embedded derivative feature.

The GMIWB features, taken collectively, provide a contractholder two optional methods to receive guaranteed minimum payments over time, a “withdrawal” option or an “income” option. The withdrawal option (which was available under only one of the GMIWBs and is no longer offered) guarantees that a contractholder can withdraw an amount each year until the cumulative withdrawals reach a total guaranteed balance. The income option (which varies among the Company’s GMIWBs) in general guarantees the contractholder the ability to withdraw an amount each year for life (or for joint lives, in the case of any spousal version of the benefit) where such amount is equal to a percentage of a protected value under the benefit. The contractholder also has the potential to increase this annual amount, based on certain subsequent increases in account value that may occur. The GMIWB can be elected by the contractholder upon issuance of an appropriate deferred variable annuity contract or at any time following contract issue prior to annuitization. Certain GMIWB features include an asset transfer feature that reduces the Company’s

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

exposure to these guarantees. The GMIWB liability is calculated as the present value of future expected payments to customers less the present value of future expected rider fees attributable to the embedded derivative feature.

Sales Inducements

The Company generally defers sales inducements and amortizes them over the life of the policy using the same methodology and assumptions used to amortize DAC. DSI is included in “Deferred sales inducements” in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. The Company offered various types of sales inducements, including: (1) a bonus whereby the policyholder’s initial account balance is increased by an amount equal to a specified percentage of the customer’s initial deposit and (2) additional credits after a certain number of years a contract is held. Changes in DSI, reported as “Interest credited to policyholders’ account balances,” are as follows:

	2015			2014			2013
	(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of year	$	836,791		$	989,889		$	787,891
Capitalization	6,462			9,112			20,871
Amortization-Impact of assumption and experience unlocking and true-ups	21,829			34,420			14,613
Amortization-All other	(183,843		)	(194,673		)	160,835
Change in unrealized investment gains (losses)	3,605			(1,957		)	5,679
Balance, end of year	$	684,844		$	836,791		$	989,889

7. STATUTORY NET INCOME AND SURPLUS AND DIVIDEND RESTRICTIONS

The Company is required to prepare statutory financial statements in accordance with accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the Arizona Department of Insurance. Statutory accounting practices primarily differ from GAAP by charging policy acquisition costs to expense as incurred, establishing future policy benefit liabilities using different actuarial assumptions and valuing investments, deferred taxes, and certain assets on a different basis.

Statutory net income for the Company, including its subsidiary PLNJ, amounted to $593 million, $169 million and $634 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Statutory surplus of the Company, including its subsidiary PLNJ, amounted to $2,796 million and $2,656 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

The Company does not utilize prescribed or permitted practices that vary materially from the statutory accounting practices prescribed by the NAIC.

The Company is subject to Arizona law, which limits the amount of dividends that insurance companies can pay to stockholders without approval of the Arizona Department of Insurance. The maximum dividend, which may be paid in any twelve-month period without notification or approval, is limited to the lesser of 10% of statutory surplus as of December 31 of the preceding year or the net gain from operations of the preceding calendar year. Cash dividends may only be paid out of surplus derived from realized net profits. Based on these limitations, there is a capacity to pay a dividend of $280 million in 2016 without prior approval. The Company paid dividends to Prudential Insurance of $430 million, $748 million and $423 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

8. INCOME TAXES

The components of income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31, were as follows:

	2015			2014			2013
	(in thousands)
Current tax expense (benefit):
U.S. Federal	$	105,992		$	112,742		$	250,601
State and local	129			—			—
Total	106,121			112,742			250,601
Deferred tax expense (benefit):
U.S. Federal	(114,126		)	27,631			315,819
Total	(114,126		)	27,631			315,819
Total income tax expense (benefit) from operations	(8,005		)	140,373			566,420
Total income tax expense (benefit) reported in equity related to:
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(61,322		)	65,717			(113,517		)
Additional paid-in capital	(6,560		)	(6,507		)	(7,574		)
Total income tax expense (benefit)	$	(75,887	)	$	199,583		$	445,329

In July 2014, the IRS issued guidance relating to the hedging of variable annuity guaranteed minimum benefits (“Hedging IDD”). The Hedging IDD provides an elective safe harbor tax accounting method for certain contracts which permits the current deduction of losses and the deferral of gains for hedging activities that can be applied to open years under IRS examination beginning with the earliest open year. The Company applies this tax accounting method for hedging gains and losses covered by the Hedging IDD beginning with 2013. As a result of applying such accounting method in 2014, the Company's 2014 U.S. current tax expense includes a tax benefit of $15 million and a corresponding reduction of deferred tax assets.

The Company’s actual income tax expense for the years ended December 31, differs from the expected amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate of 35% to income from operations before income taxes for the following reasons:

	2015			2014			2013
	(in thousands)
Expected federal income tax expense	$	176,712		$	324,169		$	736,621
Non-taxable investment income	(161,407		)	(152,844		)	(149,933		)
Tax credits	(24,232		)	(32,881		)	(20,935		)
Other	922			1,929			667
Total income tax expense (benefit) on continuing operations	$	(8,005	)	$	140,373		$	566,420

The dividends received deduction (“DRD”) reduces the amount of dividend income subject to U.S. tax and accounts for most of the non-taxable investment income shown in the table above, and as such, is a major reason for the difference between the Company’s effective tax rate and the federal statutory tax rate of 35%. The DRD for the current period was estimated using information from 2014 and current year results, and was adjusted to take into account the current year’s equity market performance. The actual current year DRD can vary from the estimate based on factors such as, but not limited to, changes in the amount of dividends received that are eligible for the DRD, changes in the amount of distributions received from fund investments, changes in the account balances of variable life and annuity contracts, and the Company’s taxable income before the DRD.

In August 2007, the IRS released Revenue Ruling 2007-54, which included, among other items, guidance on the methodology to be followed in calculating the DRD related to variable life insurance and annuity contracts. In September 2007, the IRS released Revenue Ruling 2007-61. Revenue Ruling 2007-61 suspended Revenue Ruling 2007-54 and informed taxpayers that the U.S. Treasury Department and the IRS intend to address through new guidance the issues considered in Revenue Ruling 2007-54, including the methodology to be followed in determining the DRD related to variable life insurance and annuity contracts. In May 2010, the IRS issued an Industry Director Directive (“IDD”) confirming that the methodology for calculating the DRD set forth in Revenue Ruling 2007-54 should not be followed. The IDD also confirmed that the IRS guidance issued before Revenue Ruling 2007-54, which guidance the Company relied upon in calculating its DRD, should be used to determine the DRD. In February 2014, the IRS released Revenue Ruling 2014-7, which modified and superseded Revenue Ruling 2007-54, by removing the provisions of Revenue Ruling 2007-54 related to the methodology to be followed in calculating the DRD and making Revenue Ruling 2007-61 obsolete. These activities had no impact on the Company’s 2013, 2014 or 2015 results. However, there remains

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

the possibility that the IRS and the U.S. Treasury will address, through subsequent guidance, the issues related to the calculation of the DRD. For the last several years, the revenue proposals included in the Obama Administration’s budgets included a proposal that would change the method used to determine the amount of the DRD. A change in the DRD, including the possible retroactive or prospective elimination of this deduction through guidance or legislation, could increase actual tax expense and reduce the Company’s consolidated net income.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, resulted from the items listed in the following table:

	2015			2014
	(in thousands)
Deferred tax assets
Insurance reserves	$	1,646,137		$	1,629,234
Other	1,442			821
Deferred tax assets	1,647,579			1,630,055
Deferred tax liabilities
Deferred policy acquisition costs	1,392,279			1,407,473
Deferred sales inducements	239,695			292,877
Net unrealized gains on securities	23,991			118,745
Investments	69,163			70,517
Deferred tax liabilities	1,725,128			1,889,612
Net deferred tax asset (liability)	$	(77,549	)	$	(259,557	)

The application of U.S. GAAP requires the Company to evaluate the recoverability of deferred tax assets and establish a valuation allowance if necessary to reduce the deferred tax asset to an amount that is more likely than not expected to be realized. Considerable judgment is required in determining whether a valuation allowance is necessary, and if so, the amount of such valuation allowance. In evaluating the need for a valuation allowance the Company considers many factors, including: (1) the nature of the deferred tax assets and liabilities; (2) whether they are ordinary or capital; (3) in which tax jurisdictions they were generated and the timing of their reversal; (4) taxable income in prior carryback years as well as projected taxable earnings exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards; (5) the length of time that carryovers can be utilized in the various taxing jurisdictions; (6) any unique tax rules that would impact the utilization of the deferred tax assets; and (7) any tax planning strategies that the Company would employ to avoid a tax benefit from expiring unused. Although realization is not assured, management believes it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowances, will be realized. The Company had no valuation allowance as of December 31, 2015 and 2014.

Management believes that based on its historical pattern of taxable income, the Company will produce sufficient income in the future to realize its deferred tax assets. Adjustments to the valuation allowance will be made if there is a change in management’s assessment of the amount of deferred tax asset that is realizable.

The Company’s income (loss) from operations before income taxes includes income (loss) from domestic operations of $505 million, $926 million and $2,105 million, and no income from foreign operations for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

The Company’s liability for income taxes includes the liability for unrecognized tax benefits and interest that relate to tax years still subject to review by the IRS or other taxing authorities. The completion of review or the expiration of the Federal statute of limitations for a given audit period could result in an adjustment to the liability for income taxes.

The Company classifies all interest and penalties related to tax uncertainties as income tax expense (benefit). As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company recognized nothing in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income and recognized no liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position for tax-related interest and penalties. The Company had no unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. The Company does not anticipate any significant changes within the next 12 months to its total unrecognized tax benefits related to tax years for which the statute of limitations has not expired.

At December 31, 2015, the Company remains subject to examination in the U.S. for tax years 2007 through 2015.

For tax years 2007 through 2016, the Company is participating in the IRS’s Compliance Assurance Program (“CAP”). Under CAP, the IRS assigns an examination team to review completed transactions as they occur in order to reach agreement with the Company on how they should be reported in the relevant tax returns. If disagreements arise, accelerated resolutions program are available to resolve the disagreements in a timely manner before the tax returns are filed.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

9. FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

Fair Value Measurement – Fair value represents the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The authoritative fair value guidance establishes a framework for measuring fair value that includes a hierarchy used to classify the inputs used in measuring fair value. The level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

Level 1 - Fair value is based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible to the Company for identical assets or liabilities. The Company’s Level 1 assets and liabilities primarily include certain cash equivalents, short-term investments and equity securities that trade on an active exchange market.

Level 2 - Fair value is based on significant inputs, other than quoted prices included in Level 1, that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability through corroboration with observable market data. Level 2 inputs include quoted market prices in active markets for similar assets and liabilities, quoted market prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar assets or liabilities, and other market observable inputs. The Company’s Level 2 assets and liabilities include: fixed maturities (corporate public and private bonds, most government securities, certain asset-backed and mortgage-backed securities, etc.), certain equity securities (mutual funds, which do not actively trade and are priced based on a net asset value ("NAV")), certain short-term investments and certain cash equivalents, and certain over-the-counter ("OTC") derivatives.

Level 3 - Fair value is based on at least one significant unobservable input for the asset or liability. The assets and liabilities in this category may require significant judgment or estimation in determining the fair value. The Company’s Level 3 assets and liabilities primarily include: certain private fixed maturities and equity securities, certain manually priced public equity securities and fixed maturities, certain highly structured OTC derivative contracts, certain consolidated real estate funds for which the Company is the general partner, and embedded derivatives resulting from reinsurance or certain products with guaranteed benefits.

Assets and Liabilities by Hierarchy Level The tables below present the balances of assets and liabilities reported at fair value on a recurring basis, as of the dates indicated.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

	As of December 31, 2015
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Netting (1)			Total
	(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government authorities and agencies	$	—	$	94,049	$	—	$	—		$	94,049
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions	—		624,769		—		—			624,769
Foreign government bonds	—		70,410		—		—			70,410
U.S. corporate public securities	—		2,635,551		55,003		—			2,690,554
U.S. corporate private securities	—		1,322,213		22,716		—			1,344,929
Foreign corporate public securities	—		275,349		—		—			275,349
Foreign corporate private securities	—		760,869		17,773		—			778,642
Asset-backed securities (5)	—		261,784		173,347		—			435,131
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	—		404,345		—		—			404,345
Residential mortgage-backed securities	—		122,754		—		—			122,754
Sub-total	—		6,572,093		268,839		—			6,840,932
Trading account assets:
Corporate securities	—		44,374		—		—			44,374
Asset-backed securities (5)	—		1,990		—		—			1,990
Equity securities	—		—		18,248		—			18,248
Sub-total	—		46,364		18,248		—			64,612
Equity securities, available-for-sale	39		51,769		165		—			51,973
Short-term investments	18,713		36,093		—		—			54,806
Cash equivalents	50,998		143,927		—		—			194,925
Other long-term investments	—		297,394		7,033		(230,554		)	73,873
Reinsurance recoverables	—		—		4,940,011		—			4,940,011
Receivables from parent and affiliates	—		157,625		5,000		—			162,625
Sub-total excluding separate account assets	69,750		7,305,265		5,239,296		(230,554		)	12,383,757
Separate account assets (2)	—		108,967,162		382,959		—			109,350,121
Total assets	$	69,750	$	116,272,427	$	5,622,255	$	(230,554	)	$	121,733,878
Future policy benefits (3)	$	—	$	—	$	5,205,434	$	—		$	5,205,434
Payables to parent and affiliates	—		32,849		—		(32,849		)	—
Total liabilities	$	—	$	32,849	$	5,205,434	$	(32,849	)	$	5,205,434

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

	As of December 31, 2014(4)
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Netting (1)			Total
	(in thousands)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government authorities and agencies	$	—	$	92,082	$	—	$	—		$	92,082
Obligations of U.S. states and their political subdivisions	—		325,654		—		—			325,654
Foreign government bonds	—		38,498		—		—			38,498
U.S. corporate public securities	—		2,594,010		61,092		—			2,655,102
U.S. corporate private securities	—		1,239,006		14,539		—			1,253,545
Foreign corporate public securities	—		206,848		—		—			206,848
Foreign corporate private securities	—		572,493		9,170		—			581,663
Asset-backed securities (5)	—		302,034		100,217		—			402,251
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	—		498,879		—		—			498,879
Residential mortgage-backed securities	—		140,042		—		—			140,042
Sub-total	—		6,009,546		185,018		—			6,194,564
Trading account assets:
Corporate securities	—		42,131		—		—			42,131
Asset-backed securities (5)	—		1,990		—		—			1,990
Equity securities	—		—		5,540		—			5,540
Sub-total	—		44,121		5,540		—			49,661
Equity securities, available-for-sale	107		28,643		750		—			29,500
Short-term investments	6,997		114,275		—		—			121,272
Cash equivalents	41,584		26,259		—		—			67,843
Other long-term investments	—		242,523		2,115		(215,066		)	29,572
Reinsurance recoverables	—		—		4,897,545		—			4,897,545
Receivables from parent and affiliates			158,469		19,203		—			177,672
Sub-total excluding separate account assets	48,688		6,623,836		5,110,171		(215,066		)	11,567,629
Separate account assets (2)	—		108,891,268		302,924		—			109,194,192
Total assets	$	48,688	$	115,515,104	$	5,413,095	$	(215,066	)	$	120,761,821
Future policy benefits (3)	$	—	$	—	$	4,993,611	$	—		$	4,993,611
Payables to parent and affiliates	—		58,687		—		(58,687		)	—
Total liabilities	$	—	$	58,687	$	4,993,611	$	(58,687	)	$	4,993,611

(1) “Netting” amounts represent cash collateral of $198 million and $156 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and the impact of offsetting asset and liability positions held with the same counterparty, subject to master netting arrangements.

(2) Separate account assets represent segregated funds that are invested for certain customers. Investment risks associated with market value changes are borne by the customers, except to the extent of minimum guarantees made by the Company with respect to certain accounts. Separate account assets classified as Level 3 consist primarily of real estate and real estate investment funds. Separate account liabilities are not included in the above table as they are reported at contract value and not fair value in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

(3) For the year ended December 31, 2015, the net embedded derivative liability position of $5,205 million includes $655 million of embedded derivatives in an asset position and $5,860 million of embedded derivatives in a liability position. For the year ended December 31, 2014, the net embedded derivative liability position of $4,994 million includes $577 million of embedded derivatives in an asset position and $5,571 million of embedded derivatives in a liability position.

(4) Prior period amounts are presented on a basis consistent with the current period presentation.

(5) Includes credit-tranched securities collateralized by sub-prime mortgages, auto loans, credit cards, education loans and other asset types.

The methods and assumptions the Company uses to estimate the fair value of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below.

Fixed Maturity Securities - The fair values of the Company’s public fixed maturity securities are generally based on prices obtained from independent pricing services. Prices for each security are generally sourced from multiple pricing vendors, and a vendor hierarchy is maintained by asset type based on historical pricing experience and vendor expertise. The Company ultimately uses the price from the pricing service highest in the vendor hierarchy based on the respective asset type. The pricing hierarchy is updated for new financial products and recent pricing experience with various vendors. Consistent with the fair value hierarchy described above, securities with validated quotes from pricing services are generally reflected within Level 2, as they are primarily based on observable pricing for similar assets and/or other market observable inputs. Typical inputs used by these pricing services include but are not limited to, reported trades, benchmark yields, issuer spreads, bids, offers, and/or estimated cash flow, prepayment speeds, and default rates. If the pricing information received from third party pricing services is deemed not reflective of market activity or other inputs observable in the market, the Company may challenge the price through a formal process with the pricing

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

service or classify the securities as Level 3. If the pricing service updates the price to be more consistent with the presented market observations, the security remains within Level 2.

Internally-developed valuations or indicative broker quotes are also used to determine fair value in circumstances where vendor pricing is not available, or where the Company ultimately concludes that pricing information received from the independent pricing services is not reflective of market activity. If the Company concludes the values from both pricing services and brokers are not reflective of market activity, it may override the information with an internally-developed valuation. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, overrides on a net basis were not material. Pricing service overrides, internally-developed valuations and indicative broker quotes are generally included in Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

The Company conducts several specific price monitoring activities. Daily analyses identify price changes over predetermined thresholds defined at the financial instrument level. Various pricing integrity reports are reviewed on a daily and monthly basis to determine if pricing is reflective of market activity or if it would warrant any adjustments. Other procedures performed include, but are not limited to, reviews of third-party pricing services methodologies, reviews of pricing trends, and back testing.

The fair value of private fixed maturities, which are comprised of investments in private placement securities, originated by internal private asset managers, are primarily determined using discounted cash flow models. These models primarily use observable inputs that include Treasury or similar base rates plus estimated credit spreads to value each security. The credit spreads are obtained through a survey of private market intermediaries who are active in both primary and secondary transactions, and consider, among other factors, the credit quality and industry sector of the issuer and the reduced liquidity associated with private placements. Since most private placements are valued using standard market observable inputs and inputs derived from, or corroborated by, market observable data including observed prices and spreads for similar publicly traded or privately traded issues, they have been reflected within Level 2. For certain private fixed maturities, the discounted cash flow model may incorporate significant unobservable inputs, which reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset. To the extent management determines that such unobservable inputs are significant to the price of a security, a Level 3 classification is made.

Trading Account Assets - Trading account assets consist primarily of corporate securities, asset-backed securities and perpetual preferred stock whose fair values are determined consistent with similar instruments described above under “Fixed Maturity Securities” and below under “Equity Securities.”

Equity Securities - Equity securities consist principally of investments in common and preferred stock of publicly traded companies, perpetual preferred stock, privately traded securities, as well as mutual fund shares. The fair values of most publicly traded equity securities are based on quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets and are classified within Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy. Estimated fair values for most privately traded equity securities are determined using discounted cash flow, earnings multiple and other valuation models that require a substantial level of judgment around inputs and therefore are classified within Level 3. The fair values of mutual fund shares that transact regularly (but do not trade in active markets because they are not publicly available) are based on transaction prices of identical fund shares and are classified within Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. The fair values of perpetual preferred stock are based on inputs obtained from independent pricing services that are primarily based on indicative broker quotes. As a result, the fair values of perpetual preferred stock are classified as Level 3.

Derivative Instruments - Derivatives are recorded at fair value either as assets, within “Other long-term investments,” or as liabilities, within “Payables to parent and affiliates,” except for embedded derivatives which are recorded with the associated host contract. The fair values of derivative contracts can be affected by changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, credit spreads, market volatility, expected returns, non-performance risk (“NPR”), liquidity and other factors. For derivative positions included within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, liquidity valuation adjustments are made to reflect the cost of exiting significant risk positions, and consider the bid-ask spread, maturity, complexity, and other specific attributes of the underlying derivative position.

The majority of the Company’s derivative positions are traded in the OTC derivative market and are classified within Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. OTC derivatives classified within Level 2 are valued using models that utilize actively quoted or observable market input values from external market data providers, third-party pricing vendors and/or recent trading activity. The Company’s policy is to use mid-market pricing in determining its best estimate of fair value. The fair values of most OTC derivatives, including interest rate, cross currency swaps, currency forward contracts and single name credit default swaps are determined using discounted cash flow models. The fair values of European style option contracts are determined using Black-Scholes option pricing models. These models’ key inputs include the contractual terms of the respective contract, along with significant observable inputs, including interest rates, currency rates, credit spreads, equity prices, index dividend yields, NPR, volatility and other factors.

The Company’s cleared interest rate swaps and credit derivatives linked to an index are valued using models that utilize actively quoted or observable market inputs, including Overnight Indexed Swap discount rates, obtained from external market data providers, third-party pricing vendors and/or recent trading activity. These derivatives are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

To reflect the market’s perception of the Company's counterparty’s NPR, the Company incorporates additional spreads over LIBOR into the discount rate used in determining the fair value of OTC derivative assets and liabilities that are not otherwise collateralized.

Derivatives classified as Level 3 include structured products. These derivatives are valued based upon models such as Monte Carlo simulation models and other techniques that utilize significant unobservable inputs. Level 3 methodologies are validated through periodic comparison of the Company’s fair values to external broker-dealer values.

Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments - Cash equivalents and short-term investments include money market instruments, and other highly liquid debt instruments. Certain money market instruments are valued using unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible for identical assets and are primarily classified as Level 1. The remaining instruments in this category are generally fair valued based on market observable inputs and, these investments have primarily been classified within Level 2.

Separate Account Assets - Separate account assets include fixed maturity securities, treasuries, equity securities, mutual funds, and real estate investments for which values are determined consistent with similar instruments described above under “Fixed Maturity Securities” and “Equity Securities”.

Receivables from Parent and Affiliates - Receivables from parent and affiliates carried at fair value include affiliated bonds within the Company’s legal entity whose fair value are determined consistent with similar securities described above under “Fixed Maturity Securities” managed by affiliated asset managers.

Reinsurance Recoverables - Reinsurance recoverables carried at fair value include the reinsurance of the Company’s living benefit guarantees on certain variable annuity contracts. These guarantees are accounted for as embedded derivatives and are recorded in “Reinsurance Recoverables” or “Other Liabilities” when fair value is in an asset or liability position, respectively. The methods and assumptions used to estimate the fair value are consistent with those described below in “Future Policy Benefits.” The reinsurance agreements covering these guarantees are derivatives with fair value determined in the same manner as the living benefit guarantee.

The Company also has an agreement with UPARC, an affiliated captive reinsurance company, to reinsure risks associated with the no-lapse guarantee provision available on a portion of certain universal life products (see Note 12). Under this agreement, the Company pays a premium to UPARC to reinsure the risk of uncollectible policy charges and fees associated with the no-lapse guarantee provision. Reinsurance of this risk is accounted for as an embedded derivative which is included in “Reinsurance recoverables”. The fair value of this embedded derivative is the present value of expected reimbursement from UPARC for cost of insurance charges the Company is unable to collect from policyholders, less the present value of reinsurance premiums that is attributable to the embedded derivative feature. This methodology could result in either an asset or liability, given changes in capital market conditions and various policyholder behavior assumptions. Significant inputs to the valuation model for this embedded derivative include capital market assumptions, such as interest rates, estimated NPR of the counterparty, and various assumptions that are actuarially determined, including lapse rates, premium payment patterns, and mortality rates.

Future Policy Benefits - The liability for future policy benefits is related to guarantees primarily associated with the optional living benefit features of certain variable annuity contracts, including GMAB, GMWB and GMIWB, accounted for as embedded derivatives. The fair values of the GMAB, GMWB, and GMIWB liabilities are calculated as the present value of future expected benefit payments to contractholders less the present value of future expected rider fees attributable to the optional living benefit feature. This methodology could result in either a liability or contra-liability balance, given changing capital market conditions and various actuarial assumptions. Since there is no observable active market for the transfer of these obligations, the valuations are calculated using internally developed models with option pricing techniques. The models are based on a risk neutral valuation framework and incorporate premiums for risks inherent in valuation techniques, inputs, and the general uncertainty around the timing and amount of future cash flows. The determination of these risk premiums requires the use of management's judgment.

The significant inputs to the valuation models for these embedded derivatives include capital market assumptions, such as interest rate levels and volatility assumptions, the Company’s market-perceived NPR, as well as actuarially determined assumptions, including contractholder behavior, such as lapse rates, benefit utilization rates, withdrawal rates, and mortality rates. Since many of these assumptions are unobservable and are considered to be significant inputs to the liability valuation, the liability included in future policy benefits has been reflected within Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Capital market inputs and actual policyholders’ account values are updated each quarter based on capital market conditions as of the end of the quarter, including interest rates, equity markets, and volatility. In the risk neutral valuation, the initial swap curve drives the total return used to grow the policyholders’ account values. The Company’s discount rate assumption is based on the LIBOR swap curve adjusted for an additional spread relative to LIBOR to reflect NPR.

Actuarial assumptions, including contractholder behavior and mortality, are reviewed at least annually, and updated based upon emerging experience, future expectations and other data, including any observable market data. These assumptions are generally

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

updated annually unless a material change that the Company feels is indicative of a long-term trend is observed in an interim period.

Transfers between Levels 1 and 2 - Overall, transfers between levels are made to reflect changes in observability of inputs and market activity. Transfers into or out of any level are generally reported as the value as of the beginning of the quarter in which the transfers occur for any such assets still held at the end of the quarter. Periodically there are transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 for assets held in the Company’s Separate Account. During the year ended December 31, 2015, there were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2. During the year ended December 31, 2014, $884 million was transferred from Level 1 to Level 2.

Level 3 Assets and Liabilities by Price Source - The tables below present the balances of Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value with their corresponding pricing sources.

	As of December 31, 2015
	Internal (1)		External (2)		Total
	(in thousands)
Corporate securities	$	40,492	$	55,000	$	95,492
Asset-backed securities	158		173,189		173,347
Equity securities	165		18,248		18,413
Other long-term investments	3,260		3,773		7,033
Reinsurance recoverables	4,940,011		—		4,940,011
Receivables from parent and affiliates	—		5,000		5,000
Subtotal excluding separate account assets	4,984,086		255,210		5,239,296
Separate account assets	88,048		294,911		382,959
Total assets	$	5,072,134	$	550,121	$	5,622,255
Future policy benefits	$	5,205,434	$	—	$	5,205,434
Total liabilities	$	5,205,434	$	—	$	5,205,434
	As of December 31, 2014
	Internal (1)		External (2)		Total
	(in thousands)
Corporate securities	$	23,712	$	61,089	$	84,801
Asset-backed securities	264		99,953		100,217
Equity securities	750		5,540		6,290
Other long-term investments	565		1,550		2,115
Reinsurance recoverables	4,897,545		—		4,897,545
Receivables from parent and affiliates	—		19,203		19,203
Subtotal excluding separate account assets	4,922,836		187,335		5,110,171
Separate account assets	84,111		218,813		302,924
Total assets	$	5,006,947	$	406,148	$	5,413,095
Future policy benefits	$	4,993,611	$	—	$	4,993,611
Total liabilities	$	4,993,611	$	—	$	4,993,611

(1) Represents valuations reflecting both internally-derived and market inputs. See below for additional information related to internally developed valuation for significant items in the above table.

(2) Represents unadjusted prices from independent pricing services and independent indicative broker quotes where pricing inputs are not readily available.

Quantitative Information Regarding Internally-Priced Level 3 Assets and Liabilities – The tables below present quantitative information on significant internally-priced Level 3 assets and liabilities (see narrative below for quantitative information for separate account assets).

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

	As of December 31, 2015
	Fair Value		Valuation  Techniques	Unobservable Inputs	Minimum		Maximum		Weighted Average		Impact of Increase in Input on Fair Value (1)
	(in thousands)
Assets:
Corporate securities	$	40,492	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	5.76	%	17.95	%	8.35	%	Decrease
			Market Comparables	EBITDA Multiples (2)	5.0	X	5.0	X	5.0	X	Increase
Reinsurance recoverables - Living Benefits	$	4,600,193	Fair values are determined in the same manner as future policy benefits.
Reinsurance recoverables - No Lapse Guarantee	$	339,818	Discounted cash flow	Lapse rate (3)	0	%	12	%			Decrease
				NPR spread (4)	0.06	%	1.76	%			Decrease
				Mortality rate (5)	0	%	20	%			Decrease
				Premium payment (6)	1	X	3.75	X			Decrease
Liabilities:
Future policy benefits (7)	$	5,205,434	Discounted cash flow	Lapse rate (8)	0	%	14	%			Decrease
				NPR spread (4)	0.06	%	1.76	%			Decrease
				Utilization rate (9)	56	%	96	%			Increase
				Withdrawal rate (10)	74	%	100	%			Increase
				Mortality rate (11)	0	%	14	%			Decrease
				Equity volatility curve	17	%	28	%			Increase

	As of December 31, 2014
	Fair Value		Valuation  Techniques	Unobservable  Inputs	Minimum		Maximum		Weighted Average		Impact of Increase in Input on Fair Value (1)
	(in thousands)
Assets:
Corporate securities	$	23,712	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	10.00	%	11.75	%	10.52	%	Decrease
			Market Comparable	EBITDA Multiples (2)	6.1	X	6.1	X	6.1	X	Increase
Reinsurance recoverables - Living Benefits	$	4,521,928	Fair values are determined in the same manner as future policy benefits.
Reinsurance recoverables - No Lapse Guarantee	$	375,617	Discounted cash flow	Lapse rate (3)	0	%	15	%			Decrease
				NPR spread (4)	0	%	1.30	%			Decrease
				Mortality rate (5)	0	%	18	%			Decrease
				Premium payment (6)	1X		3.75X				Decrease
Liabilities:
Future policy benefits (7)	$	4,993,611	Discounted cash flow	Lapse rate (8)	0	%	14	%			Decrease
				NPR spread (4)	0	%	1.30	%			Decrease
				Utilization rate (9)	63	%	96	%			Increase
				Withdrawal rate (10)	74	%	100	%			Increase
				Mortality rate (11)	0	%	14	%			Decrease
				Equity volatility curve	17	%	28	%			Increase

(1) Conversely, the impact of a decrease in input would have the opposite impact for the fair value as that presented in the table.

(2) Represents multiples of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA"), and are amounts used when the reporting entity has determined that market participants would use such multiples when pricing the investments.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

(3) For universal life, lapse rates vary based on funding level and other factors. Rates are set to zero when the no lapse guarantee is fully funded and the cash value is zero.

(4) To reflect NPR, the Company incorporates an additional spread over LIBOR into the discount rate used in the valuation of contracts in a liability position and generally not to those in a contra-liability position. The NPR spread reflects the financial strength ratings of the Company and its affiliates, as these are insurance liabilities and senior to debt. The additional spread over LIBOR is determined by utilizing the credit spreads associated with issuing funding agreements, adjusted for any illiquidity risk premium.

(5) Universal life mortality rates are adjusted based on underwriting information. A mortality improvement assumption is also incorporated into the projection.

(6) For universal life, premium payment assumptions vary by funding level. Some policies are assumed to pay the minimum premium required to maintain the no lapse guarantee. Other policies are assumed to pay a multiple of commissionable target premium levels (shown above and indicated as “X”). Policyholders are assumed to stop premium payments once the no lapse guarantee is fully funded.

(7) Future policy benefits primarily represent general account liabilities for the optional living benefit features of the Company’s variable annuity contracts which are accounted for as embedded derivatives. Since the valuation methodology for these liabilities uses a range of inputs that vary at the contract level over the cash flow projection period, presenting a range, rather than weighted average, is a more meaningful representation of the unobservable inputs used in the valuation.

(8) Lapse rates are adjusted at the contract level based on the in-the-moneyness of the living benefit and reflect other factors, such as the applicability of any surrender charges. Lapse rates are reduced when contracts are more in-the-money. Lapse rates are also generally assumed to be lower for the period where surrender charges apply.

(9) The utilization rate assumption estimates the percentage of contracts that will utilize the benefit during the contract duration, and begin lifetime withdrawals at various time intervals from contract inception. The remaining contractholders are assumed to either begin lifetime withdrawals immediately or never utilize the benefit. Utilization assumptions may vary by product type, tax status, and age. The impact of changes in these assumptions is highly dependent on the product type, the age of the contractholder at the time of the sale, and the timing of the first lifetime income withdrawal. Range reflects the utilization rate for the vast majority of business with living benefits.

(10) The withdrawal rate assumption estimates the magnitude of annual contractholder withdrawals relative to the maximum allowable amount under the contract. These assumptions may vary based on the product type, contractholder age, tax status, and withdrawal timing. The fair value of the liability will generally increase the closer the withdrawal rate is to 100%.

(11) Range reflects the mortality rate for the vast majority of business with living benefits, with policyholders ranging from 35 to 90 years old. While the majority of living benefits have a minimum age requirement, certain benefits do not have an age restriction. This results in contractholders for certain benefits with mortality rates approaching 0%. Based on historical experience, the Company applies a set of age and duration specific mortality rate adjustments compared to standard industry tables. A mortality improvement assumption is also incorporated into the overall mortality table.

Interrelationships Between Unobservable Inputs– In addition to the sensitivities of fair value measurements to changes in each unobservable input in isolation, as reflected in the table above, interrelationships between these inputs may also exist, such that a change in one unobservable input may give rise to a change in another, or multiple, inputs. Examples of such interrelationships for significant internally-priced Level 3 assets and liabilities are as follows:

Corporate Securities – The rate used to discount future cash flows reflects current risk free rates plus credit and liquidity spread requirements that market participants would use to value an asset. The discount rate may be influenced by many factors, including market cycles, expectations of default, collateral, term, and asset complexity. Each of these factors can influence discount rates, either in isolation, or in response to other factors.

Future Policy Benefits – The Company expects efficient benefit utilization and withdrawal rates to generally be correlated with lapse rates. However, behavior is generally highly dependent on the facts and circumstances surrounding the individual contractholder, such as their liquidity needs or tax situation, which could drive lapse behavior independent of other contractholder behavior assumptions. To the extent more efficient contractholder behavior results in greater in-the-moneyness at the contract level, lapse rates may decline for those contracts. Similarly, to the extent that increases in equity volatility are correlated with overall declines in the capital markets, lapse rates may decline as contracts become more in-the-money.

Separate Account Assets – In addition to the significant internally-priced Level 3 assets and liabilities presented and described above, the Company also has internally-priced separate account assets reported within Level 3. Changes in the fair value of separate account assets are borne by customers and thus are offset by changes in separate account liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. As a result, changes in value associated with these investments do not impact the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income. Quantitative information about significant internally-priced Level 3 separate account assets is as follows:

Real Estate and Other Invested Assets – Separate account assets include $88 million and $84 million of investments in real estate as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, that are classified as Level 3 and reported at fair value which is determined by the Company’s equity in net assets of the entities. In general, these fair value estimates of real estate are based on property appraisal reports prepared by independent real estate appraisers. Key inputs and assumptions to the appraisal process include rental income and expense amounts, related growth rates, discount rates and capitalization rates. Because of the subjective nature of inputs and the judgment involved in the appraisal process, real estate investments are typically included in the Level 3 classification. Key unobservable inputs to real estate valuation include capitalization rates, which ranged from 4.75% to 10.00% (6.07% weighted average) as of December 31, 2015 and 5.00% to 10.00% (6.68% weighted average) as of December 31, 2014 and discount rates which ranged from 6.00% to 11.00% (6.95% weighted average) as of December 31, 2015 and 6.75% to 11.00% (7.66% weighted average) as of December 31, 2014.

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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

Valuation Process for Fair Value Measurements Categorized within Level 3 – The Company has established an internal control infrastructure over the valuation of financial instruments that requires ongoing oversight by its various business groups. These management control functions are segregated from the trading and investing functions. For invested assets, the Company has established oversight teams, often in the form of pricing committees within each asset management group. The teams, which typically include representation from investment, accounting, operations, legal and other disciplines are responsible for overseeing and monitoring the pricing of the Company’s investments and performing periodic due diligence reviews of independent pricing services. An actuarial valuation team oversees the valuation of living benefit features of the Company’s variable annuity contracts.

The Company has also established policies and guidelines that require the establishment of valuation methodologies and consistent application of such methodologies. These policies and guidelines govern the use of inputs and price source hierarchies and provide controls around the valuation processes. These controls include appropriate review and analysis of investment prices against market activity or indicators of reasonableness, analysis of portfolio returns to corresponding benchmark returns, back-testing, review of bid/ask spreads to assess activity, approval of price source changes, price overrides, methodology changes and classification of fair value hierarchy levels. For living benefit features of the Company’s variable annuity products, the actuarial valuation unit periodically tests contract input data and actuarial assumptions are reviewed at least annually, and updated based upon emerging experience, future expectations and other data, including any observable market data. The valuation policies and guidelines are reviewed and updated as appropriate.

Within the trading and investing functions, the Company has established policies and procedures that relate to the approval of all new transaction types, transaction pricing sources and fair value hierarchy coding within the financial reporting system. For variable annuity product changes or new launches of living benefit features, the actuarial valuation unit validates input logic and new product features and agrees new input data directly to source documents.

Changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities– The following tables provide summaries of the changes in fair values of Level 3 assets and liabilities as of the dates indicated, as well as the portion of gains or losses included in income attributable to unrealized gains or losses related to those assets and liabilities still held at the end of their respective periods.

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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

	Year Ended December 31, 2015
	Fixed Maturities Available-For-Sale
	U.S. Corporate Public			U.S. Corporate Private			Foreign Corporate Public			Foreign Corporate Private			Asset- Backed Securities (7)			Trading Account Assets - Equity Securities			Equity Securities, Available-for-Sale
	(in thousands)
Fair value, beginning of period assets/(liabilities)	$	61,092		$	14,539		$	—		$	9,170		$	100,217		$	5,540		$	750
Total gains (losses) (realized/unrealized):
Included in earnings:
Realized investment gains (losses), net	—			(448		)	—			(1,085		)	42			—			337
Asset management fees and other income	—			—			—			—			—			2,207			—
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	(46		)	(590		)	14			884			(939		)	—			(245		)
Net investment income	(2		)	26			—			6			52			—			—
Purchases	1,901			19,363			973			5,685			112,250			—			—
Sales	—			(6,038		)	—			(69		)	(40,130		)	—			—
Issuances	—			—			—			—			—			—			—
Settlements	(160		)	(7,812		)	—			(8,667		)	(2,362		)	(1,500		)	(677		)
Transfers into Level 3 (2)	704			4,092			—			11,849			90,687			—			—
Transfers out of Level 3 (2)	(8,486		)	(416		)	(987		)	—			(86,470		)	—			—
Other (4)	—			—			—			—			—			12,001			—
Fair value, end of period	$	55,003		$	22,716		$	—		$	17,773		$	173,347		$	18,248		$	165
Unrealized gains (losses) for assets still held (3):
Included in earnings:
Realized investment gains (losses), net	$	—		$	(357	)	$	—		$	(1,035	)	$	—		$	—		$	—
Asset management fees and other income	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	2,162		$	—

96

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

	Year Ended December 31, 2015
	Other Long- term Investments			Reinsurance Recoverables			Receivables from Parent and Affiliates			Separate Account Assets (1)			Future Policy Benefits
	(in thousands)
Fair value, beginning of period assets/(liabilities)	$	2,115		$	4,897,545		$	19,203		$	302,924		$	(4,993,611	)
Total gains (losses) (realized/unrealized):
Included in earnings:
Realized investment gains (losses), net	1,912			(635,006		)	—			8,867			505,416
Asset management fees and other income	(40		)	—			—			—			—
Interest credited to policyholders’ account balances	—			—			—			(8,650		)	—
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	—			—			(17		)	—			—
Net investment income	53			—			—			—			—
Purchases	3,440			677,472			—			359,660			—
Sales	(168		)	—			—			(279,842		)	—
Issuances	—			—			—			—			(717,239		)
Settlements	(249		)	—			—			—			—
Transfers into Level 3 (2)	—			—			6,448			—			—
Transfers out of Level 3 (2)	(30		)	—			(20,634		)	—			—
Other (4)	—			—			—			—			—
Fair value, end of period	$	7,033		$	4,940,011		$	5,000		$	382,959		$	(5,205,434	)
Unrealized gains (losses) for assets/liabilities still held (3):
Included in earnings:
Realized investment gains (losses), net	$	1,744		$	(482,828	)	$	—		$	—		$	381,057
Asset management fees and other income	$	(40	)	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—
Interest credited to policyholders’ account balances	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	(8,650	)	$	—

97

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

	Year Ended December 31, 2014(6)
	Fixed Maturities, Available-for-Sale
	U.S. Corporate Public			U.S. Corporate Private			Foreign Corporate Public		Foreign Corporate Private			Asset- Backed Securities (7)			Commercial Mortgage- Backed Securities			Trading Account Assets- Equity Securities			Equity Securities, Available-for-Sale
	(in thousands)
Fair value, beginning of period assets/(liabilities)	$	3,196		$	8,564		$	—	$	6,533		$	80,934		$	—		$	2,731		$	569
Total gains (losses) (realized/unrealized):
Included in earnings:
Realized investment gains (losses), net	2			798			—		592			142			—			—			—
Asset management fees and other income	—			—			—		—			—			—			1,424			—
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	227			757			—		(1,129		)	(348		)	(2		)	—			246
Net investment income	(4		)	18			—		58			80			—			—			—
Purchases	62,816			17,832			—		9,423			89,866			28,077			2,760			—
Sales	(1,000		)	(7,146		)	—		(5,691		)	—			—			—			(65		)
Issuances	—			—			—		—			—			—			—			—
Settlements	(1,209		)	(7,331		)	—		(616		)	(48,836		)	—			(1,375		)	—
Transfers into Level 3 (2)	538			2,231			—		—			32,813			—			—			—
Transfers out of Level 3 (2)	(3,474		)	(1,184		)	—		—			(54,434		)	(28,075		)	—			—
Other (4)	—						—		—			—			—			—			—
Fair value, end of period	$	61,092		$	14,539		$	—	$	9,170		$	100,217		$	—		$	5,540		$	750
Unrealized gains (losses) for assets still held (3):
Included in earnings:
Realized investment gains (losses), net	$	—		$	(101	)	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—
Asset management fees and other income	$	—		$	—		$	—	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	1,426		$	—

98

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

				Year Ended December 31, 2014
	Short-Term Investments			Other Long- term Investments			Reinsurance Recoverables			Receivables from Parent and Affiliates			Separate Account  Assets (1)			Future Policy Benefits
				(in thousands)
Fair value, beginning of period assets/(liabilities)	$	18		$	1,168		$	(376,868	)	$	4,121		$	279,842		$	348,399
Total gains (losses) (realized/unrealized):
Included in earnings:
Realized investment gains (losses), net	—			168			4,683,691			—			6,445			(4,690,021		)
Asset management fees and other income	—			(34		)	—			—			—			—
Interest credited to policyholders’ account balances	—			—			—			—			4,331			—
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	—			—			—			(121		)	—			—
Net investment income	—			—			—			—			—			—
Purchases	—			398			590,722			18,648			114,615			—
Sales	—			—			—			—			(102,309		)	—
Issuances	—			—			—			—			—			(651,989		)
Settlements	(18		)	(12		)	—			—			—			—
Transfers into Level 3 (2)	—			427			—			—			—			—
Transfers out of Level 3 (2)	—			—			—			1,985			—			—
Other (4) (5)	—			—			—			(5,430		)	—			—
Fair value, end of period	$	—		$	2,115		$	4,897,545		$	19,203		$	302,924		$	(4,993,611	)
Unrealized gains (losses) for assets/liabilities still held (3):
Included in earnings:
Realized investment gains (losses), net	$	—		$	168		$	4,672,815		$	—		$	—		$	(4,679,851	)
Asset management fees and other income	$	—		$	(134	)	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—
Interest credited to policyholders’ account balances	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	4,331		$	—

99

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

	Year Ended December 31, 2013(6)
	Fixed Maturities, Available-for-Sale
	U.S. Corporate Public			U.S. Corporate Private			Foreign Corporate Public			Foreign Corporate Private			Asset- Backed Securities (7)			Commercial Mortgage- Backed Securities			Other Trading Account Assets- Equity Securities			Equity Securities, Available-for-Sale
	(in thousands)
Fair value, beginning of period assets/(liabilities)	$	5,619		$	20,825		$	9		$	10,528		$	108,727		$	—		$	3,277		$	1,489
Total gains (losses) (realized/unrealized):
Included in earnings:
Realized investment gains (losses), net	—			(2,243		)	(16		)	1,082			—			—			—			427
Asset management fees and other income	—			—			—			—			—			—			953			—
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	253			(118		)	14			(1,790		)	(294		)	(3		)	—			71
Net investment income	(4		)	18			29			47			257			—			—			—
Purchases	2,969			9,887			—			2,140			33,078			12,524			380			65
Sales	—			(2,329		)	—			—			(1		)	—			(1,499		)	(1,483		)
Issuances	—			—			—			—			—			—			—			—
Settlements	(4,700		)	(12,236		)	(36		)	(5,474		)	(23,098		)	(3,434		)	(380		)	—
Transfers into Level 3 (2)	—			112			—			—			—			—			—			—
Transfers out of Level 3 (2)	(941		)	(5,352		)	—			—			(35,239		)	(9,087		)	—			—
Other (4)	—			—			—			—			(2,496		)	—			—			—
Fair value, end of period	$	3,196		$	8,564		$	—		$	6,533		$	80,934		$	—		$	2,731		$	569
Unrealized gains (losses) for assets still held (3):
Included in earnings:
Realized investment gains (losses), net	$	—		$	(1,648	)	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—
Asset management fees and other income	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	869		$	—

100

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

			Year Ended December 31, 2013
	Short-Term Investments		Other Long- term Investments			Reinsurance Recoverables		Receivables from Parent and Affiliates			Separate Account Assets (1)			Future  Policy Benefits			Other  Liabilities
			(in thousands)
Fair value, beginning of period assets/(liabilities)	$	—	$	988		$	—	$	1,995		$	248,255		$	(1,417,891	)	$	1,287,157
Total gains (losses) (realized/unrealized):
Included in earnings:
Realized investment gains (losses), net	—		(232		)	11,400		—			1,966			2,342,621			(2,210,096		)
Asset management fees and other income	—		144			—		—			—			—			—
Interest credited to policyholders’ account balances	—		—			—		—			18,978			—			—
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	—		—			—		(25		)	—			—			—
Net investment income	—		—			—		—			—			—			—
Purchases	—		268			—		5,147			80,302			—			534,671
Sales	—		—			—		(3,495		)	(69,659		)	—			—
Issuances	—		—			—		—			—			(576,331		)	—
Settlements	18		—			—		—			—			—			—
Transfers into Level 3 (2)	—		—			—		—			—			—			—
Transfers out of Level 3 (2)	—		—			—		(1,997		)	—			—			—
Other (4) (5)	—		—			—		2,496			—			—			—
Fair value, end of period	$	18	$	1,168		$	11,400	$	4,121		$	279,842		$	348,399		$	(388,268	)
Unrealized gains (losses) for assets/liabilities still held (3):
Included in earnings:
Realized investment gains (losses), net	$	—	$	—		$	11,400	$	—		$	—		$	2,318,266		$	(2,188,291	)
Asset management fees and other income	$	—	$	122		$	—	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—
Interest credited to policyholders’ account balances	$	—	$	—		$	—	$	—		$	18,978		$	—		$	—

(1) Separate account assets represent segregated funds that are invested for certain customers. Investment risks associated with market value changes are borne by the customers, except to the extent of minimum guarantees made by the Company with respect to certain accounts. Separate account liabilities are not included in the above table as they are reported at contract value and not fair value in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

(2) Transfers into or out of Level 3 are generally reported as the value as of the beginning of the quarter in which the transfers occur for any such assets still held at the end of the quarter.

(3) Unrealized gains or losses related to assets still held at the end of the period do not include amortization or accretion of premiums and discounts.

(4) Other primarily represents reclassifications of certain assets between reporting categories.

(5) Reinsurance of variable annuity living benefit features that were classified as “Other Liabilities” at December 31, 2013 were reclassified to “Reinsurance Recoverables” at December 31, 2014 as they were in a net asset position.

(6) Prior period amounts are presented on a basis consistent with the current period presentation.

(7) Includes credit-tranched securities collateralized by sub-prime mortgages, auto loans, credit cards, education loans and other asset types.

Transfers - Transfers into Level 3 are generally the result of unobservable inputs utilized within valuation methodologies and the use of indicative broker quotes for assets that were previously valued using observable inputs. Transfers out of Level 3 are generally due to the use of observable inputs in valuation methodologies as well as the availability of pricing service information for certain assets that the Company is able to validate.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The table below presents the carrying amount and fair value by fair value hierarchy level of certain financial instruments that are not reported at fair value. The financial instruments presented below are reported at carrying value on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Position; however, in some cases, as described below, the carrying amount equals or approximates fair value.

101

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

	December 31, 2015
	Fair Value								Carrying Amount (1)
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Total
	(in thousands)
Assets:
Commercial mortgage and other loans	$	—	$	8,540	$	1,701,951	$	1,710,491	$	1,658,235
Policy loans	—		—		1,143,303		1,143,303		1,143,303
Other long term-investments	—		—		27,346		27,346		26,395
Cash and cash equivalents	19,297		156,064		—		175,361		175,361
Accrued investment income	—		100,031		—		100,031		100,031
Receivables from parent and affiliates	—		65,628		—		65,628		65,628
Other assets	—		6,162		—		6,162		6,162
Total assets	$	19,297	$	336,425	$	2,872,600	$	3,228,322	$	3,175,115
Liabilities:
Policyholders’ account balances - investment contracts	$	—	$	947,853	$	236,891	$	1,184,744	$	1,190,596
Cash collateral for loaned securities	—		40,416		—		40,416		40,416
Short-term debt to parent and affiliates	—		180,105		—		180,105		180,000
Long-term debt to parent and affiliates	—		1,227,110		—		1,227,110		1,204,000
Payables to parent and affiliates	—		72,791		—		72,791		72,791
Other liabilities	—		343,089		—		343,089		343,089
Total liabilities	$	—	$	2,811,364	$	236,891	$	3,048,255	$	3,030,892
	December 31, 2014
	Fair Value								Carrying Amount (1)
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Total
	(in thousands)
Assets:
Commercial mortgage and other loans	$	—	$	8,486	$	1,775,949	$	1,784,435	$	1,681,553
Policy loans	—		—		1,123,912		1,123,912		1,123,912
Other long-term investments	—		—		11,085		11,085		10,168
Cash and cash equivalents	53,476		93,633		—		147,109		147,109
Accrued investment income	—		90,506		—		90,506		90,506
Receivables from parent and affiliates	—		70,668		—		70,668		70,689
Other assets	—		24,126		—		24,126		24,126
Total assets	$	53,476	$	287,419	$	2,910,946	$	3,251,841	$	3,148,063
Liabilities:
Policyholders’ account balances - investment contracts	$	—	$	929,694	$	40,063	$	969,757	$	976,190
Cash collateral for loaned securities	—		65,418		—		65,418		65,418
Short-term debt to parent and affiliates	—		429,903		—		429,903		423,000
Long-term debt to parent and affiliates	—		1,321,501		—		1,321,501		1,288,000
Payables to parent and affiliates	—		53,027		—		53,027		53,027
Other liabilities	—		315,736		—		315,736		315,736
Total liabilities	$	—	$	3,115,279	$	40,063	$	3,155,342	$	3,121,371

(1) Carrying values presented herein differ from those in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Position because certain items within the respective financial statement captions are not considered financial instruments or out of scope under authoritative guidance relating to disclosures of the fair value of financial instruments. Financial statement captions excluded from the above table are not considered financial instruments.

The fair values presented above have been determined by using available market information and by applying market valuation methodologies, as described in more detail below.

Commercial Mortgage and Other Loans

The fair value of most commercial mortgage loans is based upon the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the appropriate U.S. Treasury rate or foreign government bond rate (for non-U.S. dollar-denominated loans) plus an appropriate credit spread for similar quality loans. The quality ratings for these loans, a primary determinant of the credit spreads and a significant component of the pricing process, are based on an internally-developed methodology.

102

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

Certain commercial mortgage loans are valued incorporating other factors, including the terms of the loans, the principal exit strategies for the loans, prevailing interest rates and credit risk. Other loan valuations are primarily based upon the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the appropriate local government bond rate and local market swap rates or credit default swap spreads, plus an appropriate credit spread and liquidity premium. The credit spread and liquidity premium are a significant component of the pricing inputs, and are based upon an internally-developed methodology, which takes into account, among other factors, the credit quality of the loans, the property type of the collateral, the weighted average coupon and the weighted average life of the loans.

Policy Loans

The Company's valuation technique for policy loans is to discount cash flows at the current policy loan coupon rate. Policy loans are fully collateralized by the cash surrender value of underlying insurance policies. As a result, the carrying value of the policy loans approximates the fair value.

Other Long-Term Investments

Other long-term investments include investments in joint ventures and limited partnerships. The estimated fair values of these cost method investments are generally based on the Company’s share of the net asset value (“NAV”) as provided in the financial statements of the investees. In certain circumstances, management may adjust the NAV by a premium or discount when it has sufficient evidence to support applying such adjustments. No such adjustments were made as of December 31, 2015 and 2014.

Cash and Cash Equivalents, Accrued Investment Income, Receivables from Parent and Affiliates and Other Assets

The Company believes that due to the short-term nature of certain assets, the carrying value approximates fair value. These assets include: cash and cash equivalents instruments, accrued investment income, and other assets that meet the definition of financial instruments, including receivables, such as unsettled trades and accounts receivable. Also included in receivables from parent and affiliates is an affiliated note whose fair value is determined in the same manner as the underlying debt described below under “Short-Term and Long-Term Debt”.

Policyholders’ Account Balances - Investment Contracts

Only the portion of policyholders’ account balances related to products that are investment contracts (those without significant mortality or morbidity risk) are reflected in the table above. For fixed deferred annuities fair values are generally derived using discounted projected cash flows based on interest rates that are representative of the Company’s financial strength ratings, and hence reflect the Company’s own NPR. For those balances that can be withdrawn by the customer at any time without prior notice or penalty, the fair value is the amount estimated to be payable to the customer as of the reporting date, which is generally the carrying value.

Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase

The Company receives collateral for selling securities under agreements to repurchase, or pledges collateral under agreements to resell. Repurchase and resale agreements are also generally short-term in nature, and therefore, the carrying amounts of these instruments approximate fair value.

Cash Collateral for Loaned Securities

Cash collateral for loaned securities represents the collateral received or paid in connection with loaning or borrowing securities, similar to the securities sold under agreement to repurchase above. For these transactions, the carrying value of the related asset/liability approximates fair value as they equal the amount of cash collateral received or paid.

Short-Term and Long-Term Debt

The fair value of short-term and long-term debt is generally determined by either prices obtained from independent pricing services, which are validated by the Company, or discounted cash flow models. These fair values consider the Company’s own NPR. Discounted cash flow models predominately use market observable inputs such as the borrowing rates currently available to the Company for debt and financial instruments with similar terms and remaining maturities. For debt with a maturity of less than 90 days, the carrying value approximates fair value.

103

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

Other Liabilities and Payables to Parent and Affiliates

Other liabilities and payables to parent and affiliates are primarily payables, such as unsettled trades, drafts, escrow deposits and accrued expense payables. Due to the short term until settlement of most of these liabilities, the Company believes that carrying value approximates fair value.

10. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS

Types of Derivative Instruments and Derivative Strategies

Interest Rate Contracts

Interest rate swaps are used by the Company to reduce risks from changes in interest rates, manage interest rate exposures arising from mismatches between assets and liabilities (including duration mismatches) and to hedge against changes in the value of assets it owns or anticipates acquiring or selling. Swaps may be attributed to specific assets or liabilities or may be used on a portfolio basis. Under interest rate swaps, the Company agrees with counterparties to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed-rate and floating-rate interest amounts calculated by reference to an agreed upon notional principal amount.

Equity Contracts

Equity index options are contracts which will settle in cash based on differentials in the underlying indices at the time of exercise and the strike price. The Company uses combinations of purchases and sales of equity index options to hedge the effects of adverse changes in equity indices within a predetermined range.

Total return swaps are contracts whereby the Company agrees with counterparties to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between the return on an asset (or market index) and LIBOR plus an associated funding spread based on a notional amount. The Company generally uses total return swaps to hedge the effect of adverse changes in equity indices.

Foreign Exchange Contracts

Currency derivatives, including currency swaps and forwards, are used by the Company to reduce risks from changes in currency exchange rates with respect to investments denominated in foreign currencies that the Company either holds or intends to acquire or sell.

Under currency forwards, the Company agrees with counterparties to deliver a specified amount of an identified currency at a specified future date. Typically, the price is agreed upon at the time of the contract and payment for such a contract is made at the specified future date. The Company executes forward sales of the hedged currency in exchange for U.S. dollars at a specified exchange rate. The maturities of these forwards correspond with the future periods in which the non-U.S. dollar-denominated earnings are expected to be generated. These earnings hedges do not qualify for hedge accounting.

Under currency swaps, the Company agrees with counterparties to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between one currency and another at an exchange rate and calculated by reference to an agreed principal amount. Generally, the principal amount of each currency is exchanged at the beginning and termination of the currency swap by each party. These transactions are entered into pursuant to master agreements that provide for a single net payment to be made by one counterparty for payments made in the same currency at each due date.

Credit Contracts

Credit derivatives are used by the Company to enhance the return on the Company’s investment portfolio by creating credit exposure similar to an investment in public fixed maturity cash instruments. With credit derivatives the Company sells credit protection on a single name reference, or certain index reference, and in return receives a quarterly premium. With credit default derivatives, this premium or credit spread generally corresponds to the difference between the yield on the referenced name’s public fixed maturity cash instruments and swap rates at the time the agreement is executed. If there is an event of default by the referenced name, as defined by the agreement, then the Company is obligated to pay the counterparty the referenced amount of the contract and receive in return the referenced defaulted security or similar security or pay the referenced amount less the auction recovery rate. See credit derivatives section below for discussion of guarantees related to credit derivatives written. In addition to selling credit protection, the Company has purchased credit protection using credit derivatives in order to hedge specific credit exposures in the Company’s investment portfolio.

104

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

Embedded Derivatives

The Company sells variable annuity products, which may include guaranteed benefit features that are accounted for as embedded derivatives. The Company has reinsurance agreements to transfer the risk related to certain of these benefit features to an affiliate, Pruco Re. Some of the Company’s universal life products contain a no-lapse guarantee provision that is reinsured with an affiliate, UPARC, which contains an embedded derivative primarily related to the interest rate risk of the reinsurance contract. In addition, the Company has entered into a reinsurance agreement with Union Hamilton Reinsurance, Ltd., an external counterparty, which is also accounted for in the same manner as an embedded derivative. The embedded derivatives are carried at fair value. These embedded derivatives and reinsurance agreements are marked to market through “Realized investment gains (losses), net” based on the change in value of the underlying contractual guarantees, which are determined using valuation models, as described in Note 9.

The table below provides a summary of the gross notional amount and fair value of derivatives contracts by the primary underlying, excluding embedded derivatives and associated reinsurance recoverables which are recorded with the associated host. Many derivative instruments contain multiple underlyings. The fair value amounts below represent the gross fair value of derivative contracts prior to taking into account the netting effects of master netting agreements, cash collateral held with the same counterparty, and non-performance risk.

	December 31, 2015							December 31, 2014
			Gross Fair Value							Gross Fair Value
Primary Underlying	Notional		Assets		Liabilities			Notional		Assets		Liabilities
	(in thousands)
Derivatives Designated as Hedge Accounting Instruments:
Currency/Interest Rate
Currency Swaps	$	529,128	$	50,877	$	(1,385	)	$	291,100	$	14,733	$	(3,008	)
Total Qualifying Hedges	$	529,128	$	50,877	$	(1,385	)	$	291,100	$	14,733	$	(3,008	)
Derivatives Not Qualifying as Hedge Accounting Instruments:
Interest Rate
Interest Rate Swaps	$	3,159,400	$	203,313	$	(8,605	)	$	3,184,400	$	192,181	$	(20,574	)
Foreign Currency
Foreign Currency Forwards	3,722		39		(15		)	1,025		40		—
Credit
Credit Default Swaps	7,275		268		(222		)	12,275		150		(513		)
Currency/Interest Rate
Foreign Currency Swaps	122,425		17,079		(71		)	101,653		6,677		(712		)
Equity
Total Return Swaps	542,294		411		(10,451		)	577,054		2,405		(19,670		)
Equity Options	25,345,369		28,668		(12,100		)	39,735,182		26,932		(14,210		)
Total Non-Qualifying Hedges	$	29,180,485	$	249,778	$	(31,464	)	$	43,611,589	$	228,385	$	(55,679	)
Total Derivatives (1)	$	29,709,613	$	300,655	$	(32,849	)	$	43,902,689	$	243,118	$	(58,687	)

(1) Excludes embedded derivatives and associated reinsurance recoverables which contain multiple underlyings. The fair value of the embedded derivatives related to living benefit feature was a net liability of $5,205 million and $4,994 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, included in “Future policy benefits.” The fair value of the embedded derivatives related to the reinsurance of certain of these benefits to Pruco Re was an asset of $4,594 million and $4,522 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, included in “Reinsurance recoverables.” The fair value of the embedded derivative related to the no-lapse guarantee with UPARC was an asset of $340 million and $376 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, included in “Reinsurance recoverables.” The fair value of the reinsurance related to the living benefits guarantee with Union Hamilton Reinsurance, Ltd., an external counterparty, was an asset of $7 million as of December 31, 2015 included in "Reinsurance recoverables." See Note 12 for additional information on the affiliated reinsurance agreements in "Reinsurance with Affiliates."

Offsetting Assets and Liabilities

The following table presents recognized derivative instruments (excluding embedded derivatives and associated reinsurance recoverables), and repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements that are offset in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position, and/or are subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or similar agreement, irrespective of whether they are offset in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

105

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

	December 31, 2015
	Gross Amounts of Recognized Financial Instruments		Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position			Net Amounts Presented in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position		Financial Instruments/ Collateral(1)			Net Amount
	(in thousands)
Offsetting of Financial Assets:
Derivatives(1)	$	297,371	$	(230,554	)	$	66,817	$	(15,157	)	$	51,660
Securities purchased under agreement to resell	156,064		—			156,064		(156,064		)	—
Total Assets	$	453,435	$	(230,554	)	$	222,881	$	(171,221	)	$	51,660
Offsetting of Financial Liabilities:
Derivatives(1)	$	32,849	$	(32,849	)	$	—	$	—		$	—
Securities sold under agreement to repurchase	—		—			—		—			—
Total Liabilities	$	32,849	$	(32,849	)	$	—	$	—		$	—
	December 31, 2014
	Gross Amounts of Recognized Financial Instruments		Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position			Net Amounts Presented in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position		Financial Instruments/ Collateral(1)			Net Amount
	(in thousands)
Offsetting of Financial Assets:
Derivatives(1)	$	242,523	$	(215,066	)	$	27,457	$	(7,194	)	$	20,263
Securities purchased under agreement to resell	93,633		—			93,633		(93,633		)	—
Total Assets	$	336,156	$	(215,066	)	$	121,090	$	(100,827	)	$	20,263
Offsetting of Financial Liabilities:
Derivatives(1)	$	58,687	$	(58,687	)	$	—	$	—		$	—
Securities sold under agreement to repurchase	—		—			—		—			—
Total Liabilities	$	58,687	$	(58,687	)	$	—	$	—		$	—

(1) Amounts exclude the excess of collateral received/pledged from/to the counterparty.

For information regarding the rights of offset associated with the derivative assets and liabilities in the table above see “Credit Risk” below. For securities purchased under agreements to resell and securities sold under agreements to repurchase, the Company monitors the value of the securities and maintains collateral, as appropriate, to protect against credit exposure. Where the Company has entered into repurchase and resale agreements with the same counterparty, in the event of default, the Company would generally be permitted to exercise rights of offset. For additional information on the Company’s accounting policy for securities repurchase and resale agreements, see Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Cash Flow Hedges

The primary derivative instruments used by the Company in its cash flow hedge accounting relationships are currency swaps. These instruments are only designated for hedge accounting in instances where the appropriate criteria are met. The Company does not use futures, options, credit, equity or embedded derivatives in any of its cash flow hedge accounting relationships.

The following tables provide the financial statement classification and impact of derivatives used in qualifying and non-qualifying hedge relationships, excluding the offset of the hedged item in an effective hedge relationship:

106

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

	Year Ended December 31, 2015
	Realized Investment Gains (Losses)			Net Investment Income		Other Income		AOCI (1)
	(in thousands)
Derivatives Designated as Hedge Accounting Instruments:
Cash flow hedges
Currency/Interest Rate	$	—		$	3,297	$	1,879	$	36,686
Total qualifying hedges	—			3,297		1,879		36,686
Derivatives Not Qualifying as Hedge Accounting Instruments:
Interest Rate	77,158			—		—		—
Currency	211			—		—		—
Currency/Interest Rate	11,533			—		209		—
Credit	90			—		—		—
Equity	(35,276		)	—		—		—
Embedded Derivatives	(274,008		)	—		—		—
Total non-qualifying hedges	(220,292		)	—		209		—
Total	$	(220,292	)	$	3,297	$	2,088	$	36,686

	Year Ended December 31, 2014
	Realized Investment Gains (Losses)			Net Investment Income		Other Income		AOCI (1)
	(in thousands)
Derivatives Designated as Hedge Accounting Instruments:
Cash flow hedges
Currency/Interest Rate	$	—		$	1,027	$	908	$	16,286
Total qualifying hedges	—			1,027		908		16,286
Derivatives Not Qualifying as Hedge Accounting Instruments:
Interest Rate	350,946			—		—		—
Currency	86			—		—		—
Currency/Interest Rate	14,344			—		126		—
Credit	2			—		—		—
Equity	(65,424		)	—		—		—
Embedded Derivatives	(209,398		)	—		—		—
Total non-qualifying hedges	90,556			—		126		—
Total	$	90,556		$	1,027	$	1,034	$	16,286

	Year Ended December 31, 2013
	Realized Investment Gains (Losses)			Net Investment Income		Other Income			AOCI (1)
	(in thousands)
Derivatives Designated as Hedge Accounting Instruments:
Cash flow hedges
Currency/Interest Rate	$	—		$	1,029	$	(794	)	$	(4,848	)
Total qualifying hedges	—			1,029		(794		)	(4,848		)
Derivatives Not Qualifying as Hedge Accounting Instruments:
Interest Rate	(191,954		)	—		—			—
Currency	51			—		—			—
Currency/Interest Rate	(3,450		)	—		(17		)	—
Credit	(1,106		)	—		—			—
Equity	(130,714		)	—		—			—
Embedded Derivatives	274,374			—		—			—
Total non-qualifying hedges	(52,799		)	—		(17		)	—
Total	$	(52,799	)	$	1,029	$	(811	)	$	(4,848	)

(1) Amounts deferred in AOCI.

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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the ineffective portion of derivatives accounted for using hedge accounting was not material to the Company’s results of operations. Also, there were no material amounts reclassified into earnings relating to instances in which the Company discontinued cash flow hedge accounting because the forecasted transaction did not occur by the anticipated date or within the additional time period permitted by the authoritative guidance for the accounting for derivatives and hedging.

Presented below is a rollforward of current period cash flow hedges in “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)” before taxes:

	(in thousands)
Balance, December 31, 2012	$	147
Net deferred gains (losses) on cash flow hedges from January 1 to December 31, 2013	(4,519		)
Amount reclassified into current period earnings	(329		)
Balance, December 31, 2013	(4,701		)
Net deferred gains (losses) on cash flow hedges from January 1 to December 31, 2014	22,880
Amount reclassified into current period earnings	(6,594		)
Balance, December 31, 2014	11,585
Net deferred gains (losses) on cash flow hedges from January 1 to December 31, 2015	40,972
Amount reclassified into current period earnings	(4,286		)
Balance, December 31, 2015	$	48,271

Using December 31, 2015 values, it is estimated that a pre-tax gain of approximately $5 million will be reclassified from AOCI to earnings during the subsequent twelve months ending December 31, 2016, offset by amounts pertaining to the hedged items. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company did not have any qualifying cash flow hedges of forecasted transactions other than those related to the variability of the payment or receipt of interest or foreign currency amounts on existing financial instruments. The maximum length of time for which these variable cash flows are hedged is 20 years. Income amounts deferred in AOCI as a result of cash flow hedges are included in “Net unrealized investment gains (losses)” within OCI in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Credit Derivatives

The Company has no exposure from credit derivatives where it has written credit protection as of December 31, 2015 and 2014.

The Company has purchased credit protection using credit derivatives in order to hedge specific credit exposures in the Company’s investment portfolio. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company had $7 million and $12 million of outstanding notional amounts reported at fair value as an asset of less than $1 million and a liability of less than $1 million, respectively.

Credit Risk

The Company is exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by our counterparties to financial derivative transactions.

The Company has credit risk exposure to an affiliate, Prudential Global Funding LLC (“PGF”), related to its OTC derivative transactions. PGF manages credit risk with external counterparties by entering into derivative transactions with highly rated major international financial institutions and other creditworthy counterparties, and by obtaining collateral, such as cash and securities, when appropriate. Additionally, limits are set on single party credit exposures which are subject to periodic management review.

Under fair value measurements, the Company incorporates the market’s perception of its own and the counterparties’ non-performance risk in determining the fair value of the portion of its OTC derivative assets and liabilities that are uncollateralized. Credit spreads are applied to the derivative fair values on a net basis by counterparty. To reflect the Company’s own credit spread a proxy based on relevant debt spreads is applied to OTC derivative net liability positions. Similarly, the Company’s counterparties’ credit spread is applied to OTC derivative net asset positions.

108

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

11. COMMITMENTS, CONTINGENT LIABILITIES AND LITIGATION AND REGULATORY MATTERS

Commitments

The Company has made commitments to fund commercial loans. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the outstanding balance on this commitment was $62 million and $37 million, respectively. The Company also made commitments to purchase or fund investments, mostly private fixed maturities. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, $52 million and $68 million, respectively, of this commitment was outstanding.

Contingent Liabilities

On an ongoing basis, the Company’s internal supervisory and control functions review the quality of sales, marketing and other customer interface procedures and practices and may recommend modifications or enhancements. From time to time, this review process results in the discovery of product administration, servicing or other errors, including errors relating to the timing or amount of payments or contract values due to customers. In certain cases, if appropriate, the Company may offer customers remediation and may incur charges, including the costs of such remediation, administrative costs and regulatory fines.

The Company is subject to the laws and regulations of states and other jurisdictions concerning the identification, reporting and escheatment of unclaimed or abandoned funds, and is subject to audit and examination for compliance with these requirements. For additional discussion of these matters, see “Litigation and Regulatory Matters” below.

It is possible that the results of operations or the cash flows of the Company in a particular quarterly or annual period could be materially affected as a result of payments in connection with the matters discussed above or other matters depending, in part, upon the results of operations or cash flows for such period. Management believes, however, that ultimate payments in connection with these matters, after consideration of applicable reserves and rights to indemnification, should not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position.

Litigation and Regulatory Matters

The Company is subject to legal and regulatory actions in the ordinary course of its business. Pending legal and regulatory actions include proceedings specific to the Company and proceedings generally applicable to business practices in the industry in which it operates. The Company is subject to class action lawsuits and other litigation involving a variety of issues and allegations involving sales practices, claims payments and procedures, premium charges, policy servicing and breach of fiduciary duty to customers. The Company is also subject to litigation arising out of its general business activities, such as its investments, contracts, leases and labor and employment relationships, including claims of discrimination and harassment, and could be exposed to claims or litigation concerning certain business or process patents. In addition, the Company, along with other participants in the businesses in which it engages, may be subject from time to time to investigations, examinations and inquiries, in some cases industry-wide, concerning issues or matters upon which such regulators have determined to focus. In some of the Company’s pending legal and regulatory actions, parties are seeking large and/or indeterminate amounts, including punitive or exemplary damages. The outcome of litigation or a regulatory matter, and the amount or range of potential loss at any particular time, is often inherently uncertain.

The Company establishes accruals for litigation and regulatory matters when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of that loss can be reasonably estimated. For litigation and regulatory matters where a loss may be reasonably possible, but not probable, or is probable but not reasonably estimable, no accrual is established, but the matter, if material, is disclosed, including matters discussed below. The Company estimates that as of December 31, 2015, the aggregate range of reasonably possible losses in excess of accruals established for those litigation and regulatory matters for which such an estimate currently can be made is less than $7.5 million. This estimate is not an indication of expected loss, if any, or the Company's maximum possible loss exposure on such matters. The Company reviews relevant information with respect to its litigation and regulatory matters on a quarterly and annual basis and updates its accruals, disclosures and estimates of reasonably possible loss based on such reviews.

Escheatment Litigation

State of West Virginia ex. Rel. John D. Perdue v. PRUCO Life Insurance Company

In October 2012, the State of West Virginia commenced a second action making the same allegations stated in the action against Prudential Insurance. In April 2013, the Company filed motions to dismiss the complaints in both of the West Virginia actions. In December 2013, the Court granted the Company’s motions and dismissed the complaints with prejudice. In January 2014, the State of West Virginia appealed the decisions. In June 2015, the West Virginia Supreme Court issued a decision: (i) reversing the trial court’s dismissal of the West Virginia Treasurer’s complaint alleging violations of West Virginia’s unclaimed property law; and (ii) remanding the case to the Circuit Court of Putnam County for proceedings consistent with its decision. In July 2015, a

109

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

petition for rehearing was filed with the West Virginia Supreme Court. In September 2015, the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals denied defendants’ rehearing petition. In November 2015, the Company filed its answers.

Escheatment Audit and Claims Settlement Practices Market Conduct Exam

In January 2012, a Global Resolution Agreement entered into by the Company and a third-party auditor became effective upon its acceptance by the unclaimed property departments of 20 states and jurisdictions. Under the terms of the Global Resolution Agreement, the third-party auditor acting on behalf of the signatory states will compare expanded matching criteria to the Social Security Master Death File (“SSMDF") to identify deceased insureds and contractholders where a valid claim has not been made. In February 2012, a Regulatory Settlement Agreement entered into by the Company to resolve a multi-state market conduct examination regarding its adherence to state claim settlement practices became effective upon its acceptance by the insurance departments of 20 states and jurisdictions. The Regulatory Settlement Agreement applies prospectively and requires the Company to adopt and implement additional procedures comparing its records to the SSMDF to identify unclaimed death benefits and prescribes procedures for identifying and locating beneficiaries once deaths are identified. Substantially all other jurisdictions that are not signatories to the Global Resolution Agreement or the Regulatory Settlement Agreement have entered into similar agreements with the Company.

The New York Attorney General has subpoenaed the Company, along with other companies, regarding its unclaimed property procedures and may ultimately seek remediation and other relief, including damages. Additionally, the New York Office of Unclaimed Funds is conducting an audit of the Company’s compliance with New York’s unclaimed property laws.

Securities Lending Matter

In February 2016, Prudential Financial self-reported to the SEC, and notified other regulators, that in some cases it failed to maximize securities lending income due to a long-standing restriction benefitting the Company and Prudential Financial that limited the availability of loanable securities for certain of the Company's separate account investments. The restriction has been removed and Prudential Financial intends to implement a remediation plan for the benefit of customers. Prudential Financial intends to fully cooperate with regulators in this matter.

Summary

The Company’s litigation and regulatory matters are subject to many uncertainties, and given their complexity and scope, their outcome cannot be predicted. It is possible that the Company’s results of operations or cash flows in a particular quarterly or annual period could be materially affected by an ultimate unfavorable resolution of pending litigation and regulatory matters depending, in part, upon the results of operations or cash flows for such period. In light of the unpredictability of the Company’s litigation and regulatory matters, it is also possible that in certain cases an ultimate unfavorable resolution of one or more pending litigation or regulatory matters could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position. Management believes, however, that, based on information currently known to it, the ultimate outcome of all pending litigation and regulatory matters, after consideration of applicable reserves and rights to indemnification, is not likely to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position.

12. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

The Company has extensive transactions and relationships with Prudential Insurance and other affiliates. Although we seek to ensure that these transactions and relationships are fair and reasonable, it is possible that the terms of these transactions are not the same as those that would result from transactions among unrelated parties.

Expense Charges and Allocations

Many of the Company’s expenses are allocations or charges from Prudential Insurance or other affiliates. These expenses can be grouped into general and administrative expenses and agency distribution expenses.

The Company’s general and administrative expenses are charged to the Company using allocation methodologies based on business production processes. Management believes that the methodology is reasonable and reflects costs incurred by Prudential Insurance to process transactions on behalf of the Company. The Company operates under service and lease agreements whereby services of officers and employees, supplies, use of equipment and office space are provided by Prudential Insurance. The Company reviews its allocation methodology periodically which it may adjust accordingly. General and administrative expenses include allocations of stock compensation expenses related to a stock option program and a deferred compensation program issued by Prudential Financial. The expense charged to the Company for the stock option program was $1 million for each of the years ended

110

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. The expense charged to the Company for the deferred compensation program was $7 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013.

The Company is charged for its share of employee benefits expenses. These expenses include costs for funded and non-funded contributory and non-contributory defined benefit pension plans. Some of these benefits are based on final group earnings and length of service while others are based on an account balance, which takes into consideration age, service and earnings during a career. The Company’s share of net expense for the pension plans was $22 million, $20 million and $22 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

Prudential Insurance sponsors voluntary savings plans for its employee’s 401(k) plans. The plans provide for salary reduction contributions by employees and matching contributions by the Company of up to 4% of annual salary. The Company’s expense for its share of the voluntary savings plan was $8 million, $9 million and $8 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

The Company is charged distribution expenses from Prudential Insurance’s agency network for both its domestic life and annuity products through a transfer pricing agreement, which is intended to reflect a market based pricing arrangement.

The Company pays commissions and certain other fees to Prudential Annuities Distributors, Incorporated (“PAD”) in consideration for PAD’s marketing and underwriting of the Company’s products. Commissions and fees are paid by PAD to broker-dealers who sell the Company’s products. Commissions and fees paid by the Company to PAD were $771 million, $862 million and $877 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

Corporate Owned Life Insurance

The Company has sold five Corporate Owned Life Insurance (“COLI”) policies to Prudential Insurance, and one to Prudential Financial. The cash surrender value included in separate accounts for these COLI policies was $2,873 million at December 31, 2015 and $2,812 million at December 31, 2014. Fees related to these COLI policies were $45 million, $45 million and $42 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The Company retains the majority of the mortality risk associated with these COLI policies. In October 2013, the Company increased the maximum amount of mortality risk on any life to $3.5 million for certain COLI policies.

Derivative Trades

In its ordinary course of business, the Company enters into OTC derivative contracts with an affiliate, PGF. For these OTC derivative contracts, PGF has a substantially equal and offsetting position with an external counterparty.

Reinsurance with Affiliates

The Company participates in reinsurance with its affiliates Prudential Life Insurance Company of Taiwan Inc. (“Prudential of Taiwan”), Prudential Arizona Reinsurance Captive Company (“PARCC”), UPARC, Pruco Re, Prudential Arizona Reinsurance Term Company (“PAR Term”), Prudential Arizona Reinsurance Universal Company (“PAR U”), Prudential Universal Reinsurance Company ("PURC"), and Prudential Term Reinsurance Company, (“Term Re”), and its parent company, Prudential Insurance, in order to provide risk diversification and additional capacity for future growth, limit the maximum net loss potential, manage the statutory capital for its individual life business, facilitate its capital market hedging program and align accounting methodology for the assets and liabilities of living benefit riders contained in annuities contracts. Life reinsurance is accomplished through various plans of reinsurance, primarily yearly renewable term and coinsurance. Reinsurance ceded arrangements do not discharge the Company as the primary insurer. Ceded balances would represent a liability of the Company in the event the reinsurers were unable to meet their obligations to the Company under the terms of the reinsurance agreements. The Company believes a material reinsurance liability resulting from such inability of reinsurers to meet their obligations is unlikely.

On January 2, 2013, the Company began to assume GUL business from Prudential Insurance in connection with the acquisition of The Hartford Life Business. The GUL business assumed from Prudential Insurance was subsequently retroceded to PAR U. Collectively, reinsurance of this GUL business does not have a material impact on the equity of the Company.

Reserves related to reinsured long duration contracts are accounted for using assumptions consistent with those used to account for the underlying contracts. Amounts recoverable from reinsurers, for long duration reinsurance arrangements, are estimated in a manner consistent with the claim liabilities and policy benefits associated with the reinsured policies. Reinsurance premiums ceded for universal life products are accounted for as a reduction of policy charges and fee income. Reinsurance premiums ceded for term insurance products are accounted for as a reduction of premiums.

111

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

Realized investment gains and losses include the impact of reinsurance agreements that are accounted for as embedded derivatives. Changes in the fair value of the embedded derivatives are recognized through “Realized investment gains (losses), net”. The Company has entered into reinsurance agreements to transfer the risk related to certain living benefit options on variable annuities to Pruco Re. The Company has also entered into an agreement with UPARC to reinsure a portion of the no-lapse guarantee provision on certain universal life products. These reinsurance agreements are derivatives and have been accounted for in the same manner as an embedded derivative. See Note 10 for additional information related to the accounting for embedded derivatives.

Reinsurance amounts included in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of December 31, were as follows:

	December 31, 2015			December 31, 2014
	(in thousands)
Reinsurance recoverables	$	22,546,361		$	20,594,371
Policy loans	(75,697		)	(69,501		)
Deferred policy acquisition costs	(2,122,349		)	(1,709,625		)
Other assets	35,616			39,458
Policyholders’ account balances	5,020,230			4,827,071
Future policy benefits and other policyholder liabilities	2,380,215			2,193,735
Other liabilities	494,660			433,627

The reinsurance recoverables by counterparty are broken out below.

	December 31, 2015		December 31, 2014
	(in thousands)
UPARC	$	376,660	$	407,209
PAR U	9,797,733		9,147,870
PARCC	2,560,798		2,499,567
PAR Term	1,226,761		1,001,181
Prudential Insurance	226,926		188,466
Pruco Re	4,594,412		4,522,665
Prudential of Taiwan	1,169,664		1,157,881
PURC	2,251,692		1,564,913
Term Re	298,002		97,099
Unaffiliated	43,713		7,520
Total Reinsurance Recoverables	$	22,546,361	$	20,594,371

Reinsurance amounts, excluding investment gains (losses) on affiliated asset transfers, included in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, were as follows:

112

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

	2015			2014			2013
	(in thousands)
Premiums:
Direct	$	1,519,992		$	1,408,833		$	1,319,390
Assumed	—			—			—
Ceded	(1,442,358		)	(1,342,627		)	(1,262,539		)
Net premiums	77,634			66,206			56,851
Policy charges and fee income:
Direct	2,940,786			2,763,536			2,356,617
Assumed	434,560			477,921			294,689
Ceded	(1,215,918		)	(1,166,605		)	(770,381		)
Net policy charges and fee income:	2,159,428			2,074,852			1,880,925
Net investment income
Direct	419,357			406,620			421,107
Assumed	1,394			1,362			1,288
Ceded	(4,164		)	(3,964		)	(3,384		)
Net investment income	416,587			404,018			419,011
Other income:
Direct	44,223			49,891			51,268
Assumed & Ceded	11,292			7,936			(31,119		)
Net other income	55,515			57,827			20,149
Interest credited to policyholders’ account balances:
Direct	477,667			459,982			118,714
Assumed	124,954			117,725			146,011
Ceded	(228,410		)	(209,392		)	(218,988		)
Net interest credited to policyholders’ account balances	374,211			368,315			45,737
Policyholders’ benefits (including change in reserves):
Direct	2,034,123			1,824,994			1,504,351
Assumed	541,371			792,616			76,425
Ceded	(2,284,309		)	(2,273,896		)	(1,401,852		)
Net policyholders’ benefits (including change in reserves)	291,185			343,714			178,924
Realized investment gains (losses), net:
Direct	571,702			(4,375,107		)	2,045,435
Assumed	—			—			—
Ceded	(780,240		)	4,489,174			(2,058,885		)
Realized investment gains (losses), net	(208,538		)	114,067			(13,450		)
Net reinsurance expense allowances, net of capitalization and amortization	(208,494		)	(266,048		)	(143,100		)

Substantially all reinsurance contracts are with affiliates as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. The gross and net amounts of life insurance face amount in force as of December 31, were as follows:

	2015			2014			2013
	(in thousands)
Direct gross life insurance face amount in force	$	770,427,543		$	709,800,479		$	661,834,408
Assumed gross life insurance face amount in force	43,552,313			44,519,176			44,691,950
Reinsurance ceded	(752,647,594		)	(694,659,804		)	(650,340,432		)
Net life insurance face amount in force	$	61,332,262		$	59,659,851		$	56,185,926

UPARC

Through June 30, 2011, the Company, excluding its subsidiaries, reinsured its Universal Protector policies having no-lapse guarantees with UPARC, an affiliated company. UPARC reinsured an amount equal to 90% of the net amount at risk related to the first $1 million in face amount plus 100% of the net amount at risk related to the face amount in excess of $1 million as well as 100% of the risk of uncollectible policy charges and fees associated with the no-lapse guarantee provision of these policies.

113

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

Effective July 1, 2011, the agreement between the Company, excluding its subsidiaries, and UPARC to reinsure its Universal Protector policies having no-lapse guarantees was amended for policies with effective dates prior to January 1, 2011. Under the amended agreement, UPARC reinsures an amount equal to 27% of the net amount at risk related to the first $1 million in face amount plus 30% of the net amount at risk related to the face amount in excess of $1 million as well as 30% of the risk of uncollectible policy charges and fees associated with the no-lapse guarantee provision of these policies. During the first quarter of 2013, the agreement between the Company and UPARC was further amended to revise language relating to the consideration due to the Company.

Effective July 1, 2013, the agreement between the Company, excluding its subsidiaries, and UPARC to reinsure its Universal Protector policies having no-lapse guarantees was amended for policies with effective dates January 1, 2011 through December 31, 2012. Under the amended agreement, UPARC reinsures an amount equal to 27% of the net amount at risk related to the first $1 million in face amount plus 30% of the net amount at risk related to the face amount in excess of $1 million as well as 30% of the risk of uncollectible policy charges and fees associated with the no-lapse guarantee provision of these policies.

Effective January 1, 2014, the agreement between the Company, excluding its subsidiaries, and UPARC to reinsure its Universal Protector policies having no-lapse guarantees was amended for policies with effective dates on or after January 1, 2014. Under the amended agreement, UPARC will no longer reinsure Universal Protector policies having no-lapse guarantees.

Effective July 1, 2014, the agreement between the Company, excluding its subsidiaries, and UPARC to reinsure its Universal Protector policies having no-lapse guarantees was further amended for policies with effective dates January 1, 2013 through December 31, 2013. Under the amended agreement, UPARC reinsures an amount equal to 27% of the net amount at risk related to the first $1 million in face amount plus 30% of the net amount at risk related to the face amount in excess of $1 million as well as 30% of the risk of uncollectible policy charges and fees associated with the no-lapse guarantee provision of these policies.

PAR U

Effective July 1, 2011, the Company, excluding its subsidiaries, entered into an automatic coinsurance agreement with PAR U, an affiliated company, to reinsure an amount equal to 70% of all the risks associated with its Universal Protector policies having no lapse guarantees as well as its Universal Plus policies, with effective dates prior to January 1, 2011. During the first quarter of 2013, the agreement between the Company, excluding its subsidiaries, and PAR U was amended to revise language relating to the consideration due to PAR U.

Effective July 1, 2012, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, PLNJ, entered into an automatic coinsurance agreement with PAR U, an affiliated company, to reinsure an amount equal to 95% of all the risks associated with its universal life policies. During the fourth quarter of 2012, the agreement between PLNJ and PAR U was amended to revise language relating to the consideration due to PAR U.

On January 2, 2013, the Company began to assume GUL business from Prudential Insurance in connection with the acquisition of The Hartford Life Business. The GUL business assumed from Prudential Insurance was subsequently retroceded to PAR U. Collectively, reinsurance of the GUL business does not have a material impact on the equity of the Company.

Effective July 1, 2013, the agreement between the Company, excluding its subsidiaries, and PAR U was amended for policies with effective dates from January 1, 2011 through December 31, 2012. Under the amended agreement, PAR U reinsures an amount equal to 70% of all the risks associated with its Universal Protector policies having no lapse guarantees as well as its Universal Plus policies, in addition to policies covered by the initial reinsurance agreement discussed above.

Effective October 1, 2013, the Company entered into an Assumption and Novation Agreement with PAR U and PURC, an affiliated company. Under this agreement, PAR U novates, assigns, and transfers to PURC all of its rights, title, interests, duties, obligations, and liabilities under the aforementioned amendment entered into on July 1, 2013. PURC will succeed PAR U and become the counterparty to the Company with respect to the novated business pursuant to the Novated Coinsurance Agreement (the “PURC Novated Coinsurance Agreement”). There is no financial impact to the Company as a result of this transaction.

PURC

The Company, excluding its subsidiaries, reinsures an amount equal to 70% of all the risks associated with its Universal Protector policies having no lapse guarantees as well as its Universal Plus policies, with effective dates from January 1, 2011 through December 31, 2012 with PURC pursuant to the PURC Novated Coinsurance Agreement (as defined in “PARU” above).

Effective January 1, 2014, the Company, excluding its subsidiaries, entered into an automatic coinsurance agreement with PURC to reinsure an amount equal to 95% of all the risks associated with its Universal Protector policies having no lapse guarantees, as well as its Universal Plus policies, with effective dates on or after January 1, 2014.

114

PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

Effective July 1, 2014, the agreement between the Company, excluding its subsidiaries, and PURC was amended to reinsure policies with effective dates from January 1, 2013 through December 31, 2013. Under the amended agreement, PURC reinsures an amount equal to 70% of all the risks associated with the Company's Universal Protector policies having no lapse guarantees as well as its Universal Plus policies, in addition to policies initially covered by the PURC Novated Coinsurance Agreement.

PARCC

The Company reinsures 90% of the risks under its term life insurance policies, with effective dates prior to January 1, 2010 through an automatic coinsurance agreement with PARCC.

PAR Term

The Company reinsures 95% of the risks under its term life insurance policies, with effective dates January 1, 2010 through December 31, 2013, through an automatic coinsurance agreement with PAR Term.

Term Re

The Company reinsures 95% of the risks under its term life insurance policies, with effective dates on or after January 1, 2014 through an automatic coinsurance agreement with Term Re.

Prudential Insurance

The Company has a yearly renewable term reinsurance agreement with Prudential Insurance and reinsures the majority of all mortality risks not otherwise reinsured.

On January 2, 2013, the Company began to assume GUL business from Prudential Insurance in connection with the acquisition of The Hartford Life Business. The GUL business assumed from Prudential Insurance was subsequently retroceded to PAR U. Collectively, reinsurance of this GUL business does not have a material impact on the equity of the Company.

The Company has reinsured a group annuity contract with Prudential Insurance, in consideration for a single premium payment by the Company, providing reinsurance equal to 100% of all payments due under the contract.

Pruco Re

The Company uses reinsurance as part of its risk management and capital management strategies for certain of its optional living benefit features available under certain of its annuity products. Starting from 2005, the Company has entered into various automatic coinsurance agreements with Pruco Re, an affiliated company, to reinsure its living benefit features sold on certain of its annuities. In 2016, the Company expects to recapture these living benefit features, and begin managing all of the product risks associated with our variable annuities in Prudential Financial's statutory insurance entities.

Taiwan Branch Reinsurance Agreement

On January 31, 2001, the Company transferred all of its assets and liabilities associated with its Taiwan branch, including its Taiwan insurance book of business to Prudential of Taiwan, an affiliated company.

The mechanism used to transfer this block of business in Taiwan is referred to as a “full acquisition and assumption” transaction. Under this mechanism, the Company is jointly liable with Prudential of Taiwan for two years from the giving of notice to all obligees for all matured obligations and for two years after the maturity date of not-yet-matured obligations. Prudential of Taiwan is also contractually liable, under indemnification provisions of the transaction, for any liabilities that may be asserted against the Company.

The transfer of the insurance related assets and liabilities was accounted for as a long-duration coinsurance transaction under U.S. GAAP. Under this accounting treatment, the insurance related liabilities remain on the books of the Company and an offsetting reinsurance recoverable is established. These assets and liabilities are denominated in US dollars.

Affiliated Asset Administration Fee Income

The Company has a revenue sharing agreement with AST Investment Services, Inc. and Prudential Investments LLC whereby the Company receives fee income calculated on contractholder separate account balances invested in the Advanced Series Trust. Income received from AST Investment Services, Inc. and Prudential Investments LLC related to this agreement was $347 million,

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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

$364 million and $311 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. These revenues are recorded as “Asset administration fees” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

The Company has a revenue sharing agreement with Prudential Investments LLC, whereby the Company receives fee income based on policyholders’ separate account balances invested in The Prudential Series Fund (“PSF”). Income received from Prudential Investments LLC related to this agreement was $13 million, $12 million and $11 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. These revenues are recorded as “Asset administration fees” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Affiliated Investment Management Expenses

In accordance with an agreement with Prudential Investment Management, Inc. (“PIMI”, renamed PGIM, Inc. beginning January 1, 2016), the Company pays investment management expenses to PIMI who acts as investment manager to certain Company general account and separate account assets. Investment management expenses paid to PIMI related to this agreement were $17 million, $15 million and $15 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. These expenses are recorded as “Net investment income” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Affiliated Asset Transfers

From time to time, the Company participates in affiliated asset trades with parent and sister companies. Book and market value differences for trades with a parent and sister are recognized within Additional paid-in capital (“APIC”) and Realized investment gain (loss), net, respectively. The table below shows affiliated asset trades for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015.

Affiliate	Date	Transaction	Security Type	Fair Value	Book Value	Additional Paid-in Capital, Net of Tax Increase/ (Decrease)		Realized Investment Gain/ (Loss)		Derivative Gain/ (Loss)
				(in millions)
Prudential Insurance	Mar-14	Purchase	Fixed Maturities	13	13	—		—		—
Prudential Financial	Sep-14	Transfer In	Fixed Maturities & Private Equity	81	77	3		—		—
Prudential Financial	Sep-14	Transfer Out	Fixed Maturities	142	136	(4	)	—		—
PURC	Sep-14	Transfer Out	Fixed Maturities, Commercial Mortgages, & Private Equity	178	172	—		6		(8	)
PALAC	Oct-14	Purchase	Fixed Maturities	10	9	—		(1	)	—
Prudential Insurance	Dec-14	Purchase	Fixed Maturities, Commercial Mortgages, & Private Equity	122	102	(13	)	—		—
PURC	Dec-14	Purchase	JV/LP Investment	3	3	—		—		—
Prudential Insurance	Mar-15	Purchase	Fixed Maturities & Trading Account Assets	92	74	(12	)	—		—
Prudential Insurance	Jun-15	Purchase	Fixed Maturities	11	10	(1	)	—		—

Debt Agreements

The Company is authorized to borrow funds up to $2.2 billion from affiliates to meet its capital and other funding needs.

The following table provides the breakout of the Company’s short-term and long-term debt with affiliates:

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PRUCO LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

Affiliate	Date Issued	Amount of Notes - December 31, 2015		Amount of Notes - December 31, 2014		Interest Rate				Date of Maturity
		(in thousands)
Prudential Financial	6/20/2011	$	—	$	50,000			2.64	%			6/21/2015
Prudential Financial	12/15/2011	11,000		11,000				3.61	%			12/15/2016
Prudential Financial	12/16/2011	11,000		22,000		3.32%	-	3.61	%	12/16/2015	-	12/16/2016
Prudential Insurance	12/20/2010	—		204,000				3.47	%			12/21/2015
Washington Street Investment	6/20/2012	—		237,000		2.44%	-	3.02	%	6/15/2015	-	6/15/2017
Washington Street Investment	12/17/2012	—		198,000		1.33%	-	1.87	%	12/17/2015	-	12/17/2017
Washington Street Investment	12/17/2012	—		39,000		1.33%	-	1.87	%	12/17/2015	-	12/17/2017
Prudential Financial	11/15/2013	9,000		9,000				2.24	%			12/15/2018
Prudential Financial	11/15/2013	23,000		23,000				3.19	%			12/15/2020
Prudential Insurance	12/6/2013	120,000		120,000				2.60	%			12/15/2018
Prudential Insurance	12/6/2013	130,000		130,000				4.39	%			12/15/2023
Prudential Insurance	12/6/2013	250,000		250,000				3.64	%			12/15/2020
Prudential Insurance	9/25/2014	30,000		30,000				1.89	%			6/20/2017
Prudential Insurance	9/25/2014	40,000		40,000				3.95	%			6/20/2024
Prudential Insurance	9/25/2014	20,000		20,000				2.80	%			6/20/2019
Prudential Insurance	9/25/2014	50,000		50,000				3.95	%			6/20/2024
Prudential Insurance	9/25/2014	50,000		50,000				2.80	%			6/20/2019
Prudential Insurance	9/25/2014	100,000		100,000				3.47	%			6/20/2021
Prudential Insurance	9/25/2014	100,000		100,000				3.95	%			6/20/2024
Prudential Financial	12/15/2014	5,000		5,000				2.57	%			12/15/2019
Prudential Financial	12/15/2014	23,000		23,000				3.14	%			12/15/2021
Prudential Financial	6/15/2015	66,000		—				3.52	%			6/15/2022
Prudential Financial	6/15/2015	6,000		—				2.86	%			6/15/2020
Prudential Financial	9/21/2015	158,000		—		1.09%	-	1.63	%	6/15/2016	-	6/15/2017
Prudential Financial	9/21/2015	132,000		—		1.40%	-	1.93	%	12/17/2016	-	12/17/2017
Prudential Financial	9/21/2015	26,000		—		1.40%	-	1.93	%	12/17/2016	-	12/17/2017
Prudential Financial	12/16/2015	5,000		—				2.85	%			12/16/2020
Prudential Financial	12/16/2015	1,000		—				2.85	%			12/16/2020
Prudential Financial	12/16/2015	18,000		—				3.37	%			12/16/2022
Total Loans Payable to Affiliates		$	1,384,000	$	1,711,000

The total interest expense to the Company related to loans payable to affiliates was $51.3 million, $52.3 million and $40.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

Contributed Capital and Dividends

In June and December of 2015 the Company paid dividends in the amounts of $230 million and $200 million, respectively, to Prudential Insurance. In July and December of 2014 the Company paid dividends in the amounts of $338 million and $410 million, respectively, to Prudential Insurance.

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13. QUARTERLY RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (UNAUDITED)

The unaudited quarterly results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 are summarized in the table below:

	March 31		June 30		September 30			December 31
	(in thousands)
2015
Total revenues	$	834,751	$	601,723	$	763,484		$	662,989
Total benefits and expenses	737,175		365,588		919,188			336,103
Income (loss) from operations before income taxes	97,576		236,135		(155,704		)	326,886
Net income (loss)	$	84,230	$	214,429	$	(134,103	)	$	348,342
2014
Total revenues	$	815,709	$	782,985	$	687,949		$	807,454
Total benefits and expenses	469,135		483,283		512,624			702,879
Income (loss) from operations before income taxes	346,574		299,702		175,325			104,575
Net income (loss)	$	279,170	$	249,068	$	172,179		$	85,386

Subsequent to 2014, the Company identified and recorded additional out-of-period adjustments primarily related to the third and fourth quarter of 2014 of $20 million and $10 million, respectively, primarily reflecting a benefit from the release of reserves related to certain variable annuities products with optional living benefit guarantees.

Management has evaluated the impact of all out-of-period adjustments in 2014 and 2015, both individually and in the aggregate, and concluded that they are not material to the current quarter or to any previously reported quarterly or annual financial statements.

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