Fair Value Measurements

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Fair value is a market-based measure considered from the perspective of a market participant rather than an entity-specific measure. Therefore, even when market assumptions are not readily available, the assumptions applied by the Company when determining fair value reflect those that the Company determines market participants would use to price the asset or liability at the measurement date. If there has been a significant decrease in the volume and level of activity for the asset or liability, regardless of the valuation technique(s) used, the objective of a fair value measurement remains the same. Fair value is the price that would be received if the asset were to be sold or that would be paid if the liability were to be transferred in an orderly market transaction (that is, not a forced liquidation or distressed sale) between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions. When determining fair value, the Company considers pricing information and other inputs that are current as of the measurement date. In periods of market dislocation, the observability of prices and other inputs may be reduced for certain instruments, or not available at all. The unavailability or reduced availability of pricing or other input information could cause an instrument to be reclassified from one level to another.

The Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Topic of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) defines fair value and establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3

measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy under the Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Topic of the FASB ASC are described below:

Level 1 – Inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2 – Valuations based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.

Level 3 – Prices or valuations that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable.

To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Valuation Techniques

There were no changes in the valuation techniques used during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Securities

Trading and Equity Securities

These equity securities are valued based on market quoted prices. These securities are categorized in Level 1 as they are actively traded and no valuation adjustments have been applied.

U.S. Government Agency and U.S. Treasury Securities

Fair value is estimated using either multi-dimensional spread tables or benchmarks. The inputs used include benchmark yields, reported trades, and broker/dealer quotes. These securities are classified as Level 2.

Agency Mortgage-Backed Securities

Fair value is estimated using either a matrix or benchmarks. The inputs used include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, and issuer spreads. These securities are categorized as Level 2.

Agency Collateralized Mortgage Obligations and Small Business Administration Pooled Securities

The valuation model for these securities is volatility-driven and ratings based, and uses multi-dimensional spread tables. The inputs used include benchmark yields, reported trades, new issue data, broker dealer quotes, and collateral performance. If there is at least one significant model assumption or input that is not observable, these securities are categorized as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy; otherwise, they are classified as Level 2.

State, County, and Municipal Securities

The fair value is estimated using a valuation matrix with inputs including bond interest rate tables, recent transactions, and yield relationships. These securities are categorized as Level 2.

Single and Pooled Issuer Trust Preferred Securities

The fair value of trust preferred securities, including pooled and single issuer preferred securities, is estimated using external pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies or similar techniques. The inputs used in these valuations include benchmark yields, reported trades, new issue data, broker dealer quotes, and collateral performance. If there is at least one significant model assumption or input that is not observable, these securities are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy; otherwise, they are classified as Level 2.

Loans Held for Sale

The Company has elected the fair value option to account for originated closed loans intended for sale. The fair value is measured on an individual loan basis using quoted market prices and when not available, comparable market value or discounted cash flow analysis may be utilized. These assets are typically classified as Level 2.

Derivative Instruments

Derivatives

The valuation of these instruments is determined using widely accepted valuation techniques including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves and implied volatilities. The Company incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements. In adjusting the fair value of its derivative contracts for the effect of nonperformance risk, the Company has considered the impact of netting and any applicable credit enhancements, such as collateral postings. Additionally, in conjunction with fair value measurement guidance, the Company has made an accounting policy election to measure the credit risk of its derivative financial instruments that are subject to master netting agreements on a net basis by counterparty portfolio. Although the Company has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its interest rate derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the credit valuation adjustments associated with its interest rate derivatives and risk participation agreements may also utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default by the Company and its counterparties. However, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company has assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of its derivative positions and has determined that the credit valuation adjustments are not significant to the overall valuation of its derivatives. As a result, the Company has determined that its derivative valuations in their entirety are properly classified as Level 2.

Mortgage Derivatives

The fair value of mortgage derivatives is determined based on current market prices for similar assets in the secondary market and, therefore, classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.

Individually Assessed Collateral Dependent Loans

In accordance with the CECL standard, expected credit losses on individually assessed loans deemed to be collateral dependent are valued based upon the lower of amortized cost or fair value of the underlying collateral less costs to sell.  The inputs used in the appraisals of the collateral are not always observable, and in such cases the loans may be classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy; otherwise, they are classified as Level 2.

Other Real Estate Owned and Other Foreclosed Assets

Other Real Estate Owned (“OREO”) and Other Foreclosed Assets, when applicable, are valued at the lower of cost or fair value of the property, less estimated costs to sell. The fair values are generally estimated based upon recent appraisal values of the property less costs to sell the property. Certain inputs used in appraisals are not always observable, and therefore OREO and Other Foreclosed Assets may be classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill and other intangible assets are subject to impairment testing. The Company conducts an annual impairment test of goodwill in the third quarter of each year, or more frequently if necessary. Other intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. To estimate the fair value of goodwill and, if necessary, other intangible assets, the Company utilizes both a comparable analysis of relevant price multiples in recent market transactions and a discounted cash flow analysis. Both valuation models require a significant degree of management judgment. In the event the fair value as determined by the valuation model is less than the carrying value, the intangibles may be impaired. If the impairment testing resulted in impairment, the Company would classify the impaired goodwill and other intangible assets subjected to nonrecurring fair value adjustments as Level 3.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis were as follows at the dates indicated:

			Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
	Balance		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	September 30, 2024
	(Dollars in thousands)
Recurring fair value measurements
Assets
Trading securities	$	4,410	$	4,410	$	—	$	—
Equity securities	21,639		21,639		—		—
Securities available for sale
U.S. government agency securities	213,084		—		213,084		—
U.S. treasury securities	640,913		—		640,913		—
Agency mortgage-backed securities	317,709		—		317,709		—
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations	30,639		—		30,639		—
State, county, and municipal securities	196		—		196		—
Pooled trust preferred securities issued by banks and insurers	1,027		—		1,027		—
Small business administration pooled securities	43,643		—		43,643		—
Loans held for sale	16,259		—		16,259		—
Derivative instruments	79,033		—		79,033		—
Liabilities
Derivative instruments	95,645		—		95,645		—
Total recurring fair value measurements	$	1,272,907	$	26,049	$	1,246,858	$	—
Nonrecurring fair value measurements
Assets
Individually assessed collateral dependent loans (1)	$	50,772	$	—	$	—	$	50,772
Total nonrecurring fair value measurements	$	50,772	$	—	$	—	$	50,772

			Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
	Balance		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	December 31, 2023
	(Dollars in thousands)
Recurring fair value measurements
Assets
Trading securities	$	4,987	$	4,987	$	—	$	—
Equity securities	22,510		22,510		—		—
Securities available for sale
U.S. government agency securities	207,138		—		207,138		—
U.S. treasury securities	769,102		—		769,102		—
Agency mortgage-backed securities	277,047		—		277,047		—
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations	33,189		—		33,189		—
State, county, and municipal securities	190		—		190		—
Pooled trust preferred securities issued by banks and insurers	1,018		—		1,018		—
Small business administration pooled securities	46,572		—		46,572		—
Loans held for sale	6,368		—		6,368		—
Derivative instruments	103,948		—		103,948		—
Liabilities
Derivative instruments	133,868		—		133,868		—
Total recurring fair value measurements, net	$	1,338,201	$	27,497	$	1,310,704	$	—
Nonrecurring fair value measurements
Assets
Individually assessed collateral dependent loans (1)	$	28,881	$	—	$	—	$	28,881
Total nonrecurring fair value measurements	$	28,881	$	—	$	—	$	28,881

(1)    The carrying value of individually assessed collateral dependent loans is based on the lower of amortized cost or fair value of the underlying collateral less costs to sell. The fair value of the underlying collateral is generally determined through independent appraisals, which generally include various Level 3 inputs which are not identifiable. Appraisals may be adjusted by management for qualitative factors such as economic factors and estimated liquidation expenses. The range of these possible adjustments may vary.

The estimated fair values and related carrying amounts for assets and liabilities for which fair value is only disclosed are shown below at the dates indicated:

					Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	September 30, 2024
	(Dollars in thousands)
Financial assets
Securities held to maturity (a)
U.S. government agency securities	$	28,218	$	28,062	$	—	$	28,062	$	—
U.S. treasury securities	100,772		94,190		—		94,190		—
Agency mortgage-backed securities	798,919		751,519		—		751,519		—
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations	437,552		380,343		—		380,343		—
Single issuer trust preferred securities issued by banks	1,500		1,451		—		1,451		—
Small business administration pooled securities	125,354		121,900		—		121,900		—
Loans, net of allowance for credit losses (b)	14,146,339		13,193,575		—		—		13,193,575
Federal Home Loan Bank stock (c)	29,926		29,926		—		29,926		—
Cash surrender value of life insurance policies (d)	302,132		302,132		—		302,132		—
Financial liabilities
Deposit liabilities, other than time deposits (e)	$	12,677,604	$	12,677,604	$	—	$	12,677,604	$	—
Time certificates of deposits (f)	2,763,419		2,758,600		—		2,758,600		—
Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings (f)	600,521		600,733		—		600,733		—
Junior subordinated debentures (g)	62,859		61,160		—		61,160		—

					Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	December 31, 2023
	(Dollars in thousands)
Financial assets
Securities held to maturity (a)
U.S. government agency securities	$	29,521	$	28,408	$	—	$	28,408	$	—
U.S. treasury securities	100,712		91,535		—		91,535		—
Agency mortgage-backed securities	829,431		763,728		—		763,728		—
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations	477,517		407,911		—		407,911		—
Single issuer trust preferred securities issued by banks	1,500		1,373		—		1,373		—
Small business administration pooled securities	130,426		124,653		—		124,653		—
Loans, net of allowance for credit losses (b)	14,106,967		13,079,368		—		—		13,079,368
Federal Home Loan Bank stock (c)	43,557		43,557		—		43,557		—
Cash surrender value of life insurance policies (d)	297,387		297,387		—		297,387		—
Financial liabilities
Deposit liabilities, other than time deposits (e)	$	12,684,068	$	12,684,068	$	—	$	12,684,068	$	—
Time certificates of deposits (f)	2,181,479		2,166,573		—		2,166,573		—
Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings (f)	1,105,541		1,103,845		—		1,103,845		—
Junior subordinated debentures (g)	62,858		58,911		—		58,911		—
Subordinated debentures (f)	49,980		49,613		—		—		49,613

(a)The fair values presented are based on quoted market prices, where available. If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on quoted market prices of comparable instruments and/or discounted cash flow analysis.

(b)Fair value of loans is measured using the exit price valuation method, determined primarily by discounting the future cash flows using the current rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings and for the same remaining maturities or cash flows, while incorporating liquidity and credit assumptions. Additionally, this amount excludes individually assessed collateral dependent loans, which are deemed to be marked to fair value on a nonrecurring basis.

(c)Federal Home Loan Bank stock has no quoted market value and is carried at cost; therefore, the carrying amount approximates fair value.

(d)Cash surrender value of life insurance policies is recorded at its cash surrender value (or the amount that can be realized upon surrender of the policy), therefore, carrying amount approximates fair value.

(e)Fair value of demand deposits, savings and interest checking accounts and money market deposits is the amount payable on demand at the reporting date.

(f)Fair value was determined by discounting anticipated future cash payments using rates currently available for instruments with similar remaining maturities.

(g)Fair value was determined based upon market prices of securities with similar terms and maturities.

This summary excludes certain financial assets and liabilities for which the carrying value approximates fair value. For financial assets, these may include cash and due from banks, federal funds sold and short-term investments. For financial liabilities, these may include federal funds purchased. These instruments would all be considered to be classified as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy. Also excluded from the summary are financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis, as previously described.

The Company considers its current use of financial instruments to be the highest and best use of the instruments.