The following tables disaggregate revenue by end market, customer type and contract type, which the Company believes best depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of its revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.


	Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2023		2022		2021
Civil segment revenue by end market:
Mass transit (includes certain transportation and tunneling projects)	$	1,079,629	$	1,026,589	$	1,417,196
Military facilities	348,133		258,028		194,701
Bridges	204,029		265,130		238,345
Commercial and industrial sites	118,880		70,708		70,099
Other	133,194		114,427		175,419
Total Civil segment revenue	$	1,883,865	$	1,734,882	$	2,095,760


	Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2023		2022		2021
Building segment revenue by end market:
Government	$	424,130	$	329,661	$	291,629
Health care facilities	294,667		178,997		64,042
Education facilities	226,335		140,514		159,929
Mass transit (includes transportation projects)	188,335		132,836		130,923
Commercial and industrial facilities	77,118		251,849		352,265
Hospitality and gaming	59,771		137,640		338,998
Sports and entertainment	55,668		27,774		24,315
Other(a)	(23,485)		43,300		66,001
Total Building segment revenue	$	1,302,539	$	1,242,571	$	1,428,102


	Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2023		2022		2021
Specialty Contractors segment revenue by end market:
Commercial and industrial facilities	$	213,003	$	166,286	$	139,751
Mass transit (includes certain transportation and tunneling projects)	119,760		350,005		588,162
Multi-unit residential	114,516		112,944		133,085
Government	89,031		61,424		18,476
Water	85,176		79,553		90,887
Health care facilities	57,292		23,001		29,567
Other(a)	15,045		20,089		118,040
Total Specialty Contractors segment revenue	$	693,823	$	813,302	$	1,117,968


	Year Ended December 31, 2023
(in thousands)	Civil		Building		Specialty Contractors		Total
Revenue by customer type:
State and local agencies	$	1,250,740	$	718,106	$	316,473	$	2,285,319
Federal agencies	400,782		187,199		(14,306)		573,675
Private owners(a)	232,343		397,234		391,656		1,021,233
Total revenue	$	1,883,865	$	1,302,539	$	693,823	$	3,880,227


	Year Ended December 31, 2022
(in thousands)	Civil		Building		Specialty Contractors		Total
Revenue by customer type:
State and local agencies	$	1,273,639	$	461,193	$	332,176	$	2,067,008
Federal agencies	313,791		168,307		22,705		504,803
Private owners	147,452		613,071		458,421		1,218,944
Total revenue	$	1,734,882	$	1,242,571	$	813,302	$	3,790,755


	Year Ended December 31, 2021
(in thousands)	Civil		Building		Specialty Contractors		Total
Revenue by customer type:
State and local agencies	$	1,791,531	$	363,686	$	481,255	$	2,636,472
Federal agencies	205,080		189,508		47,724		442,312
Private owners	99,149		874,908		588,989		1,563,046
Total revenue	$	2,095,760	$	1,428,102	$	1,117,968	$	4,641,830

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(a)The year ended December 31, 2023 includes the negative impact of a non-cash charge of $83.6 million that resulted from an adverse legal ruling (of which $72.2 million impacted the Building segment and $11.4 million impacted the Specialty Contractors segment). Refer to Note 14, Business Segments, for additional details.

State and local agencies. The Company’s state and local government customers include state transportation departments, metropolitan authorities, cities, municipal agencies, school districts and public universities. Services provided to state and local customers are primarily pursuant to contracts awarded through competitive bidding processes. Construction services for state and local government customers have included mass-transit systems, tunnels, bridges, highways, judicial, correctional and detention facilities, schools and dormitories, health care facilities, convention centers, parking structures and other municipal buildings. The vast majority of the Company’s civil contracting and building construction services are provided in locations throughout the United States and its territories.

Federal agencies. The Company’s federal government customers include the U.S. State Department, the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Air Force and the National Park Service. Services provided to federal agencies are typically pursuant to competitively bid contracts for specific or multi-year assignments that involve new construction or infrastructure repairs or improvements. A portion of revenue from federal agencies is derived from projects in overseas locations.

Private owners. The Company’s private owners (i.e., customers) include real estate developers, health care companies, technology companies, hospitality and gaming resort owners, Native American sovereign nations, public corporations and private universities. Services are provided to private customers through negotiated contract arrangements, as well as through competitive bids.

Most federal, state and local government contracts contain provisions that permit the termination of contracts, in whole or in part, for the convenience of government customers, among other reasons.


	Year Ended December 31, 2023
(in thousands)	Civil		Building		Specialty Contractors		Total
Revenue by contract type:
Fixed price	$	1,618,081	$	532,950	$	577,144	$	2,728,175
Guaranteed maximum price(a)	(3,184)		532,538		783		530,137
Unit price	235,085		—		91,992		327,077

Cost plus fee and other	33,883		237,051		23,904		294,838
Total revenue	$	1,883,865	$	1,302,539	$	693,823	$	3,880,227


	Year Ended December 31, 2022
(in thousands)	Civil		Building		Specialty Contractors		Total
Revenue by contract type:
Fixed price	$	1,441,547	$	349,318	$	675,461	$	2,466,326
Guaranteed maximum price	1,142		595,907		15,875		612,924
Unit price	274,293		33		85,574		359,900

Cost plus fee and other	17,900		297,313		36,392		351,605
Total revenue	$	1,734,882	$	1,242,571	$	813,302	$	3,790,755


	Year Ended December 31, 2021
(in thousands)	Civil		Building		Specialty Contractors		Total
Revenue by contract type:
Fixed price	$	1,815,079	$	336,128	$	988,941	$	3,140,148
Guaranteed maximum price	2,854		888,345		14,505		905,704
Unit price	268,377		(1,373)		96,782		363,786

Cost plus fee and other	9,450		205,002		17,740		232,192
Total revenue	$	2,095,760	$	1,428,102	$	1,117,968	$	4,641,830

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Fixed price. Fixed price or lump sum contracts are most commonly used for projects in the Civil and Specialty Contractors segments and generally commit the Company to provide all of the resources required to complete a project for a fixed sum. Usually, fixed price contracts transfer more risk to the Company, but offer the opportunity for greater profits. Billings on fixed price contracts are typically based on estimated progress against predetermined contractual milestones.

Guaranteed maximum price (“GMP”). GMP contracts provide for a cost plus fee arrangement up to a maximum agreed upon price. These contracts place risks on the Company for amounts in excess of the GMP, but may permit an opportunity for greater profits than under cost plus fee contracts through sharing agreements with the owner on any cost savings that may be realized. Services provided by our Building segment to various private customers are often performed under GMP contracts. Billings on GMP contracts typically occur on a monthly basis and are based on actual costs incurred plus a negotiated margin.

Unit price. Unit price contracts are most prevalent for projects in the Civil and Specialty Contractors segments and generally commit the Company to provide an estimated or undetermined number of units or components at fixed unit prices. This approach shifts the risk of estimating the quantity of units required to the project owner, but the risk of increased cost per unit is borne by the Company, unless otherwise allowed for in the contract. Billings on unit price contracts typically occur on a monthly basis and are based on actual quantity of work performed or completed during the billing period.

Cost plus fee. Cost plus fee contracts are used for many projects in the Building and Specialty Contractors segments. Cost plus fee contracts include cost plus fixed fee contracts and cost plus award fee contracts. Cost plus fixed fee contracts provide for reimbursement of approved project costs plus a fixed fee. Cost plus award fee contracts provide for reimbursement of the project costs plus a base fee, as well as an incentive fee based on cost and/or schedule performance. Cost plus fee contracts serve to minimize the Company’s financial risk, but may also limit profits. Billings on cost plus fee contracts typically occur on a monthly basis based on actual costs incurred plus a negotiated margin.

Changes to the total estimated contract revenue or cost for a given project, either due to unexpected events or revisions to management’s initial estimates, are recognized in the period in which they are determined. Revenue was negatively impacted during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 related to performance obligations satisfied (or partially satisfied) in prior periods by a net $214.2 million, $292.3 million and $37.5 million, respectively, for various projects, reflective of the net unfavorable impact of numerous legal judgments, settlements and other project charges. Refer to Note 14, Business Segments, for additional details on significant adjustments.

Remaining performance obligations represent the transaction price of firm orders for which work has not been performed and exclude unexercised contract options. As of December 31, 2023, the aggregate amounts of the transaction prices allocated to the remaining performance obligations of the Company’s construction contracts were $4.2 billion, $2.2 billion and $1.1 billion for the Civil, Building and Specialty Contractors segments, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, the aggregate amounts of the transaction prices allocated to the remaining performance obligations of the Company’s construction contracts were $4.4 billion, $2.2 billion and $1.3 billion for the Civil, Building and Specialty Contractors segments, respectively. The Company typically recognizes revenue on Civil segment projects over a period of three to five years, whereas for projects in the Building and Specialty Contractors segments, the Company typically recognizes revenue over a period of one to three years.