EX-99.1 4 dex991.htm EXHIBIT 99.1 Exhibit 99.1

Exhibit 99.1

 

Item 1. Business

PepsiCo, Inc. was incorporated in Delaware in 1919 and was reincorporated in North Carolina in 1986. When used in this report, the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” “PepsiCo” and the “Company” mean PepsiCo, Inc. and its divisions and subsidiaries.

We are a leading global beverage, snack and food company. We manufacture or use contract manufacturers, market and sell a variety of salty, convenient, sweet and grain-based snacks, carbonated and non-carbonated beverages and foods in approximately 200 countries, with our largest operations in North America (United States and Canada), Mexico and the United Kingdom.

Our commitment to sustainable growth, defined as Performance with Purpose, is focused on generating healthy financial returns while giving back to the communities we serve. This includes meeting consumer needs for a spectrum of convenient foods and beverages, reducing our impact on the environment through water, energy and packaging initiatives, and supporting our employees through a diverse and inclusive culture that recruits and retains world-class talent. In September 2008, we were again included on the Dow Jones Sustainability North America Index and the Dow Jones Sustainability World Index. These indices are compiled annually.

Our Divisions

We are organized into three business units, as follows:

 

  (1) PepsiCo Americas Foods (PAF), which includes Frito-Lay North America (FLNA), Quaker Foods North America (QFNA) and all of our Latin American food and snack businesses (LAF), including our Sabritas and Gamesa businesses in Mexico;

 

  (2) PepsiCo Americas Beverages (PAB), which includes PepsiCo Beverages North America and all of our Latin American beverage businesses; and

 

  (3) PepsiCo International (PI), which includes all PepsiCo businesses in Europe, Asia, Middle East and Africa.

 

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Beginning in the first quarter of 2009, we realigned certain countries within PepsiCo International to be consistent with changes in geographic responsibility. As a result, our businesses in Turkey and certain Central Asia markets became part of United Kingdom & Europe, which was renamed the Europe division. These countries were formerly part of Middle East, Asia & Africa, which was renamed the Asia, Middle East & Africa (AMEA) division. The changes did not impact the other existing reportable segments.

Following this realignment, our three business units are comprised of six reportable segments (referred to as divisions), as follows:

 

   

FLNA,

 

   

QFNA,

 

   

LAF,

 

   

PAB,

 

   

Europe, and

 

   

AMEA.

See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for financial information about our divisions and geographic areas.

Frito-Lay North America

FLNA manufactures or uses contract manufacturers, markets, sells and distributes branded snacks. These snacks include Lay’s potato chips, Doritos tortilla chips, Cheetos cheese flavored snacks, Tostitos tortilla chips, branded dips, Fritos corn chips, Ruffles potato chips, Quaker Chewy granola bars, SunChips multigrain snacks, Rold Gold pretzels, Santitas tortilla chips, Frito-Lay nuts, Grandma’s cookies, Gamesa cookies, Munchies snack mix, Funyuns onion flavored rings, Quaker Quakes corn and rice snacks, Miss Vickie’s potato chips, Stacy’s pita chips, Smartfood popcorn, Chester’s fries and branded crackers. FLNA branded products are sold to independent distributors and retailers. In addition, FLNA’s joint venture with Strauss Group manufactures, markets, sells and distributes Sabra refrigerated dips. FLNA’s net revenue was $12.5 billion, $11.6 billion and $10.8 billion in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively, and approximated 29% of our total net revenue in both 2008 and 2007 and 31% of our total net revenue in 2006.

Quaker Foods North America

QFNA manufactures or uses contract manufacturers, markets and sells cereals, rice, pasta and other branded products. QFNA’s products include Quaker oatmeal, Aunt Jemima mixes and syrups, Quaker grits, Cap’n Crunch cereal, Life cereal, Rice-A-Roni, Pasta Roni and Near East side dishes. These branded products are sold to independent distributors and retailers. QFNA’s net revenue was $1.9 billion in both 2008 and 2007 and $1.8 billion in 2006 and approximated 4% of our total net revenue in 2008 and 5% of our total net revenue in both 2007 and 2006.

 

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Latin America Foods

LAF manufactures, markets and sells a number of leading salty and sweet snack brands including Gamesa, Doritos, Cheetos, Ruffles, Sabritas and Lay’s. Further, LAF manufactures or uses contract manufacturers, markets and sells many Quaker brand cereals and snacks. These branded products are sold to independent distributors and retailers. LAF’s net revenue was $5.9 billion, $4.9 billion and $4.0 billion in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively and approximated 14%, 12% and 11% of our total net revenue in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively.

PepsiCo Americas Beverages

PAB manufactures or uses contract manufacturers, markets and sells beverage concentrates, fountain syrups and finished goods, under various beverage brands including Pepsi, Mountain Dew, Gatorade, 7UP (outside the U.S.), Tropicana Pure Premium, Sierra Mist, Mirinda, Tropicana juice drinks, Propel, Dole, Amp Energy, SoBe Lifewater, Naked juice and Izze. PAB also manufactures or uses contract manufacturers, markets and sells ready-to-drink tea, coffee and water products through joint ventures with Unilever (under the Lipton brand name) and Starbucks. In addition, PAB licenses the Aquafina water brand to its bottlers and markets this brand. PAB sells concentrate and finished goods for some of these brands to authorized bottlers, and some of these branded finished goods are sold directly by us to independent distributors and retailers. The bottlers sell our brands as finished goods to independent distributors and retailers. PAB’s volume reflects sales to its independent distributors and retailers, as well as the sales of beverages bearing our trademarks that bottlers have reported as sold to independent distributors and retailers. Bottler case sales (BCS) and concentrate shipments and equivalents (CSE) are not necessarily equal during any given period due to seasonality, timing of product launches, product mix, bottler inventory practices and other factors. While our revenues are not based on BCS volume, we believe that BCS is a valuable measure as it quantifies the sell-through of our products at the consumer level. PAB’s net revenue was $10.9 billion, $11.1 billion and $10.4 billion in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively, and approximated 25%, 28% and 29% of our total net revenue in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively.

Europe

Europe manufactures, markets and sells through consolidated businesses as well as through noncontrolled affiliates, a number of leading salty and sweet snack brands including Lay’s, Walkers, Doritos, Cheetos and Ruffles. Further, Europe manufactures or uses contract manufacturers, markets and sells many Quaker brand cereals and snacks. Europe also manufactures, markets and sells beverage concentrates, fountain syrups and finished goods, under various beverage brands including Pepsi, 7UP and Tropicana. In addition, through our acquisition of JSC Lebedyansky (Lebedyansky), we acquired Russia’s leading juice brands. These brands are sold to authorized bottlers, independent distributors and retailers. However, in certain markets, Europe operates its own bottling plants and distribution facilities. In addition, Europe licenses the Aquafina water brand to certain of its authorized bottlers. Europe also manufactures or uses contract manufacturers, markets and sells ready-to-drink tea products through an international joint venture with Unilever (under the Lipton brand name).

 

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Europe reports two measures of volume. Snack volume is reported on a system-wide basis, which includes our own sales and the sales by our noncontrolled affiliates of snacks bearing Company-owned or licensed trademarks. Beverage volume reflects Company-owned or authorized bottler sales of beverages bearing Company-owned or licensed trademarks to independent distributors and retailers (see PepsiCo Americas Beverages above). Europe’s net revenue was $6.9 billion, $5.9 billion and $5.1 billion in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively and approximated 16%, 15% and 14% of our total net revenue in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively.

Asia, Middle East & Africa

AMEA manufactures, markets and sells through consolidated businesses as well as through noncontrolled affiliates, a number of leading salty and sweet snack brands including Lay’s, Doritos, Cheetos, Smith’s and Ruffles. Further, AMEA manufactures or uses contract manufacturers, markets and sells many Quaker brand cereals and snacks. AMEA also manufactures, markets and sells beverage concentrates, fountain syrups and finished goods, under various beverage brands including Pepsi, Mirinda, 7UP and Mountain Dew. These brands are sold to authorized bottlers, independent distributors and retailers. However, in certain markets, AMEA operates its own bottling plants and distribution facilities. In addition, AMEA licenses the Aquafina water brand to certain of its authorized bottlers. AMEA also manufactures or uses contract manufacturers, markets and sells ready-to-drink tea products through an international joint venture with Unilever. AMEA reports two measures of volume (see Europe above). AMEA’s net revenue was $5.1 billion, $4.2 billion and $3.1 billion in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively and approximated 12%, 11% and 10% of our total net revenue in 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively.

Our Distribution Network

Our products are brought to market through direct-store-delivery (DSD), customer warehouse and foodservice and vending distribution networks. The distribution system used depends on customer needs, product characteristics and local trade practices. These distribution systems are described under the heading “Our Distribution Network” contained in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Ingredients and Other Supplies

The principal ingredients we use in our food and beverage businesses are aspartame, cocoa, corn, corn sweeteners, flavorings, flour, grapefruits and other fruits, juice and juice concentrates, oats, oranges, potatoes, rice, seasonings, sucralose, sugar, vegetable and essential oils, and wheat. Our key packaging materials include polyethylene terephthalate (PET) resin used for plastic bottles, film packaging used for snack foods, aluminum used for cans, glass bottles and cardboard. Fuel and natural gas are also

 

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important commodities due to their use in our plants and in the trucks delivering our products. These ingredients, raw materials and commodities are purchased mainly in the open market. We employ specialists to secure adequate supplies of many of these items and have not experienced any significant continuous shortages. The prices we pay for such items are subject to fluctuation. When prices increase, we may or may not pass on such increases to our customers. See Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information on how we manage our commodity costs.

Our Brands

We own numerous valuable trademarks which are essential to our worldwide businesses, including Alegro, Amp Energy, Aquafina, Aunt Jemima, Cap’n Crunch, Cheetos, Cracker Jack, Diet Pepsi, Doritos, Duyvis, Frito-Lay, Fritos, Fruktovy Sad, Frustyle, Gamesa, Gatorade, Grandma’s, Izze, Lay’s, Life, Matutano, Mirinda, Mountain Dew, Mtn Dew, Mug, NAKED, Near East, Pasta Roni, Pepsi, Pepsi Max, Pepsi One, Propel, Quaker, Quaker Chewy, Quakes, Rice-A-Roni, Rold Gold, Ruffles, Sabritas, Sakata, 7UP and Diet 7UP (outside the United States), Sierra Mist, Simba, Smith’s, Snack a Jacks, SoBe, SoBe Lifewater, Sonric’s, Stacy’s, SunChips, Tonus, Tostitos, Tropicana, Tropicana Pure Premium, Tropicana Twister, TrueNorth, V Water, Walkers and Ya. We also hold long-term licenses to use valuable trademarks in connection with our products, including Lipton, Starbucks, Dole and Ocean Spray. Trademarks remain valid so long as they are used properly for identification purposes, and we emphasize correct use of our trademarks. We have authorized, through licensing arrangements, the use of many of our trademarks in such contexts as snack food joint ventures and beverage bottling appointments. In addition, we license the use of our trademarks on promotional items for the primary purpose of enhancing brand awareness.

We either own or have licenses to use a number of patents which relate to some of our products, their packaging, the processes for their production and the design and operation of various equipment used in our businesses. Some of these patents are licensed to others.

Seasonality

Our beverage and food divisions are subject to seasonal variations. Our beverage sales are higher during the warmer months and certain food sales are higher in the cooler months. Weekly beverage and snack sales are generally highest in the third quarter due to seasonal and holiday-related patterns, and generally lowest in the first quarter. However, taken as a whole, seasonality does not have a material impact on our business.

Our Customers

Our customers include authorized bottlers and independent distributors, including foodservice distributors and retailers. We normally grant our bottlers exclusive contracts to sell and manufacture certain beverage products bearing our trademarks within a specific geographic area. These arrangements provide us with the right to charge our bottlers for concentrate, finished goods and Aquafina royalties and specify the manufacturing process required for product quality.

 

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Retail consolidation and the current economic environment continue to increase the importance of major customers. In 2008, sales to Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (Wal-Mart), including Sam’s Club (Sam’s), represented approximately 12% of our total net revenue. Our top five retail customers represented approximately 32% of our 2008 North American net revenue, with Wal-Mart (including Sam’s) representing approximately 18%. These percentages include concentrate sales to our bottlers which are used in finished goods sold by them to these retailers. In addition, sales to The Pepsi Bottling Group (PBG) represented approximately 6% of our total net revenue in 2008. See “Our Customers” and “Our Related Party Bottlers” contained in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and Note 8 to our consolidated financial statements for more information on our customers, including our anchor bottlers.

Our Competition

Our businesses operate in highly competitive markets. We compete against global, regional, local and private label manufacturers on the basis of price, quality, product variety and distribution. In U.S. measured channels, our chief beverage competitor, The Coca-Cola Company, has a larger share of CSD (carbonated soft drinks) consumption, while we have a larger share of liquid refreshment beverages consumption. In addition, The Coca-Cola Company has a significant CSD share advantage in many markets outside the United States. Further, our snack brands hold significant leadership positions in the snack industry worldwide. Our snack brands face local and regional competitors, as well as national and global snack competitors, and compete on the basis of price, quality, product variety and distribution. Success in this competitive environment is dependent on effective promotion of existing products and the introduction of new products. We believe that the strength of our brands, innovation and marketing, coupled with the quality of our products and flexibility of our distribution network, allow us to compete effectively.

 

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LOGO

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(1)

The categories and category share information in the charts above are defined by the following source of the information: Information Resources, Inc. The above charts exclude data from certain customers such as Wal-Mart that do not report data to this service.

Research and Development

We engage in a variety of research and development activities. These activities principally involve the development of new products, improvement in the quality of existing products, improvement and modernization of production processes, and the development and implementation of new technologies to enhance the quality and value of both current and proposed product lines. Consumer research is excluded from research and development costs and included in other marketing costs. Research and development costs were $388 million in 2008, $364 million in 2007 and $282 million in 2006 and are reported within selling, general and administrative expenses.

Regulatory Environment and Environmental Compliance

The conduct of our businesses, and the production, distribution, sale, advertising, labeling, safety, transportation and use of many of our products, are subject to various laws and regulations administered by federal, state and local governmental agencies in the United States, as well as to foreign laws and regulations administered by government entities and agencies in markets where we operate. It is our policy to abide by the laws and regulations around the world that apply to our businesses.

 

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In the United States, we are required to comply with federal laws, such as the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, the Occupational Safety and Health Act, the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Act, laws governing equal employment opportunity, customs and foreign trade laws and regulations, laws regulating the sales of products in schools, and various other federal statutes and regulations. We are also subject to various state and local statutes and regulations, including California Proposition 65 which requires that a specific warning appear on any product that contains a component listed by the State of California as having been found to cause cancer or birth defects. Many food and beverage producers who sell products in California, including PepsiCo, may be required to provide warning labels on their products. See also “Risk Factors – Changes in the legal and regulatory environment could limit our business activities, increase our operating costs, reduce demand for our products or result in litigation.” in Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 27, 2008 (the “2008 Form 10-K”).

In many jurisdictions, compliance with competition laws is of special importance to us due to our competitive position in those jurisdictions. We rely on legal and operational compliance programs, as well as local in-house and outside counsel, to guide our businesses in complying with applicable laws and regulations of the countries in which we do business.

Legislation has been enacted in certain U.S. states and in certain of the countries in which our products are sold that requires collection and recycling of containers or that prohibits the sale of our beverages in certain non-refillable containers unless a deposit or other fee is charged. It is possible that similar or more restrictive legal requirements may be proposed or enacted in the future.

The cost of compliance with U.S. and foreign laws does not have a material financial impact on our operations.

We are subject to national and local environmental laws in the United States and in the foreign countries in which we do business, including laws relating to water consumption and treatment. We are committed to meeting all applicable environmental compliance requirements. Environmental compliance costs have not had, and are not expected to have, a material impact on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position.

Employees

As of December 27, 2008, we employed approximately 198,000 people worldwide, including approximately 64,000 people within the United States. Our employment levels are subject to seasonal variations. We believe that relations with our employees are generally good.

 

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Available Information

We are required to file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The public may read and copy any materials that we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. In addition, the SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at http://www.sec.gov.

Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, are also available free of charge on our internet website at http://www.pepsico.com as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. The information on our website is not, and shall not be deemed to be, a part hereof or incorporated into this or any of our other filings with the SEC.

 

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 

OUR BUSINESS

  

Executive Overview

   12

Our Operations

   14

Our Customers

   16

Our Distribution Network

   18

Our Competition

   18

Other Relationships

   19

Our Business Risks

   19

OUR CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

  

Revenue Recognition

   22

Brand and Goodwill Valuations

   23

Income Tax Expense and Accruals

   24

Pension and Retiree Medical Plans

   25

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

   28

OUR FINANCIAL RESULTS

  

Items Affecting Comparability

   30

Results of Operations – Consolidated Review

   32

Results of Operations – Division Review

   35

Frito-Lay North America

   37

Quaker Foods North America

   38

Latin America Foods

   39

PepsiCo Americas Beverages

   40

Europe

   42

Asia, Middle East & Africa

   43

Our Liquidity and Capital Resources

   44

 

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Consolidated Statement of Income

   48

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows

   49

Consolidated Balance Sheet

   51

Consolidated Statement of Equity

   52

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

  

Note 1 – Basis of Presentation and Our Divisions

   53

Note 2 – Our Significant Accounting Policies

   59

Note 3 – Restructuring and Impairment Charges

   62

Note 4 – Property, Plant and Equipment and Intangible Assets

   64

Note 5 – Income Taxes

   66

Note 6 – Stock-Based Compensation

   69

Note 7 – Pension, Retiree Medical and Savings Plans

   71

Note 8 – Noncontrolled Bottling Affiliates

   78

Note 9 – Debt Obligations and Commitments

   80

Note 10 – Financial Instruments

   83

Note 11 – Net Income Attributable to PepsiCo per Common Share

   87

Note 12 – Preferred Stock

   88

Note 13 – Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Attributable to PepsiCo

   89

Note 14 – Supplemental Financial Information

   90

MANAGEMENT’S RESPONSIBILITY FOR FINANCIAL REPORTING

   92

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

   94

SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

   95

FIVE-YEAR SUMMARY

   97

GLOSSARY

   99

 

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Our discussion and analysis is an integral part of understanding our financial results. Definitions of key terms can be found in the glossary beginning on page 99. Tabular dollars are presented in millions, except per share amounts. All per share amounts reflect common per share amounts, assume dilution unless noted, and are based on unrounded amounts. Percentage changes are based on unrounded amounts.

OUR BUSINESS

Executive Overview

We are a leading global beverage, snack and food company. We manufacture or use contract manufacturers, market and sell a variety of salty, convenient, sweet and grain-based snacks, carbonated and non-carbonated beverages and foods in approximately 200 countries, with our largest operations in North America (United States and Canada), Mexico and the United Kingdom. Additional information concerning our divisions and geographic areas is presented in Note 1.

Our commitment to sustainable growth, defined as Performance with Purpose, is focused on generating healthy financial returns while giving back to the communities we serve. This includes meeting consumer needs for a spectrum of convenient foods and beverages, reducing our impact on the environment through water, energy and packaging initiatives, and supporting our employees through a diverse and inclusive culture that recruits and retains world-class talent. In September 2008, we were again included on the Dow Jones Sustainability North America Index and the Dow Jones Sustainability World Index. These indices are compiled annually.

Our management monitors a variety of key indicators to evaluate our business results and financial conditions. These indicators include market share, volume, net revenue, operating profit, management operating cash flow, earnings per share and return on invested capital.

Key Challenges and Strategies for Growth

To achieve our financial objectives, we consistently focus on initiatives to improve our results and increase returns for our shareholders. For 2009, we have identified the following key challenges and related competitive strategies for growth that we believe will enable us to achieve our financial objectives:

Revitalizing our North American Beverage Business

In 2008, the U.S. liquid refreshment beverage category declined on a year-over-year basis. During 2009, we intend to invest to keep our total beverage portfolio relevant to consumers of all ages. We plan to capitalize on our new “Refresh Everything” campaign, which features new brand identities for trademarks Gatorade, Pepsi, Sierra Mist and Mountain Dew, as well as key product innovations like new SoBe Lifewater, sweetened with PureViaTM, an all-natural, zero-calorie sweetener recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. In non-carbonated beverages, we will work to identify untapped thirst occasions and to deliver even more functional benefits.

 

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Broadening our Diverse Portfolio of Global Products

Consumer tastes and preferences are constantly changing. The increasingly on-the-go lifestyles of consumers and their desire for healthier choices means that it is more important than ever for us to continue to broaden our diverse portfolio of global products. We remain committed to offering consumers a broad range of choices to satisfy their diverse lifestyles and desires. For example, in 2008, we broadened the beverage portfolio by partnering with PBG to acquire Lebedyansky, Russia’s leading juice company, by acquiring V Water in the United Kingdom and by expanding our successful Lipton Tea partnership with Unilever. We expanded into adjacent snack categories by introducing TrueNorth nut snacks and forming a joint venture that offers Sabra refrigerated dips. During 2009, through a combination of tuck-in acquisitions and innovation, we plan to continue to broaden the range of products we offer in our existing categories and expand into adjacent ones. We are also committed to securing our innovation pipeline, and have coordinated our research and development departments across the Company into one global innovation team.

Successfully Navigating the Global Economic Crisis

We and our customers, suppliers and distributors have all been impacted by the continuing global economic crisis. Global economic conditions have resulted in decreased consumer purchasing power, volatile fluctuations in the prices of key commodities such as oil, corn, sugar and oats and adverse foreign currency exchange rates. To navigate through these conditions we plan to continue to focus on fundamentals, such as ensuring that we offer products with the right price to value proposition and managing cash flow, interest expense and commodity costs. We have also implemented our Productivity for Growth program which is expected to cumulatively generate more than $1.2 billion in pre-tax savings over the next three years and that will also allow us to increase investments in long-term research and development, innovation, brand building and market-specific growth initiatives.

Expanding in International Markets

Our operations outside of the United States contribute significantly to our revenue and profitability. Because per capita consumption of our products is still relatively low in many of these markets, we believe there is a significant opportunity to grow internationally by expanding our existing businesses and through acquisitions, particularly in emerging markets. During 2008, we announced significant capital investments in Brazil, India, Mexico and China. We also strengthened our international presence through acquisitions such as Marbo, a snacks company in Serbia, by expanding our successful Lipton Tea partnership with Unilever, and by partnering with PBG to acquire Russia’s largest juice company. We plan to seek opportunities to make similar investments to drive international growth in 2009 and beyond. We also plan to continue developing products that leverage our existing brands but appeal to local tastes.

 

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Maintaining our Commitment to Sustainable Growth

Consumers and government officials are increasingly focused on the impact companies have on the environment. We are committed to maintaining high standards for product quality, safety and integrity and to reducing our impact on the environment through water, energy and packaging initiatives. We plan to continue to invest in programs that help us reduce energy costs, conserve more energy and use clean energy sources, such as our wind turbine project in India which supplies more than two-thirds of the power used by our Mamandur beverage plant each year. We are also actively working on new packaging initiatives to further reduce the amount of plastic used in our beverage containers, and we continue to partner with community organizations to increase recycling efforts.

Our Operations

We are organized into three business units, as follows:

 

  (1) PepsiCo Americas Foods (PAF), which includes Frito-Lay North America (FLNA), Quaker Foods North America (QFNA) and all of our Latin American food and snack businesses (LAF), including our Sabritas and Gamesa businesses in Mexico;

 

  (2) PepsiCo Americas Beverages (PAB), which includes PepsiCo Beverages North America and all of our Latin American beverage businesses; and

 

  (3) PepsiCo International (PI), which includes all PepsiCo businesses in Europe, Asia, Middle East and Africa.

Beginning in the first quarter of 2009, we realigned certain countries within PepsiCo International to be consistent with changes in geographic responsibility. As a result, our businesses in Turkey and certain Central Asia markets became part of United Kingdom & Europe, which was renamed the Europe division. These countries were formerly part of Middle East, Asia & Africa, which was renamed the Asia, Middle East & Africa (AMEA) division. The changes did not impact the other existing reportable segments.

Following this realignment, our three business units are comprised of six reportable segments (referred to as divisions), as follows:

 

   

FLNA,

 

   

QFNA,

 

   

LAF,

 

   

PAB,

 

   

Europe, and

 

   

AMEA.

 

14


Frito-Lay North America

FLNA manufactures or uses contract manufacturers, markets, sells and distributes branded snacks. These snacks include Lay’s potato chips, Doritos tortilla chips, Cheetos cheese flavored snacks, Tostitos tortilla chips, branded dips, Fritos corn chips, Ruffles potato chips, Quaker Chewy granola bars, SunChips multigrain snacks, Rold Gold pretzels, Santitas tortilla chips, Frito-Lay nuts, Grandma’s cookies, Gamesa cookies, Munchies snack mix, Funyuns onion flavored rings, Quaker Quakes corn and rice snacks, Miss Vickie’s potato chips, Stacy’s pita chips, Smartfood popcorn, Chester’s fries and branded crackers. FLNA branded products are sold to independent distributors and retailers. In addition, FLNA’s joint venture with Strauss Group manufactures, markets, sells and distributes Sabra refrigerated dips.

Quaker Foods North America

QFNA manufactures or uses contract manufacturers, markets and sells cereals, rice, pasta and other branded products. QFNA’s products include Quaker oatmeal, Aunt Jemima mixes and syrups, Quaker grits, Cap’n Crunch cereal, Life cereal, Rice-A-Roni, Pasta Roni and Near East side dishes. These branded products are sold to independent distributors and retailers.

Latin America Foods

LAF manufactures, markets and sells a number of leading salty and sweet snack brands including Gamesa, Doritos, Cheetos, Ruffles, Sabritas and Lay’s. Further, LAF manufactures or uses contract manufacturers, markets and sells many Quaker brand cereals and snacks. These branded products are sold to independent distributors and retailers.

PepsiCo Americas Beverages

PAB manufactures or uses contract manufacturers, markets and sells beverage concentrates, fountain syrups and finished goods, under various beverage brands including Pepsi, Mountain Dew, Gatorade, 7UP (outside the U.S.), Tropicana Pure Premium, Sierra Mist, Mirinda, Tropicana juice drinks, Propel, Dole, Amp Energy, SoBe Lifewater, Naked juice and Izze. PAB also manufactures or uses contract manufacturers, markets and sells ready-to-drink tea, coffee and water products through joint ventures with Unilever (under the Lipton brand name) and Starbucks. In addition, PAB licenses the Aquafina water brand to its bottlers and markets this brand. PAB sells concentrate and finished goods for some of these brands to authorized bottlers, and some of these branded finished goods are sold directly by us to independent distributors and retailers. The bottlers sell our brands as finished goods to independent distributors and retailers. PAB’s volume reflects sales to its independent distributors and retailers, as well as the sales of beverages bearing our trademarks that bottlers have reported as sold to independent distributors and retailers. BCS and CSE are not necessarily equal during any given period due to seasonality, timing of product launches, product mix, bottler inventory practices and other factors. While our revenues are not based on BCS volume, we believe that BCS is a valuable measure as it quantifies the sell-through of our products at the consumer level.

 

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Europe

Europe manufactures, markets and sells through consolidated businesses as well as through noncontrolled affiliates, a number of leading salty and sweet snack brands including Lay’s, Walkers, Doritos, Cheetos and Ruffles. Further, Europe manufactures or uses contract manufacturers, markets and sells many Quaker brand cereals and snacks. Europe also manufactures, markets and sells beverage concentrates, fountain syrups and finished goods, under various beverage brands including Pepsi, 7UP and Tropicana. In addition, through our acquisition of Lebedyansky, we acquired Russia’s leading juice brands. These brands are sold to authorized bottlers, independent distributors and retailers. However, in certain markets, Europe operates its own bottling plants and distribution facilities. In addition, Europe licenses the Aquafina water brand to certain of its authorized bottlers. Europe also manufactures or uses contract manufacturers, markets and sells ready-to-drink tea products through an international joint venture with Unilever (under the Lipton brand name).

Europe reports two measures of volume. Snack volume is reported on a system-wide basis, which includes our own sales and the sales by our noncontrolled affiliates of snacks bearing Company-owned or licensed trademarks. Beverage volume reflects Company-owned or authorized bottler sales of beverages bearing Company-owned or licensed trademarks to independent distributors and retailers (see PepsiCo Americas Beverages above).

Asia, Middle East & Africa

AMEA manufactures, markets and sells through consolidated businesses as well as through noncontrolled affiliates, a number of leading salty and sweet snack brands including Lay’s, Doritos, Cheetos, Smith’s and Ruffles. Further, AMEA manufactures or uses contract manufacturers, markets and sells many Quaker brand cereals and snacks. AMEA also manufactures, markets and sells beverage concentrates, fountain syrups and finished goods, under various beverage brands including Pepsi, Mirinda, 7UP and Mountain Dew. These brands are sold to authorized bottlers, independent distributors and retailers. However, in certain markets, AMEA operates its own bottling plants and distribution facilities. In addition, AMEA licenses the Aquafina water brand to certain of its authorized bottlers. AMEA also manufactures or uses contract manufacturers, markets and sells ready-to-drink tea products through an international joint venture with Unilever. AMEA reports two measures of volume (see Europe above).

Our Customers

Our customers include authorized bottlers and independent distributors, including foodservice distributors and retailers. We normally grant our bottlers exclusive contracts to sell and manufacture certain beverage products bearing our trademarks within a specific geographic area. These arrangements provide us with the right to charge our bottlers for concentrate, finished goods and Aquafina royalties and specify the manufacturing process required for product quality.

 

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Since we do not sell directly to the consumer, we rely on and provide financial incentives to our customers to assist in the distribution and promotion of our products. For our independent distributors and retailers, these incentives include volume-based rebates, product placement fees, promotions and displays. For our bottlers, these incentives are referred to as bottler funding and are negotiated annually with each bottler to support a variety of trade and consumer programs, such as consumer incentives, advertising support, new product support, and vending and cooler equipment placement. Consumer incentives include coupons, pricing discounts and promotions, and other promotional offers. Advertising support is directed at advertising programs and supporting bottler media. New product support includes targeted consumer and retailer incentives and direct marketplace support, such as point-of-purchase materials, product placement fees, media and advertising. Vending and cooler equipment placement programs support the acquisition and placement of vending machines and cooler equipment. The nature and type of programs vary annually.

Retail consolidation and the current economic environment continue to increase the importance of major customers. In 2008, sales to Wal-Mart (including Sam’s) represented approximately 12% of our total net revenue. Our top five retail customers represented approximately 32% of our 2008 North American net revenue, with Wal-Mart (including Sam’s) representing approximately 18%. These percentages include concentrate sales to our bottlers which are used in finished goods sold by them to these retailers. In addition, sales to PBG represented approximately 6% of our total net revenue in 2008. See “Our Related Party Bottlers” and Note 8 for more information on our anchor bottlers.

Our Related Party Bottlers

We have ownership interests in certain of our bottlers. Our ownership is less than 50%, and since we do not control these bottlers, we do not consolidate their results. We have designated three related party bottlers, PBG, PepsiAmericas, Inc. (PAS) and Pepsi Bottling Ventures LLC (PBV), as our anchor bottlers. We include our share of their net income based on our percentage of economic ownership in our income statement as bottling equity income. Our anchor bottlers distribute approximately 60% of our North American beverage volume and approximately 17% of our beverage volume outside of North America. Our anchor bottlers participate in the bottler funding programs described above. Approximately 8% of our total 2008 sales incentives were related to these bottlers. See Note 8 for additional information on these related parties and related party commitments and guarantees. Our share of income or loss from other noncontrolled affiliates is recorded as a component of selling, general and administrative expenses.

 

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Our Distribution Network

Our products are brought to market through DSD, customer warehouse and foodservice and vending distribution networks. The distribution system used depends on customer needs, product characteristics and local trade practices.

Direct-Store-Delivery

We, our bottlers and our distributors operate DSD systems that deliver snacks and beverages directly to retail stores where the products are merchandised by our employees or our bottlers. DSD enables us to merchandise with maximum visibility and appeal. DSD is especially well-suited to products that are restocked often and respond to in-store promotion and merchandising.

Customer Warehouse

Some of our products are delivered from our manufacturing plants and warehouses to customer warehouses and retail stores. These less costly systems generally work best for products that are less fragile and perishable, have lower turnover, and are less likely to be impulse purchases.

Foodservice and Vending

Our foodservice and vending sales force distributes snacks, foods and beverages to third-party foodservice and vending distributors and operators. Our foodservice and vending sales force also distributes certain beverages through our bottlers. This distribution system supplies our products to schools, businesses, stadiums, restaurants and similar locations.

Our Competition

Our businesses operate in highly competitive markets. We compete against global, regional, local and private label manufacturers on the basis of price, quality, product variety and distribution. In U.S. measured channels, our chief beverage competitor, The Coca-Cola Company, has a larger share of CSD consumption, while we have a larger share of liquid refreshment beverages consumption. In addition, The Coca-Cola Company has a significant CSD share advantage in many markets outside the United States. Further, our snack brands hold significant leadership positions in the snack industry worldwide. Our snack brands face local and regional competitors, as well as national and global snack competitors, and compete on the basis of price, quality, product variety and distribution. Success in this competitive environment is dependent on effective promotion of existing products and the introduction of new products. We believe that the strength of our brands, innovation and marketing, coupled with the quality of our products and flexibility of our distribution network, allow us to compete effectively.

 

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Other Relationships

Certain members of our Board of Directors also serve on the boards of certain vendors and customers. Those Board members do not participate in our vendor selection and negotiations nor in our customer negotiations. Our transactions with these vendors and customers are in the normal course of business and are consistent with terms negotiated with other vendors and customers. In addition, certain of our employees serve on the boards of our anchor bottlers and other affiliated companies and do not receive incremental compensation for their Board services.

Our Business Risks

We are subject to risks in the normal course of business. See “Risk Factors” in Item 1A. of our 2008 Form 10-K and “Executive Overview” above and “Market Risks” below for more information about these risks.

Risk Management Framework

The achievement of our strategic and operating objectives will necessarily involve taking risks. Our risk management process is intended to ensure that risks are taken knowingly and purposefully. As such, we leverage an integrated risk management framework to identify, assess, prioritize, manage, monitor and communicate risks across the Company. This framework includes:

 

   

The PepsiCo Executive Committee (PEC), comprised of a cross-functional, geographically diverse, senior management group which meets regularly to identify, assess, prioritize and address strategic and reputational risks;

 

   

Division Risk Committees (DRCs), comprised of cross-functional senior management teams which meet regularly each year to identify, assess, prioritize and address division-specific operating risks;

 

   

PepsiCo’s Risk Management Office, which manages the overall risk management process, provides ongoing guidance, tools and analytical support to the PEC and the DRCs, identifies and assesses potential risks, and facilitates ongoing communication between the parties, as well as to PepsiCo’s Audit Committee and Board of Directors;

 

   

PepsiCo Corporate Audit, which evaluates the ongoing effectiveness of our key internal controls through periodic audit and review procedures; and

 

   

PepsiCo’s Compliance Office, which leads and coordinates our compliance policies and practices.

Market Risks

We are exposed to market risks arising from adverse changes in:

 

   

commodity prices, affecting the cost of our raw materials and energy,

 

   

foreign exchange rates, and

 

   

interest rates.

 

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In the normal course of business, we manage these risks through a variety of strategies, including productivity initiatives, global purchasing programs and hedging strategies. Ongoing productivity initiatives involve the identification and effective implementation of meaningful cost saving opportunities or efficiencies. Our global purchasing programs include fixed-price purchase orders and pricing agreements. See Note 9 for further information on our noncancelable purchasing commitments. Our hedging strategies include the use of derivatives. Certain derivatives are designated as either cash flow or fair value hedges and qualify for hedge accounting treatment, while others do not qualify and are marked to market through earnings. We do not use derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes. We perform a quarterly assessment of our counterparty credit risk, including a review of credit ratings, credit default swap rates and potential nonperformance of the counterparty. We consider this risk to be low, because we limit our exposure to individual, strong creditworthy counterparties and generally settle on a net basis.

The fair value of our derivatives fluctuates based on market rates and prices. The sensitivity of our derivatives to these market fluctuations is discussed below. See Note 10 for further discussion of these derivatives and our hedging policies. See “Our Critical Accounting Policies” for a discussion of the exposure of our pension plan assets and pension and retiree medical liabilities to risks related to stock prices and discount rates.

Inflationary, deflationary and recessionary conditions impacting these market risks also impact the demand for and pricing of our products. See “Risk Factors” in Item 1A. of our 2008 Form 10-K for further discussion.

Commodity Prices

We expect to be able to reduce the impact of volatility in our raw material and energy costs through our hedging strategies and ongoing sourcing initiatives.

Our open commodity derivative contracts that qualify for hedge accounting had a face value of $303 million at December 27, 2008 and $5 million at December 29, 2007. These contracts resulted in net unrealized losses of $117 million at December 27, 2008 and net unrealized gains of less than $1 million at December 29, 2007. At the end of 2008, the potential change in fair value of commodity derivative instruments, assuming a 10% decrease in the underlying commodity price, would have increased our net unrealized losses in 2008 by $19 million.

Our open commodity derivative contracts that do not qualify for hedge accounting had a face value of $626 million at December 27, 2008 and $105 million at December 29, 2007. These contracts resulted in net losses of $343 million in 2008 and net gains of $3 million in 2007. At the end of 2008, the potential change in fair value of commodity derivative instruments, assuming a 10% decrease in the underlying commodity price, would have increased our net losses in 2008 by $34 million.

 

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Foreign Exchange

Financial statements of foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars using period-end exchange rates for assets and liabilities and weighted-average exchange rates for revenues and expenses. Adjustments resulting from translating net assets are reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss within shareholders’ equity under the caption currency translation adjustment.

Our operations outside of the U.S. generate 48% of our net revenue, with Mexico, Canada and the United Kingdom comprising 19% of our net revenue. As a result, we are exposed to foreign currency risks. During 2008, net favorable foreign currency, primarily due to appreciation in the euro and Chinese yuan, partially offset by depreciation in the British pound, contributed 1 percentage point to net revenue growth. Currency declines against the U.S. dollar which are not offset could adversely impact our future results.

Exchange rate gains or losses related to foreign currency transactions are recognized as transaction gains or losses in our income statement as incurred. We may enter into derivatives to manage our exposure to foreign currency transaction risk. Our foreign currency derivatives had a total face value of $1.4 billion at December 27, 2008 and $1.6 billion at December 29, 2007. The contracts that qualify for hedge accounting resulted in net unrealized gains of $111 million at December 27, 2008 and net unrealized losses of $44 million at December 29, 2007. At the end of 2008, we estimate that an unfavorable 10% change in the exchange rates would have decreased our net unrealized gains by $70 million. The contracts that do not qualify for hedge accounting resulted in a net loss of $28 million in 2008 and a net gain of $15 million in 2007. All losses and gains were offset by changes in the underlying hedged items, resulting in no net material impact on earnings.

Interest Rates

We centrally manage our debt and investment portfolios considering investment opportunities and risks, tax consequences and overall financing strategies. We may use interest rate and cross currency interest rate swaps to manage our overall interest expense and foreign exchange risk. These instruments effectively change the interest rate and currency of specific debt issuances. Our 2008 and 2007 interest rate swaps were entered into concurrently with the issuance of the debt that they modified. The notional amount, interest payment and maturity date of the swaps match the principal, interest payment and maturity date of the related debt.

Assuming year-end 2008 variable rate debt and investment levels, a 1-percentage-point increase in interest rates would have increased net interest expense by $21 million in 2008.

 

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OUR CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

An appreciation of our critical accounting policies is necessary to understand our financial results. These policies may require management to make difficult and subjective judgments regarding uncertainties, and as a result, such estimates may significantly impact our financial results. The precision of these estimates and the likelihood of future changes depend on a number of underlying variables and a range of possible outcomes. Other than our accounting for pension plans, our critical accounting policies do not involve the choice between alternative methods of accounting. We applied our critical accounting policies and estimation methods consistently in all material respects, and for all periods presented, and have discussed these policies with our Audit Committee.

Our critical accounting policies arise in conjunction with the following:

 

   

revenue recognition,

 

   

brand and goodwill valuations,

 

   

income tax expense and accruals, and

 

   

pension and retiree medical plans.

Revenue Recognition

Our products are sold for cash or on credit terms. Our credit terms, which are established in accordance with local and industry practices, typically require payment within 30 days of delivery in the U.S., and generally within 30 to 90 days internationally, and may allow discounts for early payment. We recognize revenue upon shipment or delivery to our customers based on written sales terms that do not allow for a right of return. However, our policy for DSD and chilled products is to remove and replace damaged and out-of-date products from store shelves to ensure that consumers receive the product quality and freshness they expect. Similarly, our policy for certain warehouse-distributed products is to replace damaged and out-of-date products. Based on our experience with this practice, we have reserved for anticipated damaged and out-of-date products. Our bottlers have a similar replacement policy and are responsible for the products they distribute.

Our policy is to provide customers with product when needed. In fact, our commitment to freshness and product dating serves to regulate the quantity of product shipped or delivered. In addition, DSD products are placed on the shelf by our employees with customer shelf space limiting the quantity of product. For product delivered through our other distribution networks, we monitor customer inventory levels.

As discussed in “Our Customers,” we offer sales incentives and discounts through various programs to customers and consumers. Sales incentives and discounts are accounted for as a reduction of revenue and totaled $12.5 billion in 2008, $11.3 billion in 2007 and $10.1 billion in 2006. Sales incentives include payments to customers for performing merchandising activities on our behalf, such as payments for in-store displays, payments to gain distribution of new products, payments for shelf space and discounts to promote lower retail prices. A number of our sales incentives, such as

 

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bottler funding and customer volume rebates, are based on annual targets, and accruals are established during the year for the expected payout. These accruals are based on contract terms and our historical experience with similar programs and require management judgment with respect to estimating customer participation and performance levels. Differences between estimated expense and actual incentive costs are normally insignificant and are recognized in earnings in the period such differences are determined. The terms of most of our incentive arrangements do not exceed a year, and therefore do not require highly uncertain long-term estimates. For interim reporting, we estimate total annual sales incentives for most of our programs and record a pro rata share in proportion to revenue. Certain arrangements, such as fountain pouring rights, may extend beyond one year. The costs incurred to obtain these incentive arrangements are recognized over the shorter of the economic or contractual life, as a reduction of revenue, and the remaining balances of $333 million at year-end 2008 and $314 million at year-end 2007 are included in current assets and other assets on our balance sheet.

We estimate and reserve for our bad debt exposure based on our experience with past due accounts and collectibility, the aging of accounts receivable and our analysis of customer data. Bad debt expense is classified within selling, general and administrative expenses in our income statement.

Brand and Goodwill Valuations

We sell products under a number of brand names, many of which were developed by us. The brand development costs are expensed as incurred. We also purchase brands in acquisitions. Upon acquisition, the purchase price is first allocated to identifiable assets and liabilities, including brands, based on estimated fair value, with any remaining purchase price recorded as goodwill. Determining fair value requires significant estimates and assumptions based on an evaluation of a number of factors, such as marketplace participants, product life cycles, market share, consumer awareness, brand history and future expansion expectations, amount and timing of future cash flows and the discount rate applied to the cash flows.

We believe that a brand has an indefinite life if it has a history of strong revenue and cash flow performance, and we have the intent and ability to support the brand with marketplace spending for the foreseeable future. If these perpetual brand criteria are not met, brands are amortized over their expected useful lives, which generally range from five to 40 years. Determining the expected life of a brand requires management judgment and is based on an evaluation of a number of factors, including market share, consumer awareness, brand history and future expansion expectations, as well as the macroeconomic environment of the countries in which the brand is sold.

Perpetual brands and goodwill, including the goodwill that is part of our noncontrolled bottling investment balances, are not amortized. Perpetual brands and goodwill are assessed for impairment at least annually. If the carrying amount of a perpetual brand exceeds its fair value, as determined by its discounted cash flows, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. Goodwill is evaluated using a two-step impairment test at the reporting unit level. A reporting unit can be a division or business

 

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within a division. The first step compares the book value of a reporting unit, including goodwill, with its fair value, as determined by its discounted cash flows. If the book value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, we complete the second step to determine the amount of goodwill impairment loss that we should record. In the second step, we determine an implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill by allocating the fair value of the reporting unit to all of the assets and liabilities other than goodwill (including any unrecognized intangible assets). The amount of impairment loss is equal to the excess of the book value of the goodwill over the implied fair value of that goodwill.

Amortizable brands are only evaluated for impairment upon a significant change in the operating or macroeconomic environment. If an evaluation of the undiscounted future cash flows indicates impairment, the asset is written down to its estimated fair value, which is based on its discounted future cash flows.

Management judgment is necessary to evaluate the impact of operating and macroeconomic changes and to estimate future cash flows. Assumptions used in our impairment evaluations, such as forecasted growth rates and our cost of capital, are based on the best available market information and are consistent with our internal forecasts and operating plans. These assumptions could be adversely impacted by certain of the risks discussed in “Risk Factors” in Item 1A. of our 2008 Form 10-K.

We did not recognize any impairment charges for perpetual brands or goodwill in the years presented. As of December 27, 2008, we had $6.3 billion of perpetual brands and goodwill, of which approximately 55% related to Tropicana and Walkers.

Income Tax Expense and Accruals

Our annual tax rate is based on our income, statutory tax rates and tax planning opportunities available to us in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. Significant judgment is required in determining our annual tax rate and in evaluating our tax positions. We establish reserves when, despite our belief that our tax return positions are fully supportable, we believe that certain positions are subject to challenge and that we may not succeed. We adjust these reserves, as well as the related interest, in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the progress of a tax audit.

An estimated effective tax rate for a year is applied to our quarterly operating results. In the event there is a significant or unusual item recognized in our quarterly operating results, the tax attributable to that item is separately calculated and recorded at the same time as that item. We consider the tax adjustments from the resolution of prior year tax matters to be such items.

Tax law requires items to be included in our tax returns at different times than the items are reflected in our financial statements. As a result, our annual tax rate reflected in our financial statements is different than that reported in our tax returns (our cash tax rate). Some of these differences are permanent, such as expenses that are not deductible in our tax return, and some differences reverse over time, such as depreciation expense. These temporary differences create deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets

 

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generally represent items that can be used as a tax deduction or credit in our tax returns in future years for which we have already recorded the tax benefit in our income statement. We establish valuation allowances for our deferred tax assets if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Deferred tax liabilities generally represent tax expense recognized in our financial statements for which payment has been deferred, or expense for which we have already taken a deduction in our tax return but have not yet recognized as expense in our financial statements.

In 2008, our annual tax rate was 26.7% compared to 25.8% in 2007 as discussed in “Other Consolidated Results.” The tax rate in 2008 increased 0.9 percentage points primarily due to the absence of the tax benefits recognized in the prior year related to the favorable resolution of certain foreign tax matters, partially offset by lower taxes on foreign results in the current year. In 2009, our annual tax rate is expected to be approximately the same as 2008.

Pension and Retiree Medical Plans

Our pension plans cover full-time employees in the U.S. and certain international employees. Benefits are determined based on either years of service or a combination of years of service and earnings. U.S. and Canada retirees are also eligible for medical and life insurance benefits (retiree medical) if they meet age and service requirements. Generally, our share of retiree medical costs is capped at specified dollar amounts which vary based upon years of service, with retirees contributing the remainder of the cost.

Our Assumptions

The determination of pension and retiree medical plan obligations and related expenses requires the use of assumptions to estimate the amount of the benefits that employees earn while working, as well as the present value of those benefits. Annual pension and retiree medical expense amounts are principally based on four components: (1) the value of benefits earned by employees for working during the year (service cost), (2) increase in the liability due to the passage of time (interest cost), and (3) other gains and losses as discussed below, reduced by (4) expected return on plan assets for our funded plans.

Significant assumptions used to measure our annual pension and retiree medical expense include:

 

   

the interest rate used to determine the present value of liabilities (discount rate);

 

   

certain employee-related factors, such as turnover, retirement age and mortality;

 

   

for pension expense, the expected return on assets in our funded plans and the rate of salary increases for plans where benefits are based on earnings; and

 

   

for retiree medical expense, health care cost trend rates.

Our assumptions reflect our experience and management’s best judgment regarding future expectations. Due to the significant management judgment involved, our assumptions could have a material impact on the measurement of our pension and retiree medical benefit expenses and obligations.

 

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At each measurement date, the discount rate is based on interest rates for high-quality, long-term corporate debt securities with maturities comparable to those of our liabilities. Prior to 2008, we used the Moody’s Aa Corporate Bond Index yield (Moody’s Aa Index) in the U.S. and adjusted for differences between the average duration of the bonds in this Index and the average duration of our benefit liabilities, based upon a published index. As of the beginning of our 2008 fiscal year, our U.S. discount rate is determined using the Mercer Pension Discount Yield Curve (Mercer Yield Curve). The Mercer Yield Curve uses a portfolio of high-quality bonds rated Aa or higher by Moody’s. We believe the Mercer Yield Curve includes bonds that provide a better match to the timing and amount of our expected benefit payments than the Moody’s Aa Index.

The expected return on pension plan assets is based on our pension plan investment strategy, our expectations for long-term rates of return and our historical experience. We also review current levels of interest rates and inflation to assess the reasonableness of the long-term rates. Our pension plan investment strategy includes the use of actively-managed securities and is reviewed annually based upon plan liabilities, an evaluation of market conditions, tolerance for risk and cash requirements for benefit payments. Our investment objective is to ensure that funds are available to meet the plans’ benefit obligations when they become due. Our overall investment strategy is to prudently invest plan assets in high-quality and diversified equity and debt securities to achieve our long-term return expectations. We employ certain equity strategies which, in addition to investments in U.S. and international common and preferred stock, include investments in certain equity- and debt-based securities used collectively to generate returns in excess of certain equity-based indices. Debt-based securities represent approximately 3% and 30% of our equity strategy portfolio as of year-end 2008 and 2007, respectively. Our investment policy also permits the use of derivative instruments which are primarily used to reduce risk. Our expected long-term rate of return on U.S. plan assets is 7.8%, reflecting estimated long-term rates of return of 8.9% from our equity strategies, and 6.3% from our fixed income strategies. Our target investment allocation is 60% for equity strategies and 40% for fixed income strategies. Actual investment allocations may vary from our target investment allocations due to prevailing market conditions. We regularly review our actual investment allocations and periodically rebalance our investments to our target allocations. To calculate the expected return on pension plan assets, we use a market-related valuation method that recognizes investment gains or losses (the difference between the expected and actual return based on the market-related value of assets) for securities included in our equity strategies over a five-year period. This has the effect of reducing year-to-year volatility. For all other asset categories, the actual fair value is used for the market-related value of assets.

The difference between the actual return on plan assets and the expected return on plan assets is added to, or subtracted from, other gains and losses resulting from actual experience differing from our assumptions and from changes in our assumptions determined at each measurement date. If this net accumulated gain or loss exceeds 10% of the greater of the market-related value of plan assets or plan liabilities, a portion of the net gain or loss is included in expense for the following year. The cost or benefit of plan

 

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changes that increase or decrease benefits for prior employee service (prior service cost/(credit)) is included in earnings on a straight-line basis over the average remaining service period of active plan participants, which is approximately 10 years for pension expense and approximately 12 years for retiree medical expense.

Effective as of the beginning of our 2008 fiscal year, we amended our U.S. hourly pension plan to increase the amount of participant earnings recognized in determining pension benefits. Additional pension plan amendments were also made as of the beginning of our 2008 fiscal year to comply with legislative and regulatory changes.

The health care trend rate used to determine our retiree medical plan’s liability and expense is reviewed annually. Our review is based on our claim experience, information provided by our health plans and actuaries, and our knowledge of the health care industry. Our review of the trend rate considers factors such as demographics, plan design, new medical technologies and changes in medical carriers.

Weighted-average assumptions for pension and retiree medical expense are as follows:

 

     2009     2008     2007  

Pension

      

Expense discount rate

   6.2   6.3   5.7

Expected rate of return on plan assets

   7.6   7.6   7.7

Expected rate of salary increases

   4.4   4.4   4.5

Retiree medical

      

Expense discount rate

   6.2   6.4   5.8

Current health care cost trend rate

   8.0   8.5   9.0

Based on our assumptions, we expect our pension expense to decrease in 2009, as expected asset returns on 2009 contributions and costs associated with our Productivity for Growth program recognized in 2008 are partially offset by an increase in experience loss amortization. The increase in experience loss amortization is due primarily to pension plan asset losses in 2008 and a slight decline in discount rates.

Sensitivity of Assumptions

A decrease in the discount rate or in the expected rate of return assumptions would increase pension expense. The estimated impact of a 25-basis-point decrease in the discount rate on 2009 pension expense is an increase of approximately $31 million. The estimated impact on 2009 pension expense of a 25-basis-point decrease in the expected rate of return is an increase of approximately $18 million.

See Note 7 regarding the sensitivity of our retiree medical cost assumptions.

Future Funding

We make contributions to pension trusts maintained to provide plan benefits for certain pension plans. These contributions are made in accordance with applicable tax regulations that provide for current tax deductions for our contributions, and taxation to the employee only upon receipt of plan benefits. Generally, we do not fund our pension plans when our contributions would not be currently tax deductible.

 

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Our pension contributions for 2008 were $149 million, of which $23 million was discretionary. In 2009, we will make contributions of $1.1 billion with up to $1 billion being discretionary. Our cash payments for retiree medical benefits are estimated to be approximately $100 million in 2009. As our retiree medical plans are not subject to regulatory funding requirements, we fund these plans on a pay-as-you-go basis. Our pension and retiree medical contributions are subject to change as a result of many factors, such as changes in interest rates, deviations between actual and expected asset returns, and changes in tax or other benefit laws. For estimated future benefit payments, including our pay-as-you-go payments as well as those from trusts, see Note 7.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2007, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) 159, The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities including an amendment of FASB Statement No. 115 (SFAS 159), which permits entities to choose to measure many financial instruments and certain other items at fair value. We adopted SFAS 159 as of the beginning of our 2008 fiscal year and our adoption did not impact our financial statements.

In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS 141 (revised 2007), Business Combinations (SFAS 141R), to improve, simplify and converge internationally the accounting for business combinations. SFAS 141R continues the movement toward the greater use of fair value in financial reporting and increased transparency through expanded disclosures. It changes how business acquisitions are accounted for and will impact financial statements both on the acquisition date and in subsequent periods. The provisions of SFAS 141R are effective as of the beginning of our 2009 fiscal year, with the exception of adjustments made to valuation allowances on deferred taxes and acquired tax contingencies. Future adjustments made to valuation allowances on deferred taxes and acquired tax contingencies associated with acquisitions that closed prior to the beginning of our 2009 fiscal year would apply the provisions of SFAS 141R and will be evaluated based on the outcome of these matters. We do not expect the adoption of SFAS 141R to have a material impact on our financial statements.

In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS 160, Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements, an Amendment of ARB 51 (SFAS 160). SFAS 160 amends Accounting Research Bulletin No. 51 (ARB 51), establishing new standards governing the accounting for and reporting of (1) noncontrolling interests in partially owned consolidated subsidiaries and (2) the loss of control of subsidiaries. We adopted the accounting provisions of SFAS 160 on a prospective basis as of the beginning of our 2009 fiscal year. The adoption of SFAS 160 did not have a material impact on our financial statements. In addition, we adopted the presentation and disclosure requirements of SFAS 160 on a retrospective basis in the first quarter of 2009.

 

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In March 2008, the FASB issued SFAS 161, Disclosures about Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities (SFAS 161), which amends and expands the disclosure requirements of SFAS 133, Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities (SFAS 133), to provide an enhanced understanding of the use of derivative instruments, how they are accounted for under SFAS 133 and their effect on financial position, financial performance and cash flows. The disclosure provisions of SFAS 161 are effective as of the beginning of our 2009 fiscal year.

 

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OUR FINANCIAL RESULTS

Items Affecting Comparability

The year-over-year comparisons of our financial results are affected by the following items:

 

     2008     2007     2006  

Operating profit

      

Mark-to-market net impact

   $ (346   $ 19      $ (18

Restructuring and impairment charges

   $ (543   $ (102   $ (67
Net income attributable to PepsiCo       

Mark-to-market net impact

   $ (223   $ 12      $ (12

Restructuring and impairment charges

   $ (408   $ (70   $ (43

Tax benefits

     —        $ 129      $ 602   

PepsiCo share of PBG restructuring and impairment charges

   $ (114     —          —     

PepsiCo share of PBG tax settlement

     —          —        $ 18   
Net income attributable to PepsiCo per common share diluted       

Mark-to-market net impact

   $ (0.14   $ 0.01      $ (0.01

Restructuring and impairment charges

   $ (0.25   $ (0.04   $ (0.03

Tax benefits

     —        $ 0.08      $ 0.36   

PepsiCo share of PBG restructuring and impairment charges

   $ (0.07     —          —     

PepsiCo share of PBG tax settlement

     —          —        $ 0.01   

Mark-to-Market Net Impact

We centrally manage commodity derivatives on behalf of our divisions. These commodity derivatives include energy, fruit and other raw materials. Certain of these commodity derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment and are marked to market with the resulting gains and losses recognized in corporate unallocated expenses. These gains and losses are subsequently reflected in division results when the divisions take delivery of the underlying commodity.

In 2008, we recognized $346 million ($223 million after-tax or $0.14 per share) of mark-to-market net losses on commodity hedges in corporate unallocated expenses.

In 2007, we recognized $19 million ($12 million after-tax or $0.01 per share) of mark-to-market net gains on commodity hedges in corporate unallocated expenses.

In 2006, we recognized $18 million ($12 million after-tax or $0.01 per share) of mark-to-market net losses on commodity hedges in corporate unallocated expenses.

 

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Restructuring and Impairment Charges

In 2008, we incurred a charge of $543 million ($408 million after-tax or $0.25 per share) in conjunction with our Productivity for Growth program. The program includes actions in all divisions of the business, including the closure of six plants that we believe will increase cost competitiveness across the supply chain, upgrade and streamline our product portfolio, and simplify the organization for more effective and timely decision-making. In connection with this program, we expect to incur an additional pre-tax charge of approximately $30 million to $60 million in 2009.

In 2007, we incurred a charge of $102 million ($70 million after-tax or $0.04 per share) in conjunction with restructuring actions primarily to close certain plants and rationalize other production lines.

In 2006, we incurred a charge of $67 million ($43 million after-tax or $0.03 per share) in conjunction with consolidating the manufacturing network at FLNA by closing two plants in the U.S., and rationalizing other assets, to increase manufacturing productivity and supply chain efficiencies.

Tax Benefits

In 2007, we recognized $129 million ($0.08 per share) of non-cash tax benefits related to the favorable resolution of certain foreign tax matters.

In 2006, we recognized non-cash tax benefits of $602 million ($0.36 per share), substantially all of which related to the Internal Revenue Service’s (IRS) examination of our consolidated tax returns for the years 1998 through 2002.

PepsiCo Share of PBG’s Restructuring and Impairment Charges

In 2008, PBG implemented a restructuring initiative across all of its geographic segments. In addition, PBG recognized an asset impairment charge related to its business in Mexico. Consequently, a non-cash charge of $138 million was included in bottling equity income ($114 million after-tax or $0.07 per share) as part of recording our share of PBG’s financial results.

PepsiCo Share of PBG Tax Settlement

In 2006, the IRS concluded its examination of PBG’s consolidated income tax returns for the years 1999 through 2000. Consequently, a non-cash benefit of $21 million was included in bottling equity income ($18 million after-tax or $0.01 per share) as part of recording our share of PBG’s financial results.

 

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Results of Operations – Consolidated Review

In the discussions of net revenue and operating profit below, effective net pricing reflects the year-over-year impact of discrete pricing actions, sales incentive activities and mix resulting from selling varying products in different package sizes and in different countries. Additionally, acquisitions reflect all mergers and acquisitions activity, including the impact of acquisitions, divestitures and changes in ownership or control in consolidated subsidiaries. The impact of acquisitions related to our non-consolidated equity investees is reflected in our volume and, excluding our anchor bottlers, in our operating profit.

Servings

Since our divisions each use different measures of physical unit volume (i.e., kilos, gallons, pounds and case sales), a common servings metric is necessary to reflect our consolidated physical unit volume. Our divisions’ physical volume measures are converted into servings based on U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidelines for single-serving sizes of our products.

In 2008, total servings increased 3% compared to 2007, as servings for both beverages and snacks worldwide grew 3%. In 2007, total servings increased over 4% compared to 2006, as servings for beverages worldwide grew 4% and servings for snacks worldwide grew 6%.

Net Revenue and Operating Profit

 

                       Change  
     2008     2007     2006     2008     2007  

Total net revenue

   $ 43,251      $ 39,474      $ 35,137      10   12

Operating profit

          

FLNA

   $ 2,959      $ 2,845      $ 2,615      4   9

QFNA

     582        568        554      2.5   2.5

LAF

     897        714        655      26   9

PAB

     2,026        2,487        2,315      (19 )%    7

Europe

     910        855        758      6   13

AMEA

     592        466        348      27   34

Corporate – net impact of mark-to-market on commodity hedges

     (346     19        (18   n/m      n/m   

Corporate – other

     (661     (772     (720   (14 )%    7
                            

Total operating profit

   $ 6,959      $ 7,182      $ 6,507      (3 )%    10
                            

Total operating profit margin

     16.1     18.2     18.5   (2.1   (0.3

 

n/m represents year-over-year changes that are not meaningful.

 

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2008

Total operating profit decreased 3% and margin decreased 2.1 percentage points. The unfavorable net mark-to-market impact of our commodity hedges and increased restructuring and impairment charges contributed 11 percentage points to the operating profit decline and 1.8 percentage points to the margin decline. Leverage from the revenue growth was offset by the impact of higher commodity costs. Acquisitions and foreign currency each positively contributed 1 percentage point to operating profit performance.

Other corporate unallocated expenses decreased 14%. The favorable impact of certain employee-related items, including lower deferred compensation and pension costs were partially offset by higher costs associated with our global SAP implementation and increased research and development costs. The decrease in deferred compensation costs are offset by a decrease in interest income from losses on investments used to economically hedge these costs.

2007

Total operating profit increased 10% and margin decreased 0.3 percentage points. The operating profit growth reflects leverage from the revenue growth, offset by increased cost of sales, largely due to higher raw material costs. The impact of foreign currency contributed 2 percentage points to operating profit growth. There was no net impact of acquisitions on operating profit growth.

Other corporate unallocated expenses increased 7%, primarily reflecting increased research and development costs and the absence of certain other favorable corporate items in 2006, partially offset by lower pension costs.

Other Consolidated Results

 

                       Change  
     2008     2007     2006     2008     2007  

Bottling equity income

   $ 374      $ 560      $ 553        (33 )%      1

Interest expense, net

   $ (288   $ (99   $ (66   $ (189   $ (33

Annual tax rate

     26.7     25.8     19.3    

Net income attributable to PepsiCo

   $ 5,142      $ 5,658      $ 5,642        (9 )%      —     

Net income attributable to PepsiCo per common share – diluted

   $ 3.21      $ 3.41      $ 3.34        (6 )%      2

 

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Bottling equity income includes our share of the net income or loss of our anchor bottlers as described in “Our Customers.” Our interest in these bottling investments may change from time to time. Any gains or losses from these changes, as well as other transactions related to our bottling investments, are also included on a pre-tax basis. In November 2007, our Board of Directors approved the sale of additional PBG stock to an economic ownership level of 35%, as well as the sale of PAS stock to the ownership level at the time of the merger with Whitman Corporation in 2000 of about 37%. We sold 8.8 million and 9.5 million shares of PBG stock in 2008 and 2007, respectively. In addition, in 2008, we sold 3.3 million shares of PAS stock. The resulting lower ownership percentages reduce the equity income from PBG and PAS that we recognize. See “Our Liquidity and Capital Resources – Investing Activities” for further information with respect to planned sales of PBG and PAS stock in 2009.

2008

Bottling equity income decreased 33%, primarily reflecting a non-cash charge of $138 million related to our share of PBG’s restructuring and impairment charges. Additionally, lower pre-tax gains on our sales of PBG stock contributed to the decline.

Net interest expense increased $189 million, primarily reflecting higher average debt balances and losses on investments used to economically hedge our deferred compensation costs, partially offset by lower average rates on our borrowings.

The tax rate increased 0.9 percentage points compared to the prior year, primarily due to $129 million of tax benefits recognized in the prior year related to the favorable resolution of certain foreign tax matters, partially offset by lower taxes on foreign results in the current year.

Net income attributable to PepsiCo decreased 9% and the related net income attributable to PepsiCo per common share decreased 6%. The unfavorable net mark-to-market impact of our commodity hedges, the absence of the tax benefits recognized in the prior year, our increased restructuring and impairment charges and our share of PBG’s restructuring and impairment charges collectively contributed 15 percentage points to both the decline in net income attributable to PepsiCo and net income attributable to PepsiCo per common share. Additionally, net income attributable to PepsiCo per common share was favorably impacted by our share repurchases.

2007

Bottling equity income increased 1%, reflecting higher earnings from our anchor bottlers, partially offset by the impact of our reduced ownership level in 2007 and lower pre-tax gains on our sale of PBG stock.

Net interest expense increased $33 million, primarily reflecting the impact of lower investment balances and higher average rates on our debt, partially offset by higher average interest rates on our investments and lower average debt balances.

 

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The tax rate increased 6.5 percentage points compared to the prior year, primarily reflecting an unfavorable comparison to the prior year’s non-cash tax benefits.

Net income attributable to PepsiCo remained flat and the related net income attributable to PepsiCo per common share increased 2%. Our solid operating profit growth and favorable net mark-to-market impact were offset by unfavorable comparisons to the non-cash tax benefits and restructuring and impairment charges in the prior year. These items affecting comparability reduced both net income attributable to PepsiCo performance and related net income attributable to PepsiCo per common share growth by 10 percentage points. Additionally, net income attributable to PepsiCo per common share was favorably impacted by our share repurchases.

Results of Operations – Division Review

The results and discussions below are based on how our Chief Executive Officer monitors the performance of our divisions. In addition, our operating profit and growth, excluding the impact of restructuring and impairment charges, are not measures defined by accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. However, we believe investors should consider these measures as they are more indicative of our ongoing performance and with how management evaluates our operating results and trends. For additional information on our divisions, see Note 1 and for additional information on our restructuring and impairment charges, see Note 3.

 

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     FLNA     QFNA     LAF     PAB     Europe     AMEA     Total  

Net Revenue, 2008

   $ 12,507      $ 1,902      $ 5,895      $ 10,937      $ 6,891      $ 5,119      $ 43,251   

Net Revenue, 2007

   $ 11,586      $ 1,860      $ 4,872      $ 11,090      $ 5,896      $ 4,170      $ 39,474   

% Impact of:

              

Volume(a)

     —       (1.5 )%      —       (4.5 )%      4     14     1

Effective net pricing(b)

     7        4        11        3        4        6        6   

Foreign exchange

     —          —          —          —          2        1        1   

Acquisitions

     —          —          9        —          7        2        2   
                                                        

% Change(c)

     8     2     21     (1 )%      17     23     10
                                                        
     FLNA     QFNA     LAF     PAB     Europe     AMEA     Total  

Net Revenue, 2007

   $ 11,586      $ 1,860      $ 4,872      $ 11,090      $ 5,896      $ 4,170      $ 39,474   

Net Revenue, 2006

   $ 10,844      $ 1,769      $ 3,972      $ 10,362      $ 5,058      $ 3,132      $ 35,137   

% Impact of:

              

Volume(a)

     3     2     5     (1 )%      5     14     3

Effective net pricing(b)

     4        3        5        5        2        3        4   

Foreign exchange

     0.5        1        2        0.5        9        5        2   

Acquisitions

     —          —          11        2        —          12        3   
                                                        

% Change(c)

     7     5     23     7     17     33     12
                                                        

 

(a) Excludes the impact of acquisitions. In certain instances, volume growth varies from the amounts disclosed in the following divisional discussions due to non-consolidated joint venture volume, and, for our beverage businesses, temporary timing differences between BCS and CSE. Our net revenue excludes non-consolidated joint venture volume, and, for our beverage businesses, is based on CSE.
(b) Includes the year-over-year impact of discrete pricing actions, sales incentive activities and mix resulting from selling varying products in different package sizes and in different countries.
(c) Amounts may not sum due to rounding.

 

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Frito-Lay North America

 

                    % Change
     2008    2007    2006        2008            2007    

Net revenue

   $ 12,507    $ 11,586    $ 10,844    8    7

Operating profit

   $ 2,959    $ 2,845    $ 2,615    4    9

Impact of restructuring and impairment charges

     108      28      67      
                          

Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges

   $ 3,067    $ 2,873    $ 2,682    7    7
                          

2008

Net revenue grew 8% and pound volume grew 1%. The volume growth reflects our 2008 Sabra joint venture and mid-single-digit growth in trademark Cheetos, Ruffles and dips. These volume gains were largely offset by mid-single-digit declines in trademark Lay’s and Doritos. Net revenue growth benefited from pricing actions. Foreign currency had a nominal impact on net revenue growth.

Operating profit grew 4%, reflecting the net revenue growth. This growth was partially offset by higher commodity costs, primarily cooking oil and fuel. Operating profit growth was negatively impacted by 3 percentage points, resulting from higher fourth quarter restructuring and impairment charges in 2008 related to the Productivity for Growth program. Foreign currency and acquisitions each had a nominal impact on operating profit growth. Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges, grew 7%.

2007

Net revenue grew 7%, reflecting volume growth of 3% and positive effective net pricing due to pricing actions and favorable mix. Pound volume grew primarily due to high-single-digit growth in trademark Doritos and double-digit growth in dips, SunChips and multipack. These volume gains were partially offset by a mid-single-digit decline in trademark Lay’s.

Operating profit grew 9%, primarily reflecting the net revenue growth, as well as a favorable casualty insurance actuarial adjustment reflecting improved safety performance. This growth was partially offset by higher commodity costs, as well as increased advertising and marketing expenses. Operating profit benefited almost 2 percentage points from the impact of lower restructuring and impairment charges in 2007 related to the continued consolidation of the manufacturing network. Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges, grew 7%.

 

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Quaker Foods North America

 

                    % Change
     2008    2007    2006        2008            2007    

Net revenue

   $ 1,902    $ 1,860    $ 1,769    2    5

Operating profit

   $ 582    $ 568    $ 554    2.5    2.5

Impact of restructuring and impairment charges

     31      —        —        
                          

Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges

   $ 613    $ 568    $ 554    8    2.5
                          

2008

Net revenue increased 2% and volume declined 1.5%, partially reflecting the negative impact of the Cedar Rapids flood that occurred at the end of the second quarter. The volume decrease reflects a low-single-digit decline in Quaker Oatmeal and ready-to-eat cereals. The net revenue growth reflects favorable effective net pricing, due primarily to price increases, partially offset by the volume decline. Foreign currency had a nominal impact on net revenue growth.

Operating profit increased 2.5%, reflecting the net revenue growth and lower advertising and marketing costs, partially offset by increased commodity costs. The negative impact of the flood was mitigated by related business disruption insurance recoveries, which contributed 5 percentage points to operating profit. The fourth quarter restructuring and impairment charges related to the Productivity for Growth program reduced operating profit growth by 5 percentage points. Foreign currency had a nominal impact on operating profit growth. Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges, grew 8%.

2007

Net revenue increased 5% and volume increased 2%. The volume increase reflects mid-single-digit growth in Oatmeal and Life cereal, as well as low-single-digit growth in Cap’n Crunch cereal. These increases were partially offset by a double-digit decline in Rice-A-Roni. The increase in net revenue primarily reflects price increases taken earlier in 2007, as well as the volume growth. Favorable Canadian exchange rates contributed nearly 1 percentage point to net revenue growth.

Operating profit increased 2.5%, primarily reflecting the net revenue growth partially offset by increased raw material costs.

 

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Latin America Foods

 

                    % Change
     2008    2007    2006        2008            2007    

Net revenue

   $ 5,895    $ 4,872    $ 3,972    21    23

Operating profit

   $ 897    $ 714    $ 655    26    9

Impact of restructuring and impairment charges

     40      39      —        
                          

Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges

   $ 937    $ 753    $ 655    24    15
                          

2008

Snacks volume grew 3%, primarily reflecting the acquisition in Brazil, which contributed nearly 3 percentage points to the volume growth. A mid-single-digit decline at Sabritas in Mexico, largely resulting from weight-outs, was offset by mid-single digit growth at Gamesa in Mexico and double-digit growth in certain other markets.

Net revenue grew 21%, primarily reflecting favorable effective net pricing. Gamesa experienced double-digit growth due to favorable pricing actions. Acquisitions contributed 9 percentage points to the net revenue growth, while foreign currency had a nominal impact on net revenue growth.

Operating profit grew 26%, driven by the net revenue growth, partially offset by increased commodity costs. An insurance recovery contributed 3 percentage points to the operating profit growth. The impact of the fourth quarter restructuring and impairment charges in 2008 related to the Productivity for Growth program was offset by the prior year restructuring charges. Acquisitions contributed 4 percentage points and foreign currency contributed 1 percentage point to the operating profit growth. Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges, grew 24%.

2007

Snacks volume grew 6%, reflecting double-digit growth at Gamesa and in Argentina and high-single-digit growth in Brazil, partially offset by a low-single-digit decline at Sabritas. An acquisition in Brazil in the third quarter of 2007 contributed 0.5 percentage points to the reported volume growth rate.

Net revenue grew 23%, reflecting favorable effective net pricing and volume growth. Acquisitions contributed 11 percentage points to the net revenue growth. Foreign currency contributed 2 percentage points of growth, primarily reflecting the favorable Brazilian real.

 

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Operating profit grew 9%, driven by the favorable effective net pricing and volume growth, partially offset by increased raw material costs. Acquisitions contributed 3 percentage points to the operating profit growth. Foreign currency contributed 2 percentage points of growth, primarily reflecting the favorable Brazilian real. The impact of restructuring actions taken in the fourth quarter to reduce costs in our operations, rationalize capacity and realign our organizational structure reduced operating profit growth by 6 percentage points. Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges, grew 15%.

PepsiCo Americas Beverages

 

                    % Change
     2008    2007    2006        2008             2007    

Net revenue

   $ 10,937    $ 11,090    $ 10,362    (1   7

Operating profit

   $ 2,026    $ 2,487    $ 2,315    (19   7

Impact of restructuring and impairment charges

     289      12      —       
                         

Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges

   $ 2,315    $ 2,499    $ 2,315    (7   8
                         

2008

BCS volume declined 3%, reflecting a 5% decline in North America, partially offset by a 4% increase in Latin America.

Our North American business navigated a challenging year in the U.S., where the liquid refreshment beverage category declined on a year-over-year basis. In North America, CSD volume declined 4%, driven by a mid-single-digit decline in trademark Pepsi and a low-single-digit decline in trademark Sierra Mist, offset in part by a slight increase in trademark Mountain Dew. Non-carbonated beverage volume declined 6%.

Net revenue declined 1 percent, reflecting the volume declines in North America, partially offset by favorable effective net pricing. The effective net pricing reflects positive mix and price increases taken primarily on concentrate and fountain products this year. Foreign currency had a nominal impact on the net revenue decline.

Operating profit declined 19%, primarily reflecting higher fourth quarter restructuring and impairment charges in 2008 related to the Productivity for Growth program, which contributed 11 percentage points to the operating profit decline. In addition, higher product costs and higher selling and delivery costs, primarily due to higher fuel costs, contributed to the decline. Foreign currency had a nominal impact on the operating profit decline. Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges, declined 7%.

 

40


2007

BCS volume grew 1%, driven by a 4% increase in our Latin America businesses. BCS volume was flat in North America.

In North America, BCS volume was flat due to a 3% decline in CSDs, entirely offset by a 5% increase in non-carbonated beverages. The decline in the CSD portfolio reflects a mid-single-digit decline in trademark Pepsi offset slightly by a low-single-digit increase in trademark Sierra Mist. Trademark Mountain Dew volume was flat. Across the brands, regular CSDs experienced a mid-single-digit decline and diet CSDs experienced a low-single-digit decline. The non-carbonated portfolio performance was driven by double-digit growth in Lipton ready-to-drink teas, double-digit growth in waters and enhanced waters under the Aquafina, Propel and SoBe Lifewater trademarks and low-single-digit growth in Gatorade, partially offset by a mid-single-digit decline in our juice and juice drinks portfolio as a result of previous price increases.

In our Latin America businesses, volume growth reflected double-digit increases in Brazil, Argentina and Venezuela, partially offset by a low-single-digit decline in Mexico. Both CSDs and non-carbonated beverages grew at mid-single-digit rates.

Net revenue grew 7%, driven by effective net pricing, primarily reflecting price increases on Tropicana Pure Premium and CSD concentrate and growth in finished goods beverages. Acquisitions contributed 2 percentage points to net revenue growth.

Operating profit increased 7%, reflecting the net revenue growth, partially offset by higher cost of sales, mainly due to increased fruit costs, as well as higher general and administrative costs. The impact of restructuring actions taken in the fourth quarter was fully offset by the favorable impact of foreign exchange rates during the year. Operating profit was also positively impacted by the absence of amortization expense related to a prior acquisition, partially offset by the absence of a $29 million favorable insurance settlement, both recorded in 2006. The impact of acquisitions reduced operating profit by less than 1 percentage point. Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges, increased 8%.

 

41


Europe

 

                    % Change
     2008    2007    2006        2008            2007    

Net revenue

   $ 6,891    $ 5,896    $ 5,058    17    17

Operating profit

   $ 910    $ 855    $ 758    6    13

Impact of restructuring and impairment charges

     50      9      —        
                          

Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges

   $ 960    $ 864    $ 758    11    14
                          

2008

Snacks volume grew 6%, reflecting broad-based increases led by double-digit growth in Russia. Additionally, Walkers in the United Kingdom, as well as the Netherlands, grew at low-single-digit rates and Spain increased slightly. Acquisitions contributed 2 percentage points to the volume growth.

Beverage volume grew 15%, primarily reflecting the expansion of the Pepsi Lipton Joint Venture and the Sandora and Lebedyansky acquisitions, which contributed 14 percentage points to the growth. CSDs increased slightly and non-carbonated beverages grew at a double-digit rate.

Net revenue grew 17%, reflecting favorable effective net pricing and volume growth. Acquisitions contributed 7 percentage points and foreign currency contributed 2 percentage points to the net revenue growth.

Operating profit grew 6%, driven by the net revenue growth, partially offset by increased commodity costs. Acquisitions contributed 5 percentage points and foreign currency contributed 3 percentage points to the operating profit growth. Operating profit growth was negatively impacted by 5 percentage points, resulting from higher fourth quarter restructuring and impairment charges in 2008 related to the Productivity for Growth program. Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges, grew 11%.

2007

Snacks volume grew 7%, reflecting broad-based increases led by double-digit growth in Russia, Turkey and Romania, partially offset by low-single-digit declines at Walkers in the United Kingdom and in France. The acquisition of a business in Europe in the third quarter of 2006 contributed 1.5 percentage points to the reported volume growth rate.

 

42


Beverage volume grew 8%, reflecting broad-based increases led by double-digit growth in Russia and Poland, partially offset by a high-single-digit decline in Spain and a low-single-digit decline in Turkey. The acquisition of a noncontrolling interest in a business in the Ukraine in the fourth quarter of 2007 contributed 2.5 percentage points to the reported volume growth rate. CSDs grew at a low-single-digit rate while non-carbonated beverages grew at a double-digit rate.

Net revenue grew 17%, primarily reflecting volume growth and favorable effective net pricing. Foreign currency contributed 9 percentage points to net revenue growth, primarily reflecting the favorable euro and British pound. The net impact of acquisitions reduced net revenue growth slightly.

Operating profit grew 13%, driven by the net revenue growth, partially offset by increased raw material costs and less-favorable settlements of promotional spending accruals in 2007. Foreign currency contributed 10 percentage points of growth, primarily reflecting the favorable British pound and euro. The net impact of acquisitions reduced operating profit growth by 3.5 percentage points. Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges, grew 14%.

Asia, Middle East & Africa

 

                    % Change
     2008    2007    2006        2008            2007    

Net revenue

   $ 5,119    $ 4,170    $ 3,132    23    33

Operating profit

   $ 592    $ 466    $ 348    27    34

Impact of restructuring and impairment charges

     15      14      —        
                          

Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges

   $ 607    $ 480    $ 348    26    38
                          

2008

Snacks volume grew 11%, reflecting broad-based increases led by double-digit growth in China, the Middle East and South Africa. Additionally, Australia experienced low-single-digit growth and India grew at a high-single-digit rate.

Beverage volume grew 12%, reflecting broad-based increases driven by double-digit growth in China, the Middle East and India, partially offset by low-single-digit declines in Thailand and the Philippines. Acquisitions had a nominal impact on beverage volume growth. CSDs grew at a high-single-digit rate and non-carbonated beverages grew at a double-digit rate.

Net revenue grew 23%, reflecting volume growth and favorable effective net pricing. Acquisitions contributed 2 percentage points and foreign currency contributed 1 percentage point to the net revenue growth.

 

43


Operating profit grew 27%, driven by the net revenue growth, partially offset by increased commodity costs. Foreign currency and acquisitions each contributed 2 percentage points to the operating profit growth. The impact of the fourth quarter restructuring and impairment charges in 2008 related to the Productivity for Growth program was offset by the prior year restructuring charges. Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges, grew 26%.

2007

Snacks volume grew 19%, reflecting broad-based growth. The Middle East, India, South Africa and China all grew at double-digit rates, and Australia grew at a high-single-digit rate. Acquisitions contributed 5 percentage points to volume growth.

Beverage volume grew 11%, reflecting broad-based growth led by double-digit growth in the Middle East, Pakistan and China, partially offset by a high-single-digit decline in Thailand. Acquisitions had no impact on the growth rates. Both CSDs and non-carbonated beverages grew at double-digit rates.

Net revenue grew 33%, reflecting volume growth and favorable effective net pricing. Foreign currency contributed 5 percentage points to net revenue growth. Acquisitions contributed 12 percentage points to net revenue growth.

Operating profit grew 34%, driven by volume growth and favorable effective net pricing, partially offset by increased raw material costs. Foreign currency contributed 5 percentage points to operating profit growth. Acquisitions contributed 2 percentage points to the operating profit growth rate. The absence of amortization expense recorded in 2006 related to prior acquisitions contributed 13 percentage points to operating profit growth. The impact of restructuring actions taken in the fourth quarter of 2007 to reduce costs in our operations, rationalize capacity and realign our organizational structure reduced operating profit growth by 4 percentage points. Operating profit, excluding restructuring and impairment charges, grew 38%.

Our Liquidity and Capital Resources

Global capital and credit markets, including the commercial paper markets, experienced in 2008 and continue to experience considerable volatility. Despite this volatility, we continue to have access to the capital and credit markets. In addition, we have revolving credit facilities that are discussed in Note 9. We believe that our cash generating capability and financial condition, together with our revolving credit facilities and other available methods of debt financing (including long-term debt financing which, depending upon market conditions, we intend to use to replace a portion of our commercial paper borrowings), will be adequate to meet our operating, investing and financing needs. However, there can be no assurance that continued or increased volatility in the global capital and credit markets will not impair our ability to access these markets on terms commercially acceptable to us or at all.

In addition, our cash provided from operating activities is somewhat impacted by seasonality. Working capital needs are impacted by weekly sales, which are generally highest in the third quarter due to seasonal and holiday-related sales patterns, and generally lowest in the first quarter.

 

44


Operating Activities

In 2008, our operations provided $7.0 billion of cash, compared to $6.9 billion in the prior year, primarily reflecting our solid business results. Our operating cash flow in 2008 reflects restructuring payments of $180 million, including $159 million related to our Productivity for Growth program, and pension and retiree medical contributions of $219 million, of which $23 million were discretionary.

In 2007, our operations provided $6.9 billion of cash, compared to $6.1 billion in 2006, primarily reflecting solid business results.

Substantially all cash payments related to the Productivity for Growth program are expected to be paid by the end of 2009. In addition, in 2009, we will make a $640 million after-tax discretionary contribution to our U.S. pension plans.

Investing Activities

In 2008, we used $2.7 billion for our investing activities, primarily reflecting $2.4 billion for capital spending and $1.9 billion for acquisitions. Significant acquisitions included our joint acquisition with PBG of Lebedyansky in Russia and the acquisition of a snacks company in Serbia. The use of cash was partially offset by net proceeds from sales of short-term investments of $1.3 billion and proceeds from sales of PBG and PAS stock of $358 million.

In 2007, we used $3.7 billion for our investing activities, reflecting capital spending of $2.4 billion and acquisitions of $1.3 billion. Acquisitions included the remaining interest in a snacks joint venture in Latin America, Naked Juice Company and Bluebird Foods, and the acquisition of a minority interest in a juice company in the Ukraine through a joint venture with PAS. Proceeds from our sale of PBG stock of $315 million were offset by net purchases of short-term investments of $383 million.

We expect a high-single-digit decrease in net capital spending in 2009. In addition, we do not anticipate cash proceeds in 2009 from sales of PBG and PAS stock due to the current capital market conditions.

Financing Activities

In 2008, we used $3.0 billion for our financing activities, primarily reflecting the return of operating cash flow to our shareholders through common share repurchases of $4.7 billion and dividend payments of $2.5 billion. The use of cash was partially offset by proceeds from issuances of long-term debt, net of payments, of $3.1 billion, stock option proceeds of $620 million and net proceeds from short-term borrowings of $445 million.

In 2007, we used $4.0 billion for our financing activities, primarily reflecting the return of operating cash flow to our shareholders through common share repurchases of $4.3 billion and dividend payments of $2.2 billion, as well as net repayments of short-term

 

45


borrowings of $395 million. The use of cash was partially offset by stock option proceeds of $1.1 billion and net proceeds from issuances of long-term debt of $1.6 billion.

We annually review our capital structure with our Board, including our dividend policy and share repurchase activity. In the second quarter of 2008, our Board of Directors approved a 13% dividend increase from $1.50 to $1.70 per share. During the third quarter of 2008, we completed our $8.5 billion repurchase program publicly announced on May 3, 2006 and expiring on June 30, 2009 and began repurchasing shares under our $8.0 billion repurchase program authorized by the Board of Directors in the second quarter of 2007 and expiring on June 30, 2010. The current $8.0 billion authorization has approximately $6.4 billion remaining for repurchase. We have historically repurchased significantly more shares each year than we have issued under our stock-based compensation plans, with average net annual repurchases of 1.8% of outstanding shares for the last five years. In 2009, we intend, subject to market conditions, to spend up to $2.5 billion repurchasing shares.

Management Operating Cash Flow

We focus on management operating cash flow as a key element in achieving maximum shareholder value, and it is the primary measure we use to monitor cash flow performance. However, it is not a measure provided by accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. Since net capital spending is essential to our product innovation initiatives and maintaining our operational capabilities, we believe that it is a recurring and necessary use of cash. As such, we believe investors should also consider net capital spending when evaluating our cash from operating activities. The table below reconciles the net cash provided by operating activities, as reflected in our cash flow statement, to our management operating cash flow.

 

     2008     2007     2006  

Net cash provided by operating activities(a)

   $ 6,999      $ 6,934      $ 6,084   

Capital spending

     (2,446     (2,430     (2,068

Sales of property, plant and equipment

     98        47        49   
                        

Management operating cash flow

   $ 4,651      $ 4,551      $ 4,065   
                        

 

(a) Includes restructuring payments of $180 million in 2008, $22 million in 2007 and $56 million in 2006.

Management operating cash flow was used primarily to repurchase shares and pay dividends. We expect to continue to return approximately all of our management operating cash flow to our shareholders through dividends and share repurchases. However, see “Risk Factors” in Item 1A. of our 2008 Form 10-K and “Our Business Risks” for certain factors that may impact our operating cash flows.

Credit Ratings

Our debt ratings of Aa2 from Moody’s and A+ from Standard & Poor’s contribute to our ability to access global capital and credit markets. We have maintained strong investment grade ratings for over a decade. Each rating is considered strong investment grade and is in the first quartile of its respective ranking system. These ratings also reflect the impact of our anchor bottlers’ cash flows and debt.

 

46


Credit Facilities and Long-Term Contractual Commitments

See Note 9 for a description of our credit facilities and long-term contractual commitments.

Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements

It is not our business practice to enter into off-balance-sheet arrangements, other than in the normal course of business. However, at the time of the separation of our bottling operations from us various guarantees were necessary to facilitate the transactions. In 2008, we extended our guarantee of a portion of Bottling Group LLC’s long-term debt in connection with the refinancing of a corresponding portion of the underlying debt. At December 27, 2008, we believe it is remote that these guarantees would require any cash payment. We do not enter into off-balance-sheet transactions specifically structured to provide income or tax benefits or to avoid recognizing or disclosing assets or liabilities. See Note 9 for a description of our off-balance-sheet arrangements.

 

47


Consolidated Statement of Income

PepsiCo, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Fiscal years ended December 27, 2008, December 29, 2007 and December 30, 2006

(in millions except per share amounts)

 

     2008     2007     2006  

Net Revenue

   $ 43,251      $ 39,474      $ 35,137   

Cost of sales

     20,351        18,038        15,762   

Selling, general and administrative expenses

     15,877        14,196        12,706   

Amortization of intangible assets

     64        58        162   
                        

Operating Profit

     6,959        7,182        6,507   

Bottling equity income

     374        560        553   

Interest expense

     (329     (224     (239

Interest income

     41        125        173   
                        

Income before Income Taxes

     7,045        7,643        6,994   

Provision for Income Taxes

     1,879        1,973        1,347   
                        

Net Income

     5,166        5,670        5,647   

Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests

     24        12        5   
                        

Net Income Attributable to PepsiCo

   $ 5,142      $ 5,658      $ 5,642   
                        

Net Income Attributable to PepsiCo per Common Share

      

Basic

   $ 3.26      $ 3.48      $ 3.42   

Diluted

   $ 3.21      $ 3.41      $ 3.34   

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 

48


Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows

PepsiCo, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Fiscal years ended December 27, 2008, December 29, 2007 and December 30, 2006

(in millions)

 

     2008     2007     2006  

Operating Activities

      

Net income

   $ 5,166      $ 5,670      $ 5,647   

Depreciation and amortization

     1,543        1,426        1,406   

Stock-based compensation expense

     238        260        270   

Restructuring and impairment charges

     543        102        67   

Excess tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements

     (107     (208     (134

Cash payments for restructuring charges

     (180     (22     (56

Pension and retiree medical plan contributions

     (219     (310     (131

Pension and retiree medical plan expenses

     459        535        544   

Bottling equity income, net of dividends

     (202     (441     (442

Deferred income taxes and other tax charges and credits

     573        118        (510

Change in accounts and notes receivable

     (549     (405     (330

Change in inventories

     (345     (204     (186

Change in prepaid expenses and other current assets

     (68     (16     (37

Change in accounts payable and other current liabilities

     718        522        279   

Change in income taxes payable

     (180     128        (295

Other, net

     (391     (221     (8
                        

Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities

     6,999        6,934        6,084   
                        

Investing Activities

      

Capital spending

     (2,446     (2,430     (2,068

Sales of property, plant and equipment

     98        47        49   

Proceeds from (Investment in) finance assets

     —          27        (25

Acquisitions and investments in noncontrolled affiliates

     (1,925     (1,320     (522

Cash restricted for pending acquisitions

     (40     —          —     

Cash proceeds from sale of PBG and PAS stock

     358        315        318   

Divestitures

     6        —          37   

Short-term investments, by original maturity

      

More than three months – purchases

     (156     (83     (29

More than three months – maturities

     62        113        25   

Three months or less, net

     1,376        (413     2,021   
                        

Net Cash Used for Investing Activities

     (2,667     (3,744     (194
                        

(Continued on following page)

 

49


Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows (continued)

PepsiCo, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Fiscal years ended December 27, 2008, December 29, 2007 and December 30, 2006

(in millions)

 

     2008     2007     2006  

Financing Activities

      

Proceeds from issuances of long-term debt

   $ 3,719      $ 2,168      $ 51   

Payments of long-term debt

     (649     (579     (157

Short-term borrowings, by original maturity

      

More than three months – proceeds

     89        83        185   

More than three months – payments

     (269     (133     (358

Three months or less, net

     625        (345     (2,168

Cash dividends paid

     (2,541     (2,204     (1,854

Share repurchases – common

     (4,720     (4,300     (3,000

Share repurchases – preferred

     (6     (12     (10

Proceeds from exercises of stock options

     620        1,108        1,194   

Excess tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements

     107        208        134   
                        

Net Cash Used for Financing Activities

     (3,025     (4,006     (5,983
                        

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents

     (153     75        28   
                        

Net Increase/(Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents

     1,154        (741     (65

Cash and Cash Equivalents, Beginning of Year

     910        1,651        1,716   
                        

Cash and Cash Equivalents, End of Year

   $ 2,064      $ 910      $ 1,651   
                        

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 

50


Consolidated Balance Sheet

PepsiCo, Inc. and Subsidiaries

December 27, 2008 and December 29, 2007

(in millions except per share amounts)

 

     2008     2007  

ASSETS

    

Current Assets

    

Cash and cash equivalents

   $ 2,064      $ 910   

Short-term investments

     213        1,571   

Accounts and notes receivable, net

     4,683        4,389   

Inventories

     2,522        2,290   

Prepaid expenses and other current assets

     1,324        991   
                

Total Current Assets

     10,806        10,151   

Property, Plant and Equipment, net

     11,663        11,228   

Amortizable Intangible Assets, net

     732        796   

Goodwill

     5,124        5,169   

Other nonamortizable intangible assets

     1,128        1,248   
                

Nonamortizable Intangible Assets

     6,252        6,417   

Investments in Noncontrolled Affiliates

     3,883        4,354   

Other Assets

     2,658        1,682   
                

Total Assets

   $ 35,994      $ 34,628   
                

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY

    

Current Liabilities

    

Short-term obligations

   $ 369      $ —     

Accounts payable and other current liabilities

     8,273        7,602   

Income taxes payable

     145        151   
                

Total Current Liabilities

     8,787        7,753   

Long-Term Debt Obligations

     7,858        4,203   

Other Liabilities

     6,541        4,730   

Deferred Income Taxes

     226        646   
                

Total Liabilities

     23,412        17,332   

Commitments and Contingencies

    

Preferred Stock, no par value

     41        41   

Repurchased Preferred Stock

     (138     (132

PepsiCo Common Shareholders’ Equity

    

Common stock, par value 12/3¢ per share (authorized 3,600 shares, issued 1,782 shares)

     30        30   

Capital in excess of par value

     351        450   

Retained earnings

     30,638        28,184   

Accumulated other comprehensive loss

     (4,694     (952

Repurchased common stock, at cost (229 and 177 shares, respectively)

     (14,122     (10,387
                

Total PepsiCo Common Shareholders’ Equity

     12,203        17,325   

Noncontrolling interests

     476        62   
                

Total Equity

     12,582        17,296   
                

Total Liabilities and Equity

   $ 35,994      $ 34,628   
                

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 

51


Consolidated Statement of Equity

PepsiCo, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Fiscal years ended December 27, 2008, December 29, 2007 and December 30, 2006

(in millions)

 

     2008     2007     2006  
     Shares     Amount     Shares     Amount     Shares     Amount  

Preferred Stock

   0.8      $ 41      0.8      $ 41      0.8      $ 41   
                                          

Repurchased Preferred Stock

            

Balance, beginning of year

   (0.5     (132   (0.5     (120   (0.5     (110

Redemptions

   (—       (6   (—       (12   (—       (10
                                          

Balance, end of period

   (0.5     (138   (0.5     (132   (0.5     (120
                                          

Common Stock

   1,782        30      1,782        30      1,782        30   
                                          

Capital in Excess of Par Value

            

Balance, beginning of year

       450          584          614   

Stock-based compensation expense

       238          260          270   

Stock option exercises/RSUs converted(a)

       (280       (347       (300

Withholding tax on RSUs converted

       (57       (47       —     
                              

Balance, end of year

       351          450          584   
                              

Retained Earnings

            

Balance, beginning of year

       28,184          24,837          21,116   

Adoption of FIN 48

           7       

SFAS 158 measurement date change

       (89        
                        

Adjusted balance, beginning of year

       28,095          24,844       

Net income attributable to PepsiCo

       5,142          5,658          5,642   

Cash dividends declared – common

       (2,589       (2,306       (1,912

Cash dividends declared – preferred

       (2       (2       (1

Cash dividends declared – RSUs

       (8       (10       (8
                              

Balance, end of year

       30,638          28,184          24,837   
                              

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

            

Balance, beginning of year

       (952       (2,246       (1,053

SFAS 158 measurement date change

       51           
                  

Adjusted balance, beginning of year

       (901        

Currency translation adjustment

       (2,484       719          465   

Cash flow hedges, net of tax:

            

Net derivative gains/(losses)

       16          (60       (18

Reclassification of losses/(gains) to net income

       5          21          (5

Adoption of SFAS 158

Pension and retiree medical, net of tax:

       —            —            (1,782

Net pension and retiree medical (losses)/gains

       (1,376       464          —     

Reclassification of net losses to net income

       73          135          —     

Minimum pension liability adjustment, net of tax

       —            —            138   

Unrealized (losses)/gains on securities, net of tax

       (21       9          9   

Other

       (6       6          —     
                              

Balance, end of year

       (4,694       (952       (2,246
                              

Repurchased Common Stock

            

Balance, beginning of year

   (177     (10,387   (144     (7,758   (126     (6,387

Share repurchases

   (68     (4,720   (64     (4,300   (49     (3,000

Stock option exercises

   15        883      28        1,582      31        1,619   

Other, primarily RSUs converted

   1        102      3        89      —          10   
                                          

Balance, end of year

   (229     (14,122   (177     (10,387   (144     (7,758
                                          

Total Common Shareholders’ Equity

       12,203          17,325          15,447   
                              

Noncontrolling Interests

            

Balance, beginning of year

       62          45          24   

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests

       24          12          5   

Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interests, net

       450          9          17   

Currency translation adjustment

       (48       2          1   

Other

       (12       (6       (2
                              

Balance, end of year

       476          62          45   
                              

Total Equity

     $ 12,582        $ 17,296        $ 15,413   
                              

Comprehensive Income

            

Net income

     $ 5,166        $ 5,670        $ 5,647   

Other Comprehensive (Loss)/Income

            

Currency translation adjustment

       (2,532       721          466   

Cash flow hedges, net of tax

       21          (39       (23

Minimum pension liability adjustment, net of tax

       —            —            5   

Pension and retiree medical, net of tax

            

Net prior service cost

       55          (105       —     

Net (losses)/gains

       (1,358       704          —     

Unrealized (losses)/gains on securities, net of tax

       (21       9          9   

Other

       (6       6          —     
                              
       (3,841       1,296          457   
                              

Comprehensive Income

       1,325          6,966          6,104   

Comprehensive loss/(income) attributable to noncontrolling interests

       24          (14       (6
                              

Comprehensive Income Attributable to PepsiCo

     $ 1,349        $ 6,952        $ 6,098   
                              

 

(a) Includes total tax benefits of $95 million in 2008, $216 million in 2007 and $130 million in 2006.

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

 

52


Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1 — Basis of Presentation and Our Divisions

Basis of Presentation

Our financial statements include the consolidated accounts of PepsiCo, Inc. and the affiliates that we control. In addition, we include our share of the results of certain other affiliates based on our economic ownership interest. We do not control these other affiliates, as our ownership in these other affiliates is generally less than 50%. Equity income or loss from our anchor bottlers is recorded as bottling equity income in our income statement. Bottling equity income also includes any changes in our ownership interests of our anchor bottlers. Bottling equity income includes $147 million of pre-tax gains on our sales of PBG and PAS stock in 2008 and $174 million and $186 million of pre-tax gains on our sales of PBG stock in 2007 and 2006, respectively. See Note 8 for additional information on our significant noncontrolled bottling affiliates. Income or loss from other noncontrolled affiliates is recorded as a component of selling, general and administrative expenses. Intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated. Our fiscal year ends on the last Saturday of each December, resulting in an additional week of results every five or six years.

Raw materials, direct labor and plant overhead, as well as purchasing and receiving costs, costs directly related to production planning, inspection costs and raw material handling facilities, are included in cost of sales. The costs of moving, storing and delivering finished product are included in selling, general and administrative expenses.

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Estimates are used in determining, among other items, sales incentives accruals, tax reserves, stock-based compensation, pension and retiree medical accruals, useful lives for intangible assets, and future cash flows associated with impairment testing for perpetual brands, goodwill and other long-lived assets. We evaluate our estimates on an on-going basis using our historical experience, as well as other factors we believe appropriate under the circumstances, such as current economic conditions, and adjust or revise our estimates as circumstances change. As future events and their effect cannot be determined with precision, actual results could differ significantly from these estimates.

See “Our Divisions” below and for additional unaudited information on items affecting the comparability of our consolidated results, see “Items Affecting Comparability” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

 

53


Tabular dollars are in millions, except per share amounts. All per share amounts reflect common per share amounts, assume dilution unless noted, and are based on unrounded amounts. Certain reclassifications were made to prior years’ amounts to conform to the 2008 presentation.

Our Divisions

We manufacture or use contract manufacturers, market and sell a variety of salty, convenient, sweet and grain-based snacks, carbonated and non-carbonated beverages, and foods in approximately 200 countries with our largest operations in North America (United States and Canada), Mexico and the United Kingdom. Division results are based on how our Chief Executive Officer assesses the performance of and allocates resources to our divisions. For additional unaudited information on our divisions, see “Our Operations” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. The accounting policies for the divisions are the same as those described in Note 2, except for the following allocation methodologies:

 

   

stock-based compensation expense,

 

   

pension and retiree medical expense, and

 

   

derivatives.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Our divisions are held accountable for stock-based compensation expense and, therefore, this expense is allocated to our divisions as an incremental employee compensation cost. The allocation of stock-based compensation expense in 2008 was approximately 29% to FLNA, 4% to QFNA, 7% to LAF, 23% to PAB, 13% to Europe, 13% to AMEA and 11% to corporate unallocated expenses. We had similar allocations of stock-based compensation expense to our divisions in 2007 and 2006. The expense allocated to our divisions excludes any impact of changes in our assumptions during the year which reflect market conditions over which division management has no control. Therefore, any variances between allocated expense and our actual expense are recognized in corporate unallocated expenses.

Pension and Retiree Medical Expense

Pension and retiree medical service costs measured at a fixed discount rate, as well as amortization of gains and losses due to demographics, including salary experience, are reflected in division results for North American employees. Division results also include interest costs, measured at a fixed discount rate, for retiree medical plans. Interest costs for the pension plans, pension asset returns and the impact of pension funding, and gains and losses other than those due to demographics, are all reflected in corporate unallocated expenses. In addition, corporate unallocated expenses include the difference between the service costs measured at a fixed discount rate (included in division results as noted above) and the total service costs determined using the Plans’ discount rates as disclosed in Note 7.

 

54


Derivatives

We centrally manage commodity derivatives on behalf of our divisions. These commodity derivatives include energy, fruit and other raw materials. Certain of these commodity derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment and are marked to market with the resulting gains and losses reflected in corporate unallocated expenses. These derivatives hedge underlying commodity price risk and were not entered into for speculative purposes. These gains and losses are subsequently reflected in division results when the divisions take delivery of the underlying commodity. Therefore, division results reflect the contract purchase price of these commodities.

In 2007, we expanded our commodity hedging program to include derivative contracts used to mitigate our exposure to price changes associated with our purchases of fruit. In addition, in 2008, we entered into additional contracts to further reduce our exposure to price fluctuations in our raw material and energy costs. The majority of these contracts do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment and are marked to market with the resulting gains and losses recognized in corporate unallocated expenses within selling, general and administrative expenses. These gains and losses are subsequently reflected in divisional results.

New Organizational Structure

In the first quarter of 2009, we realigned certain countries within PI. For additional unaudited information on our new organizational structure, see “Our Operations” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

LOGO

 

55


     2008    2007    2006    2008     2007     2006  
     Net Revenue    Operating Profit(a)  

FLNA

   $ 12,507    $ 11,586    $ 10,844    $ 2,959      $ 2,845      $ 2,615   

QFNA

     1,902      1,860      1,769      582        568        554   

LAF

     5,895      4,872      3,972      897        714        655   

PAB

     10,937      11,090      10,362      2,026        2,487        2,315   

Europe

     6,891      5,896      5,058      910        855        758   

AMEA

     5,119      4,170      3,132      592        466        348   
                                             

Total division

     43,251      39,474      35,137      7,966        7,935        7,245   

Corporate – net impact of mark-to-market on commodity hedges

     —        —        —        (346     19        (18

Corporate – other

     —        —        —        (661     (772     (720
                                             
   $ 43,251    $ 39,474    $ 35,137    $ 6,959      $ 7,182      $ 6,507   
                                             

 

(a) For information on the impact of restructuring and impairment charges on our divisions, see Note 3.

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Corporate

Corporate includes costs of our corporate headquarters, centrally managed initiatives, such as our ongoing business transformation initiative and research and development projects, unallocated insurance and benefit programs, foreign exchange transaction gains and losses, certain commodity derivative gains and losses and certain other items.

 

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Other Division Information

 

     2008    2007    2006    2008    2007    2006
     Total Assets    Capital Spending

FLNA

   $ 6,284    $ 6,270    $ 5,969    $ 553    $ 624    $ 499

QFNA

     1,035      1,002      1,003      43      41      31

LAF

     3,023      3,084      2,169      351      326      235

PAB

     7,673      7,780      7,129      344      450      516

Europe

     8,840      7,330      6,039      401      369      312

AMEA

     3,756      3,683      2,801      479      393      264
                                         

Total division

     30,611      29,149      25,110      2,171      2,203      1,857

Corporate (a)

     2,729      2,124      1,739      275      227      211

Investments in bottling affiliates

     2,654      3,355      3,081      —        —        —  
                                         
   $ 35,994    $ 34,628    $ 29,930    $ 2,446    $ 2,430    $ 2,068
                                         

 

(a) Corporate assets consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, derivative instruments and property, plant and equipment.

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     2008    2007    2006    2008    2007    2006
     Amortization of Intangible
Assets
   Depreciation and Other
Amortization

FLNA

   $ 9    $ 9    $ 9    $ 441    $ 437    $ 432

QFNA

     —        —        —        34      34      33

LAF

     6      4      1      194      166      140

PAB

     16      16      83      334      321      298

Europe

     23      20      19      210      190      173

AMEA

     10      9      50      213      189      149
                                         

Total division

     64      58      162      1,426      1,337      1,225

Corporate

     —        —        —        53      31      19
                                         
   $ 64    $ 58    $ 162    $ 1,479    $ 1,368    $ 1,244
                                         
     2008    2007    2006    2008    2007    2006
     Net Revenue(a)    Long-Lived Assets(b)

U.S.

   $ 22,525    $ 21,978    $ 20,788    $ 12,095    $ 12,498    $ 11,515

Mexico

     3,714      3,498      3,228      904      1,067      996

Canada

     2,107      1,961      1,702      556      699      589

United Kingdom

     2,099      1,987      1,839      1,509      2,090      1,995

All other countries

     12,806      10,050      7,580      7,466      6,441      4,725
                                         
   $ 43,251    $ 39,474    $ 35,137    $ 22,530    $ 22,795    $ 19,820
                                         

 

(a) Represents net revenue from businesses operating in these countries.
(b) Long-lived assets represent property, plant and equipment, nonamortizable intangible assets, amortizable intangible assets, and investments in noncontrolled affiliates. These assets are reported in the country where they are primarily used.

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Note 2 — Our Significant Accounting Policies

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue upon shipment or delivery to our customers based on written sales terms that do not allow for a right of return. However, our policy for DSD and chilled products is to remove and replace damaged and out-of-date products from store shelves to ensure that our consumers receive the product quality and freshness that they expect. Similarly, our policy for certain warehouse-distributed products is to replace damaged and out-of-date products. Based on our experience with this practice, we have reserved for anticipated damaged and out-of-date products. For additional unaudited information on our revenue recognition and related policies, including our policy on bad debts, see “Our Critical Accounting Policies” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. We are exposed to concentration of credit risk by our customers, Wal-Mart and PBG. In 2008, Wal-Mart (including Sam’s) represented approximately 12% of our total net revenue, including concentrate sales to our bottlers which are used in finished goods sold by them to Wal-Mart; and PBG represented approximately 6%. We have not experienced credit issues with these customers.

Sales Incentives and Other Marketplace Spending

We offer sales incentives and discounts through various programs to our customers and consumers. Sales incentives and discounts are accounted for as a reduction of revenue and totaled $12.5 billion in 2008, $11.3 billion in 2007 and $10.1 billion in 2006. While most of these incentive arrangements have terms of no more than one year, certain arrangements, such as fountain pouring rights, may extend beyond one year. Costs incurred to obtain these arrangements are recognized over the shorter of the economic or contractual life, as a reduction of revenue, and the remaining balances of $333 million at December 27, 2008 and $314 million at December 29, 2007 are included in current assets and other assets on our balance sheet. For additional unaudited information on our sales incentives, see “Our Critical Accounting Policies” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Other marketplace spending, which includes the costs of advertising and other marketing activities, totaled $2.9 billion in 2008, $2.9 billion in 2007 and $2.7 billion in 2006 and is reported as selling, general and administrative expenses. Included in these amounts were advertising expenses of $1.8 billion in both 2008 and 2007 and $1.6 billion in 2006. Deferred advertising costs are not expensed until the year first used and consist of:

 

   

media and personal service prepayments,

 

   

promotional materials in inventory, and

 

   

production costs of future media advertising.

Deferred advertising costs of $172 million and $160 million at year-end 2008 and 2007, respectively, are classified as prepaid expenses on our balance sheet.

 

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Distribution Costs

Distribution costs, including the costs of shipping and handling activities, are reported as selling, general and administrative expenses. Shipping and handling expenses were $5.3 billion in 2008, $5.1 billion in 2007 and $4.6 billion in 2006.

Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents are investments with original maturities of three months or less which we do not intend to rollover beyond three months.

Software Costs

We capitalize certain computer software and software development costs incurred in connection with developing or obtaining computer software for internal use when both the preliminary project stage is completed and it is probable that the software will be used as intended. Capitalized software costs include only (i) external direct costs of materials and services utilized in developing or obtaining computer software, (ii) compensation and related benefits for employees who are directly associated with the software project and (iii) interest costs incurred while developing internal-use computer software. Capitalized software costs are included in property, plant and equipment on our balance sheet and amortized on a straight-line basis when placed into service over the estimated useful lives of the software, which approximate five to ten years. Net capitalized software and development costs were $940 million at December 27, 2008 and $761 million at December 29, 2007.

Commitments and Contingencies

We are subject to various claims and contingencies related to lawsuits, certain taxes and environmental matters, as well as commitments under contractual and other commercial obligations. We recognize liabilities for contingencies and commitments when a loss is probable and estimable. For additional information on our commitments, see Note 9.

Research and Development

We engage in a variety of research and development activities. These activities principally involve the development of new products, improvement in the quality of existing products, improvement and modernization of production processes, and the development and implementation of new technologies to enhance the quality and value of both current and proposed product lines. Consumer research is excluded from research and development costs and included in other marketing costs. Research and development costs were $388 million in 2008, $364 million in 2007 and $282 million in 2006 and are reported within selling, general and administrative expenses.

 

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Other Significant Accounting Policies

Our other significant accounting policies are disclosed as follows:

 

   

Property, Plant and Equipment and Intangible Assets – Note 4, and for additional unaudited information on brands and goodwill, see “Our Critical Accounting Policies” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

 

   

Income Taxes – Note 5, and for additional unaudited information, see “Our Critical Accounting Policies” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

 

   

Stock-Based Compensation – Note 6.

 

   

Pension, Retiree Medical and Savings Plans – Note 7, and for additional unaudited information, see “Our Critical Accounting Policies” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

 

   

Financial Instruments – Note 10, and for additional unaudited information, see “Our Business Risks” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2007, the FASB issued SFAS 159 which permits entities to choose to measure many financial instruments and certain other items at fair value. We adopted SFAS 159 as of the beginning of our 2008 fiscal year and our adoption did not impact our financial statements.

In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS 141R, to improve, simplify and converge internationally the accounting for business combinations. SFAS 141R continues the movement toward the greater use of fair value in financial reporting and increased transparency through expanded disclosures. It changes how business acquisitions are accounted for and will impact financial statements both on the acquisition date and in subsequent periods. The provisions of SFAS 141R are effective as of the beginning of our 2009 fiscal year, with the exception of adjustments made to valuation allowances on deferred taxes and acquired tax contingencies. Adjustments made to valuation allowances on deferred taxes and acquired tax contingencies associated with acquisitions that closed prior to the beginning of our 2009 fiscal year would apply the provisions of SFAS 141R. Future adjustments made to valuation allowances on deferred taxes and acquired tax contingencies associated with acquisitions that closed prior to the beginning of our 2009 fiscal year would apply the provisions of SFAS 141R and will be evaluated based on the outcome of these matters. We do not expect the adoption of SFAS 141R to have a material impact on our financial statements.

In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS 160. SFAS 160 amends ARB 51, establishing new standards governing the accounting for and reporting of (1) noncontrolling interests in partially owned consolidated subsidiaries and (2) the loss of control of subsidiaries. We adopted the accounting provisions of SFAS 160 on a prospective basis as of the beginning of our 2009 fiscal year. The adoption of SFAS 160 did not have a material impact on our financial statements. In addition, we adopted the presentation and disclosure requirements of SFAS 160 on a retrospective basis in the first quarter of 2009.

 

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In March 2008, the FASB issued SFAS 161 which amends and expands the disclosure requirements of SFAS 133 to provide an enhanced understanding of the use of derivative instruments, how they are accounted for under SFAS 133 and their effect on financial position, financial performance and cash flows. The disclosure provisions of SFAS 161 are effective as of the beginning of our 2009 fiscal year.

Note 3 — Restructuring and Impairment Charges

2008 Restructuring and Impairment Charge

In 2008, we incurred a charge of $543 million ($408 million after-tax or $0.25 per share) in conjunction with our Productivity for Growth program. The program includes actions in all divisions of the business that we believe will increase cost competitiveness across the supply chain, upgrade and streamline our product portfolio, and simplify the organization for more effective and timely decision-making. Approximately $455 million of the charge was recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses, with the remainder recorded in cost of sales. Substantially all cash payments related to this charge are expected to be paid by the end of 2009.

A summary of the restructuring and impairment charge is as follows:

 

     Severance and Other
Employee Costs
   Asset
Impairments
   Other
Costs
   Total

FLNA

   $ 48    $ 38    $ 22    $ 108

QFNA

     14      3      14      31

LAF

     30      8      2      40

PAB

     68      92      129      289

Europe

     39      6      5      50

AMEA

     11      2      2      15

Corporate

     2      —        8      10
                           
   $ 212    $ 149    $ 182    $ 543
                           

Severance and other employee costs primarily reflect termination costs for approximately 3,500 employees. Asset impairments relate to the closure of 6 plants and changes to our beverage product portfolio. Other costs include contract exit costs and third-party incremental costs associated with upgrading our product portfolio and our supply chain.

 

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A summary of our Productivity for Growth program activity is as follows:

 

     Severance and Other
Employee Costs
    Asset
Impairments
    Other
Costs
    Total  

2008 restructuring and impairment charge

   $ 212      $ 149      $ 182      $ 543   

Cash payments

     (50     —          (109     (159

Non-cash charge

     (27     (149     (9     (185

Currency translation

     (1     —          —          (1
                                

Liability at December 27, 2008

   $ 134      $ —        $ 64      $ 198   
                                

2007 Restructuring and Impairment Charge

In 2007, we incurred a charge of $102 million ($70 million after-tax or $0.04 per share) in conjunction with restructuring actions primarily to close certain plants and rationalize other production lines across FLNA, LAF, PAB, Europe and AMEA. The charge was recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses. All cash payments related to this charge were paid by the end of 2008.

A summary of the restructuring and impairment charge is as follows:

 

     Severance and Other
Employee Costs
   Asset
Impairments
   Other
Costs
   Total

FLNA

   $  —      $ 19    $ 9    $ 28

LAF

     14      25      —        39

PAB

     12      —        —        12

Europe

     2      4      3      9

AMEA

     5      9      —        14
                           
   $ 33    $ 57    $ 12    $ 102
                           

Severance and other employee costs primarily reflect termination costs for approximately 1,100 employees.

2006 Restructuring and Impairment Charge

In 2006, we incurred a charge of $67 million ($43 million after-tax or $0.03 per share) in conjunction with consolidating the manufacturing network at FLNA by closing two plants in the U.S., and rationalizing other assets, to increase manufacturing productivity and supply chain efficiencies. The charge was comprised of $43 million of asset impairments, $14 million of severance and other employee costs and $10 million of other costs. Severance and other employee costs primarily reflect the termination costs for approximately 380 employees. All cash payments related to this charge were paid by the end of 2007.

 

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Note 4 — Property, Plant and Equipment and Intangible Assets

 

     Average
Useful Life
  2008     2007     2006

Property, plant and equipment, net

        

Land and improvements

           10 – 34 yrs.   $ 868      $ 864     

Buildings and improvements

   20 – 44     4,738        4,577     

Machinery and equipment, including fleet and software

     5 – 14     15,173        14,471     

Construction in progress

       1,773        1,984     
                    
       22,552        21,896     

Accumulated depreciation

       (10,889     (10,668  
                    
     $ 11,663      $ 11,228     
                    

Depreciation expense

     $ 1,422      $ 1,304      $ 1,182
                        

Amortizable intangible assets, net

        

Brands

     5 – 40   $ 1,411      $ 1,476     

Other identifiable intangibles

   10 – 24     360        344     
                    
       1,771        1,820     

Accumulated amortization

       (1,039     (1,024  
                    
     $ 732      $ 796     
                    

Amortization expense

     $ 64      $ 58      $ 162
                        

Property, plant and equipment is recorded at historical cost. Depreciation and amortization are recognized on a straight-line basis over an asset’s estimated useful life. Land is not depreciated and construction in progress is not depreciated until ready for service. Amortization of intangible assets for each of the next five years, based on average 2008 foreign exchange rates, is expected to be $64 million in 2009, $63 million in 2010, $62 million in 2011, $60 million in 2012 and $56 million in 2013.

Depreciable and amortizable assets are only evaluated for impairment upon a significant change in the operating or macroeconomic environment. In these circumstances, if an evaluation of the undiscounted cash flows indicates impairment, the asset is written down to its estimated fair value, which is based on discounted future cash flows. Useful lives are periodically evaluated to determine whether events or circumstances have occurred which indicate the need for revision. For additional unaudited information on our amortizable brand policies, see “Our Critical Accounting Policies” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

 

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Nonamortizable Intangible Assets

Perpetual brands and goodwill are assessed for impairment at least annually. If the carrying amount of a perpetual brand exceeds its fair value, as determined by its discounted cash flows, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. No impairment charges resulted from the required impairment evaluations. The change in the book value of nonamortizable intangible assets is as follows:

 

     Balance,
Beginning
2007
   Acquisitions    Translation
and Other
   Balance,
End of
2007
   Acquisitions    Translation
and Other
    Balance,
End of
2008

FLNA

                   

Goodwill

   $ 284    $ —      $ 27    $ 311    $ —      $ (34   $ 277
                                                 

QFNA

                   

Goodwill

     175      —        —        175      —        —          175
                                                 

LAF

                   

Goodwill

     144      —        3      147      338      (61     424

Brands

     22      —        —        22      118      (13     127
                                                 
     166      —        3      169      456      (74     551
                                                 

PAB

                   

Goodwill

     2,203      146      20      2,369      —        (14     2,355

Brands

     59      —        —        59      —        —          59
                                                 
     2,262      146      20      2,428      —        (14     2,414
                                                 

Europe

                   

Goodwill

     1,425      122      95      1,642      45      (218     1,469

Brands

     1,018      —        23      1,041      14      (211     844
                                                 
     2,443      122      118      2,683      59      (429     2,313
                                                 

AMEA

                   

Goodwill

     363      114      48      525      1      (102     424

Brands

     113      —        13      126      —        (28     98
                                                 
     476      114      61      651      1      (130     522
                                                 

Total goodwill

     4,594      382      193      5,169      384      (429     5,124

Total brands

     1,212      —        36      1,248      132      (252     1,128
                                                 
   $ 5,806    $ 382    $ 229    $ 6,417    $ 516    $ (681   $ 6,252
                                                 

 

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Note 5 — Income Taxes

 

     2008     2007     2006  

Income before income taxes

      

U.S.

   $ 3,274      $ 4,085      $ 3,844   

Foreign

     3,771        3,558        3,150   
                        
   $ 7,045      $ 7,643      $ 6,994   
                        

Provision for income taxes

      

Current:

      

U.S. Federal

   $ 815      $ 1,422      $ 776   

Foreign

     732        489        569   

State

     87        104        56   
                        
     1,634        2,015        1,401   
                        

Deferred:

      

U.S. Federal

     313        22        (31

Foreign

     (69     (66     (16

State

     1        2        (7
                        
     245        (42     (54
                        
   $ 1,879      $ 1,973      $ 1,347   
                        

Tax rate reconciliation

      

U.S. Federal statutory tax rate

     35.0     35.0     35.0

State income tax, net of U.S. Federal tax benefit

     0.8        0.9        0.5   

Lower taxes on foreign results

     (8.0     (6.6     (6.5

Tax settlements

     —          (1.7     (8.6

Other, net

     (1.1     (1.8     (1.1
                        

Annual tax rate

     26.7        25.8     19.3
                        

Deferred tax liabilities

      

Investments in noncontrolled affiliates

   $ 1,193      $ 1,163     

Property, plant and equipment

     881        828     

Intangible assets other than nondeductible goodwill

     295        280     

Pension benefits

     —          148     

Other

     73        136     
                  

Gross deferred tax liabilities

     2,442        2,555     
                  

Deferred tax assets

      

Net carryforwards

     682        722     

Stock-based compensation

     410        425     

Retiree medical benefits

     495        528     

Other employee-related benefits

     428        447     

Pension benefits

     345        —       

Deductible state tax and interest benefits

     230        189     

Other

     677        618     
                  

Gross deferred tax assets

     3,267        2,929     

Valuation allowances

     (657     (695  
                  

Deferred tax assets, net

     2,610        2,234     
                  

Net deferred tax (assets)/liabilities

   $ (168   $ 321     
                  

 

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     2008     2007    2006

Deferred taxes included within:

       

Assets:

       

Prepaid expenses and other current assets

   $ 372      $ 325    $ 223

Other assets

   $ 22        —        —  

Liabilities:

       

Deferred income taxes

   $ 226      $ 646    $ 528

Analysis of valuation allowances

       

Balance, beginning of year

   $ 695      $ 624    $ 532

(Benefit)/provision

     (5     39      71

Other (deductions)/additions

     (33     32      21
                     

Balance, end of year

   $ 657      $ 695    $ 624
                     

For additional unaudited information on our income tax policies, including our reserves for income taxes, see “Our Critical Accounting Policies” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

In 2007, we recognized $129 million of non-cash tax benefits related to the favorable resolution of certain foreign tax matters. In 2006, we recognized non-cash tax benefits of $602 million, substantially all of which related to the IRS’s examination of our consolidated income tax returns for the years 1998 through 2002.

Reserves

A number of years may elapse before a particular matter, for which we have established a reserve, is audited and finally resolved. The number of years with open tax audits varies depending on the tax jurisdiction. Our major taxing jurisdictions and the related open tax audits are as follows:

 

   

U.S. – continue to dispute one matter related to tax years 1998 through 2002. Our U.S. tax returns for the years 2003 through 2005 are currently under audit. In 2008, the IRS initiated its audit of our U.S. tax returns for the years 2006 through 2007;

 

   

Mexico – audits have been substantially completed for all taxable years through 2005;

 

   

United Kingdom – audits have been completed for all taxable years prior to 2004; and

 

   

Canada – audits have been completed for all taxable years through 2005. We are in agreement with the conclusions, except for one matter which we continue to dispute. The Canadian tax return for 2006 is currently under audit.

 

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While it is often difficult to predict the final outcome or the timing of resolution of any particular tax matter, we believe that our reserves reflect the probable outcome of known tax contingencies. We adjust these reserves, as well as the related interest, in light of changing facts and circumstances. Settlement of any particular issue would usually require the use of cash. Favorable resolution would be recognized as a reduction to our annual tax rate in the year of resolution.

For further unaudited information on the impact of the resolution of open tax issues, see “Other Consolidated Results.”

In 2006, the FASB issued FASB Interpretation No. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes – an interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109, (FIN 48), which clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in tax positions. FIN 48 requires that we recognize in our financial statements the impact of a tax position, if that position is more likely than not of being sustained on audit, based on the technical merits of the position. We adopted the provisions of FIN 48 as of the beginning of our 2007 fiscal year.

As of December 27, 2008, the total gross amount of reserves for income taxes, reported in other liabilities, was $1.7 billion. Any prospective adjustments to these reserves will be recorded as an increase or decrease to our provision for income taxes and would impact our effective tax rate. In addition, we accrue interest related to reserves for income taxes in our provision for income taxes and any associated penalties are recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses. The gross amount of interest accrued, reported in other liabilities, was $427 million as of December 27, 2008, of which $95 million was recognized in 2008. The gross amount of interest accrued was $338 million as of December 29, 2007, of which $34 million was recognized in 2007.

A rollforward of our reserves for all federal, state and foreign tax jurisdictions, is as follows:

 

     2008     2007  

Balance, beginning of year

   $ 1,461      $ 1,435   

FIN 48 adoption adjustment to retained earnings

     —          (7

Reclassification of deductible state tax and interest benefits to other balance sheet accounts

     —          (144
                

Adjusted balance, beginning of year

     1,461        1,284   

Additions for tax positions related to the current year

     272        264   

Additions for tax positions from prior years

     76        151   

Reductions for tax positions from prior years

     (14     (73

Settlement payments

     (30     (174

Statute of limitations expiration

     (20     (7

Translation and other

     (34     16   
                

Balance, end of year

   $ 1,711      $ 1,461   
                

 

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Carryforwards and Allowances

Operating loss carryforwards totaling $7.2 billion at year-end 2008 are being carried forward in a number of foreign and state jurisdictions where we are permitted to use tax operating losses from prior periods to reduce future taxable income. These operating losses will expire as follows: $0.3 billion in 2009, $6.2 billion between 2010 and 2028 and $0.7 billion may be carried forward indefinitely. We establish valuation allowances for our deferred tax assets if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

Undistributed International Earnings

At December 27, 2008, we had approximately $17.1 billion of undistributed international earnings. We intend to continue to reinvest earnings outside the U.S. for the foreseeable future and, therefore, have not recognized any U.S. tax expense on these earnings.

Note 6 — Stock-Based Compensation

Our stock-based compensation program is a broad-based program designed to attract and retain employees while also aligning employees’ interests with the interests of our shareholders. A majority of our employees participate in our stock-based compensation program. This program includes both our broad-based SharePower program which was established in 1989 to grant an annual award of stock options to eligible employees, based upon job level or classification and tenure (internationally), as well as our executive long-term awards program. Stock options and restricted stock units (RSU) are granted to employees under the shareholder-approved 2007 Long-Term Incentive Plan (LTIP), our only active stock-based plan. Stock-based compensation expense was $238 million in 2008, $260 million in 2007 and $270 million in 2006. Related income tax benefits recognized in earnings were $71 million in 2008, $77 million in 2007 and $80 million in 2006. Stock-based compensation cost capitalized in connection with our ongoing business transformation initiative was $4 million in 2008, $3 million in 2007 and $3 million in 2006. At year-end 2008, 57 million shares were available for future stock-based compensation grants.

Method of Accounting and Our Assumptions

We account for our employee stock options, which include grants under our executive program and our broad-based SharePower program, under the fair value method of accounting using a Black-Scholes valuation model to measure stock option expense at the date of grant. All stock option grants have an exercise price equal to the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant and generally have a 10-year term. We do not backdate, reprice or grant stock-based compensation awards retroactively. Repricing of awards would require shareholder approval under the LTIP.

The fair value of stock option grants is amortized to expense over the vesting period, generally three years. Executives who are awarded long-term incentives based on their performance are offered the choice of stock options or RSUs. Executives who elect

 

69


RSUs receive one RSU for every four stock options that would have otherwise been granted. Senior officers do not have a choice and are granted 50% stock options and 50% performance-based RSUs. Vesting of RSU awards for senior officers is contingent upon the achievement of pre-established performance targets approved by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. RSU expense is based on the fair value of PepsiCo stock on the date of grant and is amortized over the vesting period, generally three years. Each RSU is settled in a share of our stock after the vesting period.

Our weighted-average Black-Scholes fair value assumptions are as follows:

 

     2008     2007     2006  

Expected life

   6 yrs.      6 yrs.      6 yrs.   

Risk free interest rate

   3.0   4.8   4.5

Expected volatility

   16   15   18

Expected dividend yield

   1.9   1.9   1.9

The expected life is the period over which our employee groups are expected to hold their options. It is based on our historical experience with similar grants. The risk free interest rate is based on the expected U.S. Treasury rate over the expected life. Volatility reflects movements in our stock price over the most recent historical period equivalent to the expected life. Dividend yield is estimated over the expected life based on our stated dividend policy and forecasts of net income, share repurchases and stock price.

A summary of our stock-based compensation activity for the year ended December 27, 2008 is presented below:

Our Stock Option Activity

 

     Options (a)     Average
Price (b)
   Average
Life
(years) (c)
   Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value (d)

Outstanding at December 29, 2007

   108,808      $ 47.47      

Granted

   12,512        68.74      

Exercised

   (14,651     42.19      

Forfeited/expired

   (2,997     60.13      
              

Outstanding at December 27, 2008

   103,672      $ 50.42    4.93    $ 736,438
              

Exercisable at December 27, 2008

   61,085      $ 43.41    3.16    $ 683,983

 

(a) Options are in thousands and include options previously granted under Quaker plans. No additional options or shares may be granted under the Quaker plans.
(b) Weighted-average exercise price.
(c) Weighted-average contractual life remaining.
(d) In thousands.

 

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Our RSU Activity

 

     RSUs (a)     Average
Intrinsic
Value (b)
   Average
Life
(years) (c)
   Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value (d)

Outstanding at December 29, 2007

   7,370      $ 58.63      

Granted

   2,135        68.73      

Converted

   (2,500     54.59      

Forfeited/expired

   (854     62.90      
              

Outstanding at December 27, 2008

   6,151      $ 63.18    1.20    $ 335,583
              

 

(a) RSUs are in thousands.
(b) Weighted-average intrinsic value at grant date.
(c) Weighted-average contractual life remaining.
(d) In thousands.

Other Stock-Based Compensation Data

 

     2008    2007    2006

Stock Options

        

Weighted-average fair value of options granted

   $ 11.24    $ 13.56    $ 12.81

Total intrinsic value of options exercised (a)

   $ 410,152    $ 826,913    $ 686,242

RSUs

        

Total number of RSUs granted (a)

     2,135      2,342      2,992

Weighted-average intrinsic value of RSUs granted

   $ 68.73    $ 65.21    $ 58.22

Total intrinsic value of RSUs converted (a)

   $ 180,563    $ 125,514    $ 10,934

 

(a) In thousands.

At December 27, 2008, there was $243 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested share-based compensation grants. This unrecognized compensation is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.7 years.

Note 7 — Pension, Retiree Medical and Savings Plans

Our pension plans cover full-time employees in the U.S. and certain international employees. Benefits are determined based on either years of service or a combination of years of service and earnings. U.S. and Canada retirees are also eligible for medical and life insurance benefits (retiree medical) if they meet age and service requirements. Generally, our share of retiree medical costs is capped at specified dollar amounts, which vary based upon years of service, with retirees contributing the remainder of the costs.

Gains and losses resulting from actual experience differing from our assumptions, including the difference between the actual return on plan assets and the expected return

 

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on plan assets, and from changes in our assumptions are also determined at each measurement date. If this net accumulated gain or loss exceeds 10% of the greater of the market-related value of plan assets or plan liabilities, a portion of the net gain or loss is included in expense for the following year. The cost or benefit of plan changes that increase or decrease benefits for prior employee service (prior service cost/(credit)) is included in earnings on a straight-line basis over the average remaining service period of active plan participants, which is approximately 10 years for pension expense and approximately 12 years for retiree medical expense.

On December 30, 2006, we adopted SFAS 158. In connection with our adoption, we recognized the funded status of our Plans on our balance sheet as of December 30, 2006 with subsequent changes in the funded status recognized in comprehensive income in the years in which they occur. In accordance with SFAS 158, amounts prior to the year of adoption have not been adjusted. SFAS 158 also required that, no later than 2008, our assumptions used to measure our annual pension and retiree medical expense be determined as of the balance sheet date, and all plan assets and liabilities be reported as of that date. Accordingly, as of the beginning of our 2008 fiscal year, we changed the measurement date for our annual pension and retiree medical expense and all plan assets and liabilities from September 30 to our year-end balance sheet date. As a result of this change in measurement date, we recorded an after-tax $39 million decrease to 2008 opening shareholders’ equity, as follows:

 

     Pension     Retiree
Medical
    Total  

Retained earnings

   $ (63   $ (20   $ (83

Accumulated other comprehensive loss

     12        32        44   
                        

Total

   $ (51   $ 12      $ (39
                        

 

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Selected financial information for our pension and retiree medical plans is as follows:

 

     Pension     Retiree Medical  
     2008     2007     2008     2007     2008     2007  
     U.S.     International              

Change in projected benefit liability

            

Liability at beginning of year

   $ 6,048      $ 5,947      $ 1,595      $ 1,511      $ 1,354      $ 1,370   

SFAS 158 measurement date change

     (199     —          113        —          (37     —     

Service cost

     244        244        61        59        45        48   

Interest cost

     371        338        88        81        82        77   

Plan amendments

     (20     147        2        4        (47     —     

Participant contributions

     —          —          17        14        —          —     

Experience loss/(gain)

     28        (309     (165     (155     58        (80

Benefit payments

     (277     (319     (51     (46     (70     (77

Settlement/curtailment loss

     (9     —          (15     —          (2     —     

Special termination benefits

     31        —          2        —          3        —     

Foreign currency adjustment

     —          —          (376     96        (10     9   

Other

     —          —          (1     31        (6     7   
                                                

Liability at end of year

   $ 6,217      $ 6,048      $ 1,270      $ 1,595      $ 1,370      $ 1,354   
                                                

Change in fair value of plan assets

            

Fair value at beginning of year

   $ 5,782      $ 5,378      $ 1,595      $ 1,330      $ —        $ —     

SFAS 158 measurement date change

     (136     —          97        —          —          —     

Actual return on plan assets

     (1,434     654        (241     122        —          —     

Employer contributions/funding

     48        69        101        58        70        77   

Participant contributions

     —          —          17        14        —          —     

Benefit payments

     (277     (319     (51     (46     (70     (77

Settlement/curtailment loss

     (9     —          (11     —          —          —     

Foreign currency adjustment

     —          —          (341     91        —          —     

Other

     —          —          (1     26        —          —     
                                                

Fair value at end of year

   $ 3,974      $ 5,782      $ 1,165      $ 1,595      $ —        $ —     
                                                

 

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     Pension     Retiree Medical  
     2008     2007     2008     2007     2008     2007  
     U.S.     International              

Reconciliation of funded status

            

Funded status

   $ (2,243   $ (266   $ (105   $ —        $ (1,370   $ (1,354

Adjustment for fourth quarter contributions

     —          15        —          107        —          19   

Adjustment for fourth quarter special termination benefits

     —          (5     —          —          —          —     
                                                

Net amount recognized

   $ (2,243   $ (256   $ (105   $ 107      $ (1,370   $ (1,335
                                                

Amounts recognized

            

Other assets

   $ —        $ 440      $ 28      $ 187      $ —        $ —     

Other current liabilities

     (60     (24     (1     (3     (102     (88

Other liabilities

     (2,183     (672     (132     (77     (1,268     (1,247
                                                

Net amount recognized

   $ (2,243   $ (256   $ (105   $ 107      $ (1,370   $ (1,335
                                                

Amounts included in accumulated other comprehensive
loss/(credit) (pre-tax)

            

Net loss

   $ 2,826      $ 1,136      $ 421      $ 287      $ 266      $ 276   

Prior service cost/(credit)

     112        156        20        28        (119     (88
                                                

Total

   $ 2,938      $ 1,292      $ 441      $ 315      $ 147      $ 188   
                                                

Components of the increase/(decrease) in net loss

            

SFAS 158 measurement date change

   $ (130   $ —        $ 105      $ —        $ (53   $ —     

Change in discount rate

     247        (292     (219     (224     36        (50

Employee-related assumption changes

     (194     —          52        61        6        (9

Liability-related experience different from assumptions

     (25     (17     (4     7        10        (21

Actual asset return different from expected return

     1,850        (255     354        (25     —          —     

Amortization of losses

     (58     (136     (19     (30     (8     (18

Other, including foreign currency adjustments and 2003 Medicare Act

     —          —          (135     23        (1     10   
                                                

Total

   $ 1,690      $ (700   $ 134      $ (188   $ (10   $ (88
                                                

Liability at end of year for service to date

   $ 5,413      $ 5,026      $ 1,013      $ 1,324       

 

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Components of benefit expense are as follows:

 

     Pension     Retiree Medical  
     2008     2007     2006     2008     2007     2006     2008     2007     2006  
     U.S.     International                    

Components of benefit expense

                  

Service cost

   $ 244      $ 244      $ 245      $ 61      $ 59      $ 52      $ 45      $ 48      $ 46   

Interest cost

     371        338        319        88        81        68        82        77        72   

Expected return on plan assets

     (416     (399     (391     (112     (97     (81     —          —          —     

Amortization of prior service cost/(credit)

     19        5        3        3        3        2        (13     (13     (13

Amortization of net loss

     55        136        164        19        30        29        7        18        21   
                                                                        
     273        324        340        59        76        70        121        130        126   

Settlement/curtailment loss

     3        —          3        3        —          —          —          —          —     

Special termination benefits

     31        5        4        2        —          —          3        —          1   
                                                                        

Total

   $ 307      $ 329      $ 347      $ 64      $ 76      $ 70      $ 124      $ 130      $ 127   
                                                                        

The estimated amounts to be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive loss into benefit expense in 2009 for our pension and retiree medical plans are as follows:

 

     Pension    Retiree Medical  
     U.S.    International       

Net loss

   $ 98    $ 10    $ 11   

Prior service cost/(credit)

     11      2      (17
                      

Total

   $ 109    $ 12    $ (6
                      

The following table provides the weighted-average assumptions used to determine projected benefit liability and benefit expense for our pension and retiree medical plans:

 

     Pension     Retiree Medical  
     2008     2007     2006     2008     2007     2006     2008     2007     2006  
     U.S.     International                    

Weighted average assumptions

                  

Liability discount rate

   6.2   6.2   5.8   6.3   5.8   5.2   6.2   6.1   5.8

Expense discount rate

   6.5   5.8   5.7   5.6   5.2   5.1   6.5   5.8   5.7

Expected return on plan assets

   7.8   7.8   7.8   7.2   7.3   7.3      

Rate of salary increases

   4.6   4.7   4.5   3.9   3.9   3.9      

The following table provides selected information about plans with liability for service to date and total benefit liability in excess of plan assets:

 

     Pension     Retiree Medical  
     2008     2007     2008     2007     2008     2007  
     U.S.     International              

Selected information for plans with liability for service to date in excess of plan assets

            

Liability for service to date

   $ (5,411   $ (364   $ (49   $ (72    

Fair value of plan assets

   $ 3,971      $ —        $ 30      $ 13       

Selected information for plans with benefit liability in excess of plan assets

            

Benefit liability

   $ (6,217   $ (707   $ (1,049   $ (384   $ (1,370   $ (1,354

Fair value of plan assets

   $ 3,974      $ —        $ 916      $ 278       

 

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Of the total projected pension benefit liability at year-end 2008, $587 million relates to plans that we do not fund because the funding of such plans does not receive favorable tax treatment.

Future Benefit Payments and Funding

Our estimated future benefit payments are as follows:

 

     2009    2010    2011    2012    2013    2014-18

Pension

   $ 350    $ 335    $ 370    $ 400    $ 425    $ 2,645

Retiree medical (a)

   $ 110    $ 115    $ 120    $ 125    $ 130    $ 580

 

(a) Expected future benefit payments for our retiree medical plans do not reflect any estimated subsidies expected to be received under the 2003 Medicare Act. Subsidies are expected to be approximately $10 million for each of the years from 2009 through 2013 and approximately $70 million in total for 2014 through 2018.

These future benefits to beneficiaries include payments from both funded and unfunded pension plans.

In 2009, we will make pension contributions of up to $1.1 billion, with up to $1 billion being discretionary. Our net cash payments for retiree medical are estimated to be approximately $100 million in 2009.

Pension Assets

Our pension plan investment strategy includes the use of actively-managed securities and is reviewed annually based upon plan liabilities, an evaluation of market conditions, tolerance for risk and cash requirements for benefit payments. Our investment objective is to ensure that funds are available to meet the plans’ benefit obligations when they become due. Our overall investment strategy is to prudently invest plan assets in high-quality and diversified equity and debt securities to achieve our long-term return expectations. We employ certain equity strategies which, in addition to investments in U.S. and international common and preferred stock, include investments in certain equity- and debt-based securities used collectively to generate returns in excess of certain equity-based indices. Debt-based securities represent approximately 3% and 30% of our equity strategy portfolio as of year-end 2008 and 2007, respectively. Our investment policy also permits the use of derivative instruments which are primarily used to reduce risk. Our expected long-term rate of return on U.S. plan assets is 7.8%, reflecting estimated long-term rates of return of 8.9% from our equity strategies, and 6.3% from our fixed income strategies. Our target investment allocation is 60% for equity strategies and 40% for fixed income strategies. Actual investment allocations may vary from our target investment allocations due to prevailing market conditions. We regularly review our actual investment allocations and periodically rebalance our investments to our target allocations. Our actual pension plan asset allocations are as follows:

 

      Actual
Allocation
 

Asset Category

   2008     2007  

Equity strategies

   38   61

Fixed income strategies

   61   38

Other, primarily cash

   1   1
            

Total

   100   100
            

 

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The expected return on pension plan assets is based on our pension plan investment strategy, our expectations for long-term rates of return and our historical experience. We also review current levels of interest rates and inflation to assess the reasonableness of the long-term rates. To calculate the expected return on pension plan assets, we use a market-related valuation method that recognizes investment gains or losses (the difference between the expected and actual return based on the market-related value of assets) for securities included in our equity strategies over a five-year period. This has the effect of reducing year-to-year volatility. For all other asset categories, the actual fair value is used for the market-related value of assets.

Pension assets include 5.5 million shares of PepsiCo common stock with a market value of $302 million in 2008, and 5.5 million shares with a market value of $401 million in 2007. Our investment policy limits the investment in PepsiCo stock at the time of investment to 10% of the fair value of plan assets.

Retiree Medical Cost Trend Rates

An average increase of 8.0% in the cost of covered retiree medical benefits is assumed for 2009. This average increase is then projected to decline gradually to 5% in 2014 and thereafter. These assumed health care cost trend rates have an impact on the retiree medical plan expense and liability. However, the cap on our share of retiree medical costs limits the impact. A 1-percentage-point change in the assumed health care trend rate would have the following effects:

 

     1%
Increase
   1%
Decrease
 

2008 service and interest cost components

   $ 6    $ (5

2008 benefit liability

   $ 33    $ (29

Savings Plan

Our U.S. employees are eligible to participate in 401(k) savings plans, which are voluntary defined contribution plans. The plans are designed to help employees accumulate additional savings for retirement. We make matching contributions on a portion of eligible pay based on years of service. In 2008 and 2007, our matching contributions were $70 million and $62 million, respectively.

For additional unaudited information on our pension and retiree medical plans and related accounting policies and assumptions, see “Our Critical Accounting Policies” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

 

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Note 8 — Noncontrolled Bottling Affiliates

Our most significant noncontrolled bottling affiliates are PBG and PAS. Sales to PBG reflected approximately 6% of our total net revenue in 2008 and 7% of our total net revenue in both 2007 and 2006.

The Pepsi Bottling Group

In addition to approximately 33% and 35% of PBG’s outstanding common stock that we owned at year-end 2008 and 2007, respectively, we owned 100% of PBG’s class B common stock and approximately 7% of the equity of Bottling Group, LLC, PBG’s principal operating subsidiary.

PBG’s summarized financial information is as follows:

 

     2008    2007    2006

Current assets

   $ 3,141    $ 3,086   

Noncurrent assets

     9,841      10,029   
                

Total assets

   $ 12,982    $ 13,115   
                

Current liabilities

   $ 3,083    $ 2,215   

Noncurrent liabilities

     7,408      7,312   

Minority interest

     1,148      973   
                

Total liabilities

   $ 11,639    $ 10,500   
                

Our investment

   $ 1,457    $ 2,022   
                

Net revenue

   $ 13,796    $ 13,591    $ 12,730

Gross profit

   $ 6,210    $ 6,221    $ 5,830

Operating profit

   $ 649    $ 1,071    $ 1,017

Net income attributable to PBG

   $ 162    $ 532    $ 522

Our investment in PBG, which includes the related goodwill, was $536 million and $507 million higher than our ownership interest in their net assets at year-end 2008 and 2007, respectively. Based upon the quoted closing price of PBG shares at year-end 2008, the calculated market value of our shares in PBG exceeded our investment balance, excluding our investment in Bottling Group, LLC, by approximately $567 million.

Additionally, in 2007, we formed a joint venture with PBG, comprising our concentrate and PBG’s bottling businesses in Russia. PBG holds a 60% majority interest in the joint venture and consolidates the entity. We account for our interest of 40% under the equity method of accounting.

 

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During 2008, together with PBG, we jointly acquired Russia’s leading branded juice company, Lebedyansky. Lebedyansky is owned 25% and 75% by PBG and us, respectively. See Note 14 for further information on this acquisition.

PepsiAmericas

At year-end 2008 and 2007, we owned approximately 43% and 44%, respectively, of the outstanding common stock of PAS.

PAS summarized financial information is as follows:

 

     2008    2007    2006

Current assets

   $ 906    $ 922   

Noncurrent assets

     4,148      4,386   
                

Total assets

   $ 5,054    $ 5,308   
                

Current liabilities

   $ 1,048    $ 903   

Noncurrent liabilities

     2,175      2,274   

Minority interest

     307      273   
                

Total liabilities

   $ 3,530    $ 3,450   
                

Our investment

   $ 972    $ 1,118   
                

Net revenue

   $ 4,937    $ 4,480    $ 3,972

Gross profit

   $ 1,982    $ 1,823    $ 1,608

Operating profit

   $ 473    $ 436    $ 356

Net income attributable to PAS

   $ 226    $ 212    $ 158

Our investment in PAS, which includes the related goodwill, was $318 million and $303 million higher than our ownership interest in their net assets at year-end 2008 and 2007, respectively. Based upon the quoted closing price of PAS shares at year-end 2008, the calculated market value of our shares in PAS exceeded our investment balance by approximately $143 million.

Additionally, in 2007, we completed the joint purchase of Sandora, LLC, a juice company in the Ukraine, with PAS. PAS holds a 60% majority interest in the joint venture and consolidates the entity. We account for our interest of 40% under the equity method of accounting.

Related Party Transactions

Our significant related party transactions are with our noncontrolled bottling affiliates. The transactions primarily consist of (1) selling concentrate to these affiliates, which they use in the production of CSDs and non-carbonated beverages, (2) selling certain finished goods to these affiliates, (3) receiving royalties for the use of our trademarks for certain products and (4) paying these affiliates to act as our manufacturing and distribution agent for product associated with our national account fountain customers. Sales of concentrate and finished goods are reported net of bottler funding. For further unaudited information on these bottlers, see “Our Customers” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of

 

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Financial Condition and Results of Operations. These transactions with our bottling affiliates are reflected in our consolidated financial statements as follows:

 

     2008    2007    2006

Net revenue

   $ 3,918    $ 3,867    $ 3,418

Cost of sales

   $ 676    $ 638    $ 644

Selling, general and administrative expenses

   $ 28    $ 33    $ 23

Accounts and notes receivable

   $ 276    $ 278   

Accounts payable and other current liabilities

   $ 153    $ 154   

Such amounts are settled on terms consistent with other trade receivables and payables. See Note 9 regarding our guarantee of certain PBG debt.

We also coordinate, on an aggregate basis, the contract negotiations of sweeteners and other raw material requirements for certain of our bottlers. Once we have negotiated the contracts, the bottlers order and take delivery directly from the supplier and pay the suppliers directly. Consequently, these transactions are not reflected in our consolidated financial statements. As the contracting party, we could be liable to these suppliers in the event of any nonpayment by our bottlers, but we consider this exposure to be remote.

In addition, our joint ventures with Unilever (under the Lipton brand name) and Starbucks sell finished goods (ready-to-drink teas, coffees and water products) to our noncontrolled bottling affiliates. Consistent with accounting for equity method investments, our joint venture revenue is not included in our consolidated net revenue. These transactions were previously included in the above table.

Note 9 — Debt Obligations and Commitments

 

     2008     2007  

Short-term debt obligations

    

Current maturities of long-term debt

   $ 273      $ 526   

Commercial paper (0.7% and 4.3%)

     846        361   

Other borrowings (10.0% and 7.2%)

     509        489   

Amounts reclassified to long-term debt

     (1,259     (1,376
                
   $ 369      $ —     
                

Long-term debt obligations

    

Short-term borrowings, reclassified

   $ 1,259      $ 1,376   

Notes due 2009-2026 (5.8% and 5.3%)

     6,382        2,673   

Zero coupon notes, $300 million due 2009-2012 (13.3%)

     242        285   

Other, due 2009-2016 (5.3% and 6.1%)

     248        395   
                
     8,131        4,729   

Less: current maturities of long-term debt obligations

     (273     (526
                
   $ 7,858      $ 4,203   
                

The interest rates in the above table reflect weighted-average rates at year-end.

In the second quarter of 2008, we issued $1.75 billion of senior unsecured notes, maturing in 2018. We entered into an interest rate swap, maturing in 2018, to effectively convert the interest rate from a fixed rate of 5% to a variable rate based on LIBOR. The proceeds from the issuance of these notes were used for general corporate purposes, including the repayment of outstanding short-term indebtedness.

 

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In the third quarter of 2008, we updated our U.S. $2.5 billion euro medium term note program following the expiration of the existing program. Under the program, we may issue unsecured notes under mutually agreed upon terms with the purchasers of the notes. Proceeds from any issuance of notes may be used for general corporate purposes, except as otherwise specified in the related prospectus. As of December 27, 2008, we had no outstanding notes under the program.

In the fourth quarter of 2008, we issued $2 billion of senior unsecured notes, bearing interest at 7.90% per year and maturing in 2018. We used the proceeds from the issuance of these notes for general corporate purposes, including the repayment of outstanding short-term indebtedness.

Additionally, in the fourth quarter of 2008, we entered into a new 364-day unsecured revolving credit agreement which enables us to borrow up to $1.8 billion, subject to customary terms and conditions, and expires in December 2009. This agreement replaced a $1 billion 364-day unsecured revolving credit agreement we entered into during the third quarter of 2008. Funds borrowed under this agreement may be used to repay outstanding commercial paper issued by us or our subsidiaries and for other general corporate purposes, including working capital, capital investments and acquisitions. This line of credit remained unused as of December 27, 2008.

This 364-day credit agreement is in addition to our $2 billion unsecured revolving credit agreement. Funds borrowed under this agreement may be used for general corporate purposes, including supporting our outstanding commercial paper issuances. This agreement expires in 2012. This line of credit remains unused as of December 27, 2008.

As of December 27, 2008, we have reclassified $1.3 billion of short-term debt to long-term based on our intent and ability to refinance on a long-term basis.

In addition, as of December 27, 2008, $844 million of our debt related to borrowings from various lines of credit that are maintained for our international divisions. These lines of credit are subject to normal banking terms and conditions and are fully committed to the extent of our borrowings.

 

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Interest Rate Swaps

In connection with the issuance of the $1.75 billion notes in the second quarter of 2008, we entered into an interest rate swap, maturing in 2018, to effectively convert the interest rate from a fixed rate of 5% to a variable rate based on LIBOR. In addition, in connection with the issuance of the $1 billion senior unsecured notes in the second quarter of 2007, we entered into an interest rate swap, maturing in 2012, to effectively convert the interest rate from a fixed rate of 5.15% to a variable rate based on LIBOR. The terms of the swaps match the terms of the debt they modify. The notional amounts of the interest rate swaps outstanding at December 27, 2008 and December 29, 2007 were $2.75 billion and $1 billion, respectively.

At December 27, 2008, approximately 58% of total debt, after the impact of the related interest rate swaps, was exposed to variable interest rates, compared to 56% at December 29, 2007. In addition to variable rate long-term debt, all debt with maturities of less than one year is categorized as variable for purposes of this measure.

Long-Term Contractual Commitments (a)

 

     Payments Due by Period
     Total    2009    2010 – 2011    2012 – 2013    2014
and
beyond

Long-term debt obligations (b)

   $ 6,599    $ —      $ 184    $ 2,198    $ 4,217

Interest on debt obligations (c)

     2,647      388      605      522      1,132

Operating leases

     1,088      262      359      199      268

Purchasing commitments

     3,273      1,441      1,325      431      76

Marketing commitments

     975      252      462      119      142

Other commitments

     46      46      —        —        —  
                                  
   $ 14,628    $ 2,389    $ 2,935    $ 3,469    $ 5,835
                                  

 

(a) Reflects non-cancelable commitments as of December 27, 2008 based on year-end foreign exchange rates and excludes any reserves for income taxes under FIN 48 as we are unable to reasonably predict the ultimate amount or timing of settlement of our reserves for income taxes.
(b) Excludes short-term obligations of $369 million and short-term borrowings reclassified as long-term debt of $1,259 million. Includes $197 million of principal and accrued interest related to our zero coupon notes.
(c) Interest payments on floating-rate debt are estimated using interest rates effective as of December 27, 2008.

Most long-term contractual commitments, except for our long-term debt obligations, are not recorded on our balance sheet. Non-cancelable operating leases primarily represent building leases. Non-cancelable purchasing commitments are primarily for oranges and orange juice, cooking oil and packaging materials. Non-cancelable marketing commitments are primarily for sports marketing. Bottler funding is not reflected in our long-term contractual commitments as it is negotiated on an annual basis. See Note 7 regarding our pension and retiree medical obligations and discussion below regarding our commitments to noncontrolled bottling affiliates.

 

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Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements

It is not our business practice to enter into off-balance-sheet arrangements, other than in the normal course of business. However, at the time of the separation of our bottling operations from us various guarantees were necessary to facilitate the transactions. We have guaranteed an aggregate of $2.3 billion of Bottling Group, LLC’s long-term debt ($1.0 billion of which matures in 2012 and $1.3 billion of which matures in 2014). In the fourth quarter of 2008, we extended our guarantee of $1.3 billion of Bottling Group, LLC’s long-term debt in connection with the refinancing of a corresponding portion of the underlying debt. The terms of our Bottling Group, LLC debt guarantee are intended to preserve the structure of PBG’s separation from us and our payment obligation would be triggered if Bottling Group, LLC failed to perform under these debt obligations or the structure significantly changed. At December 27, 2008, we believe it is remote that these guarantees would require any cash payment. See Note 8 regarding contracts related to certain of our bottlers.

See “Our Liquidity and Capital Resources” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for further unaudited information on our borrowings.

Note 10 — Financial Instruments

We are exposed to market risks arising from adverse changes in:

 

   

commodity prices, affecting the cost of our raw materials and energy,

 

   

foreign exchange risks, and

 

   

interest rates.

In the normal course of business, we manage these risks through a variety of strategies, including the use of derivatives. Certain derivatives are designated as either cash flow or fair value hedges and qualify for hedge accounting treatment, while others do not qualify and are marked to market through earnings. Cash flows from derivatives used to manage commodity, foreign exchange or interest risks are classified as operating activities. See “Our Business Risks” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for further unaudited information on our business risks.

For cash flow hedges, changes in fair value are deferred in accumulated other comprehensive loss within shareholders’ equity until the underlying hedged item is recognized in net income. For fair value hedges, changes in fair value are recognized immediately in earnings, consistent with the underlying hedged item. Hedging transactions are limited to an underlying exposure. As a result, any change in the value of our derivative instruments would be substantially offset by an opposite change in the value of the underlying hedged items. Hedging ineffectiveness and a net earnings impact occur when the change in the value of the hedge does not offset the change in the value of the underlying hedged item. If the derivative instrument is terminated, we continue to defer the related gain or loss and include it as a component of the cost of the underlying hedged item. Upon determination that the underlying hedged item will not be part of an actual transaction, we recognize the related gain or loss in net income in that period.

 

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We also use derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment. We account for such derivatives at market value with the resulting gains and losses reflected in our income statement. We do not use derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes. We perform a quarterly assessment of our counterparty credit risk, including a review of credit ratings, credit default swap rates and potential nonperformance of the counterparty. We consider this risk to be low, because we limit our exposure to individual, strong creditworthy counterparties and generally settle on a net basis.

Commodity Prices

We are subject to commodity price risk because our ability to recover increased costs through higher pricing may be limited in the competitive environment in which we operate. This risk is managed through the use of fixed-price purchase orders, pricing agreements, geographic diversity and derivatives. We use derivatives, with terms of no more than three years, to economically hedge price fluctuations related to a portion of our anticipated commodity purchases, primarily for natural gas and diesel fuel. For those derivatives that qualify for hedge accounting, any ineffectiveness is recorded immediately. However, such commodity cash flow hedges have not had any significant ineffectiveness for all periods presented. We classify both the earnings and cash flow impact from these derivatives consistent with the underlying hedged item. During the next 12 months, we expect to reclassify net losses of $64 million related to cash flow hedges from accumulated other comprehensive loss into net income. Derivatives used to hedge commodity price risks that do not qualify for hedge accounting are marked to market each period and reflected in our income statement.

In 2007, we expanded our commodity hedging program to include derivative contracts used to mitigate our exposure to price changes associated with our purchases of fruit. In addition, in 2008, we entered into additional contracts to further reduce our exposure to price fluctuations in our raw material and energy costs. The majority of these contracts do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment and are marked to market with the resulting gains and losses recognized in corporate unallocated expenses. These gains and losses are then subsequently reflected in divisional results.

Our open commodity derivative contracts that qualify for hedge accounting had a face value of $303 million at December 27, 2008 and $5 million at December 29, 2007. These contracts resulted in net unrealized losses of $117 million at December 27, 2008 and net unrealized gains of less than $1 million at December 29, 2007.

Our open commodity derivative contracts that do not qualify for hedge accounting had a face value of $626 million at December 27, 2008 and $105 million at December 29, 2007. These contracts resulted in net losses of $343 million in 2008 and net gains of $3 million in 2007.

 

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Foreign Exchange

Our operations outside of the U.S. generate 48% of our net revenue, with Mexico, Canada and the United Kingdom comprising 19% of our net revenue. As a result, we are exposed to foreign currency risks. On occasion, we enter into hedges, primarily forward contracts with terms of no more than two years, to reduce the effect of foreign exchange rates. Ineffectiveness of these hedges has not been material.

Interest Rates

We centrally manage our debt and investment portfolios considering investment opportunities and risks, tax consequences and overall financing strategies. We may use interest rate and cross currency interest rate swaps to manage our overall interest expense and foreign exchange risk. These instruments effectively change the interest rate and currency of specific debt issuances. Our 2008 and 2007 interest rate swaps were entered into concurrently with the issuance of the debt that they modified. The notional amount, interest payment and maturity date of the swaps match the principal, interest payment and maturity date of the related debt.

Fair Value

In September 2006, the FASB issued SFAS 157, Fair Value Measurements (SFAS 157), which defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. The provisions of SFAS 157 were effective as of the beginning of our 2008 fiscal year. However, the FASB deferred the effective date of SFAS 157, until the beginning of our 2009 fiscal year, as it relates to fair value measurement requirements for nonfinancial assets and liabilities that are not remeasured at fair value on a recurring basis. These include goodwill, other nonamortizable intangible assets and unallocated purchase price for recent acquisitions which are included within other assets. We adopted SFAS 157 at the beginning of our 2008 fiscal year and our adoption did not have a material impact on our financial statements.

The fair value framework requires the categorization of assets and liabilities into three levels based upon the assumptions (inputs) used to price the assets or liabilities. Level 1 provides the most reliable measure of fair value, whereas Level 3 generally requires significant management judgment. The three levels are defined as follows:

 

   

Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.

 

   

Level 2: Observable inputs other than those included in Level 1. For example, quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets or quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in inactive markets.

 

   

Level 3: Unobservable inputs reflecting management’s own assumptions about the inputs used in pricing the asset or liability.

 

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The fair values of our financial assets and liabilities are categorized as follows:

 

     2008    2007
     Total    Level 1    Level 2    Level 3    Total
Assets               

Short-term investments – index funds (a)

   $ 98    $ 98    $ —      $ —      $ 189

Available-for-sale securities (b)

     41      41      —        —        74

Forward exchange contracts (c)

     139      —        139      —        32

Commodity contracts – other (d)

     —        —        —        —        10

Interest rate swaps (e)

     372      —        372      —        36

Prepaid forward contracts (f)

     41      —        41      —        74
                                  

Total assets at fair value

   $ 691    $ 139    $ 552    $ —      $ 415
                                  
Liabilities               

Forward exchange contracts (c)

   $ 56    $ —      $ 56    $ —      $ 61

Commodity contracts – futures (g)

     115      115      —        —        —  

Commodity contracts – other (d)

     345      —        345      —        7

Cross currency interest rate swaps (h)

     —        —        —        —        8

Deferred compensation (i)

     447      99      348      —        564
                                  

Total liabilities at fair value

   $ 963    $ 214    $ 749    $ —      $ 640
                                  

 

The above items are included on our balance sheet under the captions noted or as indicated below. In addition, derivatives qualify for hedge accounting unless otherwise noted below.

(a) Based on price changes in index funds used to manage a portion of market risk arising from our deferred compensation liability.
(b) Based on the price of common stock.
(c) Based on observable market transactions of spot and forward rates. The 2008 asset includes $27 million related to derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting and the 2008 liability includes $55 million related to derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting. The 2007 asset includes $20 million related to derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting and the 2007 liability includes $5 million related to derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting.
(d) Based on recently reported transactions in the marketplace, primarily swap arrangements. The 2008 liability includes $292 million related to derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting. Our commodity contracts in 2007 did not qualify for hedge accounting.
(e) Based on the LIBOR index.
(f) Based primarily on the price of our common stock.
(g) Based on average prices on futures exchanges. The 2008 liability includes $51 million related to derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting.
(h) Based on observable local benchmarks for currency and interest rates. Our cross currency interest rate swaps matured in 2008.
(i) Based on the fair value of investments corresponding to employees’ investment elections.

Derivative instruments are recognized on our balance sheet in current assets, current liabilities, other assets or other liabilities at fair value. The carrying amounts of our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments approximate fair value due to the short term maturity. Short-term investments consist principally of short-term time deposits and index funds of $98 million at December 27, 2008 and $189 million at December 29, 2007 used to manage a portion of market risk arising from our deferred compensation liability.

Under SFAS 157, the fair value of our debt obligations as of December 27, 2008 was $8.8 billion, based upon prices of similar instruments in the market place. The fair value of our debt obligations as of December 29, 2007 was $4.4 billion.

 

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The table above excludes guarantees, including our guarantee aggregating $2.3 billion of Bottling Group, LLC’s long-term debt. The guarantee had a fair value of $117 million at December 27, 2008 and $35 million at December 29, 2007 based on our estimate of the cost to us of transferring the liability to an independent financial institution. See Note 9 for additional information on our guarantees.

Note 11 — Net Income Attributable to PepsiCo per Common Share

Basic net income attributable to PepsiCo per common share is net income available for PepsiCo common shareholders divided by the weighted average of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income attributable to PepsiCo per common share is calculated using the weighted average of common shares outstanding adjusted to include the effect that would occur if in-the-money employee stock options were exercised and RSUs and preferred shares were converted into common shares. Options to purchase 9.8 million shares in 2008, 2.7 million shares in 2007 and 0.1 million shares in 2006 were not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per common share because these options were out-of-the-money. Out-of-the-money options had average exercise prices of $67.59 in 2008, $65.18 in 2007 and $65.24 in 2006.

 

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The computations of basic and diluted net income attributable to PepsiCo per common share are as follows:

 

     2008    2007    2006
     Income     Shares (a)    Income     Shares (a)    Income     Shares (a)

Net income attributable to PepsiCo

   $ 5,142         $ 5,658         $ 5,642     

Preferred shares:

              

Dividends

     (2        (2        (2  

Redemption premium

     (6        (10        (9  
                                

Net income available for PepsiCo common shareholders

   $ 5,134      1,573    $ 5,646      1,621    $ 5,631      1,649
                                

Basic net income attributable to PepsiCo per common share

   $ 3.26         $ 3.48         $ 3.42     
                                

Net income available for PepsiCo common shareholders

   $ 5,134      1,573    $ 5,646      1,621    $ 5,631      1,649

Dilutive securities:

              

Stock options and RSUs

     —        27      —        35      —        36

ESOP convertible preferred stock

     8      2      12      2      11      2
                                      

Diluted

   $ 5,142      1,602    $ 5,658      1,658    $ 5,642      1,687
                                      

Diluted net income attributable to PepsiCo per common share

   $ 3.21         $ 3.41         $ 3.34     
                                

 

(a) Weighted-average common shares outstanding.

Note 12 — Preferred Stock

As of December 27, 2008 and December 29, 2007, there were 3 million shares of convertible preferred stock authorized. The preferred stock was issued only for an ESOP established by Quaker and these shares are redeemable for common stock by the ESOP participants. The preferred stock accrues dividends at an annual rate of $5.46 per share. At year-end 2008 and 2007, there were 803,953 preferred shares issued and 266,253 and 287,553 shares outstanding, respectively. The outstanding preferred shares had a fair value of $72 million as of December 27, 2008 and $108 million as of December 29, 2007. Each share is convertible at the option of the holder into 4.9625 shares of common stock. The preferred shares may be called by us upon written notice at $78 per share plus accrued and unpaid dividends. Quaker made the final award to its ESOP plan in June 2001.

 

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     2008    2007    2006
     Shares    Amount    Shares    Amount    Shares    Amount

Preferred stock

   0.8    $ 41    0.8    $ 41    0.8    $ 41
                                   

Repurchased preferred stock

                 

Balance, beginning of year

   0.5    $ 132    0.5    $ 120    0.5    $ 110

Redemptions

   —        6    —        12    —        10
                                   

Balance, end of year

   0.5    $ 138    0.5    $ 132    0.5    $ 120
                                   

Note 13 — Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Attributable to PepsiCo

Comprehensive income is a measure of income which includes both net income and other comprehensive income or loss. Other comprehensive income or loss results from items deferred from recognition into our income statement. Accumulated other comprehensive loss is separately presented on our balance sheet as part of common shareholders’ equity. Other comprehensive (loss)/income attributable to PepsiCo was $(3,793) million in 2008, $1,294 million in 2007 and $456 million in 2006. The accumulated balances for each component of other comprehensive loss attributable to PepsiCo were as follows:

 

     2008     2007     2006  

Currency translation adjustment

   $ (2,271   $ 213      $ (506

Cash flow hedges, net of tax (a)

     (14     (35     4   

Unamortized pension and retiree medical, net of tax (b)

     (2,435     (1,183     (1,782

Unrealized gain on securities, net of tax

     28        49        40   

Other

     (2     4        (2
                        

Accumulated other comprehensive loss attributable to PepsiCo

   $ (4,694   $ (952   $ (2,246
                        

 

(a) Includes $17 million after-tax loss in 2008 and $3 million after-tax gain in 2007 and 2006 for our share of our equity investees’ accumulated derivative activity.
(b) Net of taxes of $1,288 million in 2008, $645 million in 2007 and $919 million in 2006. Includes $51 million decrease to the opening balance of accumulated other comprehensive loss attributable to PepsiCo in 2008 due to the change in measurement date. See Note 7.

 

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Note 14 — Supplemental Financial Information

 

     2008     2007     2006  

Accounts receivable

      

Trade receivables

   $ 3,784      $ 3,670     

Other receivables

     969        788     
                  
     4,753        4,458     
                  

Allowance, beginning of year

     69        64      $ 75   

Net amounts charged to expense

     21        5        10   

Deductions (a)

     (16     (7     (27

Other (b)

     (4     7        6   
                        

Allowance, end of year

     70        69      $ 64   
                        

Net receivables

   $ 4,683      $ 4,389     
                  

Inventories (c)

      

Raw materials

   $ 1,228      $ 1,056     

Work-in-process

     169        157     

Finished goods

     1,125        1,077     
                  
   $ 2,522      $ 2,290     
                  

 

(a) Includes accounts written off.
(b) Includes currency translation effects and other adjustments.
(c) Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined using the average, first-in, first-out (FIFO) or last-in, first-out (LIFO) methods. Approximately 14% in 2008 and 2007 of the inventory cost was computed using the LIFO method. The differences between LIFO and FIFO methods of valuing these inventories were not material.

 

     2008    2007

Other assets

     

Noncurrent notes and accounts receivable

   $ 115    $ 121

Deferred marketplace spending

     219      205

Unallocated purchase price for recent acquisitions

     1,594      451

Pension plans

     28      635

Other

     702      270
             
   $ 2,658    $ 1,682
             

Accounts payable and other current liabilities

     

Accounts payable

   $ 2,846    $ 2,562

Accrued marketplace spending

     1,574      1,607

Accrued compensation and benefits

     1,269      1,287

Dividends payable

     660      602

Other current liabilities

     1,924      1,544
             
   $ 8,273    $ 7,602
             

 

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     2008     2007     2006  

Other supplemental information

      

Rent expense

   $ 357      $ 303      $ 291   

Interest paid

   $ 359      $ 251      $ 215   

Income taxes paid, net of refunds

   $ 1,477      $ 1,731      $ 2,155   

Acquisitions (a)

      

Fair value of assets acquired

   $ 2,907      $ 1,611      $ 678   

Cash paid and debt issued

     (1,925     (1,320     (522
                        

Liabilities assumed

   $ 982      $ 291      $ 156   
                        

 

(a) During 2008, together with PBG, we jointly acquired Lebedyansky, for a total purchase price of $1.8 billion. Lebedyansky is owned 25% and 75% by PBG and us, respectively. The unallocated purchase price is included in other assets on our balance sheet and Lebedyansky’s financial results subsequent to the acquisition are reflected in our income statement.

 

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Management’s Responsibility for Financial Reporting

To Our Shareholders:

At PepsiCo, our actions – the actions of all our associates – are governed by our Worldwide Code of Conduct. This Code is clearly aligned with our stated values – a commitment to sustained growth, through empowered people, operating with responsibility and building trust. Both the Code and our core values enable us to operate with integrity – both within the letter and the spirit of the law. Our Code of Conduct is reinforced consistently at all levels and in all countries. We have maintained strong governance policies and practices for many years.

The management of PepsiCo is responsible for the objectivity and integrity of our consolidated financial statements. The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors has engaged independent registered public accounting firm, KPMG LLP, to audit our consolidated financial statements and they have expressed an unqualified opinion.

We are committed to providing timely, accurate and understandable information to investors. Our commitment encompasses the following:

Maintaining strong controls over financial reporting. Our system of internal control is based on the control criteria framework of the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission published in their report titled Internal Control – Integrated Framework. The system is designed to provide reasonable assurance that transactions are executed as authorized and accurately recorded; that assets are safeguarded; and that accounting records are sufficiently reliable to permit the preparation of financial statements that conform in all material respects with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. We maintain disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the specified time periods. We monitor these internal controls through self-assessments and an ongoing program of internal audits. Our internal controls are reinforced through our Worldwide Code of Conduct, which sets forth our commitment to conduct business with integrity, and within both the letter and the spirit of the law.

Exerting rigorous oversight of the business. We continuously review our business results and strategies. This encompasses financial discipline in our strategic and daily business decisions. Our Executive Committee is actively involved – from understanding strategies and alternatives to reviewing key initiatives and financial performance. The intent is to ensure we remain objective in our assessments, constructively challenge our approach to potential business opportunities and issues, and monitor results and controls.

Engaging strong and effective Corporate Governance from our Board of Directors. We have an active, capable and diligent Board that meets the required standards for independence, and we welcome the Board’s oversight as a representative of our shareholders. Our Audit Committee is comprised of independent directors with the financial literacy, knowledge and experience to provide appropriate oversight. We review our critical accounting policies, financial reporting and internal control matters with them and encourage their direct communication with KPMG LLP, with our General Auditor, and with our General Counsel. We also have a compliance team to coordinate our compliance policies and practices.

 

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Providing investors with financial results that are complete, transparent and understandable. The consolidated financial statements and financial information included in this report are the responsibility of management. This includes preparing the financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S., which require estimates based on management’s best judgment.

PepsiCo has a strong history of doing what’s right. We realize that great companies are built on trust, strong ethical standards and principles. Our financial results are delivered from that culture of accountability, and we take responsibility for the quality and accuracy of our financial reporting.

 

/s/    PETER A. BRIDGMAN

Peter A. Bridgman
Senior Vice President and Controller

/s/    RICHARD GOODMAN

Richard Goodman
Chief Financial Officer

/s/    INDRA K. NOOYI

Indra K. Nooyi

Chairman of the Board of Directors and

Chief Executive Officer

 

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors and Shareholders

PepsiCo, Inc.:

We have audited the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets of PepsiCo, Inc. and Subsidiaries (“PepsiCo, Inc.” or the “Company”) as of December 27, 2008 and December 29, 2007, and the related Consolidated Statements of Income, Cash Flows, and Equity for each of the fiscal years in the three-year period ended December 27, 2008. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of PepsiCo, Inc. as of December 27, 2008 and December 29, 2007, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the fiscal years in the three-year period ended December 27, 2008, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), PepsiCo, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 27, 2008, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and our report dated February 19, 2009 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

As discussed in the notes to the consolidated financial statements, PepsiCo, Inc. and subsidiaries adopted the presentation and disclosure requirements of SFAS 160, “Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements” for all periods presented.

/s/    KPMG LLP

New York, New York

February 19, 2009, except for Notes 3 and 4, which are dated as of March 24, 2009 and Notes 1, 2, 5, 8, 11 and 13, which are dated as of August 27, 2009

 

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Selected Financial Data

(in millions except per share amounts, unaudited)

 

Quarterly

   First
Quarter
    Second
Quarter
    Third
Quarter
    Fourth
Quarter
 

Net revenue

        

2008

   $ 8,333      $ 10,945      $ 11,244      $ 12,729   

2007

   $ 7,350      $ 9,607      $ 10,171      $ 12,346   

Gross profit

        

2008

   $ 4,499      $ 5,867      $ 5,976      $ 6,558   

2007

   $ 4,065      $ 5,265      $ 5,544      $ 6,562   

Restructuring and impairment charges (a)

        

2008

     —          —          —        $ 543   

2007

     —          —          —        $ 102   

Tax benefits (b)

        

2007

     —          —        $ (115   $ (14

Mark-to-market net impact (c)

        

2008

   $ 4      $ (61   $ 176      $ 227   

2007

   $ (17   $ (13   $ 29      $ (18

PepsiCo portion of PBG restructuring and impairment charge (d)

        

2008

     —          —          —        $ 138   

Net income attributable to PepsiCo

        

2008

   $ 1,148      $ 1,699      $ 1,576      $ 719   

2007

   $ 1,096      $ 1,557      $ 1,743      $ 1,262   

Net income attributable to PepsiCo per common share – basic

        

2008

   $ 0.72      $ 1.07      $ 1.01      $ 0.46   

2007

   $ 0.67      $ 0.96      $ 1.08      $ 0.78   

Net income attributable to PepsiCo per common share – diluted

        

2008

   $ 0.70      $ 1.05      $ 0.99      $ 0.46   

2007

   $ 0.65      $ 0.94      $ 1.06      $ 0.77   

Cash dividends declared per common share

        

2008

   $ 0.375      $ 0.425      $ 0.425      $ 0.425   

2007

   $ 0.30      $ 0.375      $ 0.375      $ 0.375   

2008 stock price per share (e)

        

High

   $ 79.79      $ 72.35      $ 70.83      $ 75.25   

Low

   $ 66.30      $ 64.69      $ 63.28      $ 49.74   

Close

   $ 71.19      $ 67.54      $ 68.92      $ 54.56   

2007 stock price per share (e)

        

High

   $ 65.54      $ 69.64      $ 70.25      $ 79.00   

Low

   $ 61.89      $ 62.57      $ 64.25      $ 68.02   

Close

   $ 64.09      $ 66.68      $ 67.98      $ 77.03   

2008 results reflect our change in reporting calendars of Spain and Portugal.

 

 

(a) The restructuring and impairment charge in 2008 was $543 million ($408 million after-tax or $0.25 per share). The restructuring and impairment charge in 2007 was $102 million ($70 million after-tax or $0.04 per share). See Note 3.

 

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(b) The non-cash tax benefits in 2007 of $129 million ($0.08 per share) relate to the favorable resolution of certain foreign tax matters. See Note 5.
(c) In 2008, we recognized $346 million ($223 million after-tax or $0.14 per share) of mark-to-market net losses on commodity hedges in corporate unallocated expenses. In 2007, we recognized $19 million ($12 million after-tax or $0.01 per share) of mark-to-market net gains on commodity hedges in corporate unallocated expenses.
(d) In 2008, we recognized a non-cash charge of $138 million ($114 million after-tax or $0.07 per share) included in bottling equity income as part of recording our share of PBG’s financial results.
(e) Represents the composite high and low sales price and quarterly closing prices for one share of PepsiCo common stock.

 

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Five-Year Summary

(unaudited)

 

     2008     2007     2006  

Net revenue

   $ 43,251      $ 39,474      $ 35,137   

Net income attributable to PepsiCo

   $ 5,142      $ 5,658      $ 5,642   

Net income attributable to PepsiCo per common share – basic

   $ 3.26      $ 3.48      $ 3.42   

Net income attributable to PepsiCo per common share – diluted

   $ 3.21      $ 3.41      $ 3.34   

Cash dividends declared per common share

   $ 1.65      $ 1.425      $ 1.16   

Total assets

   $ 35,994      $ 34,628      $ 29,930   

Long-term debt

   $ 7,858      $ 4,203      $ 2,550   

Return on invested capital(a)

     25.5     28.9     30.4
     2005     2004        

Net revenue

   $ 32,562      $ 29,261     

Income from continuing operations

   $ 4,078      $ 4,174     

Net income attributable to PepsiCo

   $ 4,078      $ 4,212     

Net income attributable to PepsiCo per common share – basic, continuing operations

   $ 2.43      $ 2.45     

Net income attributable to PepsiCo per common share – diluted, continuing operations

   $ 2.39      $ 2.41     

Cash dividends declared per common share

   $ 1.01      $ 0.85     

Total assets

   $ 31,727      $ 27,987     

Long-term debt

   $ 2,313      $ 2,397     

Return on invested capital(a)

     22.7     27.4  

 

(a)

Return on invested capital is defined as adjusted net income attributable to PepsiCo divided by the sum of average common shareholders’ equity and average total debt. Adjusted net income attributable to PepsiCo is defined as net income attributable to PepsiCo plus net interest expense after-tax. Net interest expense after-tax was $184 million in 2008, $63 million in 2007, $72 million in 2006, $62 million in 2005 and $60 million in 2004.

 

 

Includes restructuring and impairment charges of:

 

     2008    2007     2006    2005    2004

Pre-tax

   $ 543    $ 102      $ 67    $ 83    $ 150

After-tax

   $ 408    $ 70      $ 43    $ 55    $ 96

Per share

   $ 0.25    $ 0.04      $ 0.03    $ 0.03    $ 0.06

 

•        Includes mark-to-market net expense (income) of:

 

          
     2008    2007     2006   

Pre-tax

   $ 346    $ (19   $ 18   

After-tax

   $ 223    $ (12   $ 12   

Per share

   $ 0.14    $ (0.01   $ 0.01   

 

 

In 2008, we recognized $138 million ($114 million after-tax or $0.07 per share) of our share of PBG’s restructuring and impairment charges.

 

 

In 2007, we recognized $129 million ($0.08 per share) of non-cash tax benefits related to the favorable resolution of certain foreign tax matters. In 2006, we recognized non-cash tax benefits of $602 million ($0.36 per share) primarily in connection with the IRS’s examination of our consolidated income tax returns for the years 1998 through 2002. In 2005, we recorded income tax expense of $460 million ($0.27 per share) related to our repatriation of earnings in connection with the American Job Creation Act of 2004. In 2004, we reached agreement with the IRS for an open issue related to our discontinued restaurant operations which resulted in a tax benefit of $38 million ($0.02 per share).

 

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On December 30, 2006, we adopted SFAS 158 which reduced total assets by $2,016 million, total common shareholders’ equity by $1,643 million and total liabilities by $373 million.

 

 

The 2005 fiscal year consisted of 53 weeks compared to 52 weeks in our normal fiscal year. The 53rd week increased 2005 net revenue by an estimated $418 million and net income attributable to PepsiCo by an estimated $57 million ($0.03 per share).

 

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GLOSSARY

Acquisitions: reflect all mergers and acquisitions activity, including the impact of acquisitions, divestitures and changes in ownership or control in consolidated subsidiaries. The impact of acquisitions related to our non-consolidated equity investees is reflected in our volume and, excluding our anchor bottlers, in our operating profit.

Anchor bottlers: The Pepsi Bottling Group (PBG), PepsiAmericas (PAS) and Pepsi Bottling Ventures (PBV).

Bottlers: customers to whom we have granted exclusive contracts to sell and manufacture certain beverage products bearing our trademarks within a specific geographical area.

Bottler Case Sales (BCS): measure of physical beverage volume shipped to retailers and independent distributors from both PepsiCo and our bottlers.

Bottler funding: financial incentives we give to our bottlers to assist in the distribution and promotion of our beverage products.

Concentrate Shipments and Equivalents (CSE): measure of our physical beverage volume shipments to bottlers, retailers and independent distributors. This measure is reported on our fiscal year basis.

Consumers: people who eat and drink our products.

CSD: carbonated soft drinks.

Customers: authorized bottlers and independent distributors and retailers.

Derivatives: financial instruments that we use to manage our risk arising from changes in commodity prices, interest rates, foreign exchange rates and stock prices.

Direct-Store-Delivery (DSD): delivery system used by us and our bottlers to deliver snacks and beverages directly to retail stores where our products are merchandised.

Effective net pricing: reflects the year-over-year impact of discrete pricing actions, sales incentive activities and mix resulting from selling varying products in different package sizes and in different countries.

Management operating cash flow: net cash provided by operating activities less capital spending plus sales of property, plant and equipment. It is our primary measure used to monitor cash flow performance.

 

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Mark-to-market net gain or loss or impact: the change in market value for commodity contracts, that we purchase to mitigate the volatility in costs of energy and raw materials that we consume. The market value is determined based on average prices on national exchanges and recently reported transactions in the market place.

Marketplace spending: sales incentives offered through various programs to our customers and consumers (trade spending), as well as advertising and other marketing activities.

Servings: common metric reflecting our consolidated physical unit volume. Our divisions’ physical unit measures are converted into servings based on U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidelines for single-serving sizes of our products.

Transaction gains and losses: the impact on our consolidated financial statements of exchange rate changes arising from specific transactions.

Translation adjustment: the impact of converting our foreign affiliates’ financial statements into U.S. dollars for the purpose of consolidating our financial statements.

 

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