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Financial Instruments
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 28, 2019
Derivative Instruments and Hedges, Assets [Abstract]  
Financial Instruments Financial Instruments
Derivatives and Hedging
We are exposed to market risks arising from adverse changes in:
•
commodity prices, affecting the cost of our raw materials and energy;
•
foreign exchange rates and currency restrictions; and
•
interest rates.
In the normal course of business, we manage commodity price, foreign exchange and interest rate risks through a variety of strategies, including productivity initiatives, global purchasing programs and hedging. Ongoing productivity initiatives involve the identification and effective implementation of meaningful cost-saving opportunities or efficiencies, including the use of derivatives. Our global purchasing programs include fixed-price contracts and purchase orders and pricing agreements.
Our hedging strategies include the use of derivatives and, in the case of our net investment hedges, debt instruments. Certain derivatives are designated as either cash flow or fair value hedges and qualify for hedge accounting treatment, while others do not qualify and are marked to market through earnings. The accounting for qualifying hedges allows changes in a hedging instrument’s fair value to offset corresponding changes in the hedged item in the same reporting period that the hedged item impacts earnings. Gains or losses on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss and reclassified to our income statement when the hedged transaction affects earnings. If it becomes probable that the hedged transaction will not occur, we immediately recognize the related hedging gains or losses in earnings; such gains or losses reclassified during the year ended December 28, 2019 were not material.
Cash flows from derivatives used to manage commodity price, foreign exchange or interest rate risks are classified as operating activities in the cash flow statement. We classify both the earnings and cash flow impact from these derivatives consistent with the underlying hedged item.
We do not use derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes. We perform assessments of our counterparty credit risk regularly, including reviewing netting agreements, if any, and a review of credit ratings, credit default swap rates and potential nonperformance of the counterparty. Based on our most recent assessment of our counterparty credit risk, we consider this risk to be low. In addition, we enter into derivative contracts with a variety of financial institutions that we believe are creditworthy in order to reduce our concentration of credit risk.
Certain of our agreements with our counterparties require us to post full collateral on derivative instruments in a net liability position if our credit rating is at A2 (Moody’s Investors Service, Inc.) or A (S&P Global Ratings) and we have been placed on credit watch for possible downgrade or if our credit rating falls below these levels. The fair value of all derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features that were in a net liability position on December 28, 2019 was $415 million. We have posted no collateral under these contracts and no credit-risk-related contingent features were triggered as of December 28, 2019.
Commodity Prices
We are subject to commodity price risk because our ability to recover increased costs through higher pricing may be limited in the competitive environment in which we operate. This risk is managed through the use of fixed-price contracts and purchase orders, pricing agreements and derivative instruments, which primarily include swaps and futures. In addition, risk to our supply of certain raw materials is mitigated through purchases from multiple geographies and suppliers. We use derivatives, with terms of no more than three years, to hedge price fluctuations related to a portion of our anticipated commodity purchases, primarily for energy, agricultural products and metals. Derivatives used to hedge commodity price risk that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment are marked to market each period with the resulting gains and losses recorded in corporate unallocated expenses as either cost of sales or selling, general and administrative expenses, depending on the underlying commodity. These gains and losses are subsequently reflected in division results when the divisions recognize the cost of the underlying commodity in operating profit.
Our commodity derivatives had a total notional value of $1.1 billion as of December 28, 2019 and December 29, 2018.
Foreign Exchange
We are exposed to foreign exchange risks in the international markets in which our products are made, manufactured, distributed or sold. Additionally, we are exposed to foreign exchange risk from net investments in foreign subsidiaries, foreign currency purchases and foreign currency assets and liabilities created in the normal course of business. We manage this risk through sourcing purchases from local suppliers, negotiating contracts in local currencies with foreign suppliers and through the use of derivatives, primarily forward contracts with terms of no more than two years. Exchange rate gains or losses related to foreign currency transactions are recognized as transaction gains or losses on our income statement as incurred. We also use net investment hedges to partially offset the effects of foreign currency on our investments in certain of our foreign subsidiaries.
Our foreign currency derivatives had a total notional value of $1.9 billion as of December 28, 2019 and $2.0 billion as of December 29, 2018. The total notional amount of our debt instruments designated as net investment hedges was $2.5 billion as of December 28, 2019 and $0.9 billion as of December 29, 2018. For foreign currency derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment, gains and losses were offset by changes in the underlying hedged items, resulting in no material net impact on earnings.
Interest Rates
We centrally manage our debt and investment portfolios considering investment opportunities and risks, tax consequences and overall financing strategies. We use various interest rate derivative instruments including, but not limited to, interest rate swaps, cross-currency interest rate swaps, Treasury locks and swap locks to manage our overall interest expense and foreign exchange risk. These instruments effectively change the interest rate and currency of specific debt issuances. Certain of our fixed rate indebtedness have been swapped to floating rates. The notional amount, interest payment and maturity date of the interest rate and cross-currency interest rate swaps match the principal, interest payment and maturity date of the related debt. Our cross-currency interest rate swaps have terms of no more than twelve years. Our Treasury locks and swap locks are entered into to protect against unfavorable interest rate changes relating to forecasted debt transactions.
Our interest rate derivatives had a total notional value of $5.0 billion as of December 28, 2019 and $10.5 billion as of December 29, 2018.
As of December 28, 2019, approximately 9% of total debt, after the impact of the related interest rate derivative instruments, was subject to variable rates, compared to approximately 29% as of December 29, 2018.
Available-for-Sale Securities
Investments in debt securities are classified as available-for-sale. All highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less are classified as cash equivalents. Our investments in available-for-sale debt securities are reported at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses related to changes in the fair value of available-for-sale debt securities are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss within common shareholders’ equity. Unrealized gains and losses on our investments in debt securities as of December 28, 2019 and December 29, 2018 were not material. Changes in the fair value of available-for-sale debt securities impact net income only when such securities are sold or an other-than-temporary impairment is recognized. We recorded no other-than-temporary impairment charges on our available-for-sale debt securities for the years ended December 28, 2019, December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017.
In 2017, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $95 million ($85 million after-tax or $0.06 per share), net of discount and fees, associated with the sale of our minority stake in Britvic. The gain on the sale of this equity investment was recorded in our Europe segment in selling, general and administrative expenses.
Fair Value Measurements
The fair values of our financial assets and liabilities as of December 28, 2019 and December 29, 2018 are categorized as follows:
 
 
 
2019
 
2018
 
Fair Value Hierarchy Levels(a)
 
Assets(a)
 
Liabilities(a)
 
Assets(a)
 
Liabilities(a)
Available-for-sale debt securities (b)
2
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
3,658

 
$
—

Short-term investments (c)
1
 
$
229

 
$
—

 
$
196

 
$
—

Prepaid forward contracts (d)
2
 
$
17

 
$
—

 
$
22

 
$
—

Deferred compensation (e)
2
 
$
—

 
$
468

 
$
—

 
$
450

Derivatives designated as fair value hedging instruments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate (f)
2
 
$
—

 
$
5

 
$
1

 
$
108

Derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign exchange (g)
2
 
$
5

 
$
32

 
$
44

 
$
14

Interest rate (g)
2
 
—

 
390

 
—

 
323

Commodity (h)
1
 
2

 
5

 
—

 
1

Commodity (i)
2
 
2

 
5

 
—

 
3

 
 
 
$
9

 
$
432

 
$
44

 
$
341

Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign exchange (g)
2
 
$
3

 
$
2

 
$
3

 
$
10

Commodity (h)
1
 
23

 
7

 
2

 
17

Commodity (i)
2
 
6

 
24

 
5

 
92

 
 
 
$
32

 
$
33

 
$
10

 
$
119

Total derivatives at fair value (j)
 
 
$
41

 
$
470

 
$
55

 
$
568

Total
 
 
$
287

 
$
938

 
$
3,931

 
$
1,018


(a)
Fair value hierarchy levels are defined in Note 7. Unless otherwise noted, financial assets are classified on our balance sheet within prepaid expenses and other current assets and other assets. Financial liabilities are classified on our balance sheet within accounts payable and other current liabilities and other liabilities.
(b)
Based on quoted broker prices or other significant inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data. As of December 29, 2018, these debt securities were primarily classified as cash equivalents. The decrease in available-for-sale debt securities was due to maturities and sales during the current year.
(c)
Based on the price of index funds. These investments are classified as short-term investments and are used to manage a portion of market risk arising from our deferred compensation liability.
(d)
Based primarily on the price of our common stock.
(e)
Based on the fair value of investments corresponding to employees’ investment elections.
(f)
Based on LIBOR forward rates. As of December 28, 2019 and December 29, 2018, the carrying amount of hedged fixed-rate debt was $2.2 billion and $7.7 billion, respectively, and classified on our balance sheet within short-term and long-term debt obligations. As of December 28, 2019, the cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustments to hedged fixed-rate debt was $5 million. As of December 28, 2019, the cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustments on discontinued hedges was a $49 million loss, which is being amortized over the remaining life of the related debt obligations.
(g)
Based on recently reported market transactions of spot and forward rates.
(h)
Based on quoted contract prices on futures exchange markets.
(i)
Based on recently reported market transactions of swap arrangements.
(j)
Derivative assets and liabilities are presented on a gross basis on our balance sheet. Amounts subject to enforceable master netting arrangements or similar agreements which are not offset on the balance sheet as of December 28, 2019 and December 29, 2018 were not material. Collateral received or posted against our asset or liability positions is classified as restricted cash. See Note 15 for further information.
The carrying amounts of our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments approximate fair value due to their short-term maturity. The fair value of our debt obligations as of December 28, 2019 and
December 29, 2018 was $34 billion and $32 billion, respectively, based upon prices of similar instruments in the marketplace, which are considered Level 2 inputs.
Losses/(gains) on our hedging instruments are categorized as follows:
 
Fair Value/Non-
designated Hedges
 
Cash Flow and Net Investment Hedges
 
Losses/(Gains)
Recognized in
Income Statement(a)
 
Losses/(Gains)
Recognized in
Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Loss
 
Losses/(Gains)
Reclassified from
Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Loss
into Income
Statement(b)
2019

 
2018

 
2019

 
2018

 
2019

 
2018

Foreign exchange
$
(1
)
 
$
9

 
$
57

 
$
(52
)
 
$
3

 
$
(8
)
Interest rate
(64
)
 
53

 
67

 
110

 
7

 
119

Commodity
(17
)
 
117

 
7

 
3

 
4

 
—

Net investment
—

 
—

 
(30
)
 
(77
)
 
—

 
—

Total
$
(82
)
 
$
179

 
$
101

 
$
(16
)
 
$
14

 
$
111

 
(a)
Foreign exchange derivative losses/gains are primarily included in selling, general and administrative expenses. Interest rate derivative losses/gains are primarily from fair value hedges and are included in interest expense. These losses/gains are substantially offset by decreases/increases in the value of the underlying debt, which are also included in interest expense. Commodity derivative losses/gains are included in either cost of sales or selling, general and administrative expenses, depending on the underlying commodity.
(b)
Foreign exchange derivative losses/gains are primarily included in cost of sales. Interest rate derivative losses/gains are included in interest expense. Commodity derivative losses/gains are included in either cost of sales or selling, general and administrative expenses, depending on the underlying commodity.
Based on current market conditions, we expect to reclassify net losses of $47 million related to our cash flow hedges from accumulated other comprehensive loss into net income during the next 12 months.