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Financial Instruments
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 29, 2018
Derivative Instruments and Hedges, Assets [Abstract]  
Financial Instruments
Financial Instruments
Derivatives and Hedging
We are exposed to market risks arising from adverse changes in:
•
commodity prices, affecting the cost of our raw materials and energy;
•
foreign exchange rates and currency restrictions; and
•
interest rates.
In the normal course of business, we manage commodity price, foreign exchange and interest rate risks through a variety of strategies, including productivity initiatives, global purchasing programs and hedging. Ongoing productivity initiatives involve the identification and effective implementation of meaningful cost-saving opportunities or efficiencies, including the use of derivatives. Our global purchasing programs include fixed-price contracts and purchase orders and pricing agreements.
Our hedging strategies include the use of derivatives and, in the case of our net investment hedges, debt instruments. Certain derivatives are designated as either cash flow or fair value hedges and qualify for hedge accounting treatment, while others do not qualify and are marked to market through earnings. Cash flows from derivatives used to manage commodity price, foreign exchange or interest rate risks are classified as operating activities in the cash flow statement. We classify both the earnings and cash flow impact from these derivatives consistent with the underlying hedged item. See “Our Business Risks” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for further unaudited information on our business risks.
We do not use derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes. We perform assessments of our counterparty credit risk regularly, including reviewing netting agreements, if any, and a review of credit ratings, credit default swap rates and potential nonperformance of the counterparty. Based on our most recent assessment of our counterparty credit risk, we consider this risk to be low. In addition, we enter into derivative contracts with a variety of financial institutions that we believe are creditworthy in order to reduce our concentration of credit risk.
Commodity Prices
We are subject to commodity price risk because our ability to recover increased costs through higher pricing may be limited in the competitive environment in which we operate. This risk is managed through the use of fixed-price contracts and purchase orders, pricing agreements and derivative instruments, which primarily include swaps and futures. In addition, risk to our supply of certain raw materials is mitigated through purchases from multiple geographies and suppliers. We use derivatives, with terms of no more than three years, to economically hedge price fluctuations related to a portion of our anticipated commodity purchases, primarily for energy, agricultural products and metals. Ineffectiveness for those derivatives that qualify for hedge accounting treatment was not material for all periods presented. Derivatives used to hedge commodity price risk that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment are marked to market each period with the resulting gains and losses recorded in corporate unallocated expenses as either cost of sales or selling, general and administrative expenses, depending on the underlying commodity. These gains and losses are subsequently reflected in division results when the divisions recognize the cost of the underlying commodity in operating profit.
Our commodity derivatives had a total notional value of $1.1 billion as of December 29, 2018 and $0.9 billion as of December 30, 2017.
Foreign Exchange
Our operations outside of the United States generated 43% of our net revenue in 2018, with Mexico, Russia, Canada, the United Kingdom and Brazil comprising approximately 20% of our net revenue in 2018. As a result, we are exposed to foreign exchange risks in the international markets in which our products are made, manufactured, distributed or sold.
Additionally, we are exposed to foreign exchange risk from net investments in foreign subsidiaries, foreign currency purchases and foreign currency assets and liabilities created in the normal course of business. We manage this risk through sourcing purchases from local suppliers, negotiating contracts in local currencies with foreign suppliers and through the use of derivatives, primarily forward contracts with terms of no more than two years. Exchange rate gains or losses related to foreign currency transactions are recognized as transaction gains or losses on our income statement as incurred. We also use net investment hedges to partially offset the effects of foreign currency on our investments in certain of our foreign subsidiaries.
Our foreign currency derivatives had a total notional value of $2.0 billion as of December 29, 2018 and $1.6 billion as of December 30, 2017. The total notional amount of our debt instruments designated as net investment hedges was $0.9 billion as of December 29, 2018 and $1.5 billion as of December 30, 2017. Ineffectiveness for derivatives and non-derivatives that qualify for hedge accounting treatment was not material for all periods presented. For foreign currency derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment, all gains and losses were offset by changes in the underlying hedged items, resulting in no material net impact on earnings.
Interest Rates
We centrally manage our debt and investment portfolios considering investment opportunities and risks, tax consequences and overall financing strategies. We use various interest rate derivative instruments including, but not limited to, interest rate swaps, cross-currency interest rate swaps, Treasury locks and swap locks to manage our overall interest expense and foreign exchange risk. These instruments effectively change the interest rate and currency of specific debt issuances. Certain of our fixed rate indebtedness have been swapped to floating rates. The notional amount, interest payment and maturity date of the interest rate and cross-currency interest rate swaps match the principal, interest payment and maturity date of the related debt. Our Treasury locks and swap locks are entered into to protect against unfavorable interest rate changes relating to forecasted debt transactions.
Our interest rate derivatives had a total notional value of $10.5 billion as of December 29, 2018 and $14.2 billion as of December 30, 2017. Ineffectiveness for derivatives that qualify for cash flow hedge accounting treatment was not material for all periods presented.
As of December 29, 2018, approximately 29% of total debt, after the impact of the related interest rate derivative instruments, was subject to variable rates, compared to approximately 43% as of December 30, 2017.
Available-for-Sale Securities
Investments in debt securities are classified as available-for-sale. All highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less are classified as cash equivalents. Our investments in available-for-sale debt securities are reported at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses related to changes in the fair value of available-for-sale debt securities are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss within common shareholders’ equity. Unrealized gains and losses on our investments in debt securities as of December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017 were not material. Changes in the fair value of available-for-sale debt securities impact net income only when such securities are sold or an other-than-temporary impairment is recognized. We regularly review our investment portfolio to determine if any debt security is other-than-temporarily impaired. In making this judgment, we evaluate, among other things, the duration and extent to which the fair value of a debt security is less than its cost; the financial condition of the issuer and any changes thereto; and our intent to sell, or whether we will more likely than not be required to sell, the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. Our assessment of whether a debt security is other-than-temporarily impaired could change in the future due to new developments or changes in assumptions related to any particular debt security. We recorded no other-than-temporary impairment charges on our available-for-sale debt securities for the years ended December 29, 2018, December 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016.
In 2017, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $95 million ($85 million after-tax or $0.06 per share), net of discount and fees, associated with the sale of our minority stake in Britvic. The gain on the sale of this equity investment was recorded in our ESSA segment in selling, general and administrative expenses. See Note 2 for additional information on investments in certain equity securities.
KSF Beverage Holding Co., Ltd.
During 2016, we concluded that the decline in estimated fair value of our 5% indirect equity interest in KSFB was other than temporary based on significant negative economic trends in China and changes in assumptions associated with KSFB’s future financial performance arising from the disclosure by KSFB’s parent company, Tingyi, regarding the operating results of its beverage business. As a result, we recorded a pre- and after-tax impairment charge of $373 million ($0.26 per share) in 2016 in the AMENA segment. This charge was recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses on our income statement and reduced the value of our 5% indirect equity interest in KSFB to its estimated fair value. The estimated fair value was derived using both an income and market approach, and is considered a non-recurring Level 3 measurement within the fair value hierarchy. The carrying value of the investment in KSFB was $166 million as of December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017. We continue to monitor the impact of economic and other developments on the remaining value of our investment in KSFB.
See further unaudited information in “Items Affecting Comparability” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Fair Value Measurements
The fair values of our financial assets and liabilities as of December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017 are categorized as follows:
 
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
Fair Value Hierarchy Levels(a)
 
Assets(a)
 
Liabilities(a)
 
Assets(a)
 
Liabilities(a)
Available-for-sale debt securities (b)
2
 
$
3,658

 
$
—

 
$
14,510

 
$
—

Short-term investments (c)
1
 
$
196

 
$
—

 
$
228

 
$
—

Prepaid forward contracts (d)
2
 
$
22

 
$
—

 
$
27

 
$
—

Deferred compensation (e)
2
 
$
—

 
$
450

 
$
—

 
$
503

Derivatives designated as fair value hedging instruments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate (f)
2
 
$
1

 
$
108

 
$
24

 
$
130

Derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign exchange (g)
2
 
$
44

 
$
14

 
$
15

 
$
31

Interest rate (g)
2
 
—

 
323

 
—

 
213

Commodity (h)
1
 
—

 
1

 
—

 
2

Commodity (i)
2
 
—

 
3

 
2

 
—

 
 
 
$
44

 
$
341

 
$
17

 
$
246

Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign exchange (g)
2
 
$
3

 
$
10

 
$
10

 
$
3

Commodity (h)
1
 
2

 
17

 
—

 
19

Commodity (i)
2
 
5

 
92

 
85

 
12

 
 
 
$
10

 
$
119

 
$
95

 
$
34

Total derivatives at fair value (j)
 
 
$
55

 
$
568

 
$
136

 
$
410

Total
 
 
$
3,931

 
$
1,018

 
$
14,901

 
$
913


(a)
Fair value hierarchy levels are defined in Note 7. Unless otherwise noted, financial assets are classified on our balance sheet within prepaid expenses and other current assets and other assets. Financial liabilities are classified on our balance sheet within accounts payable and other current liabilities and other liabilities.
(b)
Based on quoted broker prices or other significant inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data. As of December 29, 2018, these debt securities were primarily classified as cash equivalents. As of December 30, 2017, $5.8 billion and $8.7 billion of debt securities were classified as cash equivalents and short-term investments, respectively. The decrease primarily reflects net maturities and sales of debt securities with maturities greater than three months. Refer to the cash flow statement and “Our Liquidity and Capital Resources” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for further discussion on use of these proceeds.
(c)
Based on the price of index funds. These investments are classified as short-term investments and are used to manage a portion of market risk arising from our deferred compensation liability.
(d)
Based primarily on the price of our common stock.
(e)
Based on the fair value of investments corresponding to employees’ investment elections.
(f)
Based on LIBOR forward rates.
(g)
Based on recently reported market transactions of spot and forward rates.
(h)
Based on quoted contract prices on futures exchange markets.
(i)
Based on recently reported market transactions of swap arrangements.
(j)
Derivative assets and liabilities are presented on a gross basis on our balance sheet. Amounts subject to enforceable master netting arrangements or similar agreements which are not offset on the balance sheet as of December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017 were not material. Collateral received or posted against any of our asset or liability positions were not material. Collateral posted is classified as restricted cash. See Note 13 for further information.
The carrying amounts of our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments approximate fair value due to their short-term maturity. The fair value of our debt obligations as of December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017 was $32 billion and $41 billion, respectively, based upon prices of similar instruments in the marketplace, which are considered Level 2 inputs.
Losses/(gains) on our hedging instruments are categorized as follows:
 
Fair Value/Non-
designated Hedges
 
Cash Flow and Net Investment Hedges
 
Losses/(Gains)
Recognized in
Income Statement(a)
 
Losses/(Gains)
Recognized in
Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Loss
 
Losses/(Gains)
Reclassified from
Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Loss
into Income
Statement(b)
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Foreign exchange
$
9

 
$
(15
)
 
$
(52
)
 
$
62

 
$
(8
)
 
$
10

Interest rate
53

 
101

 
110

 
(195
)
 
119

 
(184
)
Commodity
117

 
(48
)
 
3

 
3

 
—

 
3

Net investment
—

 
—

 
(77
)
 
157

 
—

 
—

Total
$
179

 
$
38

 
$
(16
)
 
$
27

 
$
111

 
$
(171
)
 
(a)
Foreign exchange derivative losses/gains are primarily included in selling, general and administrative expenses. Interest rate derivative losses/gains are primarily from fair value hedges and are included in interest expense. These losses/gains are substantially offset by decreases/increases in the value of the underlying debt, which are also included in interest expense. Commodity derivative losses/gains are included in either cost of sales or selling, general and administrative expenses, depending on the underlying commodity.
(b)
Foreign exchange derivative losses/gains are primarily included in cost of sales. Interest rate derivative losses/gains are included in interest expense. Commodity derivative losses/gains are included in either cost of sales or selling, general and administrative expenses, depending on the underlying commodity.
Based on current market conditions, we expect to reclassify net gains of $5 million related to our cash flow hedges from accumulated other comprehensive loss into net income during the next 12 months.