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INCOME TAXES (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income by region
 Years Ended December 31,
202120202019
U.S.$3,955 $3,318 $4,178 
Non-U.S.3,280 2,694 3,381 
$7,235 $6,012 $7,559 
Tax Expense Current and Deferred
 Years Ended December 31,
202120202019
Tax expense (benefit) consists of   
Current:   
U.S. Federal$415 $475 $
U.S. State146 79 43 
Non-U.S.886 768 1,099 
 $1,447 $1,322 $1,150 
Deferred:
U.S. Federal$173 $234 $332 
U.S. State37 39 63 
Non-U.S.(32)(448)(216)
178 (175)179 
 $1,625 $1,147 $1,329 
 Years Ended December 31,
202120202019
The U.S. federal statutory income tax rate is reconciled to the effective income tax rate as follows:   
U.S. federal statutory income tax rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
Taxes on non-U.S. earnings(1)(2)
(1.4)(0.8)(0.5)
U.S. state income taxes(1)
1.5 1.3 1.1 
Reserves for tax contingencies2.2 (2.6)2.0 
Employee share-based payments(0.7)(1.2)(1.2)
Reduction of certain receivables— 2.0 — 
U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act— — (3.6)
Restructuring(1.4)— — 
U.S. Valuation Allowance2.0 0.1 — 
All other items—net(0.7)(0.7)(1.2)
22.5 %19.1 %17.6 %
Effective income tax rate reconciliation
(1)Net of changes in valuation allowance
(2)Includes U.S. taxes on non-U.S. earnings
Deferred Tax Assets, Liabilities
The tax effects of temporary differences and tax carryforwards which give rise to future income tax benefits and payables are as follows:
Deferred tax assets:December 31,
20212020
Postretirement benefits other than pensions$77 $85 
Asbestos and environmental468 508 
Employee compensation and benefits174 180 
Lease liabilities242 197 
Other accruals and reserves260 110 
Net operating and capital losses734 779 
Capital loss limitation and carryover151 — 
Tax credit carryforwards164 219 
Gross deferred tax assets2,270 2,078 
Valuation allowance(857)(766)
Total deferred tax assets$1,413 $1,312 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Pension$(948)$(548)
Property, plant and equipment(464)(437)
Right-of-use asset(230)(184)
Intangibles(883)(898)
Unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries(426)(398)
Other asset basis differences(334)(169)
Other(2)(31)
Total deferred tax liabilities(3,287)(2,665)
Net deferred tax liability$(1,874)$(1,353)
Summary of Operating Loss Carryforwards
JurisdictionExpiration
Period
Net Operating
and Capital Loss
Carryforwards
Tax Credit
Carryforwards
U.S. Federal2040$684 $97 
U.S. State2040390 21 
Non-U.S.2041466 50 
Non-U.S.Indefinite2,185 — 
 $3,725 $168 
Many jurisdictions impose limitations on the timing and utilization of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. In those instances, whereby there is an expected permanent limitation on the utilization of the net operating loss or tax credit carryforward, the deferred tax asset and amount of the carryforward have been reduced.
Change in unrecognized tax benefits
Years Ended December 31,
202120202019
Change in unrecognized tax benefits:   
Balance at beginning of year$991 $1,164 $1,089 
Gross increases related to current period tax positions93 94 51 
Gross increases related to prior periods tax positions39 68 83 
Gross decreases related to prior periods tax positions(27)(256)(34)
Decrease related to resolutions of audits with tax authorities(1)(35)(3)
Expiration of the statute of limitations for the assessment of taxes(12)(76)(13)
Foreign currency translation(22)32 (9)
Balance at end of year$1,061 $991 $1,164 
Summary of Income Tax Examinations
JurisdictionOpen Tax Years Based on Originally Filed Returns
Examination in progressExamination not yet initiated
U.S. Federal2017-20182019-2021
U.S. State2013-20192017-2021
Australian/a2018-2021
Canada(1)
2015-20182019-2021
China2011-20202021
France2018-20202021
Germany(1)
2009-20182019-2021
India1999-20202021
Italy2012-20182019-2021
Netherlandsn/a2018-2021
Switzerland(1)
2016-20182019-2021
United Kingdom2013-20192020-2021