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INCOME TAXES (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income by region
 Years Ended December 31,
202020192018
U.S.$3,318 $4,178 $2,919 
Non-U.S.2,694 3,381 4,568 
$6,012 $7,559 $7,487 
Tax Expense Current and Deferred
 Years Ended December 31,
202020192018
Tax expense (benefit) consists of   
Current:   
U.S. Federal$475 $$(21)
U.S. State79 43 89 
Non-U.S.768 1,099 1,177 
 $1,322 $1,150 $1,245 
Deferred:
U.S. Federal$234 $332 $396 
U.S. State39 63 
Non-U.S.(448)(216)(990)
(175)179 (586)
 $1,147 $1,329 $659 
Effective income tax rate reconciliation
 Years Ended December 31,
202020192018
The U.S. federal statutory income tax rate is reconciled to our effective income tax rate as follows:   
U.S. federal statutory income tax rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
Taxes on non-U.S. earnings(1)(2)
(0.8)(0.5)0.2 
U.S. state income taxes(1)
1.3 1.1 1.6 
Reserves for tax contingencies(2.6)2.0 0.3 
Employee share-based payments(1.2)(1.2)(0.7)
Reduction of certain receivables2.0 — — 
U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act— (3.6)(5.8)
Reduction of taxes on unremitted earnings— — (14.2)
Separation tax costs— — 5.5 
All other items—net(0.6)(1.2)0.9 
19.1 %17.6 %8.8 %
(1)Net of changes in valuation allowance
(2)Includes U.S. taxes on non-U.S. earnings
Deferred Tax Assets, Liabilities
The tax effects of temporary differences and tax carryforwards which give rise to future income tax benefits and payables are as follows:
Deferred tax assets:December 31,
20202019
Postretirement benefits other than pensions$85 $111 
Asbestos and environmental508 531 
Employee compensation and benefits180 205 
Lease liabilities197 167 
Other accruals and reserves110 279 
Net operating and capital losses779 652 
Tax credit carryforwards219 246 
Gross deferred tax assets2,078 2,191 
Valuation allowance(766)(656)
Total deferred tax assets$1,312 $1,535 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Pension$(548)$(469)
Property, plant and equipment(437)(477)
Right-of-use asset(184)(159)
Intangibles(898)(1,296)
Unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries(398)(419)
Other asset basis differences(169)(136)
Other(31)(163)
Total deferred tax liabilities(2,665)(3,119)
Net deferred tax liability$(1,353)$(1,584)
Summary of Operating Loss Carryforwards
JurisdictionExpiration
Period
Net Operating
and Capital Loss
Carryforwards
Tax Credit
Carryforwards
U.S. Federal2040$24 $92 
U.S. State2040382 21 
Non-U.S.2040314 111 
Non-U.S.Indefinite2,532 — 
 $3,252 $224 
Change in unrecognized tax benefits
Years Ended December 31,
202020192018
Change in unrecognized tax benefits:   
Balance at beginning of year$1,164 $1,089 $947 
Gross increases related to current period tax positions94 51 370 
Gross increases related to prior periods tax positions68 83 82 
Gross decreases related to prior periods tax positions(256)(34)(201)
Decrease related to resolutions of audits with tax authorities(35)(3)(40)
Expiration of the statute of limitations for the assessment of taxes(76)(13)(50)
Foreign currency translation32 (9)(19)
Balance at end of year$991 $1,164 $1,089 
Summary of Income Tax Examinations
JurisdictionOpen Tax Years
Based on Originally Filed Returns
Examination in
progress
Examination not yet
initiated
U.S. Federal2017 - 20182019 - 2020
U.S. State2011 - 20192016 - 2019
AustraliaN/A2017 - 2020
Canada(1)
2015 - 20182019 - 2020
China2010 - 20192020
France2017 - 20192020
Germany(1)
2008 - 20182019 - 2020
India1999 - 20182019 - 2020
Italy2012 - 20172018 - 2020
Netherlands2016 - 20172018 - 2020
Switzerland(1)
2015 - 20182019 - 2020
United Kingdom2013 - 20182019 - 2020