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Income Taxes and Distributions
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes and Distributions Income Taxes and Distributions 
We elected to be taxed as a REIT commencing with our first taxable year. To qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, at least 90% of taxable income (excluding 100% of net capital gains) must be distributed to stockholders. REITs that do not distribute a certain amount of taxable income in the current year are also subject to a 4% federal excise tax. The main differences between undistributed net income for federal income tax purposes and financial statement purposes are the recognition of straight-line rent for reporting purposes, basis differences in acquisitions, recording of impairments, differing useful lives and depreciation and amortization methods for real property and the provision for loan losses for reporting purposes versus bad debt expense for tax purposes. 
Cash distributions paid to common stockholders, for federal income tax purposes, are as follows for the periods presented:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202220212020
Per share:
Ordinary dividend(1)
$2.4400 $1.4828 $1.6389 
Long-term capital gain/(loss)(2)
— 0.8371 1.0611 
Return of capital— 0.1201 — 
Totals$2.4400 $2.4400 $2.7000 
(1) For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, includes Section 199A dividends of $2.4400, $1.4828 and $1.6389 respectively.
(2) For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, includes Unrecaptured Section 1250 Gains of $0.0000, $0.4523 and $0.3458, respectively.

Our consolidated provision for income tax expense (benefit) is as follows for the periods presented (in thousands):
 Year Ended December 31,
 202220212020
Current tax expense$18,289 $10,199 $11,358 
Deferred tax benefit(11,042)(1,486)(1,390)
Income tax expense (benefit)$7,247 $8,713 $9,968 
REITs generally are not subject to U.S. federal income taxes on that portion of REIT taxable income or capital gain that is distributed to stockholders. For the tax year ended December 31, 2022, as a result of ownership of investments in Canada and the U.K., we were subject to foreign income taxes under the respective tax laws of these jurisdictions. 
The provision for income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily relates to state taxes, foreign taxes, and taxes based on income generated by entities that are structured as TRSs. For the tax years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the foreign tax provision/(benefit) amount included in the consolidated provision for income taxes was $5,222,000, $6,787,000 and $5,777,000, respectively.
A reconciliation of income taxes, which is computed by applying the federal corporate tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, to the income tax expense/(benefit) is as follows for the periods presented (in thousands):
 Year Ended December 31,
 202220212020
Tax at statutory rate on earnings from continuing operations before unconsolidated entities, noncontrolling interests and income taxes$35,241 $80,470 $220,252 
Increase (decrease) in valuation allowance(1)
30,237 19,383 85,881 
Tax at statutory rate on earnings not subject to federal income taxes(75,729)(117,931)(300,196)
Foreign permanent depreciation2,033 1,449 1,504 
Other differences15,465 25,342 2,527 
Totals$7,247 $8,713 $9,968 
(1) Excluding purchase price accounting.
Each TRS and foreign entity subject to income taxes is a tax paying component for purposes of classifying deferred tax assets and liabilities. The tax effects of taxable and deductible temporary differences, as well as tax asset/(liability) attributes, are summarized as follows for the periods presented (in thousands):
 Year Ended December 31,
 202220212020
Investments and property, primarily differences in investment basis, depreciation and amortization, the basis of land assets and the treatment of interests and certain costs$(39,212)$(32,616)$(24,085)
Operating loss and interest deduction carryforwards254,852 247,015 196,634 
Expense accruals and other94,999 53,367 72,459 
Valuation allowances(294,558)(264,321)(244,938)
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)$16,081 $3,445 $70 
On the basis of the evaluations performed as required by the codification, valuation allowances totaling $294,558,000 were recorded on U.S. taxable REIT subsidiaries as well as entities in other jurisdictions to limit the deferred tax assets to the amount that we believe is more likely than not realizable. However, the amount of the deferred tax asset considered realizable could be adjusted if (i) estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward period are reduced or increased or (ii) objective negative evidence in the form of cumulative losses is no longer present (and additional weight may be given to subjective evidence such as our projections for growth). The valuation allowance rollforward is summarized as follows for the periods presented (in thousands):
 Year Ended December 31,
 202220212020
Beginning balance$264,321 $244,938 $159,057 
Expense (benefit)30,237 19,383 85,881 
Ending balance$294,558 $264,321 $244,938 
As a result of certain acquisitions, we are subject to corporate level taxes for any related asset dispositions that may occur during the five-year period immediately after such assets were owned by a C corporation (“built-in gains tax”). The amount of income potentially subject to this special corporate level tax is generally equal to the lesser of (i) the excess of the fair value of the asset over its adjusted tax basis as of the date it became a REIT asset, or (ii) the actual amount of gain. Some but not all gains recognized during this period of time could be offset by available net operating losses and capital loss carryforwards. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we acquired certain additional assets with built-in gains as of the date of acquisition that could be subject to the built-in gains tax if disposed of prior to the expiration of the applicable five-year period. We have not recorded a deferred tax liability as a result of the potential built-in gains tax based on our intentions with respect to such properties and available tax planning strategies.
Given the applicable statute of limitations, we generally are subject to audit by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) for the year ended December 31, 2019 and subsequent years. The statute of limitations may vary in the states in which we own properties or conduct business. We do not expect to be subject to audit by state taxing authorities for any year prior to the year ended December 31, 2018. We are also subject to audit by the Canada Revenue Agency and provincial authorities generally for periods subsequent to May 2018 related to entities acquired or formed in connection with acquisitions, and by the U.K.’s HM Revenue & Customs for periods subsequent to August 2016 related to entities acquired or formed in connection with acquisitions. 
At December 31, 2022, we had a net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforward related to the REIT of $335,293,000. Due to our uncertainty regarding the realization of certain deferred tax assets, we have not recorded a deferred tax asset related to NOLs generated by the REIT. These amounts can be used to offset future taxable income (and/or taxable income for prior years if an audit determines that tax is owed), if any. The REIT will be entitled to utilize NOLs and tax credit carryforwards only to the extent that REIT taxable income exceeds our deduction for dividends paid. The NOL carryforwards generated through December 31, 2018 will expire through 2038. Beginning with the tax years after December 31, 2017, the law eliminates the NOL carryback period for REITs, replaces the 20-year NOL carryforward period with an indefinite carryforward period and, with respect to tax years beginning after 2020, limits the use of NOLs to 80% of taxable income.
At December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had an NOL carryforward related to Canadian entities of $368,979,000 and $316,821,000 respectively. These Canadian losses have a 20-year carryforward period. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had an NOL carryforward related to U.K. entities of $184,779,000 and $193,998,000 respectively. These U.K. losses do not have a finite carryforward period.