Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. To measure fair value, we use a three-tier valuation hierarchy based upon observable and non-observable inputs:

Level 1 — Unadjusted quoted prices that are available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date.

Level 2 — Significant other observable inputs available at the measurement date, other than quoted prices included in Level 1, either directly or indirectly, including:


•	Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets;


•	Quoted prices for identical or similar assets in non-active markets;


•	Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability; and


•	Inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by other observable market data.

Level 3 — Significant unobservable inputs that cannot be corroborated by observable market data and reflect the use of significant management judgment. These values are generally determined using pricing models for which the assumptions utilize management's estimates of market participant assumptions.

Assets and Liabilities that are Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The fair value hierarchy requires the use of observable market data when available. In instances in which the inputs used to measure fair value fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the fair value measurement has been determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Our assessment of the significance of a particular item to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, including the consideration of inputs specific to the asset or liability.

The following table sets forth by level within the fair value hierarchy, our financial assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis at January 30, 2016, and January 31, 2015, according to the valuation techniques we used to determine their fair values ($ in millions):



		Fair Value at
	Fair Value Hierarchy	January 30, 2016		January 31, 2015
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents
Money market funds	Level 1	$	51	$	265
Corporate bonds	Level 2	—		13
Commercial paper	Level 2	265		165
Time deposits	Level 2	306		100
Short-term investments
Corporate bonds	Level 2	193		276
Commercial paper	Level 2	122		306
Time deposits	Level 2	990		874
Other current assets
Foreign currency derivative instruments	Level 2	18		30
Time deposits	Level 2	79		83
Other assets
Interest rate swap derivative instruments	Level 2	25		1
Auction rate securities	Level 3	2		2
Marketable securities that fund deferred compensation	Level 1	96		97
Assets held for sale
Cash and cash equivalents
Money market funds	Level 1	—		16
Time deposits	Level 2	—		124
Liabilities
Accrued Liabilities
Foreign currency derivative instruments	Level 2	1		—

There were no transfers between levels during fiscal 2016 and 2015. In addition, there were no changes in the beginning and ending balances of items measured at fair value on a recurring basis in the table above that used significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for fiscal 2016 and 2015.

The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instrument:

Money Market Funds. Our money market fund investments were measured at fair value as they trade in an active market using quoted market prices and, therefore, are classified as Level 1.

Corporate Bonds. Our corporate bond investments were measured at fair value using quoted market prices. They were classified as Level 2 as they trade in a non-active market for which bond prices are readily available.

Commercial Paper. Our investments in commercial paper were measured using inputs based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets and, therefore, were classified as Level 2.

Time Deposits. Our time deposits are balances held with banking institutions that cannot be withdrawn for specified terms without a penalty. Time deposits are held at face value plus accrued interest, which approximates fair value, and are classified as Level 2.

Foreign Currency Derivative Instruments. Comprised primarily of foreign currency forward contracts and foreign currency swap contracts, our foreign currency derivative instruments were measured at fair value using readily observable market inputs, such as quotations on forward foreign exchange points and foreign interest rates. Our foreign currency derivative instruments were classified as Level 2 as these instruments are custom, over-the-counter contracts with various bank counterparties that are not traded in an active market.

Interest Rate Swap Derivative Instruments. Our interest rate swap contracts were measured at fair value using readily observable inputs, such as the LIBOR interest rate. Our interest rate swap derivative instruments were classified as Level 2 as these instruments are custom, over-the-counter contracts with various bank counterparties that are not traded in an active market.

Auction Rate Securities. Our investments in auction rate securities ("ARS") were classified as Level 3 as quoted prices were unavailable. Due to limited market information, we utilized a DCF model to derive an estimate of fair value. The assumptions we used in preparing the DCF model include estimates with respect to the amount and timing of future interest and principal payments, forward projections of the interest rate benchmarks, the probability of full repayment of the principal considering the credit quality and guarantees in place, and the rate of return required by investors to own such securities given the current liquidity risk associated with ARS.

Marketable Securities that Fund Deferred Compensation. The assets that fund our deferred compensation consist of investments in mutual funds. These investments were classified as Level 1 as the shares of these mutual funds trade with sufficient frequency and volume to enable us to obtain pricing information on an ongoing basis.

Assets and Liabilities that are Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

Assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis relate primarily to our tangible fixed assets, goodwill and other intangible assets, which are remeasured when the derived fair value is below carrying value on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. For these assets, we do not periodically adjust carrying value to fair value except in the event of impairment. When we determine that impairment has occurred, the carrying value of the asset is reduced to fair value and the difference is recorded within operating income in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings.

The following table summarizes the fair value remeasurements for non-restructuring property and equipment impairments and restructuring activities recorded in fiscal 2016 and 2015 ($ in millions):



	2016				2015
	Impairments		Remaining Net Carrying Value⁽¹⁾		Impairments		Remaining Net Carrying Value ⁽¹⁾
Continuing operations
Property and equipment (non-restructuring)	$	61	$	15	$	42	$	19
Restructuring activities⁽²⁾
Property and equipment	30		—		1		—
Tradename	40		—		—		—
Total	$	131	$	15	$	43	$	19
Discontinued operations⁽³⁾
Property and equipment	$	—	$	—	$	1	$	—
Total	$	—	$	—	$	1	$	—


(1)	Remaining net carrying value approximates fair value.


(2)	See Note 4, Restructuring Charges, for additional information.


(3)	Property and equipment and tradename impairments associated with discontinued operations are recorded within loss from discontinued operations in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings.

All of the fair value remeasurements included in the table above were based on significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). Fixed asset fair values were derived using a DCF model to estimate the present value of net cash flows that the asset or asset group is expected to generate. The key inputs to the DCF model generally included our forecasts of net cash generated from revenue, expenses and other significant cash outflows, such as capital expenditures, as well as an appropriate discount rate. In the case of assets for which the impairment was the result of restructuring activities, no future cash flows have been assumed as the assets will cease to be used and expected sale values are nominal.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Our financial instruments, other than those presented in the disclosures above, include cash, receivables, short-term investments, other investments, accounts payable, other payables and long-term debt. The fair values of cash, receivables, short-term investments, accounts payable and other payables approximated carrying values because of the short-term nature of these instruments. If these instruments were measured at fair value in the financial statements, they would be classified as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy. Short-term investments other than those disclosed in the tables above represent time deposits. Fair values for other investments held at cost are not readily available, but we estimate that the carrying values for these investments approximate fair value. See Note 5, Debt, for information about the fair value of our long-term debt.