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PENSIONS AND OTHER POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Postemployment Benefits [Abstract]  
Schedule of Defined Benefit Plans Disclosures
The following tables and information provide additional disclosures:
(In millions)Pension BenefitsOPEB
Change in benefit obligations:2023202220232022
Benefit obligations — beginning of year$4,646 $6,036 $1,233 $3,254 
Service cost31 45 10 35 
Interest cost235 144 64 72 
Plan amendments3 122 8 (163)
Actuarial loss (gain)116 (1,236)(158)(1,781)
Benefits paid(436)(431)(163)(232)
Participant contributions— — 42 47 
Effect of settlement(24)(34)— — 
Other— — — 1 
Benefit obligations — end of year$4,571 $4,646 $1,036 $1,233 
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets — beginning of year$4,338 $5,606 $728 $812 
Actual return on plan assets375 (809)67 (97)
Participant contributions— — 42 47 
Employer contributions29 6 65 198 
Benefits paid(436)(431)(163)(232)
Effect of settlement(24)(34)— — 
Fair value of plan assets — end of year$4,282 $4,338 $739 $728 
Funded status$(289)$(308)$(297)$(505)
Amounts recognized in Statements of Financial Position:
Non-current assets$137 $195 $192 $161 
Current liabilities1
(18)(30)(76)(81)
Non-current liabilities(408)(473)(413)(585)
Total amount recognized$(289)$(308)$(297)$(505)
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss (income):
Net actuarial gain$(304)$(361)$(2,033)$(1,996)
Prior service cost (credit)106 121 (131)(156)
Net amount recognized$(198)$(240)$(2,164)$(2,152)
1 Current liabilities are classified within Other current liabilities on the Statements of Consolidated Financial Position.
Company contributions and payments we expect to make in 2024, and made in 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
Pension BenefitsOPEB
(In millions)
VEBA1
Direct PaymentsTotal
2022$6 $85 $113 $198 
202329 — 65 65 
2024 (Expected)122 — 66 66 
1 Pursuant to the applicable bargaining agreements, benefits can be paid from certain VEBAs that are at least 70% funded (all VEBAs were over 70% funded at December 31, 2023). Certain agreements with plans holding VEBA assets have capped healthcare costs. For the Cleveland-Cliffs Steel LLC VEBA, we are required to make contributions based on earnings, and we may withdraw money from the VEBA plan to the extent funds are available for costs in excess of the cap. VEBA withdrawals are represented net of direct payments. There will be no further contributions to the Cleveland-Cliffs Steel LLC VEBA based on earnings for the remainder of the labor agreement with the USW, which expires in September of 2026.
Components Of Net Periodic Benefit Cost
COMPONENTS OF NET PERIODIC BENEFIT COST (CREDIT)
Pension BenefitsOPEB
(In millions)202320222021202320222021
Service cost$31 $45 $56 $10 $35 $51 
Interest cost235 144 103 64 72 74 
Expected return on plan assets(315)(355)(359)(43)(37)(40)
Amortization:
Net actuarial loss (gain)3 13 32 (145)(43)3 
Prior service costs (credits)18 5 1 (17)(3)(2)
Settlements(4)(8)(22)— — — 
Net periodic benefit cost (credit)$(32)$(156)$(189)$(131)$24 $86 
For 2024, we estimate net periodic benefit cost (credit) as follows:
(In millions)
Defined benefit pension plans$(58)
OPEB plans(154)
Total$(212)
Components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The following includes details on the significant actuarial losses (gains) impacting the benefit obligation and other components of other comprehensive loss (income):
Pension BenefitsOPEB
(In millions)2023202220232022
Discount rates$124 $(1,143)$28 $(441)
Demographic updates1
(5)(102)(208)(7)
Mortality(2)17 (11)— 
Per capita healthcare costs and healthcare trend2
— — 33 (1,333)
Other(1)(8)— — 
Actuarial loss (gain) on benefit obligation116 (1,236)(158)(1,781)
Actual returns on assets under (over) expected(60)1,165 (24)134 
Amortization of net actuarial gain (loss)(3)(13)145 43 
Amortization of prior service credits (costs)(18)(5)17 3 
Settlements4 8 — — 
Plan amendments3
3 122 8 (163)
Total recognized in other comprehensive loss (income)$42 $41 $(12)$(1,764)
1 In 2023, the OPEB plans generated an actuarial gain relating to updates for demographic experience. We had adjustments relating to retirements, participation, persistency and census data updates.
2 The gain in per capita healthcare costs in 2022 relating to our OPEB plans is primarily due to the negotiation of favorable Medicare Advantage Prescription Drug healthcare rates, which went into effect on January 1, 2023. Additionally, we expanded the Medicare Advantage program to retirees on some of our other plans during the 2022 USW labor negotiations which added additional savings. The negotiated rates extend through 2025.
3 In 2022, the plan amendment gains and losses were generated from the ratification of the 2022 USW labor agreements. The plan amendment loss related to our pension plans is attributable to the increase to the pre-2023 service multiplier to $115 and the service multiplier applicable to service beginning in 2023 to $126 for retirements after January 1, 2023. The plan amendment gain related to our OPEB plans is attributable to the implementation of a cap on healthcare costs for employees retiring after January 1, 2026 on one of our Cleveland-Cliffs Steel LLC plans as well as the extension of the Medicare Advantage program to plans that previously did not have the offering.
Estimated Future Benefit Payments
(In millions)Pension Benefits
OPEB1
2024$503 $107 
2025442 98 
2026433 95 
2027415 89 
2028400 86 
2029-20331,728 380 
1 OPEB benefit payments are displayed net of participant contributions.
Defined Benefit Plan, Assumptions
The following represents weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations:
Pension BenefitsOPEB
December 31,December 31,
2023202220232022
Discount rate5.12%5.47%5.15%5.52%
Interest crediting rate5.465.39N/AN/A
Compensation rate increase3.003.003.003.00
The following represents weighted-average assumptions used to determine net benefit cost:
Pension BenefitsOPEB
December 31,December 31,
202320222021202320222021
Obligation discount rate5.47 %3.21 %2.32 %5.52 %3.33 %2.46 %
Service cost discount rate5.61 3.49 2.78 5.65 3.91 3.28 
Interest cost discount rate5.34 2.75 1.64 5.38 3.01 2.04 
Interest crediting rate5.46 5.39 5.35 N/AN/AN/A
Expected return on plan assets7.66 6.87 6.84 5.87 4.86 5.20 
Compensation rate increase3.00 2.74 2.54 3.00 3.00 3.00 
Assumed Health Care Cost Trend Rates
The following represents assumed weighted-average health care cost trend rates:
December 31,
20232022
Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year1
5.49 %5.44 %
Ultimate health care cost trend rate4.50 %4.50 %
Year that the ultimate rate is reached20322030
1 The health care trend rate for the next year is weighted for all of our OPEB plans and factors in our Medicare Advantage Prescription Drug pricing arrangements. In 2023, we increased our assumed health care cost trend rate for self insured plans to 6.50% from 6.00% for 2024, which grades down on a linear basis to 4.50% by 2032. The health care trend rate for the Medicare Advantage Prescription Drug plans is set to match the negotiated rates through 2025 and then converts to the same trend rate as our self insured plan. In 2023, we layered in a one time increase to the healthcare trend rate for the Medicare Advantage Prescription Drug plans for 2026. These increases align with our expectation of higher health care costs due to increased popularity of specialty medication, current carrier and provider negotiations and impacts from third party funding associated with the Inflation Reduction Act.
Plan Assets and Asset Allocation The following table reflects the actual asset allocations for pension and VEBA assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, as well as the 2024 weighted average target asset allocations:
Pension AssetsVEBA Assets
Asset Category2024
Target
Allocation		Actual Asset Allocation at December 31,2024
Target
Allocation		Actual Asset Allocation at December 31,
2023202220232022
Equity securities33.8 %32.1 %36.1 %16.6 %18.4 %22.0 %
Fixed income41.1 38.8 40.9 78.5 74.5 67.4 
Hedge funds9.4 9.4 2.7 1.4 1.5 1.9 
Private equity3.3 3.4 3.3 — — — 
Structured credit2.4 5.1 6.9 0.2 0.9 1.2 
Real estate10.0 11.2 8.2 3.3 4.7 1.7 
Absolute return fixed income— — 1.9 — — 5.8 
Total100.0 %100.0 %100.0 %100.0 %100.0 %100.0 %
Fair Value of Pension Assets by Asset Category
The fair value of our pension assets by asset category is as follows:
(In millions)Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)Significant  Other Observable Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)		Investments Measured at Net Asset ValueTotal
Asset Category2023202220232022202320222023202220232022
Equity securities:
U.S. equities$809 $564 $— $— $— $— $— $569 $809 $1,133 
Global equities502 328 — — — — 65 106 567 434 
Fixed income:
U.S. government securities1
22 87 657 380 — — 142 63 821 530 
U.S. corporate bonds587 574 — 266 — — 94 373 681 1,213 
Non U.S. and other bonds— — — 32 — — 160 — 160 32 
Hedge funds— — — — 118 115 285 — 403 115 
Private equity— — — — 146 143 — — 146 143 
Structured credit— — — — 220 298 — — 220 298 
Real estate— — — — 286 356 189 — 475 356 
Absolute return fixed income— — — — — — — 84 — 84 
Total$1,920 $1,553 $657 $678 $770 $912 $935 $1,195 $4,282 $4,338 
1 Includes cash equivalents.
The fair value of our VEBA assets by asset category is as follows:
(In millions)Quoted Prices  in Active Markets for Identical Assets
(Level 1)		Significant  Other Observable Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)		Investments Measured at Net Asset ValueTotal
Asset Category2023202220232022202320222023202220232022
Equity securities:
U.S. equities$102 $24 $— $— $— $— $— $89 $102 $113 
Global equities3 5 — — — — 30 42 33 47 
Fixed income:
U.S. government securities1
119 149 27 79 — — 47 — 193 228 
U.S. corporate bonds214 146 94 117 — — 49 — 357 263 
Non U.S. and other bonds3 — — — — — — — 3 — 
Hedge funds— — — — 10 14 — — 10 14 
Private equity— — — — — — — — — — 
Structured credit— — — — 7 9 — — 7 9 
Real estate— — — — 10 12 24 — 34 12 
Absolute return fixed income— — — — — — — 42 — 42 
Total$441 $324 $121 $196 $27 $35 $150 $173 $739 $728 
1 Includes cash equivalents.
Effect of Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs on Changes in Plan Assets
The following represents the fair value measurements of changes in plan assets using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):
Pension AssetsVEBA Assets
(In millions)2023202220232022
Beginning balance — January 1$912 $904 $35 $42 
Actual return on plan assets:
Relating to assets still held at the reporting date(16)(6)2 1 
Relating to assets sold during the period10 15 1 1 
Purchases24 28 — — 
Sales(160)(29)(11)(9)
Ending balance — December 31$770 $912 $27 $35 
Multiemployer Plan
Information with respect to multiemployer plans in which we participate follows:
Pension FundEIN/Pension Plan Number
Pension Protection Act Zone Status1
FIP/RP Status Pending/Implemented2
Contributions
(in millions)
Surcharge Imposed3
Expiration Date of Collective Bargaining Agreement4
20232022202320222021
Steelworkers Pension Trust
23-6648508/499
GreenGreenNo$119 $93 $88 No4/1/2025 to 9/1/2026
IAM National Pension Fund’s National Pension Plan
51-6031295/002
RedRedYes23 22 16 Yes5/31/2025 to 5/15/2027
Other Plans5
1 — — 
Total$143 $115 $104 
1 The most recent Pension Protection Act zone status available in 2023 and 2022 is for each plan's year-end at December 31, 2022 and 2021. The plan's actuary certifies the zone status. Generally, plans in the red zone are less than 65% funded, plans in the yellow zone are between 65% and 80% funded, and plans in the green zone are at least 80% funded. The IAM National Pension Fund's National Pension Plan voluntarily elected to place itself in the "Red Zone" in April 2019 and has implemented a rehabilitation plan to address its underfunded status. Additional contributions will be required as part of the rehabilitation plan until the plan exits the "Red Zone".
2 The "FIP/RP Status Pending/Implemented" column indicates plans for which a financial improvement plan or a rehabilitation plan is either pending or has been implemented, as defined by ERISA.
3 The surcharge represents an additional required contribution due as a result of the critical funding status of the plan.
4 We are a party to six collective bargaining agreements that require contributions to the Steelworkers Pension Trust and three collective bargaining agreements that require contributions to the IAM National Pension Fund's National Pension Plan.
5 Plans that are not individually significant to our Company are presented in aggregate.