The following table summarizes the primary segments of the loan portfolio at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

The commercial and industrial portfolio in the table above includes $0.4 million and $7.7 million of Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) loans at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, which are 100% guaranteed by the SBA, and no allowance for loan loss (“ALL”) has been assigned to them.

The following table presents the classes of the loan portfolio summarized by the aggregate pass and the criticized categories of special mention and substandard within the internal risk rating system at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

Management further monitors the performance and credit quality of the loan portfolio by analyzing the age of the portfolio as determined by the length of time a recorded payment is past due.

The increase of $9.9 million in the substandard category was related to one large relationship in the nursing care sector that was downgraded from special mention in the first quarter of 2022 and one large relationship in the airline sector that was added to the substandard portfolio in the third quarter of 2022. These relationships continue to perform according to their contractual terms and are not considered impaired.

The following table presents the classes of the loan portfolio summarized by the aging categories of performing loans and non-accrual loans at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

Non-accrual loans that have been subject to partial charge-offs totaled $0.2 million at September 30, 2022 and $0.5 million at December 31, 2021. There were no loans secured by 1-4 family residential real estate properties in the process of foreclosure at September 30, 2022 compared to $0.2 million of such loans at December 31, 2021. As a percentage of the loan portfolio, accruing loans past due 30 days or more decreased to 0.27% compared to 0.37% at June 30, 2022 and 0.31% as of December 31, 2021.

The following table summarizes the primary segments of the ALL at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, segregated by the amount required for loans individually evaluated for impairment and the amount required for loans collectively evaluated for impairment:

The evaluation of the need and amount of a specific allocation of the ALL and whether a loan can be removed from impairment status is made on a quarterly basis.

The following table presents impaired loans by class, segregated by those for which a specific allowance was required and those for which a specific allowance was not required at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

Loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment are analyzed with general allowances being made as appropriate. For general allowances, historical loss trends are used in the estimation of losses in the current portfolio. These historical loss amounts are modified by other qualitative factors.

The classes described above, which are based on the Federal call code assigned to each loan, provide the starting point for the ALL analysis. Management tracks the historical net charge-off activity (full and partial charge-offs, net of full and partial recoveries) at the call code level. A historical charge-off factor is calculated utilizing a defined number of consecutive historical quarters. Consumer pools currently utilize a rolling twelve quarters, while Commercial pools currently utilize a rolling eight quarters.

Management supplements the historical charge-off factor with a number of additional qualitative factors that are likely to cause estimated credit losses associated with the existing loan pools to differ from historical loss experience. The additional factors, which are evaluated quarterly and updated using information obtained from internal, regulatory, and governmental sources, are: (a) national and local economic trends and conditions; (b) levels of and trends in delinquency rates and non-accrual loans; (c) trends in volumes and terms of loans; (d) effects of changes in lending policies; (e) experience, ability, and depth of lending staff; (f) value of underlying collateral; and (g) concentrations of credit from a loan type, industry and/or geographic standpoint.

Management reviews the loan portfolio on a quarterly basis using a defined, consistently applied process to make appropriate and timely adjustments to the ALL. When information confirms all or part of specific loans to be uncollectible, these amounts are promptly charged off against the ALL. Residential mortgage and consumer loans are charged off after they are 120 days contractually past due. All other loans are charged off based on an evaluation of the facts and circumstances of each individual loan. When the Bank believes that its ability to collect is solely dependent on the liquidation of the collateral, a full or partial charge-off is recorded promptly to bring the recorded investment to an amount that the Bank believes is supported by an ability to collect on the collateral. The circumstances that may impact the Bank’s decision to charge-off all or a portion of a loan include default or non-payment by the borrower, scheduled foreclosure actions, and/or prioritization of the Bank’s claim in bankruptcy. There may be circumstances where due to pending events, the Bank will place a specific allocation of the ALL on a loan for which a partial charge-off has been previously recognized. This specific allocation may be either charged-off or removed depending upon the outcome of the pending event. Full or partial charge-offs are not recovered until full principal and interest on the loan have been collected, even if a subsequent appraisal supports a higher value. In most cases, loans with partial charge-offs remain in non-accrual status. Both full and partial charge-offs reduce the recorded investment of the loan and the ALL and are considered to be charge-offs for purposes of all credit loss metrics and trends, including the historical rolling charge-off rates used in the determination of the ALL.

The following tables present the activity in the ALL for the nine and three month periods ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:



Nine months ended (in thousands)	Commercial Real Estate		Acquisition and Development		Commercial and Industrial		Residential Mortgage		Consumer		Unallocated		Total
ALL balance at January 1, 2022	$	6,032	$	2,615	$	2,460	$	3,484	$	934	$	430	$	15,955
Charge-offs		—		(20)		(134)		(34)		(726)		—		(914)
Recoveries		1		21		92		172		117		—		403
Provision		323		(1,117)		984		(645)		552		—		97
ALL balance at September 30, 2022	$	6,356	$	1,499	$	3,402	$	2,977	$	877	$	430	$	15,541
ALL balance at January 1, 2021	$	5,543	$	2,339	$	2,584	$	5,150	$	370	$	500	$	16,486
Charge-offs		—		(85)		—		(141)		(266)		—		(492)
Recoveries		—		172		511		49		112		—		844
Provision		1,183		484		(695)		(1,460)		626		(70)		68
ALL balance at September 30, 2021	$	6,726	$	2,910	$	2,400	$	3,598	$	842	$	430	$	16,906



Three months ended (in thousands)	Commercial Real Estate		Acquisition and Development		Commercial and Industrial		Residential Mortgage		Consumer		Unallocated		Total
ALL balance at July 1, 2022	$	6,220	$	2,172	$	2,830	$	3,112	$	973	$	430	$	15,737
Charge-offs		—		(20)		(82)		(1)		(181)		—		(284)
Recoveries		—		1		83		71		41		—		196
Provision		136		(654)		571		(205)		44		—		(108)
ALL balance at September 30, 2022	$	6,356	$	1,499	$	3,402	$	2,977	$	877	$	430	$	15,541
ALL balance at July 1, 2021	$	5,675	$	2,500	$	2,944	$	4,859	$	590	$	500	$	17,068
Charge-offs		—		(4)		—		(59)		(91)		—		(154)
Recoveries		—		62		473		20		34		—		589
Provision		1,051		352		(1,017)		(1,222)		309		(70)		(597)
ALL balance at September 30, 2021	$	6,726	$	2,910	$	2,400	$	3,598	$	842	$	430	$	16,906

The ALL is based on estimates, and actual losses may vary from current estimates. Management believes that the granularity of the homogeneous pools and the related historical loss ratios and other qualitative factors, as well as the consistency in the application of assumptions, result in an ALL that is representative of the risk found in the components of the portfolio at any given date.

The following table presents the average recorded investment in impaired loans by class and related interest income recognized for the periods indicated:


	Nine months ended						Nine months ended
	September 30, 2022						September 30, 2021
(in thousands)	Average investment		Interest income recognized on an accrual basis		Interest income recognized on a cash basis		Average investment		Interest income recognized on an accrual basis		Interest income recognized on a cash basis
Commercial real estate
Non owner-occupied	$	104	$	9	$	—	$	3,518	$	9	$	—
All other CRE		2,189		67		—		2,984		95		—
Acquisition and development
1-4 family residential construction		228		10		—		256		9		—
All other A&D		325		—		—		599		9		—
Commercial and industrial		23		—		—		—		—		—
Residential mortgage
Residential mortgage – term		2,138		36		15		2,642		56		5
Residential mortgage – home equity		364		—		—		449		—		—
Consumer		19		—		—		17		—		—
Total	$	5,390	$	122	$	15	$	10,465	$	178	$	5



	Three months ended						Three months ended
	September 30, 2022						September 30, 2021
(in thousands)	Average investment		Interest income recognized on an accrual basis		Interest income recognized on a cash basis		Average investment		Interest income recognized on an accrual basis		Interest income recognized on a cash basis
Commercial real estate
Non owner-occupied	$	103	$	3	$	—	$	4,631	$	3	$	—
All other CRE		2,143		22		—		2,787		26		—
Acquisition and development
1-4 family residential construction		221		3		—		249		3		—
All other A&D		264		—		—		602		3		—
Commercial and industrial		—		—		—		—		—		—
Residential mortgage
Residential mortgage – term		2,049		12		10		2,500		17		—
Residential mortgage – home equity		331		—		—		451		—		—
Consumer		39				—		9		—		—
Total	$	5,150	$	40	$	10	$	11,229	$	52	$	—

In the normal course of business, the Bank modifies loan terms for various reasons. These reasons may include as a retention strategy to compete in the current interest rate environment, and to re-amortize or extend a loan term to better match the loan’s payment stream with the borrower’s cash flows. A modified loan is considered to be a troubled debt restructuring (a “TDR”) when the Bank has determined that the borrower is troubled (i.e. experiencing financial difficulties) and a concession has been granted. The Bank evaluates the probability that the borrower will be in payment default on any of its debt in the foreseeable future without

modification. To make this determination, the Bank performs a global financial review of the borrower and loan guarantors to assess their current ability to meet their financial obligations.

When the Bank restructures a loan to a troubled borrower, the loan terms (i.e. interest rate, payment, amortization period and/or maturity date) are modified in such a way to enable the borrower to cover the modified debt service payments based on current financials and cash flow adequacy. If a borrower’s hardship is thought to be temporary, then modified terms are only offered for that time period. Where possible, the Bank obtains additional collateral and/or secondary payment sources at the time of the restructure in order to put the Bank in the best possible position if the borrower is not able to meet the modified terms. To date, the Bank has not forgiven any principal as a restructuring concession. The Bank will not offer modified terms if it believes that modifying the loan terms will only delay an inevitable permanent default.

All loans designated as TDRs are considered impaired loans and may be in either accruing or non-accruing status. If the loan was accruing at the time of the modification, then it continues to be in accruing status subsequent to the modification. Non-accrual TDRs may return to accruing status when there has been sufficient payment performance for a period of at least six months. TDRs are considered to be in payment default if, subsequent to modification, the loans are transferred to non-accrual status or to foreclosure. A loan may be removed from being reported as a TDR in the calendar year following the modification if the interest rate at the time of modification was consistent with the interest rate for a loan with comparable credit risk and the loan has performed according to its modified terms for at least six months. Further, a loan that has been removed from TDR reporting status and has been subsequently re-modified at standard market terms, may be removed from impaired status as well.

The volume, type and performance of TDR activity is considered in the assessment of the local economic trend qualitative factor used in the determination of the ALL for loans that are evaluated collectively for impairment.

There were 12 loans totaling $3.1 million and $3.3 million that were classified as TDRs at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. During the nine month period ended September 30, 2022, there were no new TDRs and no existing TDRs that were re-modified. The Bank had no significant commitments to lend additional funds to TDRs. During the nine month period ended September 30, 2021, there were no new TDRs and three existing TDRs that had reached their modification maturity date and were re-modified. These modifications did not impact the ALL. During the nine month periods ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, there were no payment defaults.

The following table presents the volume and recorded investment in TDRs at the times they were modified, by class and type of modification that occurred during the periods indicated.


	Temporary Rate Modification			Extension of Maturity			Modification of Payment and Other Terms
(in thousands)	Number of Contracts	Recorded Investment		Number of Contracts	Recorded Investment		Number of Contracts	Recorded Investment
Nine months ended September 30, 2021
Commercial real estate
Non owner-occupied	—	$	—	1	$	109	—	$	—
All other CRE	—		—	—		—	—		—
Acquisition and development
1-4 family residential construction	—		—	—		—	—		—
All other A&D	—		—	1		202	—		—
Commercial and industrial	—		—	—		—	—		—
Residential mortgage
Residential mortgage – term	—		—	1		215	—		—
Residential mortgage – home equity	—		—	—		—	—		—
Consumer	—		—	—		—	—		—
Total	—	$	—	3	$	526	—	$	—

During the three month period ended September 30, 2022, there were no new TDRs and no existing TDRs that were re-modified. The Bank had no significant commitments to lend additional funds to TDR borrowers. During the three month period ended September 30, 2021, there were no new TDRs and two existing TDRs that had reached their modification maturity date were re-modified. These re-modifications did not impact the ALL. During the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, there were no payment defaults under TDRs.

The following table presents the volume and recorded investment in TDRs at the times they were modified, by class and type of modification that occurred during the periods indicated.




	Temporary Rate Modification			Extension of Maturity			Modification of Payment and Other Terms
(in thousands)	Number of Contracts	Recorded Investment		Number of Contracts	Recorded Investment		Number of Contracts	Recorded Investment
Three months ended September 30, 2021
Commercial real estate
Non owner-occupied	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	$	—
All other CRE	—		—	—		—	—		—
Acquisition and development
1-4 family residential construction	—		—	—		—	—		—
All other A&D	—		—	1		202	—		—
Commercial and industrial	—		—	—		—	—		—
Residential mortgage
Residential mortgage – term	—		—	1		215	—		—
Residential mortgage – home equity	—		—	—		—	—		—
Consumer	—		—	—		—	—		—
Total	—	$	—	2	$	417	—	$	—