Income Taxes

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2012

Income Taxes [Abstract]

Income Taxes

14. Income Taxes

We had income tax benefit of $2 million and an effective tax rate of 3.4% in the second quarter of 2012. In the United States, we are in a net operating loss carryforward position and our deferred income tax assets are subject to a full valuation allowance. Therefore, any loss before income taxes does not generate a corresponding income tax benefit.

We are required to consider all items (including items recorded in other comprehensive income) in determining the amount of tax benefit that results from a loss from continuing operations and that should be allocated to continuing operations. As a result, we recorded $4 million and $3 million of noncash income tax benefits on the loss from continuing operations during the second quarters of 2012 and 2011, respectively. These benefits were offset by income tax expense on comprehensive income. Because the income tax expense on comprehensive income is equal to the income tax benefit from continuing operations, our deferred tax position was not impacted by this tax allocation.

In assessing the requirement for, and amount of, a valuation allowance in accordance with the more-likely-than-not standard, we give appropriate consideration to all positive and negative evidence related to the realization of the deferred tax assets. As of June 30, 2012, we had federal net operating loss, or NOL, carryforwards of approximately $1.978 billion that are available to offset future federal taxable income and will expire in the years 2026 through 2032, none of which are subject to Internal Revenue Code limitations under Section 382. In addition, as of that date, we had federal alternative minimum tax credit carryforwards of approximately $49 million that are available to reduce future regular federal income taxes over an indefinite period. In order to fully realize these U.S. federal net deferred tax assets, taxable income of approximately $2.118 billion would need to be generated during the period before their expiration. In addition, we have federal foreign tax credit carryforwards of $8 million that will expire in 2015.

As of June 30, 2012, we had a gross deferred tax asset related to our state NOLs and tax credit carryforwards of $271 million, of which $1 million will expire in 2012. The remainder will expire if unused in years 2013 through 2032. We also had NOL and tax credit carryforwards in various foreign jurisdictions in the amount of $4 million as of June 30, 2012 against a portion of which we have historically maintained a valuation allowance.

During periods prior to 2012, we established a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets totaling $1.042 billion. Based upon an evaluation of all available evidence and our net losses for the first and second quarters of 2012, we recorded an increase in the valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets of $14 million in the first quarter and $21 million in the second quarter. The aggregate increase in the valuation allowance was comprised of $40 million due to the first and second quarter losses less other discrete adjustments of $5 million. As a result, our valuation allowance increased to $1.077 billion as of June 30, 2012.

The Internal Revenue Code imposes limitations on a corporation’s ability to utilize NOLs if it experiences an “ownership change.” In general terms, an ownership change may result from transactions increasing the ownership of certain stockholders in the stock of a corporation by more than 50 percentage points over a three-year period. If we were to experience an ownership change, utilization of our NOLs would be subject to an annual limitation determined by multiplying the market value of our outstanding shares of stock at the time of the ownership change by the applicable long-term tax-exempt rate, which was 3.26% for June 2012. Any unused annual limitation may be carried over to later years within the allowed NOL carryforward period. The amount of the limitation may, under certain circumstances, be increased or decreased by built-in gains or losses held by us at the time of the change that are recognized in the five-year period after the change. Many states have similar limitations. If an ownership change had occurred as of June 30, 2012, our annual U.S. federal NOL utilization would have been limited to approximately $67 million per year.