Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2012

Business and Basis of Financial Statement Presentation

(a)         Business and Basis of Financial Statement Presentation

Our predecessor company was formed in 1981 under the name Analytic Surveys, Inc. On March 20, 2008, Analytic Surveys, Inc. consummated an Agreement and Plan of Merger (or the Merger) with Axion International, Inc. In the Merger, the stockholders of Axion International, Inc. succeeded to approximately 90.7% of Analytic Survey, Inc.’s issued and outstanding common stock and Analytics Survey changed its name to Axion International Holdings, Inc. The Merger has been accounted for as a reverse merger in the form of a recapitalization with Axion as the successor.

We develop, manufacture, market and sell composite rail ties and structural building products, such as pilings, I-beams, T-beams and boards, which, based upon patented technology developed at Rutgers University, are fully derived from common recycled plastics and high-density polymers, such as polyethylene, polystyrene and polypropylene. These recycled plastics, which are combined with recycled plastic composites containing encapsulated fiberglass, achieve structural thickness and strength and are resistant to changing shape under constant stress. Our products, manufactured through an extrusion process, are eco-friendly, non-corrosive, moisture impervious, non-chemical leaching and insect and rot resistant. Our products possess superior lifecycles and generally have greater durability and require less maintenance than competitive products made from wood, steel or concrete. We market our products in two lines, the first being ECOTRAX™, our line of rail ties, and the second being STRUXURE™, our line of structural building products.

Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of our wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with Rule S-X of the Securities and Exchange Commission and with the instructions to Form 10-Q, and accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes which may be required by generally accepted accounting principles for complete financial statements.

In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. However, the results from operations for the six months ended June 30, 2012, are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2012. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated December 31, 2011 financial statements and footnotes thereto included in the Company's Form 10-K/A filed with the SEC.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

(b)         Cash and Cash Equivalents

For purposes of the statement of cash flows, we consider all highly liquid debt instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

Property and Equipment

(c)         Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost and are depreciated and amortized using the straight-line method over estimated useful lives of two to twenty years.  Costs incurred that extend the useful life of the underlying asset are capitalized and depreciated over the remaining useful life. Repairs and maintenance are charged directly to operations as incurred.

Our property and equipment is comprised of the following:

	June 30, 2012			December 31, 2011
Property, equipment, and leasehold improvements, at cost:
Equipment	$	13,754		$	13,754
Machinery and equipment		2,400,620			1,618,701
Purchased software		123,551			56,404
Furniture and fixtures		13,090			14,040
		2,551,015			1,702,899
Less accumulated depreciation		(728,954	)		(655,763	)
Net property and leasehold improvements	$	1,822,061		$	1,047,136

Depreciation expense included as a charge to costs of sales and general and administrative expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2012 and 2011 was $38,947 and $29,620, respectively and for the six months ended June 30, 2012 and 2011 was $73,191 and $69,704, respectively.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

(d)         Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

We accrue a reserve on a receivable when, based upon the judgment of management, it is probable that a receivable will not be collected and the amount of any reserve may be reasonably estimated.  During the three months ended June 30, 2012, we reserved $100,415 for receivables we determined we may not collect in full. As of June 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, we provided an allowance of $133,146 and $32,731, respectively for doubtful accounts.

Revenue and Cost Recognition

(e)        Revenue and Cost Recognition

In accordance with FASB ASC 605 “Revenue Recognition”, revenue is recognized when persuasive evidence of an agreement with the customer exists, products are shipped or title passes pursuant to the terms of the agreement with the customer, the amount due from the customer is fixed or determinable, collectability is reasonably assured, and there are no significant future performance obligations.

We recognize revenue when a fixed commitment to purchase the products is received, title or ownership has passed to the customer and we do not have any specific performance obligations remaining, such that the earnings process is complete. In most cases, we receive a purchase order from our customer specifying the products requested and delivery instructions. We recognize revenue upon our delivery of the products as specified in the purchase order.

In other cases where we have a contract which provides for a large number of products and few actual deliveries, the revenues are recorded each month as the products are produced and the risk of ownership passes to the customer upon pre-delivery acceptance. Prior to deliveries, our customer’s products are segregated from our inventory and not available for fulfilling other orders.

Under our third-party contract manufacturing arrangements, our costs of sales are predominately comprised of the cost of raw materials and the costs and expenses associated with the third-party manufacturer producing the finished product. Under one arrangement, we purchase and supply the raw materials to the third-party manufacturer who we pay a per-pound cost to produce the finished product. Under our other arrangement the third-party manufacturer sources and pays for the raw materials and we purchase the finished product from them at a cost per unit. In addition, for that arrangement, we are responsible for any costs of raw materials purchased by the third-party manufacturer in excess of the arrangement’s reference prices and we share any savings for purchases below the reference prices.  Our costs of sales may vary significantly as a result of the variability in the cost of our raw materials and the efficiency with which we plan and execute our manufacturing processes.

Historically, we have not had significant warranty replacements, and do not believe we will in the future.

Income Taxes

(f)          Income Taxes

We use the asset and liability method of accounting of income taxes pursuant to the provisions of FASB ASC 740 “Income Taxes”, which establishes deferred tax assets and liabilities to be recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Other Than Goodwill

(g)         Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Other Than Goodwill

We assess the potential for impairment in the carrying values of our long-term assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate such impairment may have occurred.  An impairment charge to current operations is recognized when the estimated undiscounted future net cash flows of the asset are less than its carrying value. Any such impairment is recognized based on the differences in the carrying value and estimated fair value of the impaired asset.

Derivative Instruments

(h)         Derivative Instruments

For derivative instruments that are accounted for as liabilities, the derivative instrument is initially recorded at its fair value and is then re-valued at each reporting date, with changes in fair value recognized in earnings each reporting period. We use the Black-Scholes model to value the derivative instruments at inception and subsequent valuation dates and the value is re-assessed at the end of each reporting period, in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 815, “Derivatives and Hedging”. Derivative instrument liabilities are classified in the balance sheet as current or non-current based on whether or not the net-cash settlement of the derivative instrument could be required within twelve months of the balance sheet date.

Share-Based Compensation

(i)          Share-Based Compensation

We record share-based compensation for transactions in which we exchange our equity instruments for services of employees, consultants and others based on the fair value of the equity instruments issued at the date of grant or other measurement date.  The fair value of common stock awards is based on the observed market value of our stock.  We calculate the fair value of options and warrants using the Black-Scholes option pricing model.  Expense is recognized, net of expected forfeitures, over the period of performance.  When the vesting of an award is subject to performance conditions, no expense is recognized until achievement of the performance condition is deemed to be probable. Options issued to consultants are remeasured as they vest each reporting period and the resulting value is recognized as an adjustment against our net loss over the period during which the services are received.

Earnings (Loss) Per Share

(j)         Earnings (Loss) Per Share

Basic earnings (loss) per share are computed by dividing earnings (loss) available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period.  Diluted earnings (loss) per share include the effects of the potential dilution of outstanding options, warrants, and convertible debt on our common stock as determined using the treasury stock method. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2012 and 2011, there were no dilutive effects of such securities because we incurred a net loss in each period.  As of June 30, 2012, we have approximately 23.4 million potential common shares issuable under our convertible instruments, warrant and stock option agreements.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

(k)         Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value is defined as an exit price, which is the price that would be received upon sale of an asset or paid upon transfer of a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.  The degree of judgment utilized in measuring the fair value of assets and liabilities generally correlates to the level of pricing observability.  Financial assets and liabilities with readily available, actively quoted prices or for which fair value can be measured from actively quoted prices in active markets generally have more pricing observability and require less judgment in measuring fair value.  Conversely, financial assets and liabilities that are rarely traded or not quoted have less price observability and are generally measured at fair value using valuation models that require more judgment.  These valuation techniques involve some level of management estimation and judgment, the degree of which is dependent on the price transparency of the asset, liability or market and the nature of the asset or liability.  We have categorized our financial assets and liabilities that are recurring at fair value into a three-level hierarchy in accordance with these provisions.

Concentration of Credit Risk

(l)          Concentration of Credit Risk

We maintain our cash within two major U.S. domestic banks. The amount held within one of these banks exceeds the insured limit of $250,000 from time to time and was approximately $2.1 million at June 30, 2012.  We have not incurred losses related to these deposits.  Our accounts receivable balance as of June 30, 2012 of approximately $1.0 million consists of amounts due from a limited number of customers.

Use of Estimates

(m)         Use of Estimates

The preparation of our financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in these financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Redeemable Common Stock

(n)         Redeemable Common Stock

We account for redeemable common stock in accordance with ASC 480-10-S99-3A “Classification and Measurement of Redeemable Securities,” which provides that securities that are redeemable for cash or other assets are classified outside of permanent equity if they are redeemable at the option of the holder. Accordingly, 250,000 shares of common stock issued during the year ended December 31, 2011, as a commitment fee pursuant to the revolving credit agreement were classified outside of permanent equity at redemption value, when issued. If circumstances would have indicated it was probable the holder may redeem these shares of common stock, we would have recognized changes in the redemption value in the period they occurred and adjusted the carrying value of the redeemable common stock to equal its redemption value at the end of that reporting period. During the three months ended June 30, 2012, the revolving credit agreement was terminated and the related redemption value of the shares of common stock was reclassified to permanent equity.

Going Concern

(o)       Going Concern

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America, which contemplates our continuation as a going concern.  At June 30, 2012, we had a working capital deficit of $1.9 million, a stockholders’ deficit of $5.9 million and have accumulated losses to date of $32.8 million.  This raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.  In view of these matters, realization of certain of the assets in the accompanying balance sheet is dependent upon our ability to meet our financing requirements, raise additional capital, and the success of our business plan and future operations.  We continue to seek additional means of financing to fund our business plan, but there is no assurance that we will be successful in raising sufficient funds to assure our eventual profitability.  We believe that actions planned and presently being taken to revise our operating and financial requirements provide us the opportunity to continue as a going concern. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from these uncertainties.