Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

BUSINESS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Acronyms and Abbreviations. The acronyms and abbreviations identified below are used in the notes to the consolidated financial statements. The following is provided to aid the reader and provide a reference page when reviewing the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Acronym	Description	Acronym	Description
AFS:	Available-for-sale	GAAP:	Generally accepted accounting principles in the United States
ALCO:	Asset/Liability Committee	GDP:	Gross domestic product
ACL:	Allowance for credit losses	HPFC:	Healthcare Professional Funding Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Camden National Bank
AOCI:	Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	HTM:	Held-to-maturity
ASC:	Accounting Standards Codification	IRS:	Internal Revenue Service
ASU:	Accounting Standards Update	LGD:	Loss given default
Bank:	Camden National Bank, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Camden National Corporation	LIBOR:	London Interbank Offered Rate
BOLI:	Bank-owned life insurance	LTIP:	Long-Term Performance Share Plan
Board ALCO:	Board of Directors' Asset/Liability Committee	Management ALCO:	Management Asset/Liability Committee
CCTA:	Camden Capital Trust A, an unconsolidated entity formed by Camden National Corporation	MBS:	Mortgage-backed security
CD:	Certificate of deposits	MSPP:	Management Stock Purchase Plan
CECL:	Current Expected Credit Losses	N/A:	Not applicable
Company:	Camden National Corporation	N.M.:	Not meaningful
CMO:	Collateralized mortgage obligation	OCC:	Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
CUSIP:	Committee on Uniform Securities Identification Procedures	OCI:	Other comprehensive income (loss)
DCRP:	Defined Contribution Retirement Plan	OREO:	Other real estate owned
EPS:	Earnings per share	PD:	Probability of default
FASB:	Financial Accounting Standards Board	ROU:	Right-of-use
FDIC:	Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation	SBA:	U.S. Small Business Administration
FHLBB:	Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston	SBA PPP:	U.S. Small Business Administration Paycheck Protection Program
FHLMC:	Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation	SERP:	Supplemental executive retirement plans
FNMA:	Federal National Mortgage Association	SOFR:	Secured Overnight Financing Rate
FOMC:	Federal Open Market Committee	TDR:	Troubled-debt restructured loan
FRB:	Federal Reserve System Board of Governors	UBCT:	Union Bankshares Capital Trust I, an unconsolidated entity formed by Union Bankshares Company that was subsequently acquired by Camden National Corporation
FRBB:	Federal Reserve Bank of Boston	U.S.:	United States of America

General Business. Camden National Corporation, a Maine corporation (the “Company”), is the bank holding company for Camden National Bank (the “Bank”) and is headquartered in Camden, Maine. The primary business of the Company is to attract deposits from and to extend loans to consumer, institutional, municipal, non-profit and commercial customers. The Company, through the Bank, offers commercial and consumer banking products and services, and through Camden Financial Consultants, a division of the Bank, and Camden National Wealth Management, a department of the Bank, offers brokerage and insurance services as well as investment management and fiduciary services. The Bank's deposits are insured by the FDIC, subject to regulatory limits.

Principles of Consolidation.  The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and the Bank (which includes the consolidated accounts of HPFC and Property A, Inc.). All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Assets held by the Bank in a fiduciary capacity, through Camden National Wealth Management, are not assets of the Company and, therefore, are not included in the consolidated statements of condition. The Company also owns 100% of the common stock of CCTA and UBCT. These entities are unconsolidated subsidiaries of the Company.

Reclassifications.  Certain reclassifications     have been made to prior year amounts, without impact to net income or total shareholders' equity, to conform to the current year's presentation.

Use of Estimates.  The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could vary from these estimates as a result of changing conditions and future events. Several estimates are particularly critical and are susceptible to significant near-term change, such as the ACL, including the allowance for loan losses, off-balance sheet credit exposures, and AFS and HTM debt securities; the accounting for business combinations including subsequent impairment analyses for goodwill and other intangible assets; accounting for income taxes; and postretirement benefits.

Subsequent Events.  The Company has evaluated events and transactions subsequent to December 31, 2022 for potential recognition or disclosure as required by GAAP and have been disclosed in Note 12.

Significant Concentration of Credit Risk. The Company makes loans primarily to customers in Maine, Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Although it has a diversified loan portfolio, a large portion of the Company's loans are secured by commercial or residential real estate and are subject to real estate market volatility within these states. Furthermore, the debtors' ability to honor their contracts is highly dependent upon other economic factors throughout Maine, Massachusetts and New Hampshire. The Company does not generally engage in non-recourse lending and typically will require the principals of any commercial borrower to obligate themselves personally on the loan. Refer to Note 3 for further discussion of credit concentrations.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash.  For the purpose of reporting, cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand and amounts due from banks. In March 2020, the FRB reduced its reserve requirement ratios to 0%, effectively eliminating cash reserve requirements for all depository institutions.

Certain cash balances will be designated as restricted as required by certain contracts with unrelated third parties.

Investments. Debt investments for which the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as HTM and recorded at amortized cost on the consolidated statements of condition.

Debt investments that are not classified as HTM or trading are classified as AFS and are carried at fair value on the Company's consolidated statements of condition with subsequent changes to fair value recorded within AOCI, net of tax.

Trading securities and equity investments with a readily determinable fair value are carried at fair value on the Company's consolidated statements of condition, with the change in fair value recognized between periods recognized within net income on the consolidated statements of income.

Purchase premiums and discounts are recognized in interest income on the consolidated statements of income using the interest method over the period to maturity or issuer call option date, if earlier, and are recorded on the trade date.

Upon sale of an investment security, the realized gain or loss on the sale is recognized within non-interest income on the consolidated statements of income. The cost basis of our investments sold is determined using the specific identification method.

ACL on (or Write-off of) AFS Debt Securities. Management assesses its AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position for the following: (i) whether it intends to sell the security, or (ii) it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through net income. For AFS debt securities that do not meet either of the two criteria, management evaluates whether the decline in fair value resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the following: (i) the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, (ii) credit rating of the security, (iii) macroeconomic trends of the industry specific to the security, and (iv) any other adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance on AFS debt securities is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. When assessing an AFS debt security for credit loss, securities with identical CUSIPs are pooled together to assess for impairment using the average cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance is recognized in AOCI.

A change in the ACL on AFS debt securities or write-off of an AFS debt security, which may be in full or a portion thereof, is recorded as expense (credit) within provision for credit losses on the consolidated statements of income. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of an AFS debt security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, there was no allowance carried on the Company's AFS debt securities nor were there any permanent write-offs for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, or 2020. Refer to Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements for further discussion.

ACL on (or Write-off of) HTM Debt Securities. The Company estimates expected credit losses on its HTM debt securities and carry an allowance for such. Management measures expected credit losses on HTM debt securities on a collective basis by major security types that share similar risk characteristics, which may include, but is not limited to, credit ratings, financial asset type, collateral type, size, effective interest rate, term, geographical location, industry, and vintage.

The estimate of expected credit losses on the HTM portfolio is based on the expected cash flows of each individual CUSIP over its contractual life and considers historical credit loss information, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Under ASU 2016-13 the Company has the ability to exclude certain securities when the historical credit loss information, adjusted for current conditions and forecasts, resulting in zero risk of nonpayment of the amortized cost basis of the security. The Company has evaluated and determined zero risk of nonpayment on all securities guaranteed by the U.S government agencies. Given the rarity of municipal and corporate bond defaults and losses, the Company will utilize external third party loss forecast models as the sole source of municipal and corporate bond default and loss rates. As with the loan portfolio, cash flows are modeled over a reasonable and supportable forecast period and then revert to the long-term average economic conditions on a straight line basis. Management may exercise discretion to make adjustments based on various qualitative factors.

An HTM debt security is written-off in the period in which a determination is made that all or a portion of the financial asset is uncollectible. Any previously recorded allowance, if any, is reversed and then the amortized cost basis is written-down to the amount deemed to be collectible, if any.

A change in the ACL on HTM debt securities or write-off of an HTM debt security, which may be in full or a portion thereof, is recorded as expense (credit) within provision for credit losses on the consolidated statements of income.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, there was no allowance carried on the Company’s HTM debt securities nor were there any permanent write-offs for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, or 2020. Refer to Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements for further discussion.

FHLBB and FRBB Stock. The Company, through the Bank, is a member of the FHLBB and FRBB, and, as a member, is required to hold a certain amount of FHLBB and FRB common stock. These equity stocks are non-marketable and are reported at cost within other investments on the consolidated statements of condition. The Company evaluates its FHLBB and FRB common stock for impairment based on the ultimate recoverability of the par value rather than by recognizing temporary declines in value.

Loans Held for Sale. The Company has elected the fair value option for loans classified as held for sale on the consolidated statements of condition. Designation of loans as held for sale is determined based on intent and is generally completed as the loans are underwritten. The fair value for loans held for sale is determined using quoted secondary market prices. Management consistently evaluates the Company's loan portfolio in conjunction with asset/liability management practices, and will opt to sell certain residential mortgage loans to manage the Company's interest rate exposure and for other business purposes, including generating fee income through mortgage sale gains and managing its liquidity position.

Loans Held for Investment and Acquired Loans.  Loans held for investment are reported at amortized cost, adjusted for any partial charge-offs and net of any deferred loan fees or costs. Interest income is accrued based upon the daily principal amount outstanding, except for loans on non-accrual status. Loan fees and certain direct origination costs are deferred and amortized into interest income over the contractual term of the loan using the level-yield method. When a loan is paid off, the unamortized portion is recognized in interest income.

Loans acquired through a business or asset purchase are reported at fair value, as of acquisition date. Interest income is accrued based upon the daily principal amount outstanding and is then further adjusted by the accretion of any discount or amortization of any premium associated with the loan that was recognized based on the acquisition date fair value using the level-yield method. When a loan is paid off, the unamortized portion is recognized in interest income.

A loan is classified as non-accrual generally when it becomes 90 days past due as to interest or principal payments, or sooner if management considers such action to be prudent. All previously accrued but unpaid interest on non-accrual loans is reversed from interest income in the period in which the loan is considered delinquent and the amortization of any unamortized net deferred origination loan fees/costs stops. Interest payments received on non-accrual loans are applied as a reduction of principal. A loan remains on non-accrual status until all principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured. Should a loan transition from non-accrual to accrual, the unrecognized interest earned during the period the loan was on non-accrual and unamortized deferred origination fees and costs are recognized over the remaining contractual life of the loan using the level-yield method.

ACL on Loans. Upon adoption of ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”), as amended; effective January 1, 2020, using a modified-prospective approach. Upon adoption, the Company recorded a cumulative-effect adjustment of $2.8 million reducing retained earnings, with a corresponding adjustment of $233,000 increasing the ACL on loans, an adjustment of $3.3 million increasing other liabilities for the ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures, and an adjustment of $769,000 increasing deferred tax assets.

The ACL on loans is based on the amortized cost basis of a loan, which is comprised of the unpaid principal balance of the loan, net deferred loan fees (costs), acquired premium (discount), and any write-downs previously taken on the loan.

The ACL on loans is increased by charges to provision for credit losses and reduced by charge-offs, net of recoveries. Management evaluates the appropriateness of the ACL on loans quarterly. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant change from period to period. The ACL on loans is presented on the consolidated statements of condition.

Loans past due 30 days or more are considered delinquent. In general, secured loans that are delinquent for 90 consecutive days are placed on non-accrual status and may be subject to individual loss assessment in accordance with established internal policy. In general, unsecured loans that are delinquent for 90 consecutive days are charged-off.

In cases where a borrower experiences financial difficulties and the Company makes certain concessionary modifications to contractual terms, the loan is classified as a TDR, with the exception of loan modifications or concessions resulting directly from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic during 2020 and 2021 that were granted to customers who were otherwise in current payment status at the time of the modification or concession.

The ACL on loans reduces the loan portfolio to the net amount expected to be collected, and represents the expected losses over the life of all loans at the reporting date. The allowance incorporates forward-looking information and applies a reversion methodology beyond the reasonable and supportable forecast.

The ACL on loans represents the Company's estimated risk of loss within its loan portfolio as of the reporting date. To appropriately measure expected credit losses, management disaggregates the loan portfolio into pools of similar risk characteristics (i.e. “segments”). The Company utilizes a discounted cash flow approach to calculate the expected loss for each segment. Within the discounted cash flow model, a PD and LGD assumption is applied to calculate the expected loss for each segment. PD is the probability the asset will default within a given timeframe and LGD is the percentage of assets not expected

to be collected due to default. The Company's PD and LGD assumptions may be derived from internal historical default and loss experience or from external data where there are not statistically meaningful loss events for a loan segment or it does not have default and loss data that covers a full economic cycle.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the primary macroeconomic drivers used within the discounted cash flow model included forecasts of Maine Unemployment, changes in Maine and National GDP, and changes in the Maine Housing Price Index. Management monitors and assesses its macroeconomic drivers at least annually (generally in the fourth quarter) to determine if or that they continue to be the most predictive indicator of losses within the Company’s loan portfolio, and these macroeconomic drivers may change from time to time.

To determine its reasonable and supportable forecast, management may leverage macroeconomic forecasts obtained from various reputable sources, which may include, but is not limited to, the Federal Open Market Committee forecast and other publicly available forecasts from well recognized, leading economists or firms. The Company’s reasonable and supportable forecast period generally ranges from one to three years, depending on the facts and circumstances of the current state of the economy, portfolio segment and management’s judgement of what can be reasonably supported. The model reversion period generally ranges from one to six years, and it also depends on the current state of the economy and management’s judgments of such. Management monitors and assesses the forecast and reversion period at least annually. The Company used a one-year forecast and reversion period to calculate the ACL on loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The ACL on loans is calculated over a loan’s contractual life. For term loans, the contractual life is calculated based on the maturity date. For commercial revolving loans with no stated maturity date, the contractual life is calculated based on the internal review date. For all other revolving loans, the contractual life is based on either the estimated maturity date or a default date. The contractual term does not include expected extension, renewals or modifications.

The Company's loan portfolio is segmented as follows based on the various risk profiles of the Company's loans:

•The commercial loan portfolio is segmented into three categories – (i) commercial real estate, which is collateralized by real estate; (ii) commercial, which is typically utilized for general business purposes; and (iii) SBA PPP loans, which were originated by the Company during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Commercial real estate is further segmented between non-owner-occupied (i.e. investment properties) and owner-occupied properties.

•Retail loans are a homogenous group, generally consisting of standardized products that are smaller in amount and distributed over a large number of individual borrowers. Retail loans are segmented into three categories – (i) residential real estate, (ii) home equity and (iii) consumer.

In calculating the ACL on loans, the contractual life of a loan must be adjusted for prepayments to arrive at expected cash flows. The Company models term loans using an annualized prepayment. When the Company has a specific expectation of differing payment behavior for a given loan, the loan may be evaluated individually. For revolving loans that do not have a principal payment schedule, a curtailment rate is factored into the cash flow.

The ACL on loans evaluation may also consider various qualitative factors, such as: (i) actual or expected changes in economic trends and conditions, (ii) changes in the value of underlying collateral for loans, (iii) changes to lending policies, underwriting standards and/or management personnel performing such functions, (iv) delinquency and other credit quality trends, (v) credit risk concentrations, if any, (vi) changes to the nature of the Company's business impacting the loan portfolio, (vii) and other external factors, that may include, but are not limited to, results of internal loan reviews, examinations by bank regulatory agencies, or other such events such as a natural disaster.

Certain loans are individually evaluated for estimated credit losses, including those (i) greater than $500,000 that are classified as substandard or doubtful and are on non-accrual, (ii) a TDR, or (iii) that have other unique characteristics differing from the segment. Specific reserves are established when appropriate for such loans based on the present value of expected future cash flows of the loan or the estimated realizable value of the collateral, if any.

Management may also adjust its assumptions to account for differences between expected and actual losses from period-to-period. The variability of management’s assumptions could alter the ACL on loans materially and impact future results of operations and financial condition. The loss estimation models and methods used to determine the allowance for credit losses are continually refined and enhanced.

Accrued Interest. Accrued interest receivable balances are presented within other assets on the consolidated statements of condition, and excluded from the measurement of the ACL, including investments and loans. Accrued interest receivable is

written-off by reversing previously recognized interest income. The Company has a robust policy in place to write-off accrued interest when a loan is placed on non-accrual. For loans, write-off typically occurs when a loan has been in default for 90 days or more.

Goodwill and Core Deposit Intangible Assets.  Goodwill represents the price paid in an acquisition that is in excess of the fair value of the net assets acquired. Goodwill is not subject to amortization but rather is evaluated at least annually for impairment, or as events and circumstances dictate, at the reporting unit level, and for which the Company has determined it has a single reporting unit. Any impairment is charged to non-interest expense on the consolidated statements of income.

The Company evaluates goodwill for impairment annually as of November 30th, or more frequently as warranted by external and/or internal factors. The Company may utilize a qualitative analysis and/or a quantitative analysis to evaluate goodwill for impairment. The Company has the option to by-pass the qualitative analysis for any given year and perform the quantitative analysis.

Using a qualitative analysis to assess goodwill for impairment, the Company will consider various factors to determine if it is more-likely-than-not that its carrying value of its reporting unit exceeds its fair value. These factors include, but are not limited to, the overall macro-economic environment; industry economic and regulatory environment; and company specific factors, including, but not limited to, performance, Company common stock share price, competition and/or significant changes in senior management. Should the Company determine it is more-likely-than-not that the carrying value of its reporting unit exceeds its fair value, then it would then perform the next step of the goodwill impairment test, which is a quantitative analysis. If the Company were to determine it is not more-likely-than-not that the carrying value of its reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the Company would have completed its goodwill impairment evaluation and concluded goodwill was not impaired.

After performing the qualitative analysis and determining it is more-likely-than-not that the carrying value of its reporting unit exceeds its fair value or if the Company by-passed the qualitative analysis, it would perform a quantitative analysis to determine if the carrying value of its reporting unit exceeds its fair value. Alternatively, the Company may bypass the qualitative analysis and use a quantitative analysis. In completing the quantitative analysis, the Company may use various valuation techniques such as a discounted cash flow model, a comparative market transaction multiple approach and/or other valuation methods to determine the reporting unit's fair value. Goodwill impairment is recognized the extent the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value.

The Company completed its testing for impairment of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 and concluded goodwill was not impaired. Refer to Note 4 of the consolidated financial statements for further details.

Core deposit intangible assets represents the estimated value of acquired customer relationships and is amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated life of those relationships. Core deposit intangibles are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. If necessary, management will test the core deposit intangibles for impairment by comparing their carrying value to the expected undiscounted cash flows of the assets. If the undiscounted cash flows of the intangible assets exceed their carrying value then the intangible assets are deemed to be fully recoverable and not impaired. However, if the undiscounted cash flows of the intangible assets are less than their carrying value then management must compare the fair value of the intangible assets to its carrying value. If the fair value of the intangible assets exceeds their carrying value then the intangible assets are not impaired. If the fair value of the intangible assets is less than its carrying value, then an impairment charge is recorded to mark the carrying value of the intangible assets to fair value. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, there were no events or changes in circumstances that indicated the carrying amount may not be recoverable.

BOLI.  BOLI represents the cash surrender value of life insurance policies on the lives of certain active and retired employees where the Company is the beneficiary and is recorded as an asset on the consolidated statements of condition. Increases in the cash surrender values of the policies, as well as death benefits received, net of any cash surrender value, are recorded in non-interest income on the consolidated statements of income, and are not subject to income taxes. The Company reviews the financial strength of the insurance carriers prior to the purchase of life insurance policies and no less than annually thereafter. A life insurance policy with any individual carrier is limited to 10% of Tier 1 capital (as defined for regulatory purposes) and the total cash surrender value of life insurance policies is limited to 25% of Tier 1 capital.

Premises and Equipment.  Premises and equipment purchased in normal course are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation, while premises and equipment obtained through the acquisition of a company or branch acquisition are stated at their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date less accumulated depreciation that occurred subsequent to the acquisition date.

Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the term of the respective lease or the estimated life of the improvement. Land is carried at cost.

Repairs and maintenance costs that are not an improvement or do not extend the estimated useful life of the asset are expensed as incurred.

Software costs, including cloud-based software licenses that qualify as internal-use software, are stated at cost less accumulated amortization within other assets on the consolidated statements of condition. Amortization expense is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Cloud-based software costs that do not qualify as internal-use software are capitalized as service contracts within other assets on the consolidated statements of condition and expensed ratably over the term of the contract period.

Long-lived assets, including premises and equipment and certain identifiable intangibles, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The amount of the impairment loss, if any, is based on the asset’s fair value. No impairment losses were recognized in 2022, 2021, or 2020.

Leases. The Company leases office space, space for ATM locations and certain branch locations under noncancellable operating leases, several of which have renewal options to extend lease terms. Upon commencement of a new lease, the Company will recognize a ROU asset and corresponding lease liability. The Company makes the decision on whether to renew an option to extend a lease by considering various factors. The Company will recognize an adjustment to ROU asset and lease liability when lease agreements are amended and executed. The discount rate used in determining the present value of lease payments is based on the lessor’s implicit rate in the lease if known or on the Company's incremental borrowing rate for borrowing terms similar to each lease at commencement date. The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are generally accounted for separately. For real estate leases, non-lease components and other non-components, such as common area maintenance charges, real estate taxes and insurance, are not included in the measurement of the lease liability since they are generally able to be segregated. The Company has elected the short-term lease recognition exemption for all leases that qualify.

OREO.  OREO properties acquired through foreclosure or deed-in-lieu of foreclosure are recorded initially at estimated fair value less estimated costs to sell. Any write-down of the recorded investment in the related loan is charged to the ACL on loans upon transfer to OREO. Upon acquisition of a property, a current appraisal is used or an internal valuation is prepared to substantiate fair value of the property. Any subsequent declines in the fair value of a property are recorded as a valuation allowance on the asset. Any subsequent increases in the fair value of a property are recorded as reductions of the valuation allowance, but not below zero. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, OREO properties were carried within other assets on the consolidated statements of condition at $0 and $165,000, respectively.

Upon a sale of an OREO property, any excess of the carrying value over the sale proceeds is recognized as a loss on sale. Any excess of sale proceeds over the carrying value of the OREO property is first applied as a recovery to the valuation allowance, if any, with the remainder being recognized as a gain on sale. The recognized gain or loss upon sale of OREO property is recognized within other real estate owned and collection costs, net on the consolidated statements of income.

Operating expenses, including legal and other direct expenses, and changes in the valuation allowance relating to foreclosed assets are included in other real estate owned and collection costs, net on the consolidated statements of income.

Mortgage Banking.  Residential real estate mortgage loans are originated for purposes of being (i) held for investment and (ii) held for sale into the secondary market. The transfer of these financial assets is accounted for as a sale when control over the asset has been surrendered. Control is deemed to be surrendered when (i) the asset has been isolated from the Company, (ii) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred asset, and (iii) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred asset through an agreement to repurchase it before its maturity. The Company records the gain on sale of the financial asset within mortgage banking income, net on the consolidated statements of income, net of direct and indirect costs incurred to originate the loan.

Servicing assets are recognized as separate assets when servicing rights are acquired through the sale of residential mortgage loans with servicing rights retained. Capitalized servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value and reported within other assets on the consolidated statements of condition and recognized as income within mortgage banking income, net on the consolidated statements of income. Servicing rights are amortized in proportion to, and over the period of, the estimated future servicing of the underlying mortgages (typically, the contractual life of the mortgage). The amortization of mortgage servicing rights is recorded as a reduction of income within non-interest income on the consolidated statements of income.

Servicing assets are evaluated for impairment quarterly based upon the fair value of the rights as compared to amortized cost. Impairment is determined by stratifying rights by predominant characteristics, such as interest rates and terms. Fair value is determined using prices for similar assets with similar characteristics, when available, or based upon discounted cash flows using market-based assumptions. Impairment of the servicing assets is recognized through a valuation allowance to the extent that fair value is less than the capitalized amount. If it is later determined that all or a portion of the impairment no longer exists, a reduction of the allowance may be recorded increasing income, but not below zero.

Servicing fee income is recorded for fees earned for servicing loans for investors. The fees are based on a contractual percentage of the outstanding principal or a fixed amount per loan and are recorded as income within non-interest income on the consolidated statements of income when earned.

Short-Term and Long-Term Borrowings. Short-term borrowings are those that upon origination are scheduled to mature within one year. The Company's short-term borrowings may include, but are not limited to, FHLBB overnight and FHLBB advances, customer repurchase agreements, federal funds purchased, and line of credit advances.

Long-term borrowings are those that upon origination are scheduled to mature in one or more years. The Company's long-term borrowings may include, but are not limited to, FHLBB advances, subordinated debentures, and wholesale repurchase agreements.

Short-term and long-term borrowings on the consolidated statements of income are presented net of unamortized issuance costs, if any, and amortized over the life of the borrowing.

The Company is required to post collateral for certain borrowings, for which it generally posts loans and/or investment securities as collateral.

Income Taxes.  Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax implications attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. If current information suggests that it is not more-likely than-not that the Company will not be able to realize the deferred tax assets, a valuation allowance is established. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company assesses quarterly whether or not a valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets is necessary. If it is more- likely-than-not that the Company will not be able to realize the benefit of the deferred tax assets, then a valuation allowance is established on the deferred tax asset not expected to be realized. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not carry a valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets.

The Company accounts for its windfall tax benefits and shortfalls within income tax expense on the consolidated statements of income as a discrete period item in the period generated.

EPS.  Basic EPS excludes dilution and is computed by dividing net income applicable to common stock by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if certain securities or other contracts to issue common stock (such as stock options) were exercised or converted into additional common shares that would then share in the earnings of the Company. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net income applicable to common stock by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period, plus an incremental number of common-equivalent shares computed using the treasury stock method.

Unvested share-based payment awards which include the right to receive non-forfeitable dividends are considered to participate with common stock in undistributed earnings for purposes of computing EPS. Restricted share grants and management stock purchase grants awarded under the 2012 Equity and Incentive Plan, are considered participating securities for this purpose. Accordingly, the Company is required to calculate basic and diluted EPS using the two-class method. The calculation of EPS using the two-class method (i) excludes any dividends paid or owed on participating securities and any undistributed earnings considered to be attributable to participating securities from the numerator and (ii) excludes the dilutive impact of the participating securities from the denominator.

Postretirement Plans.  The Company sponsors various retirement plans for current and former employees, including a SERP for certain officers of the Company and a postretirement health care and life insurance plan to certain eligible retired

employees. The SERP and postretirement benefit plans are unfunded and have no plan assets, and the Company has recorded a liability on the consolidated statements of condition.

For the SERP, benefit obligations are estimated using the projected unit credit method. Under this method, each participant's benefits are attributed to years of service, taking into consideration future salary increases and the SERP's benefit allocation formula. Thus, the estimated total pension to which each participant is expected to become entitled to at retirement is broken down into units, each associated with a year of past or future credited service. For the SERP, an individual's estimated attributed benefit for valuation purposes related to a particular separation date is the benefit described under the SERP based on credited service as of the measurement date, but determined using the projected salary that would be used in the calculation estimate of the benefit on the expected separation date.

The Company has obligations with various active and retired employees related to certain postretirement benefits. The obligations are based on the employee's date of hire and years of service through retirement, with the associated cost recognized over the requisite service period. Under the plan, the postretirement benefit amount the Company will pay for any given year for an individual is capped. The accrual methodology results in an accrued amount at the full eligibility date equal to the then present value of all of the future benefits expected to be paid.

Net periodic benefits cost (credit) includes service costs and interest costs based on the assumed discount rate, amortization of prior service costs due to plan amendments and/or amortization of actuarial gains or losses. As prior service costs and actuarial gains or losses are amortized, they are reclassified from AOCI on the consolidated statements of condition into other expenses on the consolidated statements of income. The amortization of actuarial gains and losses is determined using the 10% corridor minimum amortization approach and is taken over the average remaining future working lifetime of the plan participants.

Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The Company receives a portion of its non-interest income from contracts with customers, which is accounted for in accordance with ASC 606. Revenue recognized depicts the transfer of promised goods or services to its customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company considers the terms of the contract and all relevant facts and circumstances in recording revenues from contracts with customers in accordance with ASC 606.

Stock-Based Compensation.  The Company recognizes stock-based compensation for restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and stock options based on the grant-date fair value of the award, with no adjustment for estimated forfeitures, as forfeitures are recognized when they occur. For restricted stock awards and units, compensation is recognized ratably over the requisite service period equal to the fair value of the award. For stock option awards, the fair value is determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Compensation expense for stock option awards is recognized ratably over the requisite service period equal to the fair value of the award. For performance-based share awards, the Company estimates the degree to which performance conditions will be met to determine the number of shares that will vest and the related compensation expense. Compensation expense is adjusted in the period such estimates change.

Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures.  In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into commitments to extend credit, including commercial letters of credit and standby letters of credit. Such financial instruments are recorded as loans when they are funded.

ACL on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures. The ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures, excluding those that are unconditionally cancellable by the Company, estimates the expected losses on the unfunded commitments and standby letters of credit at each reporting date. To appropriately measure expected credit losses, management disaggregates the loan portfolio into similar risk characteristics, identical to those determined for the loan portfolio. An estimated funding rate is then applied to the qualifying unfunded loan commitments and standby letters of credit using the Company’s own historical experience to estimate the expected funded for each loan segment as of the reporting date. Once the expected funded amount for each loan segment is determined, the loss rate, which is the calculated expected loan loss as a percent of the amortized cost basis for each loan segment, is applied to calculate the ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures as of the reporting date.

The ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures is presented within accrued interest and other liabilities on the consolidated statements of condition. A charge (credit) to provision for credit losses on the consolidated statements of income is made to account for the change in the ACL on off-balance sheet exposures between reporting periods.

Derivative Financial Instruments Designated as Hedges.  The Company records all derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative, whether the Company has elected to designate a derivative in a hedging relationship and apply hedge accounting and whether the hedging

relationship has satisfied the criteria necessary to apply hedge accounting. The Company formally documents relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk management objectives and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. The Company also assesses, both at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are effective in offsetting changes in cash flows or fair values of hedged items. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset, liability, or firm commitment attributable to a particular risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered fair value hedges. Changes in fair value of a derivative that qualifies as a fair value hedge and the change in fair value of the hedged item are both recorded in earnings and offset each other when the transaction is effective. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges. Changes in fair value of a derivative that is effective and that qualifies as a cash flow hedge are recorded in OCI and are reclassified into earnings when the forecasted transaction or related cash flows affect earnings. The Company will also enter into derivative contracts that are intended to economically hedge certain of its risk, even though hedge accounting does not apply or the Company elects not to apply hedge accounting. Changes in the fair value for the derivatives not designated are recognized directly in earnings.

Segment Reporting. Operating segments are the components of an entity for which separate financial information is available and evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision-maker in order to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company's chief operating decision-maker assesses consolidated financial results to make operating and strategic decisions, assess performance, and allocate resources. Therefore, the Company has determined that its business is conducted in one reportable segment and represents the consolidated financial statements of the Company.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements:

The following provides a brief description of recently issued accounting pronouncements that have been adopted by the Company subsequent to December 31, 2022:

ASU No. 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures ("ASU 2022-02"). The FASB issued ASU 2022-02 to provide new guidance on TDRs and write-offs for entities that have adopted ASU 2016-13. ASU 2022-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, with early adoption permitted. The Company has evaluated the effect of ASU 2022-02 on its consolidated financial statements and adopted effective January 1, 2023. ASU 2022-02 does not have a material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

ASU No. 2022-01, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Fair Value Hedging - Portfolio Layer Method ("ASU 2022-01"). The FASB issued ASU 2022-01 to amend ASU 2017-12, which was adopted by the Company in 2018. This amendment renames the "last-of-layer" method to the "portfolio layer" method, permits non-repayable financial assets to be included in a closed portfolio hedged using the portfolio layer method, and provides additional guidance for entities that apply the portfolio layer method of hedge accounting in accordance with Topic 815. The amendment is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company adopted ASU 2022-01, as amended, effective January 1, 2023 and has leveraged the “portfolio layer” method to enter into interest rate swaps to hedge fixed-rate residential mortgages during the first quarter of 2023.