Fair Value

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is best determined using quoted market prices. However, in many instances, quoted market prices are not available. In such instances, fair values are determined using various valuation techniques. Various assumptions and observable inputs must be relied upon in applying these techniques. GAAP establishes a fair value hierarchy for valuation inputs that gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs.

GAAP permits an entity to choose to measure certain eligible financial instruments and other items at fair value. The Company elected the fair value option for its loans held for sale. Electing the fair value option for loans held for sale enables the Company’s financial position to more clearly align with the economic value of the actively traded asset.

The fair value hierarchy for valuation of an asset or liability is as follows:



Level 1:	Valuation is based upon unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.



Level 2:	Valuation is determined from quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, from quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active or by model-based techniques in which all significant inputs are observable in the market.



Level 3:	Valuation is derived from model-based and other techniques in which at least one significant input is unobservable and which may be based on the Company’s own estimates about the assumptions that market participants would use to value the asset or liability.

In general, fair value is based upon quoted market prices, where available. If such quoted market prices are not available, fair value is based upon model-based techniques incorporating various assumptions including interest rates, prepayment speeds and credit losses. Assets and liabilities valued using model-based techniques are classified as either Level 2 or Level 3, depending on the lowest level classification of an input that is considered significant to the overall valuation. A description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, is set forth below.

Financial Instruments Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Loans Held For Sale: The fair value of loans held for sale is determined using quoted secondary market prices or executed sales agreements and is classified as Level 2.

AFS Securities: The fair value of debt AFS securities is reported utilizing prices provided by an independent pricing service based on recent trading activity and other observable information including, but not limited to, dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, market interest rate curves, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information, and the bond’s terms and conditions. The fair value of debt securities are classified as Level 2.

The fair value of equity AFS securities is reported utilizing market prices based on recent trading activity and dealer quotes. The equity securities are traded on inactive markets and are classified as Level 2.

Derivatives: The fair value of the Company's interest rate swaps, including its junior subordinated debt interest rate swaps, FHLBB advance interest rate swaps and customer loan swaps, are determined using inputs that are observable in the market place obtained from third parties including yield curves, publicly available volatilities, and floating indexes and, accordingly, are classified as Level 2 inputs. The credit value adjustments associated with derivatives utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default by the Company and its counterparties. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company has assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of its derivative positions and has determined that the credit valuation adjustments are not significant to the overall valuation of its derivatives due to collateral postings.

The fair value of the Company's fixed rate interest rate lock commitments are determined using secondary market pricing for loans with similar structures, including term, rate and borrower credit quality, adjusted for the Company's pull-through rate estimate (i.e. estimate of loans within its pipeline that will ultimately complete the origination process and be funded). The Company has classified its fixed rate interest rate lock commitments as Level 2 as the quoted secondary market prices are the more significant input, and while the Company's internal pull-through rate estimate is a Level 3 estimate it is not as critical to the ultimate valuation.

The fair value of the Company's forward delivery commitments are determined using secondary market pricing for loans with similar structures, including term, rate and borrower credit quality, and the locked and agreed to price with the secondary market investor. The Company has classified its fixed rate interest rate lock commitments as Level 2.

The following table summarizes financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, segregated by the level of the valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy utilized to measure fair value:



	Fair Value		Readily Available Market Prices (Level 1)		Observable Market Data (Level 2)		Company Determined Fair Value (Level 3)
December 31, 2017
Financial assets:
Loans held for sale	$	8,103	$	—	$	8,103	$	—
AFS securities:
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	7,335		—		7,335		—
Mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	503,302		—		503,302		—
Collateralized mortgage obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	272,799		—		272,799		—
Subordinated corporate bonds	5,657		—		5,657		—
Equity securities	806		—		806		—
Customer loan swaps	5,036		—		5,036		—
Fixed-rate mortgage interest rate lock commitments	307		—		307		—
Forward delivery commitments	158		—		158		—
FHLBB advance interest rate swaps	21		—		21		—
Financial liabilities:
Junior subordinated debt interest rate swaps	7,571		—		7,571		—
Customer loan swaps	5,036		—		5,036		—
Fixed-rate mortgage interest rate lock commitments	22		—		22		—
Forward delivery commitments	16		—		16		—
December 31, 2016
Financial assets:
Loans held for sale	$	14,836	$	—	$	14,836	$	—
AFS securities:
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	9,001		—		9,001		—
Mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	480,622		—		480,622		—
Collateralized mortgage obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	283,890		—		283,890		—
Subordinated corporate bonds	5,613		—		5,613		—
Equity securities	741		—		741		—
Customer loan swaps	1,945		—		1,945		—
Fixed-rate mortgage interest rate lock commitments	202		—		202		—
Forward delivery commitments	587		—		587		—
Financial liabilities:
Junior subordinated debt interest rate swaps	8,372		—		8,372		—
FHLBB advance interest rate swaps	389		—		389		—
Customer loan swaps	1,945		—		1,945		—
Fixed-rate mortgage interest rate lock commitments	15		—		15		—
Forward delivery commitments	309		—		309		—

The Company did not have any transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy for the year ended December 31, 2017. The Company’s policy for determining transfers between levels occurs at the end of the reporting period when circumstances in the underlying valuation criteria change and result in transfer between levels.

Financial Instruments Recorded at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

The Company may be required, from time to time, to measure certain financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with GAAP. These include assets that are measured at the lower of cost or fair value that were recognized at fair value below cost at the end of the period.

Collateral-Dependent Impaired Loans: Loans for which it is probable that payment of interest and principal will not be made in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement are considered impaired. Effective January 1, 2017 the Company's policy is to individually evaluate for impairment loans with a principal balance greater than $500,000 or more and are classified as substandard or doubtful and are on non-accrual status. Prior to January 1, 2017, the Company's policy was to individually evaluate for impairment loans with a principal balance greater than $250,000 or more and was classified as substandard or doubtful and was on non-accrual status. Once the population of loans is identified for individual impairment assessment, the Company measures these loans for impairment by comparing net realizable value, which is the fair value of the collateral, less estimated costs to sell, to the carrying value of the loan. If the net realizable value of the loan is less than the carrying value of the loan, then a loss is recognized as part of the ALL to adjust the loan's carrying value to net realizable value. Accordingly, certain collateral-dependent impaired loans are subject to measurement at fair value on a non-recurring basis. Management has estimated the fair values of these assets using Level 2 inputs, such as the fair value of collateral based on independent third-party market approach appraisals for collateral-dependent loans, and Level 3 inputs where circumstances warrant an adjustment to the appraised value based on the age of the appraisal and/or comparable sales, condition of the collateral, and market conditions.

Servicing Assets: The Company accounts for mortgage servicing assets at cost, subject to impairment testing. When the carrying value of a tranche exceeds fair value, a valuation allowance is established to reduce the carrying cost to fair value. Fair value is based on a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated net servicing income. The Company obtains a third-party valuation based upon loan level data including note rate, type and term of the underlying loans. The model utilizes two significant unobservable inputs, which are loan prepayment assumptions and the discount rate used, to calculate the fair value of each tranche, and as such, the Company has classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Non-Financial Assets and Non-Financial Liabilities Recorded at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

The Company has no non-financial assets or non-financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Non-financial assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis consist of OREO and goodwill.

OREO: OREO properties acquired through foreclosure or deed in lieu of foreclosure are recorded at net realizable value, which is the fair value of the real estate, less estimated costs to sell. Any write-down of the recorded investment in the related loan is charged to the ALL upon transfer to OREO. Upon acquisition of a property, a current appraisal is used or an internal valuation is prepared to substantiate fair value of the property. After foreclosure, management periodically, but at least annually, obtains updated valuations of the OREO properties and, if additional impairments are deemed necessary, the subsequent write-downs for declines in value are recorded through a valuation allowance and a provision for losses charged to other non-interest expense within the consolidated statements of income. As management considers appropriate, adjustments are made to the appraisal obtained for the OREO property to account for recent sales activity of comparable properties, changes in the condition of the property, and changes in market conditions. These adjustments are not observable in an active market and are classified as Level 3.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets: Goodwill represents the excess cost of an acquisition over the fair value of the net assets acquired. The fair value of goodwill is estimated by utilizing several standard valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow analyses, bank merger multiples, and/or an estimation of the impact of business conditions and investor activities on the long-term value of the goodwill. Should an impairment of either reporting unit's goodwill occur, the associated goodwill is written-down to fair value and the impairment charge is recorded within non-interest expense in the consolidated statements of income. The Company conducts an annual impairment test of goodwill in the fourth quarter each year, or more frequently as necessary. There were no indications or triggering events for the year ended December 31, 2017 or 2016 for which management believed that it was more likely than not that goodwill is impaired.

The Company's core deposit intangible assets represent the estimated value of acquired customer relationships and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated life of those relationships. Core deposit intangibles are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. If necessary, management will test the core deposit intangibles for impairment by comparing its carrying value to the expected undiscounted cash flows of the assets. If the undiscounted cash flows of the intangible assets exceed its carrying value then the intangible assets are deemed to be fully recoverable and not impaired. However, if the undiscounted cash flows of the intangible assets are less than its carrying value than an impairment charge is recorded to mark the carrying value of the intangible assets to fair value. There were no indications or triggering events for the year ended December 31, 2017 or 2016 for which management believes that the carrying amount may not be recoverable.

The table below highlights financial and non-financial assets measured and recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2017 and 2016:



	Fair Value		Readily Available Market Prices (Level 1)		Observable Market Data (Level 2)		Company Determined Fair Value (Level 3)
December 31, 2017
Financial assets:
Collateral-dependent impaired loans	$	3,696	$	—	$	—	$	3,696
Servicing assets⁽¹⁾	—		—		—		—
Non-financial assets:
OREO	130		—		—		130
December 31, 2016
Financial assets:
Collateral-dependent impaired loans	$	500	$	—	$	—	$	500
Servicing assets⁽¹⁾	1,090		—		—		1,090
Non-financial assets:
OREO	922		—		—		922


(1)	Represents mortgage serving assets deemed to be impaired and a valuation allowance was established to carry at fair value at December 31, 2017 and 2016.

The following table presents the valuation methodology and unobservable inputs for Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at December 31, 2017 and 2016:



	Fair Value		Valuation Methodology	Unobservable input	Discount Range (Weighted-Average)
December 31, 2017
Collateral-dependent impaired loans:
Partially charged-off	$	86	Market approach appraisal of collateral	Management adjustment of appraisal	0 - 50%	(18%)
				Estimated selling costs	0 - 10%	(6%)
Specifically reserved	3,610		Market approach appraisal of collateral	Management adjustment of appraisal	0%	(0%)
				Estimated selling costs	10%	(10%)
OREO	130		Market approach appraisal of collateral	Management adjustment of appraisal	20%	(20%)
				Estimated selling costs	10%	(10%)
December 31, 2016
Collateral-dependent impaired loans:
Partially charged-off	$	166	Market approach appraisal of collateral	Management adjustment of appraisal	0%	(0%)
				Estimated selling costs	0 - 10%	(5%)
Specifically reserved	334		Market approach appraisal of collateral	Management adjustment of appraisal	0 - 50%	(13%)
				Estimated selling costs	10%	(10%)
OREO	922		Market approach appraisal of collateral	Management adjustment of appraisal	0 - 73%	(7%)
				Estimated selling costs	10%	(10%)

GAAP requires disclosure of the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities, including those financial assets and financial liabilities that are not measured and reported at fair value on a recurring basis or non-recurring basis. The methodologies for estimating the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis are discussed above. The following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in estimating the fair values of its other financial instruments.

Cash and Due from Banks: The carrying amounts reported in the consolidated statements of condition approximate fair value that have original maturities of ninety days or less.

HTM securities: The fair value is estimated utilizing prices provided by an independent pricing service based on recent trading activity and other observable information including, but not limited to, dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, market interest rate curves, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information, and the bond’s terms and conditions. The fair value is classified as Level 2.

Loans: For variable rate loans that reprice frequently and have no significant change in credit risk, fair values are based on carrying values. The fair value of other loans is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using the current rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings and for the same remaining maturities.

Interest Receivable and Payable: The carrying amounts reported in the consolidated statements of condition approximate fair value.

Deposits: The fair value of demand, non-interest checking, savings and money market deposits is determined as the amount payable on demand at the reporting date. The fair value of time deposits is estimated by discounting the estimated future cash flows using market rates offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities.

Borrowings: The carrying amounts of short-term borrowings from the FHLB, securities sold under repurchase agreements, notes payable and other short-term borrowings approximate fair value. The fair values of long-term borrowings and commercial repurchase agreements are based on the discounted cash flows using current rates for advances of similar remaining maturities.

Subordinated Debentures: The fair values of are based on quoted prices from similar instruments in inactive markets.

The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair value for financial instrument assets and liabilities at December 31, 2017:



	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Readily Available Market Prices (Level 1)		Observable Market Prices (Level 2)		Company Determined Market Prices (Level 3)
Financial assets:
Cash and due from banks	$	102,971	$	102,971	$	102,971	$	—	$	—
AFS securities	789,899		789,899		—		789,899		—
HTM securities	94,073		94,913		—		94,913		—
Loans held for sale	8,103		8,103		—		8,103		—
Residential real estate loans⁽¹⁾	853,283		853,056		—		—		853,056
Commercial real estate loans⁽¹⁾	1,152,160		1,115,618		—		—		1,115,618
Commercial loans⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾	413,898		401,902		—		—		401,902
Home equity loans⁽¹⁾	321,011		318,230		—		—		318,230
Consumer loans⁽¹⁾	17,916		17,335		—		—		17,335
Servicing assets	1,025		1,766		—		1,766		—
Interest receivable	9,595		9,595		—		9,595		—
Customer loan swaps	5,036		5,036		—		5,036		—
Fixed-rate mortgage interest rate lock commitments	307		307		—		307		—
Forward delivery commitments	158		158		—		158		—
FHLBB advance interest rate swaps	21		21		—		21		—
Financial liabilities:
Deposits	$	3,000,491	$	2,995,269	$	—	$	2,995,269	$	—
Short-term borrowings	541,867		541,683		—		541,683		—
Long-term borrowings	10,720		10,699		—		10,699		—
Subordinated debentures	58,911		44,333		—		44,333		—
Interest payable	564		564		—		564		—
Junior subordinated debt interest rate swaps	7,571		7,571		—		7,571		—
Customer loan swaps	5,036		5,036		—		5,036		—
Fixed-rate mortgage interest rate lock commitments	22		22		—		22		—
Forward delivery commitments	16		16		—		16		—


(1)	The presented carrying amount is net of the allocated ALL.


(2)	Includes the HPFC loan portfolio.

The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair value for financial instrument assets and liabilities at December 31, 2016:



	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Readily Available Market Prices (Level 1)		Observable Market Prices (Level 2)		Company Determined Market Prices (Level 3)
Financial assets:
Cash and due from banks	$	87,707	$	87,707	$	87,707	$	—	$	—
AFS securities	779,867		779,867		—		779,867		—
HTM securities	94,609		94,596		—		94,596		—
Loans held for sale	14,836		14,836		—		14,836		—
Residential real estate loans⁽¹⁾	798,334		800,122		—		—		800,122
Commercial real estate loans⁽¹⁾	1,038,626		1,006,249		—		—		1,006,249
Commercial loans⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾	389,624		391,493		—		—		391,493
Home equity loans⁽¹⁾	327,713		327,292		—		—		327,292
Consumer loans⁽¹⁾	17,151		16,845		—		—		16,845
Servicing assets	1,210		1,701		—		1,701		—
Interest receivable	8,654		8,654		—		8,654		—
Customer loan swaps	1,945		1,945		—		1,945		—
Fixed-rate mortgage interest rate lock commitments	202		202		—		202		—
Forward delivery commitments	587		587		—		587		—
Financial liabilities:
Deposits	$	2,828,529	$	2,826,484	$	—	$	2,826,484	$	—
Short-term borrowings	530,129		530,435		—		530,435		—
Long-term borrowings	10,791		10,836		—		10,836		—
Subordinated debentures	58,755		41,660		—		41,660		—
Interest payable	534		534		—		534		—
Junior subordinated debt interest rate swaps	8,372		8,372		—		8,372		—
FHLBB advance interest rate swaps	389		389		—		389		—
Customer loan swaps	1,945		1,945		—		1,945		—
Fixed-rate mortgage interest rate lock commitments	15		15		—		15		—
Forward delivery commitments	309		309		—		309		—


(1)	The presented carrying amount is net of the allocated ALL.


(2)	Includes the HPFC loan portfolio.