NOTE 15 - DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The Company enters into various derivative financial instruments, both in a dealer capacity to facilitate client transactions and as an end user as a risk management tool. The Company generally manages the risk associated with these derivatives within the established MRM and credit risk management frameworks. Derivatives may be used by the Company to hedge various economic or client-related exposures. In such instances, derivative positions are typically monitored using a VAR methodology, with exposures reviewed daily. Derivatives are also used as a risk management tool to hedge the Company’s balance sheet exposure to changes in identified cash flow and fair value risks, either economically or in accordance with hedge accounting provisions. The Company’s Corporate Treasury function is responsible for employing the various hedge strategies to manage these objectives. The Company enters into IRLCs on residential and commercial mortgage loans that are accounted for as freestanding derivatives. Additionally, certain contracts containing embedded derivatives are measured, in their entirety, at fair value. All derivatives, including both freestanding as well as any embedded derivatives that the Company bifurcates from the host contracts, are measured at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheets in Trading assets and derivative instruments and Trading liabilities and derivative instruments. The associated gains and losses are either recognized in AOCI, net of tax, or within the Consolidated Statements of Income, depending upon the use and designation of the derivatives.

Credit and Market Risk Associated with Derivative Instruments

Derivatives expose the Company to risk that the counterparty to the derivative contract does not perform as expected. The Company manages its exposure to counterparty credit risk associated with derivatives by entering into transactions with counterparties with defined exposure limits based on their credit quality and in accordance with established policies and procedures. All counterparties are reviewed regularly as part of the Company’s credit risk management practices and appropriate action is taken to adjust the exposure limits to certain counterparties as necessary. The Company’s derivative transactions are generally governed by ISDA agreements or other legally enforceable industry standard master netting agreements. In certain cases and depending on the nature of the underlying derivative transactions, bilateral collateral agreements are also utilized. Furthermore, the Company and its subsidiaries are subject to OTC derivative clearing requirements, which require certain derivatives to be cleared through central clearing houses, such as LCH and the CME. These clearing houses require the Company to post initial and variation margin to mitigate the risk of non-payment, the latter of which is received or paid daily based on the net asset or liability position of the contracts. Effective January 3, 2017, the CME amended its rulebook to legally characterize variation margin cash payments for cleared OTC derivatives as settlement rather than as collateral. Consistent with the CME's amended requirements, LCH amended its rulebook effective January 16, 2018, to legally characterize variation margin cash payments for cleared OTC derivatives as settlement rather than as collateral. As a result, in the first quarter of 2018, the Company began reducing the corresponding derivative asset and liability balances for LCH-cleared OTC derivatives to reflect the settlement of those positions via the exchange of variation margin.

When the Company has more than one outstanding derivative transaction with a single counterparty, and there exists a legal right of offset with that counterparty, the Company considers its exposure to the counterparty to be the net fair value of its derivative positions with that counterparty. If the net fair value is positive, then the corresponding asset value also reflects cash collateral held. At March 31, 2018, the economic exposure of these net derivative asset positions was $510 million, reflecting $936 million of net derivative gains, adjusted for cash and other collateral of $426 million that the Company held in relation to these positions. At December 31, 2017, the economic exposure of net derivative asset positions was $541 million, reflecting $940 million of net derivative gains, adjusted for cash and other collateral held of $399 million.

Derivatives also expose the Company to market risk arising from the adverse effects that changes in market factors, such as interest rates, currency rates, equity prices, commodity prices, or implied volatility, may have on the value of the Company's derivatives. The Company manages this risk by establishing and monitoring limits on the types and degree of risk that may be undertaken. The Company measures its market risk exposure using a VAR methodology for derivatives designated as trading instruments. Other tools and risk measures are also used to actively manage risk associated with derivatives including scenario analysis and stress testing.

Derivative instruments are priced using observable market inputs at a mid-market valuation point and take into consideration appropriate valuation adjustments for collateral, market liquidity, and counterparty credit risk. For purposes of determining fair value adjustments to its OTC derivative positions, the Company takes into consideration the credit profile and likelihood of default by counterparties and itself, as well as its net exposure, which considers legally enforceable master netting agreements and collateral along with remaining maturities. The expected loss of each counterparty is estimated using market-based views of counterparty default probabilities observed in the single-name CDS market, when available and of sufficient liquidity. When single-name CDS market data is not available or not of sufficient liquidity, the probability of default is estimated using a combination of the Company's internal risk rating system and sector/rating based CDS data.

For purposes of estimating the Company’s own credit risk on derivative liability positions, the DVA, the Company uses probabilities of default from observable, sector/rating based CDS data. The Company adjusted the net fair value of its derivative contracts for estimates of both counterparty credit risk and its own credit risk by approximately $3 million and $5 million at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. For additional information on the Company's fair value measurements, see Note 16, "Fair Value Election and Measurement."

Currently, the majority of the Company’s derivatives contain contingencies that relate to the creditworthiness of the Bank. These contingencies, which are contained in industry standard master netting agreements, may be considered events of default. Should the Bank be in default under any of these provisions, the Bank’s counterparties would be permitted to close out transactions with the Bank on a net basis, at amounts that would approximate the fair values of the derivatives, resulting in a single sum due by one party to the other. The counterparties would have the right to apply any collateral posted by the Bank against any net amount owed by the Bank. Additionally, certain of the Company’s derivative liability positions, totaling $934 million and $1.1 billion in fair value at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, contain provisions conditioned on downgrades of the Bank’s credit rating. These provisions, if triggered, would either give rise to an ATE that permits the counterparties to close-out net and apply collateral or, where a CSA is present, require the Bank to post additional collateral.

At March 31, 2018, the Bank held senior long-term debt credit ratings of Baal/A-/A- from Moody’s, S&P, and Fitch, respectively. At March 31, 2018, ATEs have been triggered for less than $1 million in fair value liabilities. The maximum additional liability that could be triggered from ATEs was approximately $17 million at March 31, 2018. At March 31, 2018, $922 million in fair value of derivative liabilities were subject to CSAs, against which the Bank has posted $910 million in collateral, primarily in the form of cash. If requested by the counterparty pursuant to the terms of the CSA, the Bank would be required to post additional collateral of approximately $1 million against these contracts if the Bank were downgraded to Baa2/BBB+. Further downgrades to Baa3/BBB would require the Bank to post an additional $4 million of collateral. Any further downgrades below Ba1/BBB- do not contain predetermined collateral posting levels.

Notional and Fair Value of Derivative Positions

The following tables present the Company’s derivative positions at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017. The notional amounts in the tables are presented on a gross basis and have been classified within derivative assets or derivative liabilities based on the estimated fair value of the individual contract at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017. Gross positive and gross negative fair value amounts associated with respective notional amounts are presented without consideration of any netting agreements, including collateral arrangements. Net fair value derivative amounts are adjusted on an aggregate basis, where applicable, to take into consideration the effects of legally enforceable master netting agreements, including any cash collateral received or paid, and are recognized in Trading assets and derivative instruments or Trading liabilities and derivative instruments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. For contracts constituting a combination of options that contain a written option and a purchased option (such as a collar), the notional amount of each option is presented separately, with the purchased notional amount generally being presented as a derivative asset and the written notional amount being presented as a derivative liability. For other contracts that contain a combination of options, the fair value is generally presented as a single value with the purchased notional amount if the combined fair value is positive, and with the written notional amount if the combined fair value is negative.



	March 31, 2018
	Asset Derivatives					Liability Derivatives
(Dollars in millions)	Notional Amounts ¹		Fair Value			Notional Amounts ¹		Fair Value
Derivative instruments designated in cash flow hedging relationships ²
Interest rate contracts hedging floating rate LHFI		$9,250		$2			$2,850		$—

Derivative instruments designated in fair value hedging relationships ³
Interest rate contracts hedging fixed rate debt	4,250		1			2,605		—
Interest rate contracts hedging brokered time deposits	30		—			30		—
Subtotal	4,280		1			2,635		—

Derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments ⁴
Interest rate contracts hedging:
Residential MSRs ⁵	15,504		30			19,420		11
LHFS, IRLCs ⁶	3,413		13			3,111		10
LHFI	—		—			175		—
Trading activity ⁷	74,322		708			52,545		870
Foreign exchange rate contracts hedging loans and trading activity	4,054		133			3,676		121
Credit contracts hedging:
LHFI	—		—			585		9
Trading activity ⁸	1,661		22			1,673		19
Equity contracts hedging trading activity ⁷	15,050		2,070			21,964		2,372
Other contracts:
IRLCs and other ⁹	1,624		18			382		18
Commodity derivatives	755		77			748		75
Subtotal	116,383		3,071			104,279		3,505
Total derivative instruments		$129,913		$3,074			$109,764		$3,505

Total gross derivative instruments, before netting				$3,074					$3,505
Less: Legally enforceable master netting agreements			(2,009		)			(2,009		)
Less: Cash collateral received/paid			(408		)			(916		)
Total derivative instruments, after netting				$657					$580

¹For centrally-cleared derivatives, notional amounts are presented based on the fair value of the related derivative asset or derivative liability after applying variation margin.

²See “Cash Flow Hedges” in this Note for further discussion.

³ See “Fair Value Hedges” in this Note for further discussion.

⁴ See “Economic Hedging and Trading Activities” in this Note for further discussion.

⁵ Amount includes $2.0 billion of notional amounts related to interest rate futures. These futures contracts settle in cash daily, one day in arrears. The derivative asset or liability associated with the one day lag is included in the fair value column of this table.

⁶ Amount includes $330 million of notional amounts related to interest rate futures. These futures contracts settle in cash daily, one day in arrears. The derivative asset or liability associated with the one day lag is included in the fair value column of this table.

⁷Amounts include $9.7 billion of notional amounts related to interest rate futures and $1.3 billion of notional amounts related to equity futures. These futures contracts settle in cash daily, one day in arrears. The derivative asset or liability associated with the one day lag is included in the fair value column of this table. Amounts also include notional amounts related to interest rate swaps hedging fixed rate debt.

⁸ Asset and liability amounts include $5 million and $17 million, respectively, of notional amounts from purchased and written credit risk participation agreements, whose notional is calculated as the notional of the derivative participated adjusted by the relevant RWA conversion factor.

⁹ Includes $49 million notional amount that is based on the 3.2 million of Visa Class B shares, the conversion ratio from Class B shares to Class A shares, and the Class A share price at the derivative inception date of May 28, 2009. This derivative was established upon the sale of Class B shares in the second quarter of 2009. See Note 14, “Guarantees” for additional information.



	December 31, 2017
	Asset Derivatives					Liability Derivatives
(Dollars in millions)	Notional Amounts		Fair Value			Notional Amounts		Fair Value
Derivative instruments designated in cash flow hedging relationships ¹
Interest rate contracts hedging floating rate LHFI		$5,850		$2			$8,350		$252

Derivative instruments designated in fair value hedging relationships ²
Interest rate contracts hedging fixed rate debt	1,250		1			4,670		58
Interest rate contracts hedging brokered time deposits	30		—			30		—
Subtotal	1,280		1			4,700		58

Derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments³
Interest rate contracts hedging:
Residential MSRs ⁴	31,895		119			10,126		119
LHFS, IRLCs ⁵	4,550		9			3,040		6
LHFI	90		2			85		2
Trading activity ⁶	78,223		1,066			48,143		946
Foreign exchange rate contracts hedging loans and trading activity	3,409		110			3,649		102
Credit contracts hedging:
LHFI	—		—			515		11
Trading activity ⁷	1,721		15			1,733		12
Equity contracts hedging trading activity ⁶	13,837		2,499			25,070		2,857
Other contracts:
IRLCs and other ⁸	1,671		18			346		16
Commodity derivatives	712		63			710		61
Subtotal	136,108		3,901			93,417		4,132
Total derivative instruments		$143,238		$3,904			$106,467		$4,442

Total gross derivative instruments, before netting				$3,904					$4,442
Less: Legally enforceable master netting agreements			(2,731		)			(2,731		)
Less: Cash collateral received/paid			(371		)			(1,303		)
Total derivative instruments, after netting				$802					$408

¹See “Cash Flow Hedges” in this Note for further discussion.

² See “Fair Value Hedges” in this Note for further discussion.

³See “Economic Hedging and Trading Activities” in this Note for further discussion.

⁴ Amount includes $16.6 billion of notional amounts related to interest rate futures. These futures contracts settle in cash daily, one day in arrears. The derivative asset or liability associated with the one day lag is included in the fair value column of this table.

⁵ Amount includes $190 million of notional amounts related to interest rate futures. These futures contracts settle in cash daily, one day in arrears. The derivative asset or liability associated with the one day lag is included in the fair value column of this table.

⁶ Amounts include $9.8 billion of notional amounts related to interest rate futures and $1.2 billion of notional amounts related to equity futures. These futures contracts settle in cash daily, one day in arrears. The derivative asset or liability associated with the one day lag is included in the fair value column of this table. Amounts also include notional amounts related to interest rate swaps hedging fixed rate debt.

⁷ Asset and liability amounts include $4 million and $11 million, respectively, of notional amounts from purchased and written credit risk participation agreements, whose notional is calculated as the notional of the derivative participated adjusted by the relevant RWA conversion factor.

⁸ Includes $49 million notional amount that is based on the 3.2 million of Visa Class B shares, the conversion ratio from Class B shares to Class A shares, and the Class A share price at the derivative inception date of May 28, 2009. This derivative was established upon the sale of Class B shares in the second quarter of 2009. See Note 14, “Guarantees” for additional information.

Netting of Derivative Instruments

The Company has various financial assets and financial liabilities that are subject to enforceable master netting agreements or similar agreements. The Company's securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell, and securities sold under agreements to repurchase, that are subject to enforceable master netting agreements or similar agreements, are discussed in Note 3, "Federal Funds Sold and Securities Financing Activities." The Company enters into ISDA or other legally enforceable industry standard master netting agreements with derivative counterparties. Under the terms of the master netting agreements, all transactions between the Company and the counterparty constitute a single business relationship such that in the event of default, the nondefaulting party is entitled to set off claims and apply property held by that party in respect of any transaction against obligations owed. Any payments, deliveries, or other transfers may be applied against each other and netted.

The following tables present total gross derivative instrument assets and liabilities at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, which are adjusted to reflect the effects of legally enforceable master netting agreements and cash collateral received or paid when calculating the net amount reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Also included in the tables are financial instrument collateral related to legally enforceable master netting agreements that represents securities collateral received or pledged and customer cash collateral held at third party custodians. These amounts are not offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets but are shown as a reduction to total derivative instrument assets and liabilities to derive net derivative assets and liabilities. These amounts are limited to the derivative asset/liability balance, and accordingly, do not include excess collateral received/pledged.



(Dollars in millions)	Gross Amount		Amount Offset		Net Amount Presented in Consolidated Balance Sheets			Held/Pledged Financial Instruments		Net Amount
March 31, 2018
Derivative instrument assets:
Derivatives subject to master netting arrangement or similar arrangement		$2,805		$2,279		$526			$18		$508
Derivatives not subject to master netting arrangement or similar arrangement	17		—		17			—		17
Exchange traded derivatives	252		138		114			—		114
Total derivative instrument assets		$3,074		$2,417		$657	¹		$18		$639

Derivative instrument liabilities:
Derivatives subject to master netting arrangement or similar arrangement		$3,253		$2,787		$466			$34		$432
Derivatives not subject to master netting arrangement or similar arrangement	114		—		114			—		114
Exchange traded derivatives	138		138		—			—		—
Total derivative instrument liabilities		$3,505		$2,925		$580	²		$34		$546

December 31, 2017
Derivative instrument assets:
Derivatives subject to master netting arrangement or similar arrangement		$3,491		$2,923		$568			$28		$540
Derivatives not subject to master netting arrangement or similar arrangement	18		—		18			—		18
Exchange traded derivatives	395		179		216			—		216
Total derivative instrument assets		$3,904		$3,102		$802	¹		$28		$774

Derivative instrument liabilities:
Derivatives subject to master netting arrangement or similar arrangement		$4,128		$3,855		$273			$27		$246
Derivatives not subject to master netting arrangement or similar arrangement	130		—		130			—		130
Exchange traded derivatives	184		179		5			—		5
Total derivative instrument liabilities		$4,442		$4,034		$408	²		$27		$381

¹ At March 31, 2018, $657 million, net of $408 million offsetting cash collateral, is recognized in Trading assets and derivative instruments within the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. At December 31, 2017, $802 million, net of $371 million offsetting cash collateral, is recognized in Trading assets and derivative instruments within the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.

² At March 31, 2018, $580 million, net of $916 million offsetting cash collateral, is recognized in Trading liabilities and derivative instruments within the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. At December 31, 2017, $408 million, net of $1.3 billion offsetting cash collateral, is recognized in Trading liabilities and derivative instruments within the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedging Instruments

Fair Value Hedging

The Company enters into interest rate swap agreements as part of its risk management objectives for hedging exposure to changes in fair value due to changes in interest rates. These hedging arrangements convert certain fixed rate long-term debt and CDs to floating rates. Consistent with this objective, the Company reflects the accrued contractual interest on the hedged item and the related swaps as part of current period interest expense. There were no components of derivative gains or losses excluded in the Company’s assessment of hedge effectiveness related to the fair value hedges.

Beginning January 1, 2018, the Company early adopted ASU 2017-12 and modified its measurement methodology for certain hedged items designated under fair value hedge relationships. The Company elected to perform its subsequent assessments of hedge effectiveness using a qualitative, rather than a quantitative, approach. The adoption resulted in an immaterial cumulative effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings and a basis adjustment to the related hedged items. For additional information on the Company's adoption of ASU 2017-12 and related policy updates, see Note 1, “Significant Accounting Policies.”

Cash Flow Hedging

The Company utilizes a comprehensive risk management strategy to monitor sensitivity of earnings to movements in interest rates. Specific types of funding and principal amounts hedged are determined based on prevailing market conditions and the shape of the yield curve. In conjunction with this strategy, the Company may employ various interest rate derivatives as risk management tools to hedge interest rate risk from recognized assets and liabilities or from forecasted transactions. The terms and notional amounts of derivatives are determined based on management’s assessment of future interest rates, as well as other factors.

The Company enters into interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedging instruments to hedge its exposure to benchmark interest rate risk associated with floating rate loans. For the three months ended March 31, 2018, the amount of pre-tax loss recognized in OCI on derivative instruments was $165 million. At both March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the maturities for hedges of floating rate loans ranged from less than one year to five years, with the weighted average being 3.6 years. These hedges have been highly effective in offsetting the designated risks. At March 31, 2018, $75 million of deferred net pre-tax losses on derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges on floating rate loans recognized in AOCI are expected to be reclassified into net interest income during the next twelve months. The amount to be reclassified into income incorporates the impact from both active and terminated cash flow hedges, including the net interest income earned on the active hedges, assuming no changes in LIBOR. The Company may choose to terminate or de-designate a hedging relationship due to a change in the risk management objective for that specific hedge item, which may arise in conjunction with an overall balance sheet management strategy.

Pursuant to the adoption of ASU 2017-12, the following table presents gains and losses on derivatives in fair value and cash flow hedging relationships by contract type and by income statement line item for the three months ended March 31, 2018. For the three months ended March 31, 2017 the table presented below remains unchanged. The tables do not disclose the financial impact of the activities that these derivative instruments are intended to hedge.



	Net Interest Income
(Dollars in millions)	Interest and fees on LHFI				Interest on Long-term Debt				Interest on Deposits			Total
Three Months Ended March 31, 2018
Interest income/(expense), including the effects of fair value and cash flow hedges		$1,398				($74	)			($131	)		$1,193

Gain/(loss) on fair value hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts:
Amounts related to interest settlements on derivatives		$—				$3				$—			$3
Recognized on derivatives	—				(72		)		—			(72		)
Recognized on hedged items	—				69			¹	—			69
Net income/(expense) recognized on fair value hedges		$—				$—				$—			$—

Loss on cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts:
Amount of pre-tax loss reclassified from AOCI into income		($5	)	²		$—				$—			($5	)
Net expense recognized on cash flow hedges		($5	)			$—				$—			($5	)

¹ Includes $2 million of amortization expense from de-designated fair value hedging relationships.

² During the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Company also reclassified $4 million of pre-tax gains from AOCI into Net interest income relating to hedging relationships that have been terminated and are reclassified into earnings consistent with the pattern of net cash flows expected to be recognized.



	Three Months Ended March 31, 2017
(Dollars in millions)	Amount of Loss on Derivatives Recognized in Income			Amount of Gain on Related Hedged Items Recognized in Income		Amount of Gain Recognized in Income on Hedges (Ineffective Portion)
Derivative instruments in fair value hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts hedging fixed rate debt ¹		($11	)		$13		$2
Interest rate contracts hedging brokered time deposits ¹	—			—		—
Total		($11	)		$13		$2

¹Amounts are recognized in Trading income in the Consolidated Statements of Income.



	Three Months Ended March 31, 2017
(Dollars in millions)	Amount of Pre-tax Loss Recognized in OCI on Derivatives (Effective Portion)			Amount of Pre-tax Gain Reclassified from AOCI into Income (Effective Portion)		Classification of Pre-tax Gain Reclassified from AOCI into Income (Effective Portion)
Derivative instruments in cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts hedging floating rate LHFI ¹		($25	)		$23	Interest and fees on loans held for investment

¹During the three months ended March 31, 2017, the Company also reclassified $18 million of pre-tax gains from AOCI into Net interest income relating to hedging relationships that have been terminated and are reclassified into earnings consistent with the pattern of net cash flows expected to be recognized.

Pursuant to the adoption of ASU 2017-12, the following table presents the carrying amount of hedged liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets in fair value hedging relationships and the associated cumulative basis adjustment related to the application of hedge accounting:



			Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of Hedged Liabilities
(Dollars in millions)	Carrying Amount of Hedged Liabilities		Hedged Items Currently Designated			Hedged Items No Longer Designated
March 31, 2018
Long-term debt		$5,658		($148	)		($41	)
Interest-bearing deposits:
Brokered time deposits	29		—			—

Economic Hedging Instruments and Trading Activities

In addition to designated hedge accounting relationships, the Company also enters into derivatives as an end user to economically hedge risks associated with certain non-derivative and derivative instruments, along with entering into derivatives in a trading capacity with its clients.

The primary risks that the Company economically hedges are interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk, and credit risk. The Company mitigates these risks by entering into offsetting derivatives either on an individual basis or collectively on a macro basis.

The Company utilizes interest rate derivatives as economic hedges related to:


•	Residential MSRs. The Company hedges these instruments with a combination of interest rate derivatives, including forward and option contracts, futures, and forward rate agreements.


•	Residential mortgage IRLCs and LHFS. The Company hedges these instruments using forward and option contracts, futures, and forward rate agreements.

The Company is exposed to volatility and changes in foreign exchange rates associated with certain commercial loans. To hedge against this foreign exchange rate risk, the Company enters into foreign exchange rate contracts that provide for the future receipt and delivery of foreign currency at previously agreed-upon terms.

The Company enters into CDS to hedge credit risk associated with certain loans held within its Wholesale segment. The Company accounts for these contracts as derivatives, and accordingly, recognizes these contracts at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in Other noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Trading activity primarily includes interest rate swaps, equity derivatives, CDS, futures, options, foreign exchange rate contracts, and commodity derivatives. These derivatives are entered into in a dealer capacity to facilitate client transactions, or are utilized as a risk management tool by the Company as an end user (predominantly in certain macro-hedging strategies).

The impacts of derivative instruments used for economic hedging or trading purposes on the Consolidated Statements of Income are presented in the following table:



	Classification of (Loss)/Gain Recognized in Income on Derivatives	Amount of (Loss)/Gain Recognized in Income on Derivatives During the Three Months Ended
(Dollars in millions)		March 31, 2018			March 31, 2017
Derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate contracts hedging:
Residential MSRs	Mortgage servicing related income		($93	)		($18	)
LHFS, IRLCs	Mortgage production related income	46			(15		)
LHFI	Other noninterest income	2			—
Trading activity	Trading income	9			11
Foreign exchange rate contracts hedging loans and trading activity	Trading income	(2		)	(6		)
Credit contracts hedging:
LHFI	Other noninterest income	1			(1		)
Trading activity	Trading income	6			5
Equity contracts hedging trading activity	Trading income	1			—
Other contracts:
IRLCs and other	Mortgage production related income, Commercial real estate related income	(6		)	48
Commodity derivatives	Trading income	—			1
Total			($36	)		$25

Credit Derivative Instruments

As part of the Company's trading businesses, the Company enters into contracts that are, in form or substance, written guarantees; specifically, CDS, risk participations, and TRS. The Company accounts for these contracts as derivatives, and accordingly, records these contracts at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in Trading income in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

At March 31, 2018, there were no purchased CDS contracts designated as trading instruments. At December 31, 2017, the gross notional amount of purchased CDS contracts designated as trading instruments was $5 million. The fair value of purchased CDS was immaterial at December 31, 2017.

The Company has also entered into TRS contracts on loans. The Company’s TRS business consists of matched trades, such that when the Company pays depreciation on one TRS, it receives the same amount on the matched TRS. To mitigate its credit risk, the Company typically receives initial cash collateral from the counterparty upon entering into the TRS and is entitled to additional collateral if the fair value of the underlying reference assets deteriorates. At both March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the outstanding notional balance of TRS totaled $1.7 billion. The fair values of these TRS assets and liabilities at March 31, 2018 were $22 million and $19 million, respectively, and related cash collateral held at March 31, 2018 was $372 million. The fair values of the TRS assets and liabilities at December 31, 2017 were $15 million and $13 million, respectively, and related cash collateral held at December 31, 2017 was $368 million. For additional information on the Company's TRS contracts, see Note 10, "Certain Transfers of Financial Assets and Variable Interest Entities," as well as Note 16, "Fair Value Election and Measurement."

The Company writes risk participations, which are credit derivatives, whereby the Company has guaranteed payment to a dealer counterparty in the event the counterparty experiences a loss on a derivative, such as an interest rate swap, due to a failure to pay by the counterparty’s customer (the “obligor”) on that derivative. The Company manages its payment risk on its risk participations by monitoring the creditworthiness of the obligors, which are all corporations or partnerships, through the normal credit review process that the Company would have performed had it entered into a derivative directly with the obligors. To date, no material losses have been incurred related to the Company’s written risk participations. At March 31, 2018, the remaining terms on these risk participations generally ranged from less than one year to eight years, with a weighted average term on the maximum estimated exposure of 4.7 years. At December 31, 2017, the remaining terms on these risk participations generally ranged from less than one year to nine years, with a weighted average term on the maximum estimated exposure of 5.5 years. The Company’s maximum estimated exposure to written risk participations, as measured by projecting a maximum value of the guaranteed derivative instruments based on interest rate curve simulations and assuming 100% default by all obligors on the maximum values, was approximately $85 million and $55 million at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The fair values of the written risk participations were immaterial at both March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.